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Background & Objectives: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne viral zoonotic disease of public health importance. Cattle and buffaloes although not showing any clinical symptoms, can be infected by the CCHF virus and act as sources of infection to human beings. The prevalence of CCHF in cattle and buffaloes is important from One health perspective for control of CCHF in humans., Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence of CCHFV in cattle and buffaloes of India., Materials and Methods: A total of 804 serum samples from four states of India (Gujarat and Rajasthan: human outbreaks reported; Punjab and Haryana: no outbreak reported) were screened by ELISA test detecting nucleoprotein antibodies of CCHFV., Results: The overall true prevalence was 8.63% (95% CI: 6.76% - 10.9%). The highest prevalence was recorded in Rajasthan (13.24%) followed by Gujarat (8.68%), Haryana (6.84%), and Punjab (6.51%). Prevalence of CCHF was higher in cattle (9.92%) than buffaloes (5.84%); in females (10.87%) than males (4.99%); in adults (10.18%) than young ones (5.66%). Interestingly, higher seropositivity was recorded in indigenous cattle (12.04%) than in exotic and cross-breed cattle (1.69%) which was statistically significant (p=0.001)., Interpretation & Conclusion: These findings revealed CCHF virus is circulating unnoticed and the prevalence has increased over time which is of public health concern., Competing Interests: None

Bovine tropical theileriosis, a tick-borne disease, causes huge economic loss to the Indian dairy industry. Theileriosis in India is mainly caused by Theileria annulata, although the presence of T. orientalis has also been reported. The present study was undertaken to investigate the deaths of cross-bred Holstein Friesen (CBHF) cows on a farm in the state of Telangana, India. Deceased animals had recently calved and prior to death had developed high fever (107 °F) and anaemia. Infected cows were infested with ticks (Hyalomma species). Theileria piroplasms were noticed in the Giemsa stained blood smears. PCR assays further confirmed the presence of Theileria in the blood samples of the infected cows. Partial Tams1 gene sequences from the infected animals shared 99.87% to 100% identity scores with the sequences of Sri Lankan isolates recently proposed as a novel Theileria species (provisionally designated as Theileria sp. Yokoyama). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the novel species of Theileria from India. Infected animals were effectively treated with buparvaquone and oxytetracycline. The introduction of new animals into the farm without risk assessment was found to be a major cause of the outbreak., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)