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Thyme and oregano essential oils (EOs) and their components have numerous applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries owing to their antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunological properties. We attempted to create new chemotypes through the hybridization of thyme and oregano for functional EO research and product development. Here, we used interspecific hybridization to create new thyme and oregano germplasms with new EO chemotypes. The antioxidant activities of these new chemotype EOs were verified by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP analyses. We determined that there are five types of thyme hybrid EOs: geraniol-type, carvacrol-type, thymol-type, parent polymerization-type, and α-terpineol/α-terpinyl acetate-type. Moreover, there are five types of oregano hybrid EOs: carvacrol-type, thymol-type, sabinene hydrate-type, parent polymerization-type, and carvacrol/sabinene hydrate-type. The geraniol, thymol, and carvacrol contents ranged from 30.45%, 1.21% and 0.00%, respectively, in the parents to 81.66%, 52.65%, and 46.16%, respectively, in the thyme hybrids. The carvacrol and thymol contents ranged from 2.33% to 24.18%, respectively, in the parents to 94.16% and 76.77%, respectively, in the oregano hybrids, indicating obvious heterosis. We further used three antioxidant assays, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, to analyse the antioxidant activity of thyme and oregano hybrid EO samples. The antioxidant capacities of carvacrol- and thymol-type EOs were significantly superior to those of other chemotypes. Our data suggest that carvacrol- and thymol-type EOs with greater antioxidant potential can be applied in many industries. In addition, the function of high geraniol-type thyme EO should be further researched. The results will also be very useful for the selection of new varieties, functional research on carvacrol-, thymol-, and geraniol-type essential oils, and product development of feed additives, cosmetics, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is a principal limitation for production in arid and semi-arid regions. Biochar increases the water-holding capacity of the soil in drought-stress conditions. To investigate the effect of biochar and planting patterns on the physiological, biochemical, and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. (essential oil traits, an experiment was carried out as a factorial split-plot based on a randomized complete block design for two crop years (2017-2019). The findings revealed that furrow irrigation treatments, both fixed and variable, decreased the flowering branches' yield, relative water content, total chlorophyll, Chlorophyll a, and thymol percentage. Instead the essential oil yield, proline content, soluble sugar content, chlorophyll b, and carvacrol under these treatments increased. The decrease in flowering branches yield and the relative water content in variable alternate furrow irrigation was lower compared to fixed alternate furrow irrigation. Biochar application reduced the effects of drought stress caused by variable alternate furrow irrigation and fixed alternate furrow irrigation treatments but had no significant impact on chlorophyll b, thymol percentage, and total chlorophyll. The highest carvacrol and thymol percentages were obtained in fixed alternate furrow irrigation, variable alternate furrow irrigation treatments, and irrigation of all furrows, respectively. The planting pattern did not affect flowering branch yield, relative water content, soluble sugars content, and proline content. The highest essential oil yield (24.73 kg/ha) was obtained in the treatment combination of variable alternate furrow irrigation, biochar application, and Planting double rows of thyme on the ridge. The study recommended that farmers must observe alternate furrow irrigation methods and biochar application (amount 8 t/ha) as a better option in the limited water environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, significant resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has been observed. A biofilm is a structure that significantly aids the survival of the microbial population and also significantly affects its resistance. Methods: Thyme and clove essential oils (EOs) were subjected to chemical analysis using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Furthermore, the antimicrobial effect of these EOs was tested in both the liquid and vapor phases using the volatilization method. The effect of the EOs on growth parameters was monitored using an RTS-8 bioreactor. However, the effect of the EOs on the biofilm formation of commonly occurring bacteria with pathogenic potential was also monitored, but for less described and yet clinically important strains of Arcobacter spp. Results: In total, 37 and 28 compounds were identified in the thyme and clove EO samples, respectively. The most common were terpenes and also derivatives of phenolic substances. Both EOs exhibited antimicrobial activity in the liquid and/or vapor phase against at least some strains. The determined antimicrobial activity of thyme and clove oil was in the range of 32–1024 µg/mL in the liquid phase and 512–1024 µg/mL in the vapor phase, respectively. The results of the antimicrobial effect are also supported by similar conclusions from monitoring growth curves using the RTS bioreactor. The effect of EOs on biofilm formation differed between strains. Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely suppressed in an environment with a thyme EO concentration of 1024 µg/mL. On the other hand, increased biofilm formation was found, e.g., in an environment of low concentration (1–32 µg/mL). Conclusions: The potential of using natural matrices as antimicrobials or preservatives is evident. The effect of these EOs on biofilm formation, especially Arcobacter strains, is described for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the effects of thyme and rosemary dried herbs, as well as thyme and rosemary essential oils (1%, w/v), on the microbiological quality of vacuum-packed rainbow trout meat stored under refrigerated conditions (4 ± 1 °C) for 7 days. The microbiological quality of meat was monitored based on total viable counts, coliform bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria counts over a designated storage period (on the 0th, 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day of storage). As expected, the highest total viable counts were observed on the 7th day of storage in the untreated aerobically packed control group reaching 5.723 ± 0.021 CFU.g-1. The tested treatments showed potential in reducing the growth of bacteria in rainbow trout meat samples. Across all bacterial groups under investigation, rosemary essential oil appears to have the most advantageous effect in inhibiting bacterial growth compared to other tested treatments. Cultivated isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and assigned to 33 species belonging to 14 families. The most prevalent family was Enterobacteriaceae (18.99%), and the most abundant species found in samples was Hafnia alvei (8.86%). Our findings suggest the potential of using thyme and rosemary in both essential oil and dried forms as natural preservatives to enhance the microbiological quality and longevity of refrigerated rainbow trout meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, methanolic extracts from thyme and dittany plants were prepared and characterized in terms of their polyphenolic content through analytical and spectrophotometric techniques. Rosmarinic acid, thymol and carvacrol were found to be the main components of the extracts, which were further biologically assessed for their antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-lipase and antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As found, thyme extracts exhibited superior antioxidant activity (SC50 at 33.9 μg mL−1), while dittany extracts inhibited the microbial growth to a great extent against Bacillus subtilis strain (MIC at 0.5 mg mL−1) and E. coli strain (MIC at 2 mg mL−1). Furthermore, the thyme extract was proven to strongly inhibit the activity of lipase from Candida rugosa (IC50 at 63.9 μg mL−1), comparable to the standard inhibitor orlistat, while its inhibitory effect against mushroom tyrosinase was weak. On the other hand, the dittany extract presented an inhibitory effect against the tested lipase (IC50 over 500 μg mL−1) and an activation effect against tyrosinase (at concentrations > 500 μg mL−1). Additionally, molecular docking studies of the main compounds of the extracts showed that rosmarinic acid plays a crucial role on the inhibitory activity of the extracts against lipase, while thymol has a stronger effect on inhibiting tyrosinase. Furthermore, both extracts were employed in the preparation of gelatin-deep eutectic solvent (DES) hydrogels that were further studied for their antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The results showed that the incorporation of the extracts offered antibacterial properties to the biopolymer-based hydrogels and enhanced the antioxidant activity of gelatin up to 85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although synthetic preservatives and antioxidants may have high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, they are usually associated with adverse effects on human health. Currently, there is a growing interest in natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two medicinal plant extracts and one active compound. Olive leaf extracts (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% w/v), oleuropein (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% w/v), thyme oil (0.1%), and oleuropein in combination with thyme oil (0.4% w/v and 0.1% v/v) were used against three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). Results: The use of oleuropein resulted in complete antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. In this context, a reduction of 7 logs was achieved during the storage period (4 weeks). Oleuropein showed no fungal activity at low concentrations (0.2%), but Aspergillus niger was reduced by 2.35 logs at higher concentrations (0.6% w/v). Similar antibacterial and antifungal properties were observed for the olive leaf extracts. Oleuropein at a concentration of 0.4 w/v and a mixture of oleuropein and thyme at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.1 (v/v) showed strong antimicrobial activity against the studied microorganisms. Conclusion: Olive leaf extract, thyme oil, and oleuropein have strong antibacterial and weak antifungal properties. There was a good synergistic effect between oleuropein and thymol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of thyme, ginger, and their nano-particles, as alternatives to antibiotic growth promotors (AGP), on productive performance, carcass traits, meat quality and gut health of broiler chickens. A total of 270 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 6 groups, each consisting of 3 replicates (n = 15 chicks/replicate). The birds in group 1 were fed the control diet which contained neither antibiotic growth promotors nor phytogenic feed additives (PFA). Birds in group 2 were fed diets containing 0.05% of AGP (Bacitracin methylene disalicylate). Chicks in group 3 and 4 were fed diets supplemented with 1.0% of thyme and ginger, respectively, whereas birds in group 5 and 6 were offered diets including 0.10% of nano-thyme and nano-ginger, respectively. The experiment lasted for 35 days. It was found that thyme and ginger with their nano-products, like the antibiotic, improved the body weight, weight gain and feed conversion rate of birds. The effect of ginger and nano-ginger on body weight and weight gain was greater than other treatments. During the overall feeding period, the feed cost of production was the highest in antibiotic group, but was the lowest in ginger and nano-ginger treatments. There was no effect of dietary treatments on carcass yield or organs weight except bursa of Fabricius and abdominal fat. Thyme, ginger and their nano-composites increased the weight of bursa and reduced the abdominal fat amount. The phytogenic additives and their nano-particles improved the colour, water holding capacity, and flavor of meat. Moreover, these additives reduced the total intestinal bacterial count as well as the total aerobic mesophilic count of meat. The effect of PFA and their nano-particles on the bacterial count was similar to that of antibiotic. In conclusion, thyme and ginger with their nano- particles can be considered as promising agents in feeding of broilers to improve the growth performance, gut health and meat quality. Moreover, these additives can be used as alternatives to AGP to overcome its health hazards and the high cost. The nanotechnology of herbal plants enables them to be added in smaller amounts in poultry diets with producing the same effect of raw ingredients, and this could be due to the higher bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The cross-disciplinary investigation conducted here utilized natural green products (essential oils and plant extracts) as effective eco-friendly antifungal agents for the preservation of archaeological wooden artifacts. The biodeterioration of wooden cultural heritage is a severe problem worldwide and fungi are the main deteriorating agents. The identification of effective natural products, safer for humans and the environment, is a current challenge. Ten deteriorated archaeological objects (a wooden statue of a seated man, an anthropoid wooden coffin with a cartonnage mummy of Nespathettawi, and a wooden box of Padimen's son), stored at the Egyptian museum in Cairo, were considered here. The wood species of the three most deteriorated objects were previously identified as Acacia nilotica, Ficus sycomorus, and Tamarix gennessarensis. Twenty-six fungal species were isolated and identified from the wooden objects and the four most frequent species belonged to the genus Aspergillus. Fourteen fungal species among those isolated showed the greatest biodeterioration activity on the experimental wood blocks of the archaeological objects. The antifungal activities of several eco-friendly plant essential oils (from cinnamon, eucalyptus, frankincense, geranium, lavender, lemongrass, menthe, rosemary, tea tree, and thyme) and plant extracts (from basil, eucalyptus, henna, melia, and teak) were tested against the fungal species with the greatest biodeterioration activity. The essential oils (Eos) were more effective than the plant extracts. Thyme EO, followed by geranium and cinnamon ones, was the most active (minimum inhibitory concentrations: 0.25–1 µL/mL). These EO; also showed inhibitory effects on the enzymatic activities (cellulase, amylase, and protease) of the four most dominant fungal species. Thymol and p-cymene were the two main components of thyme oil, while geraniol and beta-citronellol were those of geranium oil; eugenol and caryophyllene were those of the cinnamon EO. Thyme oil applied to the most deteriorated experimental aged A. nilotica wooden cubes inoculated with the four highly frequent fungal species was effective in wood preservation. Moreover, no significant interference was observed in the wood before and after thyme treatment. Thyme oil seems to be a promising eco-friendly antifungal agent for the preservation of archaeological wooden artefacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Inactivity can reduce the serum level of some markers such as nesfatin-1 and irisin, which have positive effects on reducing inflammation and insulin resistance. Thyme is a plant whose extract has various properties, including anti- inflammatory effects. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) along with thyme supplementation on the serum levels of irisin and nesfatin-1 in sedentary young girls Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 48 young girls were randomly divided into four groups of HIIT, thyme, HIIT+thyme, and control group. Thyme supplement was taken in the form of 20 mg soft capsules, half an hour before each meal. Serum levels of nesfatin-1 and irisin were analyzed using specific ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and paired t statistical tests with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The serum level of irisin before the test (p=0.685) and after the test (p=0.556) was not significantly different among the studied groups. The post-test values of nesfatin-1 were significantly different among the groups (p<0.001). Intra-group evaluation showed that the changes of nesfatin-1 in the control and thyme groups were not significant (p>0.05). However, a significant increase in nesfatin-1 was observed in HIIT (p<0.001) and HIIT + thyme groups (p=0.001) after the interventions. Conclusion: The increase of nesfatin-1 was one of the favorable effects of HIIT exercises with or without thyme consumption. Irisin levels were not affected by exercise or thyme supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The impact of livestock on climate change has prompted animal nutrition researchers to reassess ruminant feeding strategies that minimize negative repercussions on the ecosystem. Essential oils (EOs), derived from natural plant extracts, have emerged as promising substances capable of inhibiting rumen methanogenesis. This study elucidated the effects of oregano and white thyme EOs on in vivo rumen methane emissions and rumen parameters in Nellore beef cattle. In contrast to results obtained through in vitro methods, our in vivo results indicated that oregano and white thyme EOs included in the diet at 3 mL/kg dry matter were not effective in reducing rumen methane emissions. Essential oils (EOs), as rumen additives, decreased CH4 emissions in in vitro trials but results from in vivo studies are still limited. We investigated the effects of Origanum vulgare (OEO) and Thymus vulgaris (TEO) EOs on in vivo methane emissions from Nellore beef cattle. Six adult rumen-cannulated Nellore cattle were used in a double 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of three diets containing either 3 mL OEO per kg of concentrate, 3 mL TEO/kg of concentrate, or no EO addition. The experimental period consisted of three 21 d feeding periods and methane production was measured using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) technique from Day 16 to Day 21 of each feeding period. Intake, total apparent digestibility (dry matter as well as neutral and acid detergent fiber), and rumen parameters (pH, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration, and short-chain fatty acids) were also evaluated. The EOs did not decrease CH4 emissions and had no effect on rumen parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates the feasibility of hydroponic cultivation of three Thymus species native to Bulgaria: T. longedentatus, T. pannonicus and T. zygioides. The use of a Flood & Drain hydroponic system has produced a significant increase in the growth and development rates of the target species, with T. pannonicus reaching the flowering stage in just three weeks. The metabolic profiles of hydroponically grown plants correspond to those of the parent plants from the matching natural populations. In short, hydroponic cultivation of the studied Thyme species could be a viable alternative to conventional agricultural practices, accelerating plant growth and preserving their medicinal and aromatic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal / Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal (BAUN Health Sci J) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Saprolegniosis is a major concern in freshwater aquaculture, particularly hatcheries since it causes high mortality and economic losses. Various chemical compounds are used to treat the disease, but they are not recommended due to their hazard effects on fish, humans, and ecosystems. The current study assessed the potential anti-oomycetes activity of crude and aqueous extracts of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) against Saprolegnia australis (S. australis) and Achylia bisexualis (A. bisexualis) in vitro and in vivo. Both herb aqueous stock solutions were eventually prepared using the decoction method. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of both herbs' aqueous extracts were determined using the agar plate diffusion method. The ability of both herb aqueous extracts to kill the selected water molds was tested at various time points of exposure. Based on in vitro results, two in vivo field trials were planned to assess the efficacy of crude clove and thyme, first on the fecundity and hatchability of fertilized grass carp eggs. The second trial was designed to assess the antifungal potential against fungal infection during artificial egg incubation. Additionally, two experiments were planned to determine the toxicity parameters of each crude herb in grass carp fingerlings. The second experiment assessed the anti-saprolegniosis activity of selected crude herbs in artificially infected fingerlings. The results showed that S. australis and A. bisexualis were significantly inhibited at a 10% concentration in clove (0.8g/100mL) and thyme (3.2g/100mL) aqueous solutions. However, both herb aqueous extracts had fungicidal properties and killed both fungi at a 50% concentration of their stock solutions (4 and 16g/100mL of clove and thyme, respectively). Incubated eggs exposed to concentrations of 2 and 8g/L clove and thyme, respectively, exhibited high fecundity and hatchability rates. Furthermore, clove and thyme at concentrations of 2 and 4g/L could protect incubated eggs and fry from attack by S. australis and A. bisexualis, respectively. Clove and thyme at concentrations of 0.2-0.25 and 0.5-0.8g/L provided a safe indefinite bath, but at a concentration of 0.5 and 1g/L caused anesthesia after 24 hours of exposure. To successfully treat the infected Ctenopharyngodon idella (C. idella) fingerlings, the most effective doses were 0.25-0.5g/L for clove and 0.5g/L for thyme. Finally, clove and thyme in both crude and aqueous forms could introduce safe, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and easy applications into freshwater hatcheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dermatitis is a skin condition caused by multiple causes, including radiotherapy treatment. Pharmacological treatments can become chronic and are not exempt from side effects. The latest recommendations of the American Academy of Dermatology establish the use of natural, nourishing, and moisturizing cosmetic products as prevention and the first therapeutic step for dermatitis. Alantel® is a cream developed to reduce redness and irritation, promote the local immune system, combat immunosenescence, and promote the healing of epidermal lesions. The objective was to evaluate the effect of a cream (Alantel) based on natural products at high concentrations for the preventive and curative treatment (at early stages) of radiation-induced dermatitis in patients with breast cancer. Methods: Our protocol is an experimental, prospective, triple-blind, multicenter, controlled clinical trial with two parallel arms. The experimental group will be treated with Alantel, while the control group will receive another moisturizing cream. Radiotherapy oncology professionals will recruit a total of 88 patients (44 per comparison group) with breast cancer who will receive radiotherapy oncology treatment for 15 days, and they will be randomly allocated to the experimental or control group. Selected patients will be followed up for four visits by primary care physicians for up to 1 week after completion of radiotherapy. The main study variable will be the incidence rate of mild post-radiation dermatitis. An intention-to-treat analysis will be performed, applying a comparison test for independent means and proportions. A bivariate and multivariate analysis will also be developed to check the treatment effect, adjusting for predictive sociodemographic and clinical variables. Discussion: By carrying out this clinical trial, it is expected to verify that Alantel cream, based on natural products at high concentrations, has advantages over a moisturizing cream for the preventive and curative treatment of RD in patients with breast cancer. The COVID-19 pandemic has been influenced by delaying the start of the study. One of the main limitations of this study will be the time required to recruit the patients from the planned sample, given that the selection criteria are restrictive and, although the study is multicenter, recruitment will be coordinated through a single service on radiotherapy oncology. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04116151. Registered on 4 October 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern for the future of mankind. Common antibiotics fail in the treatment of microbial infections at an alarming rate. Morbidity and mortality rates increase, especially among immune-compromised populations. Medicinal plants and their essential oils, as well as iodine could be potential solutions against resistant pathogens. These natural antimicrobials abate microbial proliferation, especially in synergistic combinations. We performed a simple, one-pot synthesis to prepare our formulation with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-complexed iodine (I2), Thymus Vulgaris L. (Thyme), and Aloe Barbadensis Miller (AV). SEM/EDS, UV-vis, Raman, FTIR, and XRD analyses verified the purity, composition, and morphology of AV-PVP-Thyme-I2. We investigated the inhibitory action of the bio-formulation AV-PVP-Thyme-I2 against 10 selected reference pathogens on impregnated sterile discs, surgical sutures, cotton gauze bandages, surgical face masks, and KN95 masks. The antimicrobial properties of AV-PVP-Thyme-I2 were studied by disc diffusion methods and compared with those of the antibiotics gentamycin and nystatin. The results confirm AV-PVP-Thyme-I2 as a strong antifungal and antibacterial agent against the majority of the tested microorganisms with excellent results on cotton bandages and face masks. After storing AV-PVP-Thyme-I2 for 18 months, the inhibitory action was augmented compared to the fresh formulation. Consequently, we suggest AV-PVP-Thyme-I2 as an antimicrobial agent against wound infections and a spray-on contact killing agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of traditional medicine against viral diseases in animal production has been practiced worldwide. Herbal extracts possess organic substances that would improve chicken body performance. Aim: The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of either thyme or ginseng oil in regard to their immunemodulatory, antiviral, and growth promoter properties. Methods: Two hundred and forty-one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated into eight equal groups as the following: group 1; nonvaccinated and nontreated and group 2; Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccinated and nontreated. Birds of groups 3 and 4 were treated with thyme oil (200 mg/l of drinking water for 12 hours/day) without or with NDV vaccination. Birds of groups 5 and 6 were treated with ginseng oil (200 mg/l of drinking water for 12 hours/day) without or with NDV vaccination. Birds of groups 7 and 8 were treated with a combination of ginseng oil (100 mg/l of drinking water) and thyme oil (100 mg/l of drinking water) for 12 hours/day. On the 35th day of life, birds in all the experimental groups were given 0.1 ml of a virulent genotype VIId NDV strain suspension containing 106.3 EID50/ ml intramuscularly. Results: Administration of ginseng and thyme oils each alone or simultaneously to birds either vaccinated or nonvaccinated elicited a significant improvement in body performance parameters. Administration of thyme and ginseng each alone or concurrently to vaccinated birds (Gp 4, 6, and 8) induced a higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer of 6, 7.3, and 6.3 log2 at 21 days of age, 6.7, 7.6, and 7 log2, at 28 days of age and 7, 8, and 6.8 log2 at 35 days of age, respectively. Challenge with vNDV genotype VII led to an increase in the NDV-specific HI-Ab titers 10 days post challenge in all the experimental groups. In addition, thyme, ginseng oils, or a combination of them improved the protection from mortality in vaccinated birds; by 100%, 100%, and 90%, respectively, compared with 80% protection from mortality in vaccinated-only birds post-NDV challenge. Moreover, NDV-vaccinated birds treated either with thyme; ginseng or their combination showed negative detection of the virus in both tracheal and cloacal swabs and nonvaccinated groups that received oils showed improvement in vNDV shedding in tracheal and cloacal swabs. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the administration of thyme and ginseng essential oils to broilers can improve productive performance parameters, stimulate humoral immunity against, and protect from vNDV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to low toxicity, fast decomposition, and compatibility with the environment, plant essential oils are used as a suitable alternative strategy for pest control. The purpose of this study was to investigate the insecticidal effects of two plant essential oils, Eucalyptus and Zataria, on Macrosiphom euphorbiae. In this study, plant essential oils were extracted using a Clonger device by water distillation method. Bioassay tests were performed on adult insects at different concentrations for eucalyptus and thyme essential oils. According to the results of probit data analysis, LC50 and LC90 values for eucalyptus essential oil were 4699 and 37106 ppm, respectively, and for thyme essential oil, these values were 11944 and 45620, respectively. The results of this research indicate that eucalyptus essential oil has higher toxicity than thyme essential oil and its lethality is also higher. In this study, the highest lethality (percentage of casualties) was obtained for eucalyptus essential oil at a concentration of 20,000 ppm, and for thyme essential oil at a concentration of 24,000 ppm. Considering that the LD50 of eucalyptus essential oil and thyme essential oil is lower than the dosages of chemical insecticides and due to the emergence of the phenomenon of resistance to the effect of chemical insecticides, it seems that the essential oils of plants such as eucalyptus and thyme are suitable alternatives to chemical insecticides in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvement of sheep health and productivity has become a global goal. An effective house must provide adequate space, shelter, and protection from climatic changes and stress. Some plants such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and celery (Apium graveolens) could alleviate stressors. Hence, this investigation was conducted to determine the role of thyme and celery seed mixture (TCM) in improving the behavior and performance of lactating Ossimi ewes at diverse housings during autumn and winter. Forty lactating ewes (2 years old and 48 ± 1.5 kg average body weight) were randomly equally distributed into two semi-shaded buildings (SSB) (20 ewes each). These were roofed with a concrete slab 40 cm thick and 5 m high which was covered with three rows of rice straw bales as thermal insulation. It had natural dirt areas to the north and south. Ten ewes were fed a basal diet, and the others received a basal diet containing TCM (10 gm thyme and 10 gm celery/head/day). Similarly, 20 ewes were treated in a fully-shaded building (FSB) which was roofed with a layer of tin 5 m high and had natural flooring to the west and east. These ewes were fed a basal diet + TCM for 1 month pre-lambing and 2 months post-lambing. Both behavior and weight were recorded bi-weekly. Blood samples were collected monthly to measure oxidative stress indicator reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde, total protein, glucose, gene expression of nuclear factor 2 linked to erythroid 2 (Nrf2), and interleukin 2. Cumulative feed intake was calculated, and milk samples were collected for 2 months after lambing until weaning to measure moisture, ash, total protein, lactose, non-solid fat (NSF), total solids, fat, and antioxidant capacity of milk (free radical and inhibition factor). The findings revealed that sheep exhibited better feeding behavior in the FSB and the oxidative stress indicator was lower than in the SSB. TCM enhanced feeding behavior and decreased the oxidative stress indicator (reduced GSH) in the SSB. Additionally, it increased total protein and dam body weight (at the 6th week) in the FSB and improved feed intake in both buildings. Thyme and celery have antioxidant capacities in milk. Hence, the present data suggest that adding TCM to the basal diet could reduce the stress of climatic changes on lactating ewes and improve animal behavior and immunity leading to enhanced production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, aromatic plants and their extracts have become an interesting area of research as a means of improving animal health and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thyme essential oil (thymol) on key metabolic functions in turkeys. Twenty (20) wild female turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) aged 16 days were used for the study. The animals were divided into two groups of 10 turkeys each. Group 1 (control) were fed with the normal diet, while group 2 (treatment) had thyme essential oil added to their diet, and administered for 30 days. The body weights of the animals were monitored throughout the treatment duration. After the treatment period, renal function parameters and serum lipids were evaluated. The average weight of the animals in the treatment group was 1420 g, which was twice as high as that of the control (690 g). Supplementation of poultry diet with thyme essential oil reduced serum levels of total cholesterol (2.76 ± 0.08 g/L), triglycerides (1.90 ± 0.52 g/L), urea (3.91 ± 0.95 g/L), and creatinine (1.68 ± 0.61 g/L), compared to the control group which had higher serum total cholesterol (5.15 ± 0.46 g/L), triglycerides (4.93 ± 0.95 g/L), urea (8.75 ± 2.25 g/L), and creatinine (6.45 ± 0.56 g/L). The present study highlighted the beneficial effect of thyme essential oil by improving serum biochemical parameters in turkeys. Therefore, the use of thyme essential oil in poultry feed should be encouraged in order to improve poultry health and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymus is an herbaceous perennial or subshrub of the Lamiaceae family and is widely distributed worldwide. Essential oils extracted from thymus have attracted much attention, owing to their potential biological functions. Here, we evaluated the chemical compositions of eight thyme essential oils (TEOs) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and assessed their antioxidant activity. The results showed that (1) the main components in eight TEOs were monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes (84.26–92.84%), and the chemical compositions of the TEOs were affected by the specie factor; (2) eight TEOs could be divided into three groups (thymol-, geraniol-, and nerol acetate-types), and thymol was the main type; (3) eight TEOs had some common compounds, such as thymol and p-cymene, which were the main components in seven TEOs; (4) eight TEOs had antioxidant activity, and Thymus pulegioides, Thymus thracicus, and Thymus serpyllum EOs had stronger antioxidant activity than vitamin E (0.07–0.27 fold) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, while Thymus quinquecostatus and Thymus longicaulis EOs had relatively weak antioxidant activity. In addition, three chemical type standards were used to evaluate potential roles in antibacterial and tumor therapy. The results showed that thymol had strong antibacterial activity against the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and antimigratory activity for A549 cell. Overall, our results can provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the function of natural products from thyme essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic that used to relief pain. Although tramadol is thought to have low dependence potentials, it is used in acute or chronic pain, including postoperative, gynecologic and obstetric pain, as well as pain of various other organs. It is used in many countries including the Middle East. Its uptake can lead to bad effects on the nervous system. Aim of the Work: To determine the harmful effects of tramadol on the cerebellar cortex of adult male rats, as well as the potential ameliorative impact of thyme when combined with tramadol. Material and Methods: A twenty one adult male albino rats were randomized into 3 groups equally: The control group (group I) which was not received any medications, the tramadol group (group II) which was received tramadol HCL (40 mg/Kg/ day) dissolved in tab water orally and the tramadol + thyme group (group III) which was received tramadol (40 mg/Kg/day) + thyme extract (500 mg/kg/day) orally. The tramadol and thyme extract were given to the rats for 8 weeks. Then the cerebella of the rats were processed to evaluate the histological, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical changes and morphometric analysis. Results: Histologically, ultrastructurally and immunohistochemistry, the group treated with tramadol revealed remarkable degenerative and neuronal apoptotic changes of the three layers of the cerebellar cortex especially the Purkinje and the granular layers. The group treated with tramadol + thyme showed improvement in the histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical changes. The morphometric analysis of the present study revealed a significant difference among the three groups. Conclusion: Tramadol intake exerted a neurotoxic effect on the structure of the cerebellar cortex of the adult male rats. Thyme extract can improve the tramadol effects but not repair it completely so this may be helpful in the management of the tramadol neuronal damage if the use of tramadol is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanomaterials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) offer a new possibility for phyto-nanotechnology and biotechnology to improve the quality and quantity of secondary metabolites in vitro. The current study aimed to determine the SWCNTs effects on Thyme (Thymus daenensis celak.) seed germination. The seedlings were further assessed in terms of morphological and phytochemical properties. Sterile seeds were cultured in vitro and treated with various concentrations of SWCNTs. Biochemical analyses were designed on seedling sample extracts for measuring antioxidant activities (AA), total flavonoids (TFC) and phenolic contents, and the main enzymes involved in oxidative reactions under experimental treatments. The results indicated that an increase in SWCNTs concentration can enhance the total percentage of seed germination. The improvement was observed in samples that received SWCNTs levels of up to 125 µg ml−1, even though seedling height and biomass accumulation decreased. Seedling growth parameters in the control samples were higher than those of grown in SWCNT-fortified media. This may have happened because of more oxidative damage as well as a rise in POD and PPO activities in tissues. Additionally, secondary metabolites and relevant enzyme activities showed that maximum amounts of TPC, TFC, AA and the highest PAL enzyme activity were detected in samples exposed to 62.5 µg ml−1 SWCNTs. Our findings reveal that SWCNTs in a concentration-dependent manner has different effects on T. daenensis morphological and phytochemical properties. Microscopic images analysis revealed that SWCNTs pierce cell walls, enter the plant cells and agglomerate in the cellular cytoplasm and cell walls. The findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of SWCNTs on T. daenensis growth, germination and secondary metabolites production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the essential oil (EO) extraction from thyme by the consecutive use of ultrasound and microwave treatments is presented. The aim of this study was to apply an ultrasound pre-treatment of thyme leaves to enhance the thymol content and the extraction yield of the EO obtained by microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MWHD). Compared with conventional hydro-distillation (CHD), the consecutive use of ultrasound pre-treatment and microwave extraction resulted in a 72% lower extraction time. When the ultrasound pre-treatment (using the ultrasonic processor with an amplitude of 70%) was applied, the EO content was 23% higher compared to the extraction without pre-treatment (2.67 ± 0.06 g EO/100 g DM for the MWHD with ultrasound pre-treatment compared with 2.18 ± 0.07 g EO/100 g DM for the MWHD without pre-treatment). The EO samples were analyzed by GC/MS. The results showed that the major component, thymol, varied from 43.54% (by CHD) to 65.94% (by the consecutive use of ultrasound and microwave treatments). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils sourced from herbs commonly used in the Mediterranean diet have demonstrated advantageous attributes as nutraceuticals and prebiotics within a model of severe cardiometabolic disorder. The primary objective of this study was to assess the influences exerted by essential oils derived from thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) via a comprehensive multi-omics approach within a gnotobiotic murine model featuring colonic microbiota acquired from patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our findings demonstrated prebiotic and potential antioxidant effects elicited by these essential oils. We observed a substantial increase in the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in the gut microbiota, accompanied by higher levels of short-chain fatty acids and a reduction in trimethylamine N-oxide levels and protein oxidation in the plasma. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis of the cardiac tissue proteome unveiled an over-representation of pathways related to mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and cardiac contraction. These findings provide compelling evidence of the prebiotic and antioxidant actions of thyme- and oregano-derived essential oils, which extend to cardiac function. These results encourage further investigation into the promising utility of essential oils derived from herbs commonly used in the Mediterranean diet as potential nutraceutical interventions for mitigating chronic diseases linked to CAD and T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nosemosis is an intracellular fungus that seriously affects honeybees' health globally. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of thyme, peppermint, eucalyptus essential oils, and nanoparticle ozone applied by spray on the frames against Nosemosis in adult honey bees under field conditions. Five treatment groups and two (negative and positive) control groups were assigned for this study. In treatment groups; the 3% solutions of thyme, peppermint, and eucalyptus, and the 1.000 and 2.000 ppm solutions of nanoparticle ozone, were applied four times each week, 125 mL per hive (500 mL solution in total). Average Nosema spore counts before and after the treatment were calculated on a Neubauer hemocytometer slide by the digestion method, and the percent reduction test determined the efficacy of the combinations. According to the results, the highest reduction in the number of Nosema spores was observed in the thyme essential oil group at 84%. Peppermint essential oil, eucalyptus essential oil, and 1.000 and 2.000 ppm nanoparticle ozone efficacies were found at 77.45%, 76.10%, 72.41%, and 71.21%, respectively. Findings from this study revealed that essential oils and nanoparticle ozone can reduce the Nosema spore load to a point under field conditions. Plant extracts would offer a non-antibiotic alternative for Nosema control and further studies of herbal extracts are required as potential Nosema control agents in honey bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity has an ancient history of consuming medicinal plants for prophylaxis. Within hours, and even months, embryonic cells undergo several processes to form an organism. This study aimed to prove the positive or negative effects of using rosemary and thyme extract on the thymus gland and level of IL-10, IgM, and IgG in serum of chick embryos. The immunological effect was measured by histological and immunological studies. A total of 160 fertilized eggs were randomly distributed into 8 groups; on the 0 and 8th day of incubation, all treated groups received a dose of 0.1 mL/egg. On the 14th and 20th days of incubation, the embryos were sacrificed and the samples were collected (serum and thymus gland). The data were analyzed using ANOVA. Simple damage in thymic tissue with a low cell density in the embryos was treated with high concentrations of rosemary and thyme extracts, as well as in the mixed group. A significant decrease in IgM levels in the group treated by a high concentration of thyme. A decrease in IgG levels was found in the group treated with a high concentration of rosemary and in the mixed group, while the group treated with a high concentration of thyme and the mixed group showed decreases on the 14th day. A significant decrease in IL-10 levels was found on the 14th day, followed by an increase on the 20th day. Despite the benefits of rosemary and thyme, inflammation signs appeared on embryos treated with these herbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the number of beekeepers staying within the borders of Denizli province, which is one of the important accommodation centers of wandering beekeepers with its large thyme fields, and their accommodation places were determined and some information about thyme honey was obtained. Especially in Gözler, Uzunpınar, Belenardıç and Güzelpınar neighborhoods of Pamukkale district and Yağcılar neighborhoods of Güney district, thyme fields are dense and approximately 24 thousand bee hives stayed in 2021. Some physicochemical analyzes were carried out, for example, 9 honeys in 2021 and 6 honeys in 2022, which were collected in July when the Denizli thyme honey produced in these areas was harvested. First, pollen analysis was made in honey samples, and it was determined that it was thyme honey. Then, proline, diastase activity (DA), moisture, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, free acidity (FA), HMF, fructose (F), glucose (G), total phenolic content (TPC) was determined in 15 honey samples. Average amount of proline in thyme honey samples in 2021 and 2022, respectively; 663.5 and 708.9 mg/kg, DA 10.9 and 11.75; humidity rates 17.1% and 17.3%; EC 560 and 540 µS cm-1 ; pH 3.8 and 3.8; FA; 26.4 and 28.8 meq.kg-1 ; HMF, 9.5 and 12.4 mg/kg; F+G 69.6% and 69%; F/G was determined as 1.13 and 1.10, and the TPC was determined as 75.9 mg GAE/100g. In the future, it will be possible to reveal the descriptive features of Denizli thyme honey from other honeys by conducting more comprehensive and advanced analyzes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penicillium sp. is among fungi that can infect cereals, maize, and other foodstuffs, causing not only important yield losses but also contamination of the crops by toxins production, which make them unsafety for consumption. In this context, the main objective of this study is the development of clay/essential oil formulations against this type of fungus. Double-layer hydroxides (LDHs) and Ghassoul were chosen as clays, and Thyme as an essential oil and its active principle, thymol. The LDHs and Ghassoul materials underwent purification and activation treatments to increase their compatibility with the chosen essential oil. The different materials obtained were characterized by XRD and FTIR. The chemical compositions of the EOs were analyzed by GC–MS chromatography. The main constituents of Thyme oil founded were thymol (67.13%), ρ-cymene (4.85%), Z-Caryophyllene (1.77%) and γ-terpinene (2.74%). The adsorption of thymol on the different materials developed: activated Ghassoul (Gh-A), Hydrotalcite (HT3), and LDH (ZnAl-CO3), showed that the adsorption isotherms can be satisfactorily described by the Langmuir model. Also, the modeling of the adsorption kinetics revealed its conformity to the pseudo-second order model for the different materials. As a result, the adsorption capacity of thymol increases in the following order: ZnAl-CO3, HT3, and Gh-A. The formulations made from the different clays allowed for the preparation of an effective and useful fungicide for wheat storage. The in vitro antifungal activities were tested against the strain Penicillium sp. The results obtained revealed that the formulations based on Gh-A and LDHs retained their antifungal activity even after 5 months of storage. Therefore, in order to evaluate the potential of the formulations on cereals storage (wheat storage case), in vitro antifungal tests with the Gh-A/Thyme formulation were performed on four types of wheat (sterile, non-sterile, dried, and washed then dried wheat). These experiments demonstrated that sterile and washed-dried wheat had a significant inhibition against Penicillium sp. growth even after six months of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils as natural plant extracts have received significant attention in recent time. The extracts of thyme play vital roles in the metabolic and regulatory functions of the body. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thyme essential oil on the metabolic functions in endurance horses and to determine the dose for the optimal levels of major biochemical parameters. Thyme essential oils were administered orally to the horses at doses of 150 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight by mixing the oil with their diet. Serum biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total proteins, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase were evaluated according to standard methods. The results showed that the addition of thyme to the horses' diets seems to have a beneficial effect with decrease in key biochemical parameter like total cholesterol (0.68 ± 0.02 g/L), uric acid (0.006 ± 0. 0005 g/L), and alanine aminotransferase (7.90 ± 5.28 g/L), and aspartate aminotransferase (213.00 ± 47.46 g/L) at 150 mg/kg, and decrease in triglycerides (0.27 ± 0.28 g/L), creatinine (0.013 ± 0.004 mg/L), and urea (0.28 ± 0.09 mg/L) at 600 mg/kg. Thyme-based diet could help improve the fitness, performance, and overall wellbeing of race horses through optimization of their serum biochemical profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Bad breath is a condition that negatively affects people's social interactions and quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thyme mouthwash on intraoral halitosis, gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) in patients with gingivitis. Methods: In this retrospective study, 60 gingivitis patients (30 women/30 men) received initial periodontal treatment followed by oral hygiene instructions (OHI) and then were divided into four groups: The control group (C) received only OHI, while chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash was prescribed to the CHX group, Zinc acetate and CHX diacetate mouthwash was prescribed to the zinc acetate and CHX diacetate (ZnA) group, and the thyme (T) group was instructed to use thyme mouthwash. GI, PI and volatile sulfur compound (VSC) values were recorded at baseline and at the first week of treatment. Results: The initial values of the recorded parameters did not differ significantly between the groups. In all groups, VSCs, GI and PI decreased after treatment (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the PI values of the groups after treatment (p = 0.188). On the contrary, the GI and VSC values after treatment were significantly different between the groups (p = 0.001). GI values were highest in the control group and lowest in the CHX group. In terms of VSCs, a significant difference was found between groups T and C, and between groups T and ZnA (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that the use of thyme mouthwash after periodontal treatment was effective in improving bad breath and gingivitis in gingivitis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at determining the effects of dietary supplementation with thyme essential oil (TEO) and rosemary essential oil (REO) on blood parameters, the anti-oxidant metabolism in the liver, breast and drumstick muscle tissues, the morphology of the small intestine, and the myofibril structure of the superficial pectoral and biceps femoris muscles. For this purpose, 400 three-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were used. Five groups, each comprising 80 broilers, were established. The control group was fed on a basal diet alone and groups thyme-1, thyme-2, rosemary-1 and rosemary-2 received basal diets supplemented with 0.15 g kg-1 of TEO, 0.30 g kg-1 of TEO, 0.10 g kg-1 of REO and 0.20 g kg-1 of REO, respectively. The serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels were decreased significantly in group thyme-1. Dietary TEO and REO significantly increased glutathione levels in all tissues. Drumstick catalase activity was significantly increased in groups thyme-1, thyme-2 and rosemary-2. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in the breast muscle of all groups that received dietary TEO and REO. Histomorphometrical analyses demonstrated that dietary supplementation with TEO and REO increased both crypt depth and villus height in the small intestine. In result, the tested doses of dietary TEO and REO were ascertained to improve the intestinal morphology and to increase the anti-oxidant metabolism mainly in the breast muscle, the drumstick muscle and liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the use of antibiotics has been banned or reduced in certain countries in animal industries, the search for new alternatives to antibiotics has been and will continue to be a research subject in poultry for several years. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of basil, thyme and sage essential oils (EO) in broiler chickens' diets. A total of 120 Cobb 500 broiler chickens aged 12 days were distributed into four homogeneous groups of thirty chickens with six replicates of five broilers each, raised until 42 days of age. For the diets, corn, soybean meal, corn gluten and wheat were used as the main ingredients for the control diet (CON), and three experimental diets were formulated as follows: a diet containing 0.05% essential oil from basil (EOB), a diet containing 0.05% essential oil from thyme (EOT), and a diet containing 0.05% essential oil from sage (EOS). The results showed that production performances, European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF), European Broiler Index (EBI) and carcass weight were improved (p < 0.05) in the experimental groups compared with the control; however, no significant effect in anatomical parts development was observed. Lightness (L *) and hue angle (H *) colorimetric meat parameters were (p < 0.05) altered but without an effect on meat texture. The antioxidant capacity and total polyphenols content in the thigh meat and total n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in the experimental samples compared with the control. The intestinal microbiota was also significantly altered with a lowering of Escherichia coli, Coliforms and staphylococci in the small intestine and caecum and an increased lactobacilli count in the experimental groups compared with the control. Overall, all EO-supplemented diets showed the potential to improve meat quality; however, EOS was more effective in altering the chicken microbiota in the small intestine and caecum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple fruits are susceptible to pathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum which are responsible for significant pre- and postharvest fruit losses. Given the strong restriction in the use of synthetic agrochemicals, especially during the postharvest phase, alternatives are currently sought for a more sustainable management of apple storage. The antifungal activity of thyme, clove, anise, camphor, and juniper essential oils (EOs) was evaluated with in vitro tests and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. Thyme and anise EOs showed a MIC value of 0.5 and 1 mL L−1 against B. cinerea, respectively. A MIC of 0.5 mL L−1 was found for clove EO against P. expansum. Camphor and juniper EOs were found to be less effective. Although in those experiments the antifungal activity of EOs was proven, when EOs were applied in in vivo conditions they did not demonstrate the same effectiveness. In order to preserve EO inhibitory performances, edible coatings combining polysaccharide matrices (chitosan, arabic gum, and xanthan gum) with EOs were tested. After considering consistency, uniform coverage of the fruit surface, and antifungal properties of the matrix, chitosan was identified as the most suitable component for EO encapsulation. Treatments with chitosan in combination with thyme EO on apple fruits (cv. 'Braeburn') showed inhibitory effects on infection caused by B. cinerea (−48% of infected wounds compared to untreated). Similarly, clove EO combined with chitosan reduced the Penicillium infections in apple cv. 'Golden Delicious' by 62%. These results therefore suggest the effectiveness of the use of EOs encapsulated with chitosan for the control of postharvest diseases of apple fruits during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Cadmium (Cd) is a very toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal that can cause harmful effects on human health. Toxicity may develop due to Cd exposure, especially in the kidneys. Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) is a herbal mix that is used for its hemostatic properties in surgery. Also, ABS enhances wound and tissue healing. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the possible ameliorative effects of ABS in Cd-induced renal damage. Material and Method Thirty-two male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, Cd (cadmium chloride, 2.5 mg/kg single dose, ip), ABS (ABS, 1.5 ml/kg single dose ip), and Cd+ABS (cadmium chloride, 2.5 mg/kg single dose ip-ABS, 1.5 ml/kg single dose ip). At the end of the experiment, urea and creatinine levels were analyzed from the rats' serum. In addition, total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured spectrophotometrically from renal tissues. The oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated from TOS and TAS levels. Also, we evaluated alterations in the mRNA expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell-lymphoma-2 (Bcl- 2), silenced information regulator 1 (SIRT1), and p53 in kidney tissue of rats by using the qRT-PCR method. Results In the Cd group, serum urea, creatinine levels, and tissue oxidative stress markers, TOS and OSI were significantly higher while Gpx activity was significantly lower than in the control group (p<0.05). Also, the expression of p53 and in Bax/Bcl2 ratio significantly increased in the Cd group (p<0.05). But, ABS treatment significantly decreased urea, creatinine, TOS, OSI levels, and Bax/Bcl2 ratio, p53 expression in Cd applied group (p<0.05). Conclusion Ankaferd blood stopper showed protective effects by reducing oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in acute Cd exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When adding whole grain organic rye flour and organic wheat flour /40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 10:90/ with the addition of 1% extracts from the herbs thyme, lemon balm and oregano, yeast, salt and water, bread is obtained, which is intended for people suffering from gastrointestinal problems. The purpose of this study was to analyze the mineral composition of bread mixes and types. From the study it was established that when adding organic whole grain rye and wheat flour in different ratios /40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 10:90/ with the addition of 1% extracts from the herbs thyme, lemon balm and oregano, the mineral composition has significant differences. Regarding Fe in organic rye and wheat flour in different ratios /40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 10:90/ is as follows: 50.27 mg/kg; 45.74 mg/kg; 40.71 mg/kg; 36.05 mg/kg, compared to the bio mix with the addition of 1% thyme herb extract is as follows: 71.11 mg/kg; 75.74 mg/kg; 80.71 mg/kg; 85.90 mg/kg. There are no significant differences when adding 1% extract of the herb lemon balm is as follows: 79.34 mg/kg; 77.89 mg/kg; 72.78 mg/kg; 72.23 mg/kg. In the bio mix with the addition of 1% oregano extract, it is as follows: 70.76 mg/kg; 70.56 mg/kg; 69.98 mg/kg; 67.55 mg/kg. With a higher percentage of rye flour compared to wheat in the mix, higher Fe values are observed. In different types of bread mixes, different values of macro and microelements are observed. The flour mixes with the addition of 1% herb extract are rich in Fe, Zn, I, Se with good baking properties and are suitable for obtaining bread that enriches the assortment list in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbs have been used for centuries in order to enrich food as preservatives, flavorings, and medicinal agents. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the addition of selected herbal extracts (dried leaves of Thymus vulgaris L., Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Ocimum basilicum L.) on selected parameters of fermented flavored cream (counts of starter culture bacteria and pH value) and the resulting flavored butter (water content, water distribution, butter plasma pH, butter fat acidity, and oxidative stability), preceded by a study of the activity of the herbal extracts against starter lactic acid bacteria determined using the well diffusion method. The extracts did not inhibit the starter lactic acid bacteria at a fixed level. The presence of the herbal extracts contributed to a shorter fermentation course and influenced the counts of starter culture bacteria during fermentation and refrigerated storage (at 5 °C) for 21 days. The extract additives did not affect the water content or the degree of its dispersion, the butter plasma pH, or the butter fat acidity. The positive effect of the rosemary and thyme extract addition was only noted when analyzing the oxidative stability of the milk fat of the butter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyme derived essential oil and its components have numerous applications in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries, owing to their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. To obtain thyme essential oil with different terpene composition, we developed new germplasm resources using the conventional hybridization approach. Results: Phenotypic characteristics, including essential oil yield and composition, glandular trichome density, plant type, and fertility, of three wild Chinese and seven European thyme species were evaluated. Male-sterile and male-fertile thyme species were crossed in different combinations, and two F1 populations derived from Thymus longicaulis (Tl) × T. vulgaris 'Fragrantissimus' (Tvf) and T. vulgaris 'Elsbeth' (Tve) × T. quinquecostatus (Tq) crosses were selected, with essential oil yield and terpene content as the main breeding goals. Simultaneously, simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were developed based on the whole-genome sequence of T. quinquecostatus to authenticate the F1 hybrids. A total of 300 primer pairs were selected, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on the parents of the two hybrid populations (Tl, Tvf, Tve, and Tq). Based on the chemotype of the parents and their F1 progenies, we examined the expression of genes encoding two γ-terpinene synthases, one α-terpineol synthase, and maybe one geraniol synthase in all genotypes by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Conclusion: We used hybridization to create new germplasm resources of thyme, developed SSR markers based on the whole-genome sequence of T. quinquecostatus, and screened the expression of monoterpene synthase genes in thyme. The results of this study provide a strong foundation for the creation of new germplasm resources, construction of the genetic linkage maps, and identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and help gain insight into the mechanism of monoterpenoids biosynthesis in thyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Type 2 diabetes is the most common endocrine disease occurs due to glucose intolerance due to imbalance between reserves and insulin demand. Diabetes can also cause damage and cell death or apoptosis (1, 2).Recent research shows the vital role of p53 in the development of diabetes. The aim of this study was to study changes in p53 gene expression in liver tissue and insulin resistance index after HIIT and Zataria multiflora (Thyme) extract in obese type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: The statistical population of the study consisted of male Wistar rats from Royan Institute. All rats were fed a high-fat diet (45 to 60% fat) for 5 months or 20 weeks. after the Rats became obese and reached an average weight of about 407 ± 50 g, to create a type 2 diabetic model, 25mg/kg STZ was injected intraperitoneally. Rats with fasting glucose between 150 to 400 mg/dl was considered as a criterion for diabetes and all rats were diabetic divided into 4 groups control, HIIT, Thyme, HIIT-Thyme. HIIT protocol, performed for five sessions per week with 2-minute alternation of 2 and 8 intervals with 80 to 90% VO2max and a one-minute rest cycle with 50 to 56% vo2max. Running time increased from 16 minutes in the first week to 34 minutes in the eighth week. Thyme extract was given by gavage at a dose of 200 mg / kg 5 days a week for eight week. At the end of the training period and 48 hours after the last training session, the experimental training groups and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed by ether anesthetic. Blood samples were collected from the heart. Glucose was measured using an auto-analyzer. Insulin measured by a special kit of Pars Azmoun Company. The insulin resistance index was calculated using the formula and the expression of liver tissue P53 genes expression was also measured by RT-PCR. Statistical analyze performed with one-way ANOVA and two-factor analysis of variance test for comparison between groups and determination of the effect size and post-hoc method. Results: According to the results, these findings were observed: The mean weight in the experimental groups of exercise, thyme and HIIT-Thyme groups increased slightly compared to control group. The mean concentration of glucose in the exercise group was significantly lower than the control group (P = 0.001) and also in the HIIT-Thyme group, there was no significant difference (P = 0.99) compared to the thyme group. Moreover, in the Thyme-HIIT group there was a significant decrease (P = 0.001) compared to the control group. Also, HIIT led to a significant reduction in glucose and insulin resistance index (P<0.05). The mean insulin concentration in the HIIT group was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.005) group and in the HIIT-Thyme group was not significantly different compared to the thyme group (P = 0.218); however, the Thyme group had a significant increase compared to the control group. The mean insulin resistance index in the HIIT group (2.04) and ThymeHIIT was significantly lower than the control group but Thyme group was not significantly different from the control group (P = 0.994).HIIT reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with controls (P <0.009). HIIT and consumption of Thyme extract also significantly reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: The P53 gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene, is mutated and inactive in a wide range of cancers, this gene has been given the title of "protector of the genome", now new research shows that this gene has profound effects on metabolism and other Its activation can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes, and for this reason another name was given to this gene "protector against obesity" (11). While the role of this gene is well known during decades of cancer research, little information is available about its role in metabolism. Previous studies have shown that the role of P53 in metabolism and its function is important for tumor suppression (12), this gene also has effects on heart disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes (13).P53 gene regulates glucose transporters. Maintaining proper function of glucose transporters is crucial in glucose homeostasis and suppression of diabetes (11). P53 regulates the function of glucose transporters by influencing their transcription and transport. For example, p53 activated by genotoxic stress can directly bind to GLUT1 and GLUT4 promoters and repress their transcription. P53 also suppresses GLUT3 expression, but this occurs through an indirect mechanism by inhibiting IkB kinase or IKK (11). P53 gene negatively regulates glycolysis. It affects glucose levels by directly regulating degradation (glycolysis) and synthesis (gluconeogenesis). Following DNA damage, p53 can reprogram the cell's energy production strategies from glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration (or oxidative phosphorylation) in order to suppress tumor progression (11). The first p53 target gene identified to inhibit glycolysis is TIGAR (TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator) (30). TIGAR overexpression reduces the level of fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate (Fru-2, 6-P2), which activates the glycolysis promoter PFK1 (6-phosphofructo-1-kinase). P53 also regulates the stability of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM), another enzyme important for the completion of glycolysis through the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) to 2- phosphoglycerate (2-PG). It has been shown that the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), an alternative mechanism for glucose consumption for energy production, is partially blocked by p53 through a direct interaction between p53 and its rate-limiting enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). 30). P53 also negatively regulates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-2 (PDK2) through both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms to activate the PDH complex that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA to shift the balance from glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration (28, 31). The results of the present study show a significant decrease in the expression of the P53 gene in the liver tissue in the intense interval training group, and also the decrease in the expression of this gene in the interaction group of interval training - thyme can indicate the effect of interval training on the decrease in the expression of the P53 gene in the liver tissue. According to the mentioned regulatory pathways, but in the thyme group alone, no significant decrease in the expression of this gene was observed, which can be inferred that when using thyme extract to use its medicinal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, performing periodic exercises its effectiveness can be improved by further reducing the expression of the P53 gene. Suppression of hepatic glucose production by reducing the expression of the P53 gene can effectively improve diabetes and be used to treat it, in a way, it can be said that targeting components in the gluconeogenic pathway can improve hyperglycemia (10, 11). HIIT with thyme extract in diabetic rats led to improved glycemic profile and changes in glucose and insulin levels, as well as positive and appropriate changes in the expression of P53 gen expression in hepatic tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mineral profile of thyme, a species so often used as a medicinal plant or spice, represents a permanent and significant research topic for the fields of agronomy, chemotaxonomy, biochemistry. Previous studies have indicated a significant number of organic substances with high antimicrobial potential not only in cultivated but also in spontaneous populations of thyme, revealing the phytobiological value of these species. We are in a permanent search for new resources from the wild flora, necessary either for direct use or introduction into culture. In this context, the study evaluates the mineral profile related to 17 spontaneous populations of thyme identified in the Banat area, compared to a cultivated population, investigating the quality of the biological material analyzed. The content of total mineral substances (ash) in the analyzed populations varied between 1.19% in the population of Th. pannonicus ssp. auctus from the Silagiu area and 10.85% in the cultivated thyme (Th. vulgaris), observing the existence of individual variations depending on the species, but also depending on the harvesting area. The characteristics of the biotope are defining and influence the mineral profile of the thyme populations in natural areas. Among the mineral elements analyzed in the present work, those related to the analysis of the macroelement content are presented. The amount of calcium accumulated in the dry vegetable mass can represent a relevant indication as a species character, if it will be confirmed by other specialized studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to determine the qualitative and quantitative phenolic compounds. Results revealed that HPLC analysis identified Hydroxy derivatives of benzoic acids, hydroxy-cinnamic acids, in addition to flavonoids. The major compounds detected in clove were eugenol 32.5 mg/L, while in thyme the predominant phenol was gallic acid 35.9 mg/L. Quercetin was the greatest phenolic compound in both eucalyptus and sage 49.8 and 55.6 mg/L, respectively. Clove extract inhibited all selected pathogens entirely when applied at 20%. Subsequently, thyme extract at the same concentration inhibited the growth of B. cinerea completely. Eucalyptus extract revealed a lowest inhibition with 23.2%, 11.83%, and 7.83% after three, six, and nine days, respectively. P. griseofulvum showed remarkable susceptibility to extracts due to 51.99% growth inhibition followed by 25.33% and 20.67% for both A. alternata and B. cinerea, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When adding whole grain organic rye flour and organic wheat flour /50:50/ with the addition of 1% extracts of the herbs thyme, lemon balm and oregano, yeast, salt and water, bread is obtained, which enriches the assortment list of types bread in the country. The aim is to find an innovative approach to obtain bread based on organic whole grain flours with the addition of herbal extracts and to study their physico-chemical composition. From the study it was found that the protein content in organic whole-grain rye flour is 12.08%, and in organic whole-grain rye flour with the addition of 1% herbal extracts it is as follows for thyme 13.35%, for lemon balm 13.15% and with oregano 13.26%. Regarding the fat in organic whole grain rye and wheat flour, the content is 1.04%, and with the inclusion of an additive of 1% herbal extracts it is as follows: thyme 1.23%, lemon balm 1.35% and oregano 1.22%, which does not lead to an increase in the fat content of the flour mixture. The amount of fiber in organic whole grain rye and wheat flour (10.16%) and in the organic mix with the addition of 1% herbal extracts is as follows: thyme 10.45%, lemon balm 10.57% and oregano 10.67%, making this mix suitable for use in bread with health benefits. The flour mixture is rich in medicinal substances, with a good aroma and good baking properties. It is suitable for obtaining bread intended for people with gastrointestinal problems, as well as for preventive purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess the antiviral activity of selected essential oils (EOs) against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), both in vitro and in vivo. The observations were made using Chenopodium quinoa as a local host. The EOs were obtained from Greek oregano, thyme, and costmary. Their chemical composition was determined using GC/FID followed by GC/MS. The dominant compound in oregano EO was carvacrol (59.41%), in thyme EO—thymol (59.34%), and in costmary EO—β-thujone (90.60%). Among the analysed EOs, thyme EO exhibited the most promising effects against CMV. However, its activity was influenced by the time of application. In an in vivo experiment, thyme EO showed protective (pre-inoculation) rather than curative (post-inoculation) activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Identifying specific biological activities of natural products are of the main concerns worldwide for the use in safe functional food manufacture; essential oils and their components are good candidates in this respect. The present work aims to evaluate the biological activities of basil and thyme oils as well as their phenolic constituents. Using computational methods to predict biological activities are currently effective tools in minimizing and explaining experimental works. Results: Chemical composition of thyme and basil oils were determined using GC–MS. The identified phenolic components were thymol (28.21%) and carvacrol (0.47%) in thyme oil and eugenol (11.37%) in basil oil. The antioxidant activity of both oils and their phenolic constituents as expressed by EC50 value were 535.01, 134.37, 176.57, 407.89 and 2.29 µg/mL against DPPH and 131.95, 56.65, 57.15, 82.71and 32.80 µg/mL against hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The order of activity is basil oil > thyme oil while phenolic compound order is eugenol > thymol > carvacrol; reducing power showed the same order. Basil oil showed also higher and good antitumor activity where it reduces the surviving fraction to 38.4% of brain tumor cells (U251) and 61.3% of liver tumor cells (HEPG2) at concentration 10 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity were evaluated theoretically according to the main three mechanisms, Hydrogen-Atom-Transfer (HAT), Single Electron Transfer–Proton Transfer (SET-PT) and the Sequential Proton Loss Electron-Transfer (SPLET); the results proved the experimental order of antioxidant and biological activities, and explained the remarkably higher activities of basil oil and its main phenolic component, eugenol. Conclusion: Theoretical calculation can be used successfully to explain and predict the experimental biological activity results. Basil oil and its main phenolic component, eugenol, were found effective as antioxidants. Basil oil was also efficient in reducing the surviving fraction of liver and brain cancer cells where it reduces brain cells even lower than cells treated by doxorubicin, a known anti-cancer agent; thus, basil oil and its main phenolic components, eugenol, can be used safely in food preservation and functional food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tramadol is a painkiller that works by acting on the central nervous system. Even though tramadol is regarded to have minimal misuse and dependence potential, it is increasingly being used in pregnant women in many countries throughout the world, notably in the Middle East, Africa, and West Asia, to relieve pain from rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and other diseases. Aim of the work: To assess the harmful effects of tramadol on the postnatal development of the cerebellar Purkinje cells of rats and to evaluate the possible ameliorative effect of thyme if being administered with tramadol simultaneously. Material & Methods: Three sets of Forty-eight mature female albino rats were randomly organized into three equal groups; Group 1 (control), group 2 (tramadol treated) and group 3 (tramadol+thyme treated). The rats' offspring of the fore mentioned three groups were further subdivided according to their ages into 3 subgroups (newborn, 10th, and 20th postnatal day). Group I have not received any treatment. Tramadol HCL (40 mg/Kg/day) dissolved in tab water was given orally to group B. Tramadol (40 mg/Kg/day) and thyme extract (500 mg/kg/day) were given orally to group C. From the first day of pregnancy until weaning, female rats were administered tramadol and thyme. For each of the three groups, the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex of the rats' offspring (newborn, 10th, and 20th postnatal day) was then examined for histological, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical changes and morphometric analysis. Results: Histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemistry studies showed that in GII there were neuronal frittering and apoptotic changes in the Purkinje neurons. In GIII, an improvement in histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical changes was observed. The morphometric results revealed that there was a significant statistical difference at 10th and 20th postnatal age whereas no recorded significant statistical difference at newborn age among the experimental groups. Conclusion: Tramadol use during pregnancy and breastfeeding had a neurotoxic impact on the development of Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex of rats. Thyme extract can ameliorate the tramadol's harmful effects; hence it may be useful in the therapy of tramadol neuronal damage if tramadol is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrient management has a decisive impact on the biomass and essential oil yield of medicinal plants. This study aimed to determine the optimal levels of nitrogen, potassium, and seaweed extract fertilizers to maximize the yield and quality of thyme using the response surface methodology (RSM). The experiment was laid out as a Box-Behnken design with three replications and three experimental factors, including nitrogen (urea) (0, 200, and 400 kg ha−1), and foliar application of potassium (Flourish Sulfopotash) (0, 6, and 12 kg ha−1) and seaweed extract (0, 3, and 6 L ha−1). The generated models were statistically significant for all measured traits except for γ-terpinene and p-cymene. While the influence of N on the amount of photosynthetic pigments followed a quadratic trend, the response of total chlorophyll and carotenoids to increasing potassium was linear. The response of biomass yield to N and seaweed was quadratic and linear, respectively. Potassium application had no significant influence on biomass. Essential oil yield reached its peak value (12 kg ha−1) when N and seaweed were applied at their intermediate levels and with the maximum application rate of potassium. Thymol was identified as the highest essential oil component (46.1%), followed by γ-terpinene (19.2%), p-cymene (14.1%), and carvacrol (5.6%). The optimization results suggested that the application of 162 kg ha−1 urea, 12 kg ha−1 Flourish Sulfopotash, and 4 L ha−1 seaweed extract was sufficient to produce the maximum dry matter (1247 kg ha−1), and more than 11 kg ha−1 of essential oil, with a concentration of 1%. Through optimization, the amounts of thymol and carvacrol were estimated to be as much as 44.2% and 6.2%, respectively. The results of the study suggested that resource optimization through RSM can be used as an efficient method to manage the consumption of fertilizers in thyme production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid degradation of barley grain (BG, Hordeum vulgare) starch in the rumen can seriously impair rumen fermentation efficiency. Some strategies to curb the negative effects of grain feeding and hamper dysfermentation rely on the usage of phytogenic substances or organic acids. In order to process BGs, they were steeped in 5% lactic acid (BGLA), oregano (BGORE) or thyme (BGTHY) extracts for 48 h. Therefore, an in situ study was conducted to assess the effect of either processed BG or unprocessed BG (control; BGCTRL) on ruminal degradation kinetics (a; soluble fraction, b; potential degradable fraction, c; fractional degradation rate) and effective rumen degradability (ERD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and starch. In vitro trials with a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial design were also used to assess the effect of diets which contained intact or processed BGs with different CP [160 (P16) vs. 170 (P17)] g/kg DM,) and ruminal protein degradability percentages [90 (low degradability; LD) vs. 115 (high degradability; HD) g/kg DM] on rumen gas production characteristics (b; asymptotic gas volume, c; the constant rate of gas production), yield of microbial crude protein (MCP) and effective utilizable crude protein in the duodenum (EuCP). In situ data demonstrated that BGLA compared with BGCTRL had significantly lower fractions of “a” (0.22 vs. 0.26, P=0.03) and “c” (0.10 vs. 0.17, P<0.01) and ERD of starch (0.53 vs. 0.64, P=0.01). The treatment of BGs with the plant extracts, however, was not able to change the in situ parameters relatively to BGCTRL. Results of the in vitro trials indicated that diets containing processed BG had higher MCP when compared with BGCTRL (19.74 vs. 15.85 mg/250 mg DM, P<0.01). Lactic acid and ORE-treated barley decreased the gas production constant rate (c; mL/h) and gas volume after 2 h compared with BGCTRL (P≤0.05). Our study revealed that processed BG can alter the rumen starch degradation pattern, and rumen gas production parameters and increase MCP and EuCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the growing dangers of viral infections, the use of herbal plant oils is gaining popularity among medical practitioners and large-scale livestock producers. Several studies have shown that herbal extracts could be used as an antiviral agent in animal feed or as a prophylaxis and remedy. Herbs, in addition to being a less expensive and safer alternative, may reduce the incidence of drug resistance and may modulate the immune system in the prevention of viral-related diseases. The main topic of this review is to focus on the antiviral and immunomodulatory potentials of thyme vulgaris and Ginseng, as well as their bioactive chemical components. The beneficial roles of the two herbaceous plant and their extracts upon avian viruses proofed in many earlier reports. Hence, the two herbs could have immune stimulant, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory benefits as well as adjuvant effects with poultry vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Herbs or plants are used for a variety of purposes, including nutrition, medicinal and in the beverage industry, beverages, coloring, food preservatives, insect repellants and cosmetics. Methods: Many plants were obtained from local markets and the oil was extracted with hexane at a concentration of 75%. Green silver nanoparticles were prepared. The nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, UV visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and zeta potential analyzer. Results: The results showed small, smooth spherical nanoparticles, ranging between 57.41–88.00 nm, as well as the distribution of electric charges evenly on the surface of the nanoparticles, which acquired effective agents for nanoparticles against aflatoxin-b1. The effectiveness of green nanoparticles against aflatoxin-b1 by using high-performance liquid chromatography technology detected its concentration. The standard concentration of aflatoxin-b1 was (20) ppb. The results of the activity of plant oil extracts of T-thyme, rosemary-R, mint-M and eucalyptus-E reached (0.104, 1.586, 1.083 and 1.067) ppb, while it appears in the nanoparticle activity of T, R, M and E were as (0.065, 0.226, 0.377 and 0.702) ppb respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that green Ag nanoparticles are efficient in processing or eliminating aflatoxin-b1 and can be produced at very low concentrations compared to the concentrations of plant extracts prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymus L. is of great interest in horticulture as ornamentals, spices, and medicinal plants, as well as in the extracts industry due to the richness in bioactive specialized metabolites. The natural hybrid T. × josephi-angeli Mansanet & Aguil. is produced in Spain, as its horticultural forms are very popular for domestic uses and gardening. However, its micropropagation and chemical composition have not been studied yet. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to develop a micropropagation procedure for T. × josephi-angeli, and to check whether the in vitro culture had an impact on the chemical profile of the plants. The results showed a high initiation rate (>91%) after two sterilization treatments were applied. Moreover, a micropropagation rate of around 21 new rooted explants per culture cycle was obtained in treatment M7 (Murashige and Skoog with 0.064 µM 6-(γ,γ-Dimethylallylamino)purine) when compared to the other 10 treatments performed. Acclimatization was successful in all three approaches tested (>75%), and all plants kept growing after 4 months of outdoor cultivation. Finally, 36 volatiles were identified, and the content of major compounds remained not statistically different in acclimatized plants when compared to the wild-type plants according to the analyses made by HS-SPME-GC/MS and SPME-GC/MS. This chemical stability points out the uniformity of the microplants and the suitability of the procedure applied in this study for T.×josephi-angeli horticultural production using in vitro techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]