1. Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 10-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients.
- Author
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Cervera R, Serrano R, Pons-Estel GJ, Ceberio-Hualde L, Shoenfeld Y, de Ramón E, Buonaiuto V, Jacobsen S, Zeher MM, Tarr T, Tincani A, Taglietti M, Theodossiades G, Nomikou E, Galeazzi M, Bellisai F, Meroni PL, Derksen RH, de Groot PG, Baleva M, Mosca M, Bombardieri S, Houssiau F, Gris JC, Quéré I, Hachulla E, Vasconcelos C, Fernández-Nebro A, Haro M, Amoura Z, Miyara M, Tektonidou M, Espinosa G, Bertolaccini ML, and Khamashta MA
- Subjects
- Abortion, Spontaneous epidemiology, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antiphospholipid Syndrome complications, Antiphospholipid Syndrome epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Epilepsy etiology, Female, Fetal Growth Retardation epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Infections etiology, Infections mortality, Ischemic Attack, Transient etiology, Livedo Reticularis etiology, Longitudinal Studies, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic complications, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome epidemiology, Premature Birth epidemiology, Prospective Studies, Pulmonary Embolism etiology, Pulmonary Embolism mortality, Stroke etiology, Stroke mortality, Thrombocytopenia etiology, Thrombosis etiology, Venous Thrombosis etiology, Venous Thrombosis mortality, Young Adult, Antiphospholipid Syndrome mortality, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic mortality, Thrombosis mortality
- Abstract
Objectives: To assess the prevalence of the main causes of morbi-mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) during a 10-year-follow-up period and to compare the frequency of early manifestations with those that appeared later., Methods: In 1999, we started an observational study of 1000 APS patients from 13 European countries. All had medical histories documented when entered into the study and were followed prospectively during the ensuing 10 years., Results: 53.1% of the patients had primary APS, 36.2% had APS associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and 10.7% APS associated with other diseases. Thrombotic events appeared in 166 (16.6%) patients during the first 5-year period and in 115 (14.4%) during the second 5-year period. The most common events were strokes, transient ischaemic attacks, deep vein thromboses and pulmonary embolism. 127 (15.5%) women became pregnant (188 pregnancies) and 72.9% of pregnancies succeeded in having one or more live births. The most common obstetric complication was early pregnancy loss (16.5% of the pregnancies). Intrauterine growth restriction (26.3% of the total live births) and prematurity (48.2%) were the most frequent fetal morbidities. 93 (9.3%) patients died and the most frequent causes of death were severe thrombosis (36.5%) and infections (26.9%). Nine (0.9%) cases of catastrophic APS occurred and 5 (55.6%) of them died. The survival probability at 10 years was 90.7%., Conclusions: Patients with APS still develop significant morbidity and mortality despite current treatment. It is imperative to increase the efforts in determining optimal prognostic markers and therapeutic measures to prevent these complications., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.)
- Published
- 2015
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