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Aim: This research aimed to use an extra-oral 3D scanner for conducting volumetric analysis after caries excavation using caries-detecting dyes and chemomechanical caries removal agents in individuals with occlusal and proximal carious lesions. Methods: Patients with occlusal (A1, A2, A3) and proximal carious lesions (B1, B2, B3) were treated with the conventional rotary technique, caries detecting dyes (CDD) and chemomechanical caries removal (CMCR) method on 90 teeth (n = 45 for each). Group A1, B1: Excavation was performed using diamond points. Group A2, B2: CDD (Sable Seek™ caries indicator, Ultradent) was applied and left for 10 s, and then the cavity was rinsed and dried. For caries removal, diamond points or excavators were used. Group A3 and B3: BRIX3000 papain gel was applied with a micro-brush for 20 s and was activated for 2 min, and then the carious tissue was removed with a sharp spoon excavator. Post-excavation cavity volume analysis was performed using a 3D scanner. The time required and the verbal pain score (VPS) for pain were scored during excavation. Post-restoration evaluation was performed at 1, 3, and 6 months FDI (Federation Dentaire Internationale) criteria. Results: Comparison of age, time and volume with study groups were made using Independent Sample' t' test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for two and more than two groups, respectively. Using Cohen's Kappa Statistics, evaluators 1 and 2 agreed on caries removal status aesthetic, functional and biological properties at different follow-ups. The chi-square test revealed that the rotary groups [A1(2.5 ± 0.4 min) B1(4.0 ± 0.4 min)] had significantly less (p = 0.000) mean procedural time than CDD [A2(4.5 ± 0.4 min) B2(5.7 ± 0.4 min)] and CMCR [A3(5.4 ± 0.7 min) B3(6.2 ± 0.6 min)] groups. The CMCR group showed better patient acceptance and less pain during caries excavation than the rotary and CDD groups. CMCR group showed significantly less mean caries excavated volume(p = 0.000). Evaluation of restoration after 1-, 3-, and 6-month intervals was acceptable for all the groups. Conclusion: Brix3000 helps effectively remove denatured teeth with less pain or sensitivity. The time required for caries removal was lowest in the rotary method and highest in the brix3000 group, while the volume of caries removed was the lowest for brix3000 and highest for the rotary group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a method to acquire an accurate 3D point cloud in radioactive and underwater environments using industrial 3D scanners. Applications of robotic systems at nuclear facility dismantling require 3D imaging equipment for localization of target structures in radioactive and underwater environments. The use of industrial 3D scanners may be a better option than developing prototypes for researchers with basic knowledge. However, such industrial 3D scanners are designed to operate in normal environments and cannot be used in radioactive and underwater environments. Modifications to environmental obstacles also suffer from hidden technical details of industrial 3D scanners. This study shows how 3D imaging equipment based on the industrial 3D scanner satisfies the requirements of the remote dismantling system, using a robotic system despite insufficient environmental resistance and hidden technical details of industrial 3D scanners. A housing unit is designed for waterproofing and radiation protection using windows, mirrors and shielding. Shielding protects the industrial 3D scanner from radiation damage. Mirrors reflect the light required for 3D scanning because shielding blocks the light. Windows in the waterproof housing also transmit the light required for 3D scanning with the industrial 3D scanner. The basic shielding thickness calculation method through the experimental method is described, including the analysis of the experimental results. The method for refraction correction through refraction modeling, measurement experiments and parameter studies are described. The developed 3D imaging equipment successfully satisfies the requirements of the remote dismantling system: waterproof, radiation resistance of 1 kGy and positional accuracy within 1 mm. The proposed method is expected to provide researchers with an easy approach to 3D scanning in radioactive and underwater environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Modern 3D imaging methods offer many scientific disciplines the opportunity to take their results to the next level. Using standard measurement methods, a CT scanner and a 3D scanner, we have established a methodology for using these devices for craniometric measurements. Craniometry is an important means of obtaining information on population quality and its long-term evolution, not only in wildlife species. In the case of these measurements, an important aspect is the accuracy and time efficiency of the methods used. It has been shown that 3D imaging technologies are able to obtain high quality data in comparable time to standard methods. A comparison of methods has proven that both the CT scanner and the 3D scanner can achieve accurate values, measure a larger range of variables, and store digital copies of the object for archiving or future research. The suitability of CT and 3D scanners for craniometric proposes was tested using digital calipers when determining linear measurements, and a measuring cylinder was used for the accuracy of 3D printing of deer antlers obtained by the CT and 3D scanners. The resolution of digitized objects from a 3D scanner ranged from 0.008 mm to 0.122 mm. For mandibular dimensions, a positive deviation (p < 0.01) from the primary control measurement was recorded. The average antler volume measured with the cylinder was 60.47 cm3 at the first measurement, in the case of the CT scanner 61.62 cm3 and for the 3D scanner 64.76 cm3—both technologies exhibit a positive deviation from the primary measurement. Precise sensing and measurements can be used to evaluate the quality and evolution of wildlife populations, create digital museum collections, or to examine in detail certain traits such as antler and horn development or dentition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 3D models of archaeological objects do not usually provide metadata colour fidelity. • Improving the colour information from 3D scanners is an open issue. • Colour calibration used in photography is applied to the modelling process. • The profiling operation improves the colour fidelity of 3D model images. Colour calibration is a common procedure in the photography of archaeological objects, and there are sufficient tools to guarantee faithful digital (images) or analogue reproductions (paper printing, screen or display projectors, etc.). The 3D models obtained both photogrammetrically and, above all, by means of 3D scanners have not yet reached this development and are often constructed without much attention to the colourimetric quality of the result. Because of these factors, the present work has two objectives: 1) to measure the colour fidelity of 3D models to diagnose potential quality problems and 2) to propose a data collection and processing methodology that allows a significant improvement in the colour fidelity of 3D models built by means of 3D scanners. The methodology of colour calibration used in photography is applied to the modelling process. The construction and application of an ICC (International Colour Consortium) profile on the textures significantly reduce the overall error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We investigated the correlation between optical surface imaging using a three‐dimensional (3D) scanner and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for suggesting feasibility in the clinical process of tracking volume changes in head and neck patients during radiation treatment. Methods: Ten patients were divided into two groups depending on the location of their tumor (i.e., right or left side). With weekly imaging data, the change in volume based on MRI was evaluated during the treatment course. Four volumes of interest (VOIs) were calculated on the 3D surface image of the facial and cervical areas using an optical 3D scanner, and the correlation between volumetric parameters were analyzed. Results: The target volume changed significantly overall for both groups. The changes parotid volume reduced by up to 3.8% and 28.0% for groups A (right side) and B (left side), respectively. In Group A, VOI 1 on the facial area and VOI 3 on the cervical area decreased gradually during the treatment course by up to 3.3% and 10.7%, respectively. In Group B, only VOI 4 decreased gradually during the treatment course and reduced by up to 9.2%. In group A, the change in target volume correlated strongly with right‐side parotid, VOI 1, and VOI 3, respectively. The parotid also showed strong correlations with VOIs (P < 0.01). The weight loss was strongly correlated with either PTV or parotid without statistical significance (P > 0.05). In group B (left side), the change in target volume correlated strongly with each volumetric parameter, including weight loss. For individual patient, PTV showed more correlation with VOIs on the cervical area than VOIs on the facial area. Conclusions: An optical 3D scanner can be applied to track changes in volume without radiation exposure during treatment and the optical surface image correlated with MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a vacuum bell (VB) combined with a three-dimensional (3D) scanner for the noninvasive treatment of pectus excavatum (PE).Methods: A VB was used to create a vacuum at the anterior chest wall with a patient-activated hand pump, and it should be applied regularly for more than 2 h each day at home. Eighty-two patients required to be followed up every three months were included in this retrospective study and distributed into four stages (stage 1: treated for 3 months, stage 2: treated for 6 months, stage 3: treated for 9 months, and stage 4: treated for 12 months). In addition, the deformity in the chest wall was scanned by a 3D scanner at the clinic, and the 3D depth (3D-DE) and 3D Haller index (3D-HI) of PE were calculated through Geomagic studio 2013 software.Results: Eighty-two patients (12/2017-12/2019) met the criteria at the clinic, and 24 patients (29.3%) achieved excellent correction (3D-DE ≤ 3 mm). When comparing the improvement in 3D-DE and 3D-HI of PE to the patient's treatment time, a statistically significant difference was observed between stages 2 and 1 (3D-DE p < 0.01, 3D-HI p < 0.01), stages 3 and 2 (3D-DE p < 0.01, 3D-HI p < 0.01) and stages 4 and 3 (3D-DE p < 0.01, 3D-HI p < 0.01). There was a statistically significant difference in sternum elevation between patients aged < 10 years and those aged ≥ 10 years (3D-DE p = 0.006, 3D-HI p = 0.045) and patients with symmetrical and asymmetric PE (3D-DE p = 0.042, 3D-HI p = 0.032). However, there was no statistically significant difference in sternal elevation between males and females (3D-DE p = 0.27, 3D-HI p = 0.495). The main side effects were moderate subcutaneous hematoma, petechial bleeding, thoracalgia and chest tightness.Conclusions: With controllable side effects, noninvasive treatment for PE with a VB combined with a 3D scanner is safe, objective and radiation free, and the initial results to date are encouraging. Patients aged < 10 years, with symmetrical PE and treated for over 12 months may achieve a better outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recent aging age, people's interest in healthy life is increasing. People are causing adult diseases or an increasing number of obese populations due to poor lifestyles, eating habits, and poor physical activity. Accordingly, skin beauty research is being conducted using medical information in the information and communication field. Existing systems have not been able to provide smooth information because they are not expressed in combination with various related measurement items. The system proposed in this paper scans the user's body shape using a 3D scanner and a skin care device, calculates the BMI (Body Mass Index) index using 3D image data, and allows you to view the collected data at a glance. Provide a service system. This will provide the user with the content managed by comparing and providing the continuous body change data. It is expected to be widely used in various U-health and beauty fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, udder scoring for goat udder phenotyping in France is made by a specialized technician trained to score 5 traits for the udder and 4 for teats, only one of which being measured (teat length). It is a hard work in big flocks, and only done one time in the life of goats. Recent works underlined a clear degradation of udder/teat shape with parity and an increasing proportion of morphological and functional unbalance of udders. Thus, for improved genetic selection, we must increase the number and quality of quantitative udder traits measured throughout the productive lifespan of dairy goats. To achieve this goal, we aimed to design a 3D Scanner device to scan the entire udder and to produce high definition numeric images. The device developed is easy to transport in a van and consists of a portable corridor cage in which the goats enter freely. Goats are then blocked less than 2 min while the images were taken. We used 4 Intel Realsense depth D415 cameras mounted on a mobile trolley situated 60 cm under and on the two sides of the cage and sliding from the front to the back of the animal in 10 s. The D415 has a baseline of 55 mm which allows the depth error to be less than 2% at 2 m. The device has an auto calibration internal software that ensure good evaluation of distances with one-millimeter depth precision at 50 cm. The reconstruction of the 3D Image from these 4 sources was done by the RecFusion® software. The image resolution obtained is 1280 * 720 pixels and real-time scene capture is done at up to 90 frames per second (900 images/camera/run/goat). The size of voxel generated was 2 mm. The first prototype was tested on 260 goats of different parity and udder shape and produced well-defined 3D images on which we can measure dimensions with Metrux2α® software after manual positioning of references points. The first validation steps wad done on a soccer ball and on 10 goats for comparison of manual scoring and Image analysis. Machine learning algorithms are currently being developed for the purpose of automatic measurement on these images. The actual precision of the automatic measurement will be assessed following the completion of this final phase. Nevertheless, this scanner shows great promise for future implementation within the goat selection scheme, as it enables swift, objective, and quantitative evaluation of udder and teat characteristics. • Device for 3D image acquisition of goat's udder was developed. • This scanner will help quantitative evaluation of udder and teat's traits to improve appraising of animals. • This scanner could objectivate and extent the number of traits that could be considered for goat genetic selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: User‐independent quantitative measures of cutaneous allergic reactions can help the physicians manage and evaluate the treatment of cutaneous allergic reactions. In this paper, we present and validate a method to quantify the elevation, volume and area of cutaneous allergic reactions to red tattoos. Methods: The skin surface of allergic tattoo reactions was imaged using an optical 3D scanner. The in‐house developed analysis tool measured the elevation, volume and area of the lesions, compared to a reference surface. This reference surface was created by 3D interpolation of the skin after manual removal of the lesions. The error of the interpolation tool was validated using a digital arm model. The error of our optical scanner was determined using a 3D printed lesion phantom. The clinical feasibility of the method was tested in 83 lesions in 17 patients. Results: The method showed clear potential to assess skin elevation, volume change and area of an allergic reaction. The validation measurements revealed that the error due to interpolation increases for larger interpolation areas and largely determined the error in the clinical measurements. Lesions with a width ≥4 mm and an elevation ≥0.4 mm could be measured with an error below 26%. Patient measurements showed that lesions up to 600 mm2 could be measured accurately, and elevation and volume changes could be assessed at follow‐up. Conclusion: Quantification of cutaneous allergic reactions to red tattoos using 3D optical scanning is feasible and may objectify skin elevation and improve management of the allergic reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Active three-dimensional (3D) scanning techniques usually create 3D models of real scenes by using known light patterns reflected by surfaces and captured by cameras. Each scanning technique has its own implementation issues, which can impact on its complexity, processing time and data precision. This paper proposes a simple geometrical-based calibration technique for 3D scanners with rotating platform. As we focus on low-cost and accessibility, the scanning system was implemented using offthe- shelf components. Also its structure was designed to be 3D printed. Two objects are scanned and their point clouds are used to assess the system performance. Results show that the proposed model presents a good trade-off between accuracy and implementation complexity with an average accuracy error equals to 0.196 mm and a mean squared error (MSE) smaller than 4.65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scene understanding is one of the most challenging and popular problems in the field of robotics and computer vision and the estimation of 3D information is at the core of most of these applications. In order to retrieve the 3D structure of a test surface we propose a single shot approach that combines dense gradient information with sparse absolute measurements. To that end, we designed a colored pattern that codes fine horizontal and vertical fringes, with sparse corners landmarks. By measuring the deformation (bending) of horizontal and vertical fringes, we are able to estimate surface local variations (i.e. its gradient field). Then corner sparse landmarks are detected and matched to infer spare absolute information about the test surface height. Local gradient information is combined with the sparse absolute values which work as anchors to guide the integration process. We show that this can be mathematically done in a very compact and intuitive way by properly defining a Poisson-like partial differential equation. Then we address in detail how the problem can be formulated in a discrete domain and how it can be practically solved by straight forward linear numerical solvers. Finally, validation experiment are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of optical 3D digitization for dimensional and shape inspection of work-pieces has increased during the last few years. However, the quality of data obtained by scanning may be affected by many factors. Digitization accuracy of optical 3D scanners is generally determined by Acceptance Tests compliant with the VDI / VDE 2634 standard. When performing the validation test, all variables and measurement conditions must basically be ideal. Unfortunately, such conditions are usually unavailable in common practice. For that reason, we conducted research finding how may the surrounding conditions and parameters of digitization process affect the dimensional and shape accuracy of optical 3D measurement. The aspects we assessed were for example calibration, exposure, number of images, scanning angle, or quality of used reference points. The measurement was carried out on ATOS optical 3D scanner by GOM and spherical and cylindrical elements were used for the analysis. As found out, used reference points with low quality have a major impact on quality and accuracy of the result. Operators should also pay increased attention to calibration and heat-up the scanner to operating temperature before commencing the measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensity discrete structured light illumination systems project a series of projection patterns for the estimation of the absolute fringe order using only the temporal grey-level sequence at each pixel. This work proposes the use of error-correcting codes for pixel-wise correction of measurement errors. The use of an error correcting code is advantageous in many ways: it allows reducing the effect of random intensity noise, it corrects outliners near the border of the fringe commonly present when using intensity discrete patterns, and it provides a robustness in case of severe measurement errors (even for burst errors where whole frames are lost). The latter aspect is particular interesting in environments with varying ambient light as well as in critical safety applications as e.g. monitoring of deformations of components in nuclear power plants, where a high reliability is ensured even in case of short measurement disruptions. A special form of burst errors is the so-called salt and pepper noise, which can largely be removed with error correcting codes using only the information of a given pixel. The performance of this technique is evaluated using both simulations and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing inverse methods used to determine the heat flux density require that the forward problem and the problem domain (geometry) be known. In this paper, in order to determine the spatiotemporal heat flux density without knowing the real problem domain, we propose an approach based on temporal tracking of the thermal front. The proposed approach is particularly relevant when a three-dimensional formulation is adopted for nondestructive testing using infrared thermography. For such a formulation, heat flux density resulting from the external thermal stimulus is needed and must be determined to accurately characterize the defects and reconstruct the internal geometry of the inspected objects. The proposed approach uses only two inputs: the time-dependent temperature of the frontal surface recorded by an infrared camera and the 3D point cloud of the frontal surface collected by a 3D scanner. The method is evaluated numerically on an object of complex shape. We consider the case of pulsed thermal stimulus as well as the cases of unit step and modulated thermal stimuli. An experimental validation is performed on a cylindrical object submitted to a pulsed thermal stimulus and a modulated thermal stimulus. The results show the accuracy of the method which can easily be implemented as the initial step of the three-dimensional quantitative nondestructive testing of objects using infrared thermography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient surface area evaluation method is introduced by using smooth surface reconstruction for three-dimensional scanned human body data. Surface area evaluations for various body parts are compared with the results from the traditional alginate-based method, and quite high similarity between the two results is obtained. We expect that our surface area evaluation method can be an alternative to measuring surface area by the cumbersome alginate method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study examines accuracy of dental impressions and following plaster models taken during treatment with fixed appliances. Materials and methods: A maxillary typodont was provided with brackets. Three examiners took impressions three times each of the variants: brackets only, archwire fixed by alastics, ligatures or Kobayashi-hooks, and brackets and archwire covered completely or just on the gingival side by protection or impression wax. Casts were scanned using Activity102. Virtual models were compared to the scan of the typodont using Comparison. Differences were measured and descriptively analyzed. Estimated means with 95 % confidence intervals were computed. Significance was assessed using linear mixed models. Results: While pyramidal reference blocks had a mean difference of 0.019 mm (95 % CI = 0.017-0.021 mm) to the master model, teeth without attachments showed 0.097 mm (95 % CI = 0.082-0.111 mm), and teeth with brackets 0.169 mm (95 % CI = 0.156-0.182 mm) ( p < 0.001). Smallest mean was found when using protection wax only on the gingival bracket side (0.152 mm (95 % CI = 0.113-0.192 mm)). Incisors deviated most (0.258 mm (95 % CI = 0.239-0.277 mm)). Conclusions: Teeth with brackets make impressions more inaccurate because of undercuts. Removing the archwire before taking the impression or covering the brackets on the gingival side shows tendencies toward better precision. Clinical relevance: Taking impressions during treatment with fixed appliances, some inaccuracy has to be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to investigate the continuous versus step-by-step scanning mode of a commercial circular 3D scanner for commissioning measurements of a robotic stereotactic radiosurgery system. The 3D scanner was used for profile measurements in step-by-step and continuous modes with the intent of comparing the two scanning modes for consistency. The profile measurements of in-plane, cross-plane, 15 degree, and 105 degree were performed for both fixed cones and Iris collimators at depth of maximum dose and at 10 cm depth. For CyberKnife field size, penumbra, flatness and symmetry analysis, it was observed that the measurements with continuous mode, which can be up to 6 times faster than step-by-step mode, are comparable and produce scans nearly identical to step-by-step mode. When compared with centered step-by-step mode data, a fully processed continuous mode data gives rise to maximum of 0.50% and 0.60% symmetry and flatness difference respectfully for all the fixed cones and Iris collimators studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To assess implant:suprastructure misfit in patients with an edentulous jaw restored by an implant-retained fixed dental prosthesis ( FDP) and its association with biologic and mechanical adverse events over an extensive period. Material and methods Thirty patients with an edentulous mandible treated with implant-supported prosthetics before 2000 were examined clinically in 2012. Each patient had received 4 to 6 implants to retain a FDP made from acrylic and three different metal alloys, that is, Ag-Pd, Pd-Ag, and Au type IV. The implant intra-oral locations were recorded digitally by use of an intra-oral scanner, and the intaglio surface of the detached FDP was recorded using a desktop scanner. The fit was estimated by digital matching of the STL files using industrial metrological software. The average misfit was correlated with the average marginal bone loss and the prevalence of screw loosening or fractures, using the patient as the statistical unit. Results Over an average of 19 years (range 12 to 32), 5 implants had been lost in 4 participants (96.7% implant survival) and 8 eight prostheses (26.7%) had been remade. Anaverage misfit was 150 μm ( SD 35, range 95-232, CI 138-163). An average marginal bone loss of 2.2 mm ( SD = 0.7) had occurred (range 0.6 to 5.8 mm) for individual implants. The correlation between framework misfit and marginal bone loss was weak ( R² = 0.04) ( P = 0.29). The prostheses with a history of screw-related adverse events showed average misfit of 169 μm ( SD = 32) vs. those with no history of screw-related adverse events, that is, 134 μm ( SD = 30) ( P = 0.005, Student's t-test). Fourteen of the 30 participants had experienced at least one incidence of screw loosening or fracture of prosthetic or abutment screw(s) over the period of follow-up. The occurrence among the frameworks fabricated with different metal alloys did not differ ( P > 0.05, Fisher's exact test). Conclusions Combining STL files with best-fit algorithms to appraise misfit is feasible using metrological software. The effect of misfit between the superstructures on its supporting implants up to ~230 μm on the long-term clinical outcomes appears to be minor, apart from a slightly higher risk of screw-related adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualitative characteristics of pavement in wide range reflects the pavement serviceability, which is a summary of the characteristics of the pavement, providing a fast, smooth, economical and especially safe driving of motor-vehicles. The target factor of pavement serviceability and safety of roads represents the quality of their surface properties. In the framework of research activities performed in the Research Centre founded under the auspices of University of Žilina, individual parameters of pavement serviceability were monitored by pavement surface scanning. This paper describes the creation of a 3D - road surface model and its analysis and evaluation from the viewpoint of two pavement serviceability parameters - the rut depth and texture. Measurements were performed on an experimental pavement section used contemporary in an Accelerated Pavement Testing experiment. The long-term goal is to ascertain functions predicting degradation of these two pavement serviceability parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A new automatic quality assurance (AutoRCQA) system using a three-dimensional scanner (3DS) with system automation was developed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the quality assurance (QA) procedure for proton range compensators (RCs). The system performance was evaluated for clinical implementation. Methods: The AutoRCQA system consists of a three-dimensional measurement system (3DMS) based on 3DS and in-house developed verification software (3DVS). To verify the geometrical accuracy, the planned RC data (PRC), calculated with the treatment planning system (TPS), were reconstructed and coregistered with the measured RC data (MRC) based on the beam isocenter. The PRC and MRC inner surfaces were compared with composite analysis (CA) using 3DVS, using the CA pass rate for quantitative analysis. To evaluate the detection accuracy of the system, the authors designed a fake PRC by artificially adding small cubic islands with side lengths of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 mm on the inner surface of the PRC and performed CA with the depth difference and distance-to-agreement tolerances of [1 mm, 1 mm], [2 mm, 2 mm], and [3 mm, 3 mm]. In addition, the authors performed clinical tests using seven RCs [computerized milling machine (CMM)-RCs] manufactured by CMM, which were designed for treating various disease sites. The systematic offsets of the seven CMM-RCs were evaluated through the automatic registration function of AutoRCQA. For comparison with conventional technique, the authors measured the thickness at three points in each of the seven CMM-RCs using a manual depth measurement device and calculated thickness difference based on the TPS data (TPS-manual measurement). These results were compared with data obtained from 3DVS. The geometrical accuracy of each CMM-RC inner surface was investigated using the TPS data by performing CA with the same criteria. The authors also measured the net processing time, including the scan and analysis time. Results: The AutoRCQA system accurately detected all fake objects in accordance with the given criteria. The median systematic offset of the seven CMM-RCs was 0.08 mm (interquartile range: -0.25 to 0.37 mm) and -0.08 mm (-0.58 to 0.01 mm) in the X- and Y-directions, respectively, while the median distance difference was 0.37 mm (0.23-0.94 mm). The median thickness difference of the TPS-manual measurement at points 1, 2, and 3 was - 0 .4 mm (-0.4 to - 0 .2 mm), - 0 .2 mm (-0.3 to 0.0 mm), and - 0 .3 mm (-0.6 to - 0 .1 mm), respectively, while the median difference of 3DMS was 0.0 mm (-0.1 to 0.2 mm), 0.0 mm (-0.1 to 0.3 mm), and 0.1 mm (-0.1 to 0.2 mm), respectively. Thus, 3DMS showed slightly better values compared to the manual measurements for points 1 and 3 in statistical analysis (p < 0.05). The average pass rate of the seven CMM-RCs was 97.97% ± 1.68% for 1-mm CA conditions, increasing to 99.98% ± 0.03% and 100% ± 0.00% for 2- and 3-mm CA conditions, respectively. The average net analysis time was 18.01 ± 1.65 min. Conclusions: The authors have developed an automated 3DS-based proton RC QA system and verified its performance. The AutoRCQA system may improve the accuracy and efficiency of QA for RCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diffusion of depth sensors to sense people and objects constitutes an outstanding opportunity in those fields in which the benefits of optical marker-less solutions for scanning or tracking are requested. This paper shows how two different applications based on MS Kinect device can be accomplished in the domain of lower limb prosthesis design and test. The first one refers to the use of a depth camera as a three-dimensional scanner to acquire the geometry of residual limbs or of custom-fit components. The second application is related to the motion capture of patients' gait with the prosthesis. In both cases, the technology resulted to be better than many traditional ones mainly for its limited invasivity, interesting performance, portability and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualitative characteristics of pavement in wide range reflects the pavement serviceability, which is a summary of the characteristics of the pavement, providing a fast, smooth, economical and especially safe driving of motor-vehicles. The target factor of pavement serviceability and safety of roads represents the quality of their surface properties. Within the Research Center of the University of Žilina are dealing among others with scanning the pavement surface in order to monitor the individual parameters of pavement serviceability. This paper deals with the creation, analysis and evaluation of 3D- road surface model in terms of two properties pavement serviceability – the rut depth and its texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a portable scanner to determine the 3D shape of logs was evaluated and compared with the measurement result of a computer tomography scanner. Focus was on the accuracy of the shape geometry representation. The objective is to find a feasible method to use for future data collection in Mozambique in order to build up a database of logs of tropical species for sawing simulations. The method chosen here was a 3D phase-shift laser scanner. Two logs, a birch log with bark, and a Scots pine log without bark were scanned, resulting in 450 cross sectional "images" of the pine log and 300 of the birch log. The areas of each point cloud cross section were calculated and compared to that of the corresponding computer tomography cross section. The average area difference between the two methods was 2.23% and 3.73%, with standard deviations of 1.54 and 0.91, for the Scots pine and birch logs, respectively. The differences in results between the two logs are discussed and had mainly to do with presence of bark and mantle surface evenness. Results show that the shape measurements derived from these methods were well correlated, which indicates the applicability of a 3D phase-shift laser scanning technology for gathering log data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Various types of 3D scanners are used for digitalization of objects (products, space). These are mostly different types of optic or laser 3D scanners. The presented article deals with the comparison of the Steinbichler Comet L3D optical scanner and the Creaform EXAscan laser scanner. Determination of parameters of both scanners is necessary if we need measure on obtained data and not only use the scanned shape. To make this comparison, a specimen was designed that satisfies scanning criteria using the two types of the 3D scanners; i.e. it does not contain complicated shapes or parts that are not possible to scan using the chosen technologies (deep apertures with a small diameter, corners, etc.). The designed specimen was scanned 3 times using both types of 3D scanners. The obtained images were then cleaned (elimination of unwanted artifacts) and STL files were generated. The obtained scanned data were evaluated using VolumeGraphics VGStudio MAX 2.2 software with the necessary modules. In the comparison selected dimensions, shape and orientational deviations were evaluated and the scanned image obtained was compared to the CAD model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Preoperative, accurate measurement of spatial parameters of the external nose could be essential in the postoperative assessment of rhinoplasty. The aim of the study was to analyse the relevance of three-dimensional (3D) imaging in aesthetic evaluation after operation, to provide a standardised algorithm of nasal shape measurements, which will enable the development of software for assessing the nose before and after rhinoplasty, to perform analysis of spatial changes of both its shape and asymmetry by the new protocol of measurements. Fifty-four patients were examined preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. The following nasal parameters were determined: rates of proportion, angles, and spatial parameters. After the operation, statistically significant differences were observed in all parameters. In conclusion, a 3D scanner can be used as a tool to assess the results of rhinoplasty. This protocol of measurements describes spatial changes of the nose shape resulting from the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaling accuracy is of utmost importance to obtain optimal sawn timber yield in primary breakdown. In this article, sawmill observations, review of available publications and supplementary tests are combined to analyse the accuracy of conifer roundwood scaling. The influence of important log parameters are considered for various scaling technology: one- and two-directional (1Dir and 2Dir) shadow scanners and three-dimensional (3Dim) reflected beam scanners. Standard error for each of the terms, ovality, bark and scanner technology, is discussed. The overall accuracy for diameter under bark can be calculated by adding the variances for each independent term. Results show that for unbarked logs, 2Dir shadow scanner remains the most accurate technology. For barked logs, 3Dim reflected laser beam scanner combines the highest accuracy and the ability of providing a wide range of important log parameters. For a case study sawmill, annual roundwood consumption are reduced by 2.0% by transferring from scaling unbarked logs in a two-dimensional shadow scanner to 3Dim scanning of barked logs, while keeping the volume yield of the sawn timber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article compares most of the three-dimensional (3D) morphometric methods currently proposed by the technical literature to evaluate their morphological informative value, while applying them to a case study of five patients affected by the malocclusion pathology. The compared methods are: conventional cephalometric analysis (CCA), generalised Procrustes superimposition (GPS) with principal-components analysis (PCA), thin-plate spline analysis (TPS), multisectional spline (MS) and clearance vector mapping (CVM). The results show that MS provides more reliable and useful diagnostic information. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For nearly two decades, virtual reality (VR) technologies have been employed in the field of cultural heritage for various purposes. The safeguard, the protection and the fruition of the remains of the past have gained a powerful tool, thanks to the potentialities of immersive visualization and 3D reconstruction of archaeological sites and finds. VR applications based on videogame technologies are known for their realism and fluid interactivity, but the choice of the fittest technologies remains a complex task because there is an ample number of hardware devices and software development kits. Moreover the design of a VR application for cultural heritage requires several different professional skills and presents a certain complexity in coordination and management. This paper presents strategies to overcome these problems, by suggesting some guidelines for the development of VR systems for cultural heritage. It illustrates a complete methodology to create a virtual exhibition system, based on realistic high-quality 3D models of archaeological finds (reconstructed using a 3D Scanner and a high definition camera) and a low-cost multimedia stereoscopic system called MNEME, which allows the user to interact in a free and easy way with a rich collection of archaeological finds. The solution we propose is intended to be easy to transport and fully usable by different user typologies, without any external assistance or supervision. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The amplitude-modulated in vessel viewing system (IVVS), developed by ENEA for the ITER machine, is a versatile apparatus capable to scan the internal of a vessel and acquire amplitude and range data of a quasi-spherical field of view. By coupling the two images, we obtain a true 3D image of the scene, with a sub-millimetre range precision for each point scanned in the range 2–7m. In this article, we present the integrated software system we have developed in ENEA Frascati, in collaboration with the CASPUR Consortium. This package allows driving the image acquisition and rendering the acquired image in a 2D and/or 3D framework and comparing portions of image with a sample data to highlight differences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a low-cost, user-friendly, and real-time operating 3D camera design. Unlike most of the previous researches, this paper proposes techniques for integrating mass-produced consumer electronic devices and merging two taken 3D models. In the design, an off-the-shelf consumer video projector is used to reduce the cost, a dual-camera framework is adopted to improve the feasibility and practicability of the 3D camera, and a dual-port video graphics card with the extended display mode is used to construct a user-friendly viewfinder for real-time operating. Experimental results show that the proposed 3D camera achieves a good performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]