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This study assessed the relative merits of the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek and Sogami-Ise theories for the description of the electrostatic interaction between like-charged colloid particles in an electrolyte solution, which differ qualitatively in their predictions of the nature of this interaction. The former implies a repulsion at all distances with a screened-Coulomb (or Yukawa-type) dependence on distance, whereas the latter leads to an electrolyte-mediated, long-range attraction. The Sogami-Ise result for the interaction potential depends critically on the notion that the electrostatic parts of the Helmholtz and Gibbs energies of an electrolyte solution are different. By elaborating on the thermodynamic implications of this assumption, it was determined that it leads to a conflict with well-established results, in particular the relation between osmotic pressure and solvent chemical potential, already at the Debye-Hückel level. For this reason alone, the Sogami-Ise theory is untenable. The condensation and ordering phenomena observed with charged colloids in low-ionic.strength solutions, which the Sogami-Ise theory was originally designed to explain, can be interpreted without the need to resort to longrange electrostatic attraction, as has been demonstrated in previously published work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When dpktch was reacted with ZnCl2 in refluxing acetonitrile in air [ZnCl2(η3-dpktch)] was isolated in good yield. Infrared spectra suggest weaker binding of dpktch in [ZnCl2(η3-dpktch)] than in [CdCl2(η3-dpktch)]. 1H-NMR studies in non-aqueous media show that [ZnCl2(η3-dpktch)] is sensitive to changes in its environment and exchanges its amide proton. Electronic absorption spectral measurements confirmed the sensitivity of [ZnCl2(η3-dpktch)] to changes in its surroundings and show inter-conversion between two intra-ligand-charge-transfer transitions (ILCT) at 330 ± 2 nm and 404 ± 2 associated with [ZnCl2(η3-dpktch)] and its conjugate base. Thermo-optical measurements in non-aqueous dmf and dmso show facile inter-conversion between [ZnCl2(η3-dpktch)] and its conjugate base, respectively. Also, it is shown that protonation of dmf by [ZnCl2(η3-dpktch)] is exothermic (standard enthalpy of protonation ΔHθ = -40.7 ± 1.8 kJ mol-1), but endothermic for dmso (ΔHθ = +8.3 ± 1.5 kJ mol-1). Chemical stimuli in concentrations as low as 5.0 × 10-7 M can be detected and determined using [ZnCl2(η3-dpktch)] in non-aqueous media. X-ray crystallographic studies on a monoclinic, P21/n single crystal of [ZnCl2(η3-dpktch)] confirmed the N,N,O-coordination of dpktch and revealed interdigitated units of [ZnCl2(η3-dpktch)] connected via a web of hydrogen bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A theoretical treatment is presented of the relationship between absorption and emission maxima for (0–0) electronic transitions in transition metal complexes such as the ruthenium(II) polypyridyl chromophores used as dye sensitizers in photovoltaic cells, and the corresponding shift in standard redox (or half-wave) potential of these ionic complexes. It is shown that the potential shift is proportional to the average of absorption and emission wavenumbers for oxidized or reduced forms, a result that follows from a detailed analysis of medium relaxation effects, based on the Onsager cavity model, and attendant solvatochromic shifts. It is also shown how additional thermodynamic properties (reaction entropies and enthalpies) pertaining to the half reaction if the reactants are present in solution can be obtained from observation of the variation of spectra with temperature. For the case of reactants present in an insoluble monolayer, a general expression is derived for the Gibbs energy change that results from the promotion of all absorbing species to an excited state, and the changes in Gibbs energy resulting from the processes that return the system to ground-state equilibrium. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The reaction between ZnCl2 and di-2-pyridyl ketone benzoyl hydrazone (dpkbh) in acetonitrile under ultrasonic or reflux conditions gave [ZnCl2(η3-N,N,O-dpkbh)] in good yield. The identity of the compound was established from the results of its elemental analysis and a number of spectroscopic measurements. Solid-state infrared spectra of [ZnCl2(η3-N,N,O-dpkbh)] reveal the coordination of dpkbh, the presence of the amide proton and binding of the oxygen atom of dpkbh. 1H NMR spectra of [ZnCl2(η3-N,N,O-dpkbh)] show sensitivity to solvent and temperature variations and confirm the coordination of dpkbh. The electronic absorption spectra of [ZnCl2(η3-N,N,O-dpkbh)] in non-aqueous media show high sensitivity to changes in their surroundings and divulge two interlocked intra-ligand-charge transfer (ILCT) transitions of the donor–acceptor type between 300 and 500nm. Optical measurements show reversible inter-conversion between two forms of [ZnCl2(η3-N,N,O-dpkbh)] that may be due to complex–substrate interactions and thermodynamic analysis gave changes in enthalpy (ΔH θ ) of −23.3 and +14.1kJmol−1, entropy (ΔS θ ) of −51 and +31Jmol−1K−1, and free energy (ΔG θ ) of −8.16 and +4.54kJmol−1 at 298.15K in DMF and DMSO, respectively. Substrates in concentrations as low as 10−5 M can be detected and determined using [ZnCl2(η3-N,N,O-dpkbh)] in polar solvents. A provisional model for the binding of substrate to [ZnCl2(η3-N,N,O-dpkbh)] is developed and a binding constant in the range 6000–8000M−1 is obtained in the case of ZnCl2 in DMSO. Electrochemical measurements on [ZnCl2(η3-N,N,O-dpkbh)] in DMF show irreversible metal and ligand-based redox processes, and electrochemical reactions of dpkbh with ZnCl2 show facile coordination of ZnCl2 and formation of [ZnCl2(η3-N,N,O-dpkbh)]. X-ray structural analysis done on a crystal grown from a DMF solution of [ZnCl2(η3-N,N,O-dpkbh)] confirmed the identity of [ZnCl2(η3-N,N,O-dpkbh)] and shows an extensive network of non-covalent interactions that connects all molecules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]