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Bistriopelma peyoi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9A64 CE 8 C-D 0A4-4100-A6E6- CC 8C34BFC987 Figs 1���7, 14 Diagnosis Males of B. peyoi sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other known species of Bistriopelma by a large projection of the cephalic region over a procurved fovea (Figs 1, 2 A���B) and by the tegulum of the palpal bulb with a short triangular basal projection (domed in the other known species) (Fig. 4 A���B). Females resemble B. matuskai in the absence of fovea (Figs 5 A���B, 6A���B) (present in B. lamasi, B. titicaca and B. kiwicha sp. nov.) and the undeveloped basal tubercles covered with maxillary cuspules (Fig. 6E) (developed in B. lamasi, B. titicaca and B. kiwicha sp. nov.), but differ by the color pattern with a patch of red hairs in the anterior dorsal abdomen (absent in B. matuskai, Kaderka 2015: fig. 21), the yellowish hairs on carapace margins and cephalic area (a small patch of rose hairs are present in cephalic area of B. matuskai, Kaderka 2015: fig. 21) and by the long red hairs on ventral coXae, trochanter and femora (absent in B. matuskai, Kaderka 2015: fig. 21) (Fig. 5 A���B), and by the presence of a posterior band of dark pubescence in maxillae (Fig. 6 D���E). In addition, females can be distinguished from the other known species by the spermathecal receptacles with large granules pointing outwards (Fig. 7). Etymology The specific epithet is a patronym in honor of the Belgian cartoonist Pierre Culliford (1928���1992), mostly known by his pseudonym ��Peyo��, who created the comic strip ��The Smurfs��. The type locality of this new species is located near the Pampachiri Stone Forest, which is known as Smurf���s house because of the conical rock formations. Moreover, the prominent projection of the cephalic region of the male resembles the shape of the Smurfs��� hats. Material examined Holotype PERU ��� ♂; Apurimac, Aymaraes, Tapairihua, Ayamachay; 14��15���45.00��� S, 73��28���7.71��� W; 3861 m a.s.l.; 9 Dec. 2018; J.C. Chaparro, L. Mamani leg.; MUBI 73. Paratypes PERU ��� 3 ♀♀; Apurimac, Aymaraes, Tapairihua, Pampachiri; 13��55���37.79��� S, 73��26���4.94��� W; 4027 m a.s.l.; 8 Dec. 2018; J.C. Chaparro, L. Mamani leg.; MUBI 70. Description Male (holotype, MUBI 73) COLORATION. Live specimens: Carapace dark covered with long yellow setae giving a ��golden�� aspect; abdomen black dorsally covered with long red hairs mainly on proximal region and on patches of urticating setae; spinnerets black; legs dark with pale yellow hairs mainly on femora, patellae and tibiae (Fig. 1). In ethanol: carapace reddish brown covered with long yellow setae giving a ��golden�� aspect mainly on cephalic region, central thoracic region and carapace margins; abdomen black covered with long pale setae and patch of long yellow setae on dorsal apical region with two dorsolateral patches of urticating setae, ventrally black with book lung markings and region above epigastric furrow light brown, spinnerets black; legs brown covered with pale setae, labium and maxillae yellowish brown, sternum brown (Fig. 2). MEASUREMENTS. Total length, without chelicerae and spinnerets: 18.89. Carapace: length 8.87, width 8.59. Abdomen: length 9.22. Eye tubercle: length 1.19, width 1.52. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.17, ALE 0.38, PME 0.16, PLE 0.39, AME���AME 0.37, AME���ALE 0.16, PME���PME 0.70, PME���PLE 0.09, ALE���PLE 0.21. Labium: length 1.46, width 1.25. Sternum: length 4.09, width 3.91. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 1. CEPHALOTHORAX. Cephalic region with prominent projection over procurved fovea (Fig. 2 A���B). Clypeus very narrow. Anterior eye row procurved and posterior eye row recurved (Fig. 2H). Labium with 7 cuspules (Fig. 2G). MaXillae with 78���91 (right/left) cuspules (Fig. 2 F���G). Apical half of maXillae ventrally covered with short spiniform setae. Sternal sigillae small and narrow, located near coxa III (elongated), II and I (oval). All sigillae distant about 2 diameters from margin. Chelicerae with 9 welldeveloped teeth on promargin of furrow and absence of tooth on retromargin. ABDOMEN. Urticating setae: Type III located in two dorsolateral patches with elongated golden setae (Fig. 2C). Spinnerets: PMS, 0.74 long; PLS, three-segmented, 3.15 long. LEGS AND PALPS. Leg formula: I> IV> II> III. All paired tarsal claws with 3���4 ventral teeth on each. Scopulae: Ventrally all tarsi fully scopulated. Tarsi I and II entire, III and IV divided by band of setae. Metatarsus I ⅓ scopulated, II �� scopulated, III �� scopulated, IV ⅓ scopulated. Dorsal face of all tarsi with two longitudinal rows of claviform trichobothria. Tibia I two-branched tibial apophysis: ventral branch with single strong apical spine and prolateral branch with single inner strong spine, of same length as branch (Fig. 3 C���D). Metatarsus I contacts apex of ventral branch of tibial apophysis when fleXed (Fig. 3C). Palps with cymbial lobes almost equal in sizes covered with long setae (Fig. 3 A���B). Tibia tapering to the apex. SPINATION. Femora, patellae and tarsi of legs I���IV and palps 0. Tibiae: palp 0; legs: I 2r (apical), 1���1p, 1���1���1v; II 1���1���1���1���2���4v; III 1r (apical), 1���1p, 1���1v; IV 1r (apical), 1���1���2v. Metatarsi: I 1v (apical); II 1���1d, 1p (basal), 1���2v; III 1���1d, 1���1r, 1���1���1���1���2p, 1���2v; IV 1���1r, 1���1���1���1���1���2p, 1���2v. PALPAL BULB. Bulb with narrow embolus projecting retrolaterally from tegulum, sigmoidly curved, and two close subparallel smooth keels, PS and PI (Fig. 4 A���B). Tegulum with short triangular basal projection (Fig. 4A). Female (paratype, MUBI 70) COLORATION. Live specimen: Carapace dark covered with long yellow setae giving a ��golden�� aspect mainly on cephalic region and margins; abdomen black dorsally covered with long red hairs mainly on proximal region and on patches of urticating setae; spinnerets black; legs dark with reddish hairs mainly ventrally on femora, patellae and tibiae (Fig. 5 A���B). In ethanol: Carapace brown covered with long yellow setae giving a ��golden�� aspect mainly on cephalic region and carapace margins; abdomen black covered with long pale setae and patch of long yellow setae on dorsal apical region with two dorsolateral patches of urticating setae, spinnerets black; legs and sternum ventrally dark brown; labium and maxillae reddish brown (Fig. 6). MEASUREMENTS. Total length, without chelicerae and spinnerets: 26.21. Carapace: length 9.27, width 8.30. Abdomen: length 12.92. Clypeus: 0.38. Eye tubercle: length 0.91, width 1.42. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.33, PME 0.16, PLE 0.36, AME���AME 0.32, AME���ALE 0.21, PME��� PME 0.63, PME���PLE 0.06, ALE���PLE 0.23. Labium: length 1.36, width 1.91. Sternum: length 4.77, width 4.63. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 2. CEPHALOTHORAX. Carapace without fovea and cephalic region raised (Fig. 6 A���B). Anterior eye row slightly procurved and posterior eye row recurved (Fig. 6F). Labium with 11 cuspules (Fig. 6E). MaXillae with 99���105 (right/left) cuspules (Fig. 6E). Apical half of maXillae ventrally covered with short spiniform setae and dark pubescence on basal ventral maxillae (Fig. 6 D���E). Sternal sigillae small and narrow, located near coxa III (elongated), II and I (oval). All sigillae distant about 2 diameters from margin. Chelicerae with 8 well-developed teeth on promargin of furrow and 1 very small tooth on retromargin. ABDOMEN. Urticating setae: Type III located in two dorsolateral patches with elongated golden setae (Fig. 6C). Spinnerets: PMS, 0.96 long; PLS, three-segmented, 3.61 long. LEGS AND PALPS. Leg formula: I> IV> II> III. All paired tarsal claws with 3���4 ventral teeth on each. Scopulae: Ventrally all tarsi fully scopulated and not divided. Metatarsi I fully scopulated, II ⅔ scopulated, III ⅔ scopulated, IV �� scopulated. Dorsal face of all tarsi with two longitudinal rows of claviform trichobothria. SPINATION. Femora, patellae and tarsi of legs I���IV and palps 0. Tibiae: palp 2v (apical); legs I���IV 0. Metatarsi: I 1v (apical); II 2v (apical); III 1���1r, 1p; IV 1���1r, 1p (apical), 3v (apical). SPERMATHECA. Two separated seminal receptacles with large granules, each distally ended with oval lobe pointing outwards without ventral projections (Fig. 7). Distribution and natural history Bistriopelma peyoi sp. nov. is known from Pampachiri and Ayamachai (Figs 5C, 14), Department Apurimac, Peru, at elevations from 3861 to 4027 m a.s.l, and both are separated by 37 km in a straight line. Specimens were collected during the rainy season (December), under rocks, between bushes and rocky areas (Fig. 5C). This species inhabits high Andean puna, where most of the area was covered by pasturelands and introduced pine trees. Throughout the area we could find small villages, farming, and grazing activities of cows and sheep., Published as part of Nicoletta, Micaela, Chaparro, Juan C., Mamani, Luis, Ochoa, Jos�� A., West, Rick C. & Ferretti, Nelson E., 2020, Two new endemic species of Bistriopelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Peru, including a new remarkable horned tarantula, pp. 1-20 in European Journal of Taxonomy 644 on pages 3-10, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.644, http://zenodo.org/record/3822142, {"references":["Kaderka R. 2015. Bistriopelma, a new genus with two new species from Peru (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Revista Peruana de Biologia 22 (3): 275 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.15381 / rpb. v 22 i 3.11432"]}

Bistriopelma peyoi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9A64 CE 8 C-D 0A4-4100-A6E6- CC 8C34BFC987 Figs 1–7, 14 Diagnosis Males of B. peyoi sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other known species of Bistriopelma by a large projection of the cephalic region over a procurved fovea (Figs 1, 2 A–B) and by the tegulum of the palpal bulb with a short triangular basal projection (domed in the other known species) (Fig. 4 A–B). Females resemble B. matuskai in the absence of fovea (Figs 5 A–B, 6A–B) (present in B. lamasi, B. titicaca and B. kiwicha sp. nov.) and the undeveloped basal tubercles covered with maxillary cuspules (Fig. 6E) (developed in B. lamasi, B. titicaca and B. kiwicha sp. nov.), but differ by the color pattern with a patch of red hairs in the anterior dorsal abdomen (absent in B. matuskai, Kaderka 2015: fig. 21), the yellowish hairs on carapace margins and cephalic area (a small patch of rose hairs are present in cephalic area of B. matuskai, Kaderka 2015: fig. 21) and by the long red hairs on ventral coXae, trochanter and femora (absent in B. matuskai, Kaderka 2015: fig. 21) (Fig. 5 A–B), and by the presence of a posterior band of dark pubescence in maxillae (Fig. 6 D–E). In addition, females can be distinguished from the other known species by the spermathecal receptacles with large granules pointing outwards (Fig. 7). Etymology The specific epithet is a patronym in honor of the Belgian cartoonist Pierre Culliford (1928–1992), mostly known by his pseudonym ʻPeyoʼ, who created the comic strip ʻThe Smurfsʼ. The type locality of this new species is located near the Pampachiri Stone Forest, which is known as Smurf’s house because of the conical rock formations. Moreover, the prominent projection of the cephalic region of the male resembles the shape of the Smurfs’ hats. Material examined Holotype PERU • ♂; Apurimac, Aymaraes, Tapairihua, Ayamachay; 14°15′45.00″ S, 73°28′7.71″ W; 3861 m a.s.l.; 9 Dec. 2018; J.C. Chaparro, L. Mamani leg.; MUBI 73. Paratypes PERU • 3 ♀♀; Apurimac, Aymaraes, Tapairihua, Pampachiri; 13°55′37.79″ S, 73°26′4.94″ W; 4027 m a.s.l.; 8 Dec. 2018; J.C. Chaparro, L. Mamani leg.; MUBI 70. Description Male (holotype, MUBI 73) COLORATION. Live specimens: Carapace dark covered with long yellow setae giving a ʻgoldenʼ aspect; abdomen black dorsally covered with long red hairs mainly on proximal region and on patches of urticating setae; spinnerets black; legs dark with pale yellow hairs mainly on femora, patellae and tibiae (Fig. 1). In ethanol: carapace reddish brown covered with long yellow setae giving a ʻgoldenʼ aspect mainly on cephalic region, central thoracic region and carapace margins; abdomen black covered with long pale setae and patch of long yellow setae on dorsal apical region with two dorsolateral patches of urticating setae, ventrally black with book lung markings and region above epigastric furrow light brown, spinnerets black; legs brown covered with pale setae, labium and maxillae yellowish brown, sternum brown (Fig. 2). MEASUREMENTS. Total length, without chelicerae and spinnerets: 18.89. Carapace: length 8.87, width 8.59. Abdomen: length 9.22. Eye tubercle: length 1.19, width 1.52. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.17, ALE 0.38, PME 0.16, PLE 0.39, AME–AME 0.37, AME–ALE 0.16, PME–PME 0.70, PME–PLE 0.09, ALE–PLE 0.21. Labium: length 1.46, width 1.25. Sternum: length 4.09, width 3.91. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 1. CEPHALOTHORAX. Cephalic region with prominent projection over procurved fovea (Fig. 2 A–B). Clypeus very narrow. Anterior eye row procurved and posterior eye row recurved (Fig. 2H). Labium with 7 cuspules (Fig. 2G). MaXillae with 78–91 (right/left) cuspules (Fig. 2 F–G). Apical half of maXillae ventrally covered with short spiniform setae. Sternal sigillae small and narrow, located near coxa III (elongated), II and I (oval). All sigillae distant about 2 diameters from margin. Chelicerae with 9 welldeveloped teeth on promargin of furrow and absence of tooth on retromargin. ABDOMEN. Urticating setae: Type III located in two dorsolateral patches with elongated golden setae (Fig. 2C). Spinnerets: PMS, 0.74 long; PLS, three-segmented, 3.15 long. LEGS AND PALPS. Leg formula: I> IV> II> III. All paired tarsal claws with 3–4 ventral teeth on each. Scopulae: Ventrally all tarsi fully scopulated. Tarsi I and II entire, III and IV divided by band of setae. Metatarsus I ⅓ scopulated, II ½ scopulated, III ½ scopulated, IV ⅓ scopulated. Dorsal face of all tarsi with two longitudinal rows of claviform trichobothria. Tibia I two-branched tibial apophysis: ventral branch with single strong apical spine and prolateral branch with single inner strong spine, of same length as branch (Fig. 3 C–D). Metatarsus I contacts apex of ventral branch of tibial apophysis when fleXed (Fig. 3C). Palps with cymbial lobes almost equal in sizes covered with long setae (Fig. 3 A–B). Tibia tapering to the apex. SPINATION. Femora, patellae and tarsi of legs I–IV and palps 0. Tibiae: palp 0; legs: I 2r (apical), 1–1p, 1–1–1v; II 1–1–1–1–2–4v; III 1r (apical), 1–1p, 1–1v; IV 1r (apical), 1–1–2v. Metatarsi: I 1v (apical); II 1–1d, 1p (basal), 1–2v; III 1–1d, 1–1r, 1–1–1–1–2p, 1–2v; IV 1–1r, 1–1–1–1–1–2p, 1–2v. PALPAL BULB. Bulb with narrow embolus projecting retrolaterally from tegulum, sigmoidly curved, and two close subparallel smooth keels, PS and PI (Fig. 4 A–B). Tegulum with short triangular basal projection (Fig. 4A). Female (paratype, MUBI 70) COLORATION. Live specimen: Carapace dark covered with long yellow setae giving a ʻgoldenʼ aspect mainly on cephalic region and margins; abdomen black dorsally covered with long red hairs mainly on proximal region and on patches of urticating setae; spinnerets black; legs dark with reddish hairs mainly ventrally on femora, patellae and tibiae (Fig. 5 A–B). In ethanol: Carapace brown covered with long yellow setae giving a ʻgoldenʼ aspect mainly on cephalic region and carapace margins; abdomen black covered with long pale setae and patch of long yellow setae on dorsal apical region with two dorsolateral patches of urticating setae, spinnerets black; legs and sternum ventrally dark brown; labium and maxillae reddish brown (Fig. 6). MEASUREMENTS. Total length, without chelicerae and spinnerets: 26.21. Carapace: length 9.27, width 8.30. Abdomen: length 12.92. Clypeus: 0.38. Eye tubercle: length 0.91, width 1.42. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.33, PME 0.16, PLE 0.36, AME–AME 0.32, AME–ALE 0.21, PME– PME 0.63, PME–PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.23. Labium: length 1.36, width 1.91. Sternum: length 4.77, width 4.63. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 2. CEPHALOTHORAX. Carapace without fovea and cephalic region raised (Fig. 6 A–B). Anterior eye row slightly procurved and posterior eye row recurved (Fig. 6F). Labium with 11 cuspules (Fig. 6E). MaXillae with 99–105 (right/left) cuspules (Fig. 6E). Apical half of maXillae ventrally covered with short spiniform setae and dark pubescence on basal ventral maxillae (Fig. 6 D–E). Sternal sigillae small and narrow, located near coxa III (elongated), II and I (oval). All sigillae distant about 2 diameters from margin. Chelicerae with 8 well-developed teeth on promargin of furrow and 1 very small tooth on retromargin. ABDOMEN. Urticating setae: Type III located in two dorsolateral patches with elongated golden setae (Fig. 6C). Spinnerets: PMS, 0.96 long; PLS, three-segmented, 3.61 long. LEGS AND PALPS. Leg formula: I> IV> II> III. All paired tarsal claws with 3–4 ventral teeth on each. Scopulae: Ventrally all tarsi fully scopulated and not divided. Metatarsi I fully scopulated, II ⅔ scopulated, III ⅔ scopulated, IV ½ scopulated. Dorsal face of all tarsi with two longitudinal rows of claviform trichobothria. SPINATION. Femora, patellae and tarsi of legs I–IV and palps 0. Tibiae: palp 2v (apical); legs I–IV 0. Metatarsi: I 1v (apical); II 2v (apical); III 1–1r, 1p; IV 1–1r, 1p (apical), 3v (apical). SPERMATHECA. Two separated seminal receptacles with large granules, each distally ended with oval lobe pointing outwards without ventral projections (Fig. 7). Distribution and natural history Bistriopelma peyoi sp. nov. is known from Pampachiri and Ayamachai (Figs 5C, 14), Department Apurimac, Peru, at elevations from 3861 to 4027 m a.s.l, and both are separated by 37 km in a straight line. Specimens were collected during the rainy season (December), under rocks, between bushes and rocky areas (Fig. 5C). This species inhabits high Andean puna, where most of the area was covered by pasturelands and introduced pine trees. Throughout the area we could find small villages, farming, and grazing activities of cows and sheep.

Bistriopelma kiwicha sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 059B96EB-D154-4F66-969A-168E800E5A70 Figs 8���14 Diagnosis Males of Bistriopelma kiwicha sp. nov. differ from B. peyoi sp. nov. in the absence of a projection on cephalic region (Fig. 8A) and by the domed basal projection on tegulum (Fig. 10A). Males also differ from B. matuskai in the presence of a fovea (Fig. 8A) and from B. titicaca and B. lamasi in the absence of spiniform setae on cymbium and almost equal size of cymbial lobes (Fig. 9 A���B) (unequal in B. titicaca and B. lamasi). Females of B. kiwicha sp. nov. are distinguished from B. peyoi sp. nov. and B. matuskai by the presence of a fovea (Fig. 12 A���B). Also, females of B. kiwicha sp. nov. differ from B. titicaca and B. lamasi by the procurved fovea (Fig. 12A) (straight in B. titicaca and B. lamasi). Also, females differ from B. lamasi by the absence of a dark pubescence on ventral maxillae (Fig. 12 F���G) and from B. titicaca by the absence of spiniform setae on prolateral faces of coxae I���IV (Fig. 12F). In addition, the two fine-grained separated seminal receptacles of B. kiwicha sp. nov. resemble those of B. matuskai and B. titicaca, but differ from them by the shorter ducts and absence of ventral projections (Fig. 13). Etymology The specific epithet, kiwicha, is a Quechua word referring to Amaranthus caudatus L., a plant widely cultivated in the Peruvian Andes, particularly in the district of San Salvador, where this new species was found. It has been used in the form of cereals or flour from the plant���s seeds for more than 1400 years and was included in the daily diet during the Inca civilization. Material examined Holotype PERU ��� ♂; Cusco, Calca, San Salvador, Llachoc; 13��30���35.39��� S, 71��46���42.77��� W; 3570 m a.s.l.; 17 Feb. 2006; J.A. Ochoa leg.; MUBI 12. Paratype PERU ��� 1 ♀; Cusco, Paucartambo, Highway 26, road to Manu province; 13��28���33.35��� S, 71��39���25.92��� W; 3903 m a.s.l.; 6 Oct. 2017; R. West, J. Richards leg.; MUBI 41. Description Male (holotype, MUBI 12) COLORATION. In ethanol: Carapace reddish brown with dark short setae on cephalic region between the fovea and eyes covered with yellow setae around eye tubercle and carapace margins; abdomen black with two patches of long yellow setae on dorsal apical region on dorsolateral patches of urticating setae, ventrally dark brown with book lung markings and region above epigastric furrow light brown, spinnerets brown; legs brown, labium and maxillae yellowish brown, sternum brown (Fig. 8). MEASUREMENTS. Total length, without chelicerae and spinnerets: 21.52. Carapace: length 9.38, width 8.47. Abdomen: length 9.36. Eye tubercle: length 1.41, width 1.50. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.17, ALE 0.51, PME 0.20, PLE 0.40, AME���AME 0.32, AME���ALE 0.21, PME���PME 0.61, PME���PLE 0.10, ALE���PLE 0.17. Labium: length 1.26, width 1.72. Sternum: length 4.49, width 3.64. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 3. CEPHALOTHORAX. Fovea slightly procurved (Fig. 8A). Clypeus very narrow. Anterior eye row slightly procurved and posterior eye row recurved (Fig. 8G). Labium with 10 cuspules (Fig. 8F). Maxillae with 140���139 (right/left) cuspules (Fig. 8F). Apical half of maXillae ventrally covered with short spiniform setae. Sternal sigillae small and narrow, located near coxa III (oval), II (circular) and I (oval). First pair of sigillae about three times of diameter from margin, second and third pair about two times of diameter from margin. Chelicerae with 10 teeth on promargin of furrow and absence of teeth on retromargin. ABDOMEN. Urticating setae: Type III located in two dorsolateral patches with elongated golden setae (Fig 8D). Spinnerets: PMS, 0.81 long; PLS, three-segmented, 2.68 long. LEGS AND PALPS. Leg formula: I> II> IV> III. All paired tarsal claws with 3���4 ventral teeth on each. Scopulae: Ventrally all tarsi fully scopulated. Tarsi I and II entire, III and IV divided by band of setae. Metatarsus I and II fully scopulated, III �� scopulated, IV �� scopulated. Dorsal face of all tarsi with two longitudinal rows of claviform trichobothria. Tibia I two-branched tibial apophysis: ventral branch with single strong apical spine and spiniform setae on inner side and prolateral branch with single inner strong spine, shorter than the branch. Metatarsus I contacts apex of ventral branch of tibial apophysis when fleXed (Fig. 9 C���E). Palps with cymbial lobes almost equal in sizes covered with long setae (Fig. 9 A���B). Palpal tibia tapering to the apex. SPINATION. Tarsi of legs I���IV 0. Femora: legs III and IV 0, palp 1p; legs: I 1d, II 2d. Patellae: palp and leg IV 0, I 1���1p, II 1���1p, III 1r (basal). Tibiae: palp 1p; legs: I 1���1p, 2���2r (apical), 1���2v; II 1���1p, 3���2���2v (apical); III 2���1���1p, 1���1r, 1���2���2v (apical), 1d; IV 2���1���1p (apical), 1���1r, 1���4v (apical). Metatarsi: I 1v (apical), II 1p, 1���1r (apical), 3v (apical); III 2���1���1���1���1p (apical), 2���2���1���1r, 1���3v (apical), 2d (apical); IV 1���1p (apical), 1���1r, 1���1���3v (apical), 1d. PALPAL BULB. Bulb with narrow embolus projecting retrolaterally from tegulum, sigmoidly curved, and two distant well-developed keels, PS larger than PI (Fig. 10 A���B). Tegulum long and with short domed basal projection (Fig. 10A). Female (paratype, MUBI 41) COLORATION. Live specimen: Carapace dark brown with reddish setae on margins; abdomen black with few red setae on proximal region and on dorsolateral patches of urticating setae; legs dark brown with reddish setae ventrally (Fig. 11A). In ethanol: Carapace light brown with pale setae on carapace margins; abdomen dark brown with two small dorsolateral patches of urticating setae, spinnerets brown; legs and sternum ventrally dark brown, labium and maxillae reddish brown (Fig. 12). MEASUREMENTS. Total length, without chelicerae and spinnerets: 18.14. Carapace: length 5.58, width 5.46. Abdomen: length 11.29. Clypeus: 0.07. Eye tubercle: length 0.75, width 0.67. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.15, PME 0.10, PLE 0.15, AME���AME 0.18, AME���ALE 0.07, PME��� PME 0.36, PME���PLE 0.03, ALE���PLE 0.09. Labium: length 0.55, width 1.16. Sternum: length 2.58, width 2.45. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 4. CEPHALOTHORAX. Carapace with deep procurved fovea and cephalic region raised (Fig. 12 A���B). Anterior eye row straight and posterior eye row recurved (Fig. 12H). Labium with 9 cuspules (Fig. 12G). MaXillae with 79���83 (right/left) cuspules (Fig. 12G). Apical half of maXillae ventrally covered with short spiniform setae. Sternal sigillae oval located near coxa III, II and I. All sigillae distant about 2 diameters from margin. Chelicerae with 12 well-developed teeth on promargin of furrow and 9 very small tooth on retromargin. ABDOMEN. Urticating setae: Type III located in two small dorsolateral patches almost inconspicuous (Figs 11A, 12E). Spinnerets: PMS, 0.70 long; PLS, three-segmented, 1.59 long. LEGS AND PALPS. Leg formula: I> IV> II> III. All paired tarsal claws with 2���4 ventral teeth on each. Scopulae: Ventrally all tarsi fully scopulated, palp and leg I entire, legs II���IV divided by a band of setae. Metatarsi I �� scopulated, II �� scopulated, III ⅓ scopulated, IV �� scopulated. Dorsal face of all tarsi with two longitudinal rows of claviform trichobothria. SPINATION. Femora, patellae and tarsi of legs I���IV and palps 0. Tibiae: palp 1v (apical), 1p (apical); legs I���IV 0. Metatarsi: I 1v (apical); II 1p, 1r, 1v (apical); III 1���1p, 1r, 1v; IV 1���1p, 1���1r, 1v (apical). SPERMATHECA. Two fine-grained separated seminal receptacles with short ducts and distally ended with transverse oval lobe without ventral projections (Fig. 13). Distribution and natural history Bistriopelma kiwicha sp. nov. is known from San Salvador and Paucartambo Provinces (Fig. 14), Department of Cusco, Peru, at elevations from 3570 to 3903 m a.s.l. and both locations are separated by 14 km in a straight line. The male specimen was collected during the rainy season (February). Female specimens were found on slopes of open Andean puna in self-made retreats under various-sized angular rocks lying on the surface of the ground. The area is partly covered with gallery forests of introduced pine and eucalyptus trees (Fig. 11 B���C). Small villages with freely grazing llamas are also found throughout the habitat area., Published as part of Nicoletta, Micaela, Chaparro, Juan C., Mamani, Luis, Ochoa, Jos�� A., West, Rick C. & Ferretti, Nelson E., 2020, Two new endemic species of Bistriopelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Peru, including a new remarkable horned tarantula, pp. 1-20 in European Journal of Taxonomy 644 on pages 10-17, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.644, http://zenodo.org/record/3822142

Genus Bistriopelma Kaderka, 2015 Material examined Bistriopelma titicaca Kaderka, 2017 PERU ��� 1 ♀; Puno, Lampa, Muruhuanca; 15��21���30.48��� S, 70��22���40.87��� W; 3900 m a.s.l.; 9 Aug. 2017; J.C.Chaparro and G. Herrera leg.; MUBI 57., Published as part of Nicoletta, Micaela, Chaparro, Juan C., Mamani, Luis, Ochoa, Jos�� A., West, Rick C. & Ferretti, Nelson E., 2020, Two new endemic species of Bistriopelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Peru, including a new remarkable horned tarantula, pp. 1-20 in European Journal of Taxonomy 644 on page 3, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.644, http://zenodo.org/record/3822142, {"references":["Kaderka R. 2015. Bistriopelma, a new genus with two new species from Peru (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Revista Peruana de Biologia 22 (3): 275 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.15381 / rpb. v 22 i 3.11432","Kaderka R. 2017. Description of the male of Bistriopelma matuskai Kaderka, 2015 and a new species of Bistriopelma from Peru (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Revista Peruana de Biologia 24 (3): 231 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.15381 / rpb. v 24 i 3.13904"]}

Bistriopelma kiwicha sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 059B96EB-D154-4F66-969A-168E800E5A70 Figs 8–14 Diagnosis Males of Bistriopelma kiwicha sp. nov. differ from B. peyoi sp. nov. in the absence of a projection on cephalic region (Fig. 8A) and by the domed basal projection on tegulum (Fig. 10A). Males also differ from B. matuskai in the presence of a fovea (Fig. 8A) and from B. titicaca and B. lamasi in the absence of spiniform setae on cymbium and almost equal size of cymbial lobes (Fig. 9 A–B) (unequal in B. titicaca and B. lamasi). Females of B. kiwicha sp. nov. are distinguished from B. peyoi sp. nov. and B. matuskai by the presence of a fovea (Fig. 12 A–B). Also, females of B. kiwicha sp. nov. differ from B. titicaca and B. lamasi by the procurved fovea (Fig. 12A) (straight in B. titicaca and B. lamasi). Also, females differ from B. lamasi by the absence of a dark pubescence on ventral maxillae (Fig. 12 F–G) and from B. titicaca by the absence of spiniform setae on prolateral faces of coxae I–IV (Fig. 12F). In addition, the two fine-grained separated seminal receptacles of B. kiwicha sp. nov. resemble those of B. matuskai and B. titicaca, but differ from them by the shorter ducts and absence of ventral projections (Fig. 13). Etymology The specific epithet, kiwicha, is a Quechua word referring to Amaranthus caudatus L., a plant widely cultivated in the Peruvian Andes, particularly in the district of San Salvador, where this new species was found. It has been used in the form of cereals or flour from the plant’s seeds for more than 1400 years and was included in the daily diet during the Inca civilization. Material examined Holotype PERU • ♂; Cusco, Calca, San Salvador, Llachoc; 13°30′35.39″ S, 71°46′42.77″ W; 3570 m a.s.l.; 17 Feb. 2006; J.A. Ochoa leg.; MUBI 12. Paratype PERU • 1 ♀; Cusco, Paucartambo, Highway 26, road to Manu province; 13°28′33.35″ S, 71°39′25.92″ W; 3903 m a.s.l.; 6 Oct. 2017; R. West, J. Richards leg.; MUBI 41. Description Male (holotype, MUBI 12) COLORATION. In ethanol: Carapace reddish brown with dark short setae on cephalic region between the fovea and eyes covered with yellow setae around eye tubercle and carapace margins; abdomen black with two patches of long yellow setae on dorsal apical region on dorsolateral patches of urticating setae, ventrally dark brown with book lung markings and region above epigastric furrow light brown, spinnerets brown; legs brown, labium and maxillae yellowish brown, sternum brown (Fig. 8). MEASUREMENTS. Total length, without chelicerae and spinnerets: 21.52. Carapace: length 9.38, width 8.47. Abdomen: length 9.36. Eye tubercle: length 1.41, width 1.50. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.17, ALE 0.51, PME 0.20, PLE 0.40, AME–AME 0.32, AME–ALE 0.21, PME–PME 0.61, PME–PLE 0.10, ALE–PLE 0.17. Labium: length 1.26, width 1.72. Sternum: length 4.49, width 3.64. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 3. CEPHALOTHORAX. Fovea slightly procurved (Fig. 8A). Clypeus very narrow. Anterior eye row slightly procurved and posterior eye row recurved (Fig. 8G). Labium with 10 cuspules (Fig. 8F). Maxillae with 140–139 (right/left) cuspules (Fig. 8F). Apical half of maXillae ventrally covered with short spiniform setae. Sternal sigillae small and narrow, located near coxa III (oval), II (circular) and I (oval). First pair of sigillae about three times of diameter from margin, second and third pair about two times of diameter from margin. Chelicerae with 10 teeth on promargin of furrow and absence of teeth on retromargin. ABDOMEN. Urticating setae: Type III located in two dorsolateral patches with elongated golden setae (Fig 8D). Spinnerets: PMS, 0.81 long; PLS, three-segmented, 2.68 long. LEGS AND PALPS. Leg formula: I> II> IV> III. All paired tarsal claws with 3–4 ventral teeth on each. Scopulae: Ventrally all tarsi fully scopulated. Tarsi I and II entire, III and IV divided by band of setae. Metatarsus I and II fully scopulated, III ¾ scopulated, IV ½ scopulated. Dorsal face of all tarsi with two longitudinal rows of claviform trichobothria. Tibia I two-branched tibial apophysis: ventral branch with single strong apical spine and spiniform setae on inner side and prolateral branch with single inner strong spine, shorter than the branch. Metatarsus I contacts apex of ventral branch of tibial apophysis when fleXed (Fig. 9 C–E). Palps with cymbial lobes almost equal in sizes covered with long setae (Fig. 9 A–B). Palpal tibia tapering to the apex. SPINATION. Tarsi of legs I–IV 0. Femora: legs III and IV 0, palp 1p; legs: I 1d, II 2d. Patellae: palp and leg IV 0, I 1–1p, II 1–1p, III 1r (basal). Tibiae: palp 1p; legs: I 1–1p, 2–2r (apical), 1–2v; II 1–1p, 3–2–2v (apical); III 2–1–1p, 1–1r, 1–2–2v (apical), 1d; IV 2–1–1p (apical), 1–1r, 1–4v (apical). Metatarsi: I 1v (apical), II 1p, 1–1r (apical), 3v (apical); III 2–1–1–1–1p (apical), 2–2–1–1r, 1–3v (apical), 2d (apical); IV 1–1p (apical), 1–1r, 1–1–3v (apical), 1d. PALPAL BULB. Bulb with narrow embolus projecting retrolaterally from tegulum, sigmoidly curved, and two distant well-developed keels, PS larger than PI (Fig. 10 A–B). Tegulum long and with short domed basal projection (Fig. 10A). Female (paratype, MUBI 41) COLORATION. Live specimen: Carapace dark brown with reddish setae on margins; abdomen black with few red setae on proximal region and on dorsolateral patches of urticating setae; legs dark brown with reddish setae ventrally (Fig. 11A). In ethanol: Carapace light brown with pale setae on carapace margins; abdomen dark brown with two small dorsolateral patches of urticating setae, spinnerets brown; legs and sternum ventrally dark brown, labium and maxillae reddish brown (Fig. 12). MEASUREMENTS. Total length, without chelicerae and spinnerets: 18.14. Carapace: length 5.58, width 5.46. Abdomen: length 11.29. Clypeus: 0.07. Eye tubercle: length 0.75, width 0.67. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.15, PME 0.10, PLE 0.15, AME–AME 0.18, AME–ALE 0.07, PME– PME 0.36, PME–PLE 0.03, ALE–PLE 0.09. Labium: length 0.55, width 1.16. Sternum: length 2.58, width 2.45. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 4. CEPHALOTHORAX. Carapace with deep procurved fovea and cephalic region raised (Fig. 12 A–B). Anterior eye row straight and posterior eye row recurved (Fig. 12H). Labium with 9 cuspules (Fig. 12G). MaXillae with 79–83 (right/left) cuspules (Fig. 12G). Apical half of maXillae ventrally covered with short spiniform setae. Sternal sigillae oval located near coxa III, II and I. All sigillae distant about 2 diameters from margin. Chelicerae with 12 well-developed teeth on promargin of furrow and 9 very small tooth on retromargin. ABDOMEN. Urticating setae: Type III located in two small dorsolateral patches almost inconspicuous (Figs 11A, 12E). Spinnerets: PMS, 0.70 long; PLS, three-segmented, 1.59 long. LEGS AND PALPS. Leg formula: I> IV> II> III. All paired tarsal claws with 2–4 ventral teeth on each. Scopulae: Ventrally all tarsi fully scopulated, palp and leg I entire, legs II–IV divided by a band of setae. Metatarsi I ¾ scopulated, II ½ scopulated, III ⅓ scopulated, IV ¼ scopulated. Dorsal face of all tarsi with two longitudinal rows of claviform trichobothria. SPINATION. Femora, patellae and tarsi of legs I–IV and palps 0. Tibiae: palp 1v (apical), 1p (apical); legs I–IV 0. Metatarsi: I 1v (apical); II 1p, 1r, 1v (apical); III 1–1p, 1r, 1v; IV 1–1p, 1–1r, 1v (apical). SPERMATHECA. Two fine-grained separated seminal receptacles with short ducts and distally ended with transverse oval lobe without ventral projections (Fig. 13). Distribution and natural history Bistriopelma kiwicha sp. nov. is known from San Salvador and Paucartambo Provinces (Fig. 14), Department of Cusco, Peru, at elevations from 3570 to 3903 m a.s.l. and both locations are separated by 14 km in a straight line. The male specimen was collected during the rainy season (February). Female specimens were found on slopes of open Andean puna in self-made retreats under various-sized angular rocks lying on the surface of the ground. The area is partly covered with gallery forests of introduced pine and eucalyptus trees (Fig. 11 B–C). Small villages with freely grazing llamas are also found throughout the habitat area.

Homoeomma montanum (Mello-Leitão, 1923) Tmesiphantes montanus Mello-Leitão, 1923: 139, figs 48–50. Homoeomma montanum Gerschman and Schiapelli, 1972: 249, figs 11–17 (transferred from Tmesiphantes). Hapalotremus cyclothorax Mello-Leitão, 1923 new synonymy. Type material Holotype male: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. Itatiaia. Retiro de Itatiaia (Retiro do Ramos, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, about 2200 m). Carlos Moreira leg. 1903. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (1410), not examined. Notes Hapalotremus cyclothorax was described by a single male from Retiro de Itatiaia (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) (Figure 4) and the type material has been listed as “not located” in the annotated check list by Silva-Moreira et al. (2010) of Arachnida type specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. It is possible that it could be a junior synonym of Cantanduba tuskae Yamamoto et al. (2012), Oligoxystre mineirum Guadanucci 2011 or Magulla obesa Simon, 1892, considering the overlapping of their geographical distributional range in the Atlantic forest (Indicatti et al. 2008; Guadanucci 2011; Yamamoto et al. 2012). However, H. cyclothorax differs from C. tuskae, O. mineirum and M. obesa in the colour pattern, the size of the body and legs and in the shape of the palpal bulb (Mello-Leitão stated in the original description that the male has a bulb with twisted embolus). Another species that overlaps its distributional range with H.cyclothorax is Homoeomma montanum (Mello-Leitão, 1923) (Gerschman de Pikelín and Schiapelli 1972, Yamamoto unpubl. data). Moreover, the type locality (Retiro de Itatiaia) of H. montanum is the same for H. cyclothorax and additionally, both specimens were captured by the same collector, Carlos Moreira (Gerschman de Pikelín and Schiapelli 1972). The length of body and legs of the male H. cyclothorax is consistent with that of H. montanum. The colour pattern with abdomen dark bearing numerous long reddish setae, the tibial apophysis with two branches bearing short apical spines, the bent metatarsus I and the shape of the bulb with a curved embolus are characteristics typical of Homoeomma species (Gerschman de Pikelín and Schiapelli 1972, Yamamoto unpubl. data). For these reasons, Hapalotremus cyclothorax is considered a junior synonym of Homoeomma montanum., Published as part of Cavallo, Patricio E. & Ferretti, Nelson E., 2014, The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov., pp. 873-887 in Journal of Natural History 49 (15) on pages 880-881, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226, http://zenodo.org/record/4004661, {"references":["Mello-Leitao CF de. 1923. Theraphosoideas do Brasil. R Mus Paulista. 13: 1 - 438.","Gerschman de Pikelin BS, Schiapelli RD. 1972. El genero Homoeomma Ausserer 1871 (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Physis. 31: 237 - 258.","Silva-Moreira TD, Baptista RLC, Kury AB, Giupponi APL, Buckup EH, Brescovit AD. 2010. Annotated check list of Arachnida type specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. II- Araneae. Zootaxa. 2588: 1 - 91.","Yamamoto FU, Lucas SM, Brescovit AD. 2012. Catanduba, a new Theraphosinae genus from Central Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Zootaxa. 3172: 1 - 19.","Guadanucci JPL. 2011. Cladistic analysis and biogeography of the genus Oligoxystre Vellard 1924 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). J Arachnol. 39: 320 - 326. doi: 10.1636 / CA 10 - 81.1","Indicatti RP, Lucas SM, Guadanucci JPL, Yamamoto FU. 2008. Revalidation and revision of the genus Magulla Simon 1892 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Zootaxa. 1814: 31 - 36."]}

Genus Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 Dolichothele Mello-Leitão, 1923. Considered a junior synonym by Raven 1985: 152. Goniodontium Mello-Leitão, 1923. Considered a junior synonym by Raven 1985: 153. Cyclothorax Mello-Leitão, 1923, preoccupied. Replacement name Cyclothoracoides Strand, (1929): 17. Considered a junior synonym by Raven 1985: 151. Hemirrhagus Simon, 1903 (in part: H. major Chamberlin, 1916). Diagnosis Representatives of the genus can be distinguished from the remaining Theraphosinae by the presence of reddish or whitish setae (colour of live specimens) on dorsum abdomen, presence of Type III urticating hair, labium wider than long with reduced labial cuspules (from 5 to 7 in H. albipes and H. major), with the exception of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. with 28 labial cuspules in females. It is characterized by the tarsi fully scopulated and divided by rows of setae increasing in width from legs I to IV, with tarsus IV divided by five or six rows of setae. Males of Hapalotremus are also recognized by the following features: tibial apophysis present with two branches, the prolateral bearing a long stiff black thorn on inner side, slightly curved at tip and of similar size to the spur, the retrolateral with a long spine inserted on inner side at the middle of the spur, metatarsus of leg I noticeably curved at base, and male palpal bulb with embolus subcylindrical curved to the retrolateral side with conspicuous subapical keel. Females may be also recognized by the single spermathceal receptaculum., Published as part of Cavallo, Patricio E. & Ferretti, Nelson E., 2014, The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov., pp. 873-887 in Journal of Natural History 49 (15) on page 875, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226, http://zenodo.org/record/4004661, {"references":["Simon E. 1903. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Deuxieme Edition. Paris (Roret). 2: 669 - 1080.","Mello-Leitao CF de. 1923. Theraphosoideas do Brasil. R Mus Paulista. 13: 1 - 438.","Raven RJ. 1985. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and systematic. B Am Mus Nat Hist. 182: 1 - 180.","Chamberlin RV. 1916. Results of the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911. The Arachnida. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 60: 177 - 299."]}

Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226

Hapalotremus exilis (Mello-Leitão, 1923 ) species inquirenda Dolichothele exilis Mello-Leitão, 1923: 120. Dolichothele exilis Bücherl, Da Costa and Lucas, 1971: 127, fig. 52. Dolichothele exilis Schmidt, 2002: 16, fig. 1. Dolichothele was transferred to Hapalotremus by Raven 1985: 152. Type material Holotype female: BRAZIL, Paraíba. Probably Campina Grande. Tranqüilino Leitão leg. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (13898), not examined. Remarks Hapalotremus exilis was described by a single female from Campina Grande (Paraíba) (Figure 4) and the type material has been listed as ‘not located’ in the annotated check list by Silva-Moreira et al. (2010) of Arachnida type specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. According to the geographical distribution and many of the morphological characteristics from the original description, such as the small size of the female and the reduced number of labial and maxillary cuspules, together with the shape of the spermathecae presented by Bücherl et al. (1971) and Schmidt (2002) it could be a junior synonym of Oligoxystre (Guadanucci 2011) or Guruyita (Guadanucci et al. 2007) (Ischnocolinae). Unfortunately, the original description does not warrant recognition of the species, and, therefore the identity of H. exilis cannot be confirmed. The species is here considered species inquirenda, pending the finding of the type material or availability and careful examination of material from the type locality., Published as part of Cavallo, Patricio E. & Ferretti, Nelson E., 2014, The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov., pp. 873-887 in Journal of Natural History 49 (15) on pages 882-883, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226, http://zenodo.org/record/4004661, {"references":["Mello-Leitao CF de. 1923. Theraphosoideas do Brasil. R Mus Paulista. 13: 1 - 438.","Bucherl W, Da Costa TA, Lucas S. 1971. Revisao de alguns tipos de Aranhas caranguejeiras (Orthognatha) establecidos por Candido de Mello-Leitao e depositados no Museu Nacional do Rio. Mem Inst Butantan. 35: 117 - 138.","Schmidt G. 2002. Dolichothele ist kein Synonym von Haplotremus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Tarantulas of the World. 7: 16 - 18.","Raven RJ. 1985. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and systematic. B Am Mus Nat Hist. 182: 1 - 180.","Silva-Moreira TD, Baptista RLC, Kury AB, Giupponi APL, Buckup EH, Brescovit AD. 2010. Annotated check list of Arachnida type specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. II- Araneae. Zootaxa. 2588: 1 - 91.","Guadanucci JPL. 2011. Cladistic analysis and biogeography of the genus Oligoxystre Vellard 1924 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). J Arachnol. 39: 320 - 326. doi: 10.1636 / CA 10 - 81.1","Guadanucci JPL, Lucas SM, Indicatti RP, Yamamoto FU. 2007. Description of Guyruita gen. nov. and two new species (Ischnocolinae, Theraphosidae). Rev Bras Zool. 24: 991 - 996. doi: 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752007000400015"]}

Hapalotremus muticus (Mello-Leitão, 1923 ) species inquirenda Goniodontium muticum Mello-Leitão, 1923: 127. Goniodontium was transferred to Hapalotremus by Raven (1985): 151. Type material Holotype female: Brazil, Bahia, Villa Nova, Garbo E. leg. Museu Paulista (N. 159), not examined. Remarks Hapalotremus muticus was described by Mello-Leitão in 1923 from a single female collected in Villa Nova, state of Bahia, Brazil (Figure 4). Mello-Leitão noted a reduced number of labial cuspules (of about three or seven) and maxillary cuspules of about 10–12. The author also remarked that the tarsi of all legs are scopulated and undivided. The original description does not warrant recognition of the species, and, therefore the identity of H. muticus cannot be confirmed. The species is here considered species inquirenda, pending the finding of the type material or availability and careful examination of material from the type locality., Published as part of Cavallo, Patricio E. & Ferretti, Nelson E., 2014, The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov., pp. 873-887 in Journal of Natural History 49 (15) on page 883, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226, http://zenodo.org/record/4004661, {"references":["Mello-Leitao CF de. 1923. Theraphosoideas do Brasil. R Mus Paulista. 13: 1 - 438.","Raven RJ. 1985. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and systematic. B Am Mus Nat Hist. 182: 1 - 180."]}

Hapalotremus albipes Simon, 1903 Type material Hapalotremus albipes Simon, 1903, holotype male, Bolivia (Chaco), MNHN – images and illustrations examined (F. Pérez-Miles and F. Vol pers. comm.). Other material examined Hapalotremus albipes Simon, 1903, three females, Bolivia, P. Klass leg. (SMF 37093), SMF – illustrations examined (F. Pérez-Miles pers. comm.)., Published as part of Cavallo, Patricio E. & Ferretti, Nelson E., 2014, The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov., pp. 873-887 in Journal of Natural History 49 (15) on page 875, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226, http://zenodo.org/record/4004661, {"references":["Simon E. 1903. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Deuxieme Edition. Paris (Roret). 2: 669 - 1080."]}

Pachistopelma rufonigrum Pocock, 1901 Pachistopelma rufonigrum Pocock 1901: 548; Mello-Leitão 1923: 337; Roewer 1942:256. Pachystopelma rufonigrum: Simon 1903: 959; Petrunkevitch 1911: 82. Avicularia pulchra Mello-Leitão 1933: 171, fig. 33. Avicularia recifiensis Struchen and Brändle 1996:2, f 1–4. Pachystopelma rufonigrum Bertani, 2012: 29, figs 29–45, 58–60, 67, 76–78. Hapalotremus scintillans (Mello-Leitão, 1929) new synonymy. Type material Holotype female: Brazil, Pernambuco. Caruaru. Bento Pickel leg. Collected in bromeliads. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (215), not examined. Notes Hapalotremus scintillans was described from a single female from Caruaru (Pernambuco) (Figure 4) and the type material has been listed as “not located” in the annotated check list by Silva-Moreira et al. (2010) of Arachnida type specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. Considering the type locality and the fact that the specimen was captured from inside bromeliads, H. scintillans could be a junior synonym of Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901 or Pachistopelma rufonigrum Pocock, 1901 (Bertani 2012). Both species had field records indicating a strict dependency on bromeliads occurring in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest (Santos et al. 2004; Bertani 2012). Hapalotremus scintillans was originally described under Dolichothele, but later synonymized by Raven (1985). The general shape of the spermathecae presented by Bücherl et al. (1971) and Schmidt (2002) of other species originally described under Dolichothele, now Hapalotremus exilis, is also consistent with that of Pachistopelma rufonigrum (Bertani 2012). Moreover, the collector of the holotype of H. scintillans, D. Bento Pickel, is the same for the captured holotype of Avicularia pulchra Mello-Leitão, 1933, at Pernambuco state. Recently, Bertani (2012) considered A. pulchra a junior synonym of P. rufonigrum due to its geographical distribution and colour pattern. For these reasons and all the generic characteristics from the original description, Hapalotremus scintillans is a junior synonym of Pachistopelma rufonigrum., Published as part of Cavallo, Patricio E. & Ferretti, Nelson E., 2014, The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov., pp. 873-887 in Journal of Natural History 49 (15) on page 882, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226, http://zenodo.org/record/4004661, {"references":["Pocock RI. 1901. LXIX. - Some new and old Genera of S. - AmericanAviculariidae. J Nat Hist Ser 7. 8: 540 - 555. doi: 10.1080 / 03745480109443359","Mello-Leitao CF de. 1923. Theraphosoideas do Brasil. R Mus Paulista. 13: 1 - 438.","Roewer CF. 1942. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. Bremen. 1: 1 - 1040.","Simon E. 1903. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Deuxieme Edition. Paris (Roret). 2: 669 - 1080.","Petrunkevitch A. 1911. A synonymic index-catalogue of spiders of North, Central and South America with all adjacent islands, Greenland, Bermuda, West Indies, Terra del Fuego, Galapagos, etc. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 29: 1 - 791.","Mello-Leitao CF. 1933. A new theraphosid from Pernambuco and another, uncommon from Argentina. Rev Chil Hist Nat. 37: 171 - 173.","Struchen R, Brandle D. 1996. Eine neue Avicularia - Art aus Pernambuco, Brasilien Avicularia recifiensis sp. n. (Araneida: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae). Arachnologisches Magazin. 4: 1 - 9.","Mello-Leitao CF de. 1929. Aranhas do Pernambuco colhidas por D. Bento Pickel. Anais Acad Brasil Ci. 1: 91 - 112.","Silva-Moreira TD, Baptista RLC, Kury AB, Giupponi APL, Buckup EH, Brescovit AD. 2010. Annotated check list of Arachnida type specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. II- Araneae. Zootaxa. 2588: 1 - 91.","Santos RL, Almeida MG, Tinoco LDS, Martins LB, Maia MG. 2004. Biogeography and conservation of the bromeliad tarantula Pachistopelma rufonigrum (Araneae, Theraphosidae) in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. J Bromeliad Soc. 54: 153 - 157.","Raven RJ. 1985. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and systematic. B Am Mus Nat Hist. 182: 1 - 180.","Bucherl W, Da Costa TA, Lucas S. 1971. Revisao de alguns tipos de Aranhas caranguejeiras (Orthognatha) establecidos por Candido de Mello-Leitao e depositados no Museu Nacional do Rio. Mem Inst Butantan. 35: 117 - 138.","Schmidt G. 2002. Dolichothele ist kein Synonym von Haplotremus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Tarantulas of the World. 7: 16 - 18."]}

Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. (Figures 1–3 AB, 5, Tables 1–2) Types Holotype: male: ARGENTINA: Salta province (25°09.513' S, 65°36.704' W), 20 April 2011, Patricio E. Cavallo, Martin Hüsser and Martin Gamache legs. Found southwest of Salta, near provincial route 33, adjacent to Escoipe River at an altitude of 1496 m, (MLP 19152). Paratype female (MLP 19153): same data as holotype. Etymology The specific epithet is a patronym in honour of Martin Hüsser (Switzerland) and Martin Gamache (Canada), who participated in the collection and discovery of this new species. Diagnosis Males and females of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. differ from all other congeners by the colour pattern of live specimens with distinct greenish pubescence between the patella and tarsi of the legs, also on the lateral faces of the abdomen, and by the reddish setae of the urticating setae patch on the dorsal abdomen (Figure 1). From H. albipes by the smaller size of adult males and females; males by the palpal bulb morphology with the thickened and less curved embolus having a blunt subapical keel and less-developed apical keel, and less curved metatarsus I (Figure 2A, B, E). Females of H. martinorum differ from H. albipes Simon 1903 by the shape of the spermathecae, with the lateral expansions in the base being wider than apical portion; the upper edge is also more rounded (Figure 3B, C). Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. resembles H. major (Chamberlin 1916) by the reddish setae on the abdomen dorsum but differs from this species by the smaller size and by the male palpal bulb morphology, with thickened and less curved embolus (Figure 2A, B). Description Male (holotype, MLP 19152). Colour in life: legs and palps femora dark, patella to tarsi with lighter pubescence. Carapace ochre, light brown, with margins bearing long pinkish setae. Lateral sides of abdomen with light green pubescence and yellowishreddish setae on dorsum (Figure 1B). Total length (not including chelicerae or spinnerets) 15.9. Cephalothorax 8.3 long, 7.8 wide. Abdomen 7.5 long, 4.0 wide. Urticating setae type III present, posterior dorsal circular patch. Spinnerets: PMS, 1 long, 0.4 wide; PLS, 0.6 basal, 0.6 middle, 0.3 domed distal. Eyes: tubercle length 0.65, width 0.8. Clypeus 0.3. Anterior eyes row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.21, PME 0.10, PLE 0.13, AME– AME 0.16, AME–ALE 0.07, PME–PME 0.39, PME–PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.10. Fovea: deep straight, 0.8 long. Labium: length 1.1, width 1.25, with 13 cuspules (Figure 2D). Maxillae: each with 69 and 79 cuspules spread over internal face (Figure 2D). Sternum: length 3.5, width 3. Chelicerae with 13 large teeth on promargin and 16 small teeth on retromargin. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 1. Tarsi I–IV fully scopulated divided by rows of setae increasing in width from legs I to IV (Figure 2F). Metatarsi I one-half apical scopulated, II one-third apical scopulated, III one-half apical scopulated, IV one-quarter apical scopulated. Spination. Femora and patellae of I–IV and palp, 0. Tibiae: palp 0; I 1 V, 1–1–1 R, 1 P; II 2–2–2 V, 1–1 P; III 1–1–2 V, 1–1 R, 1–1 P; IV 1–1–1–1–2 V, 1–1–1–1 R, 1– 1–1– 1 P. Metatarsi: I 2 V; II 1–1 – 2 V, 1 P, 1 D; III 1–1–3 V, 1–1–1 R, 1 P, 1–1–1 D; IV 1–1–1–2 V, 1–1–1–1–1–1 R, 1–1– 1 P. Tarsi I–IV, palps 0. Tibia I with ventral apophysis, the PB bearing a long stiff black thorn on inner side, slightly curved at tip and of similar size to the spur, RB with a long spine inserted on inner side at the middle of the spur (Figure 2C). Metatarsus I moderately curved (Figure 2E). Male palpal bulb with embolus subcylindrical, curved 70° to the retrolateral side. Prolateral keels present, the subapical keel (SA) conspicuous and blunt, the PS forming the embolus edge distally and pronounced; PI less-developed, apical keel not pronounced, R absent (Figure 2A, B). Female (paratype, MLP 19153). Colour in life: colour pattern as in male, but patella to tarsi with very light green pubescence, carapace dark, and reddish setae on dorsum more evident than male (Figure 1A). Total length (not including chelicerae or spinnerets) 25.1. Cephalothorax 9.4 long, 8.6 wide. Abdomen 15 long, 10.8 wide. Urticating setae type III present, posterior dorsal circular patch. Spinnerets: PMS, 1 long, 0.7 wide; PLS, 1 basal, 1 middle, 0.6 domed distal. Eyes: tubercle length 1.5, width 1. Clypeus 0.4. Anterior eyes row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.41, PME 0.19, PLE 0.32, AME–AME 0.36, AME–ALE 0.09, PME–PME 0.69, PME–PLE 0.07, ALE–PLE 0.15. Fovea: deep straight, 1.3 long. Labium: length 1.5, width 2, with 28 cuspules (Figure 9). Maxillae: with 95 and 106 cuspules spread over internal face (Figure 3A). Sternum: length 4.4, width 4. Chelicerae with 12 large teeth on promargin and 13 small teeth on retromargin. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 2. Tarsi I–IV fully scopulated divided by rows of setae increasing in width from legs I to IV. Metatarsi I one-half apical scopulated, II one-third apical scopulated, III one-quarter apical scopulated, IV one-quarter apical scopulated. Spination. Femora and patellae of II–IV, 0. Femora: palp 1 D; I 1 D. Tibiae: palp 0; I 1 V; II 1–1 P; III 1 R, 1 P; IV 1 V. Metatarsi: I 1–3 V; II 1–1–3 V; III 2 V, 1– 1–1 R, 1- 1–1 P; IV 1 D, 1–1–1–2 V, 1–1–1 P, 1 R. Tarsi I–IV, palps 0. Single spermathecal receptaculum with their lateral extensions in the base, being wider than apical portion, and the upper edge more rounded (Figure 3B). Distribution Known only from the type locality (Figure 4). Natural history Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. was found inhabiting high cloud forest in the Yungas eco-region. This region comprises a hotspot of biodiversity in northern Argentina. The mean annual precipitation in this area is above 1000 mm; the mean temperature during April (autumn in southern hemisphere, when specimens were captured) is about 16.4°C and the relative humidity during this month is about 82.4% in the area. Individuals were found at 1496 m above sea level next to the Escoipe River and provincial Route 33 (Figure 5A, B). The nearest locality to the point where spiders were found is Las Ánimas, at approximately 45 km from Salta city. Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. is a fossorial theraphosid that occupies short burrows or crevices under stones (Figure 5C). Usually, the stones where individuals were found are covered with mosses and small ferns. This species could inhabit similar habitats as other theraphosids of the high cloud forests, as indicated by Pérez-Miles and Weinmann (2009) for species of Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903.

Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. (Figures 1–3 AB, 5, Tables 1–2) Types Holotype: male: ARGENTINA: Salta province (25°09.513' S, 65°36.704' W), 20 April 2011, Patricio E. Cavallo, Martin Hüsser and Martin Gamache legs. Found southwest of Salta, near provincial route 33, adjacent to Escoipe River at an altitude of 1496 m, (MLP 19152). Paratype female (MLP 19153): same data as holotype. Etymology The specific epithet is a patronym in honour of Martin Hüsser (Switzerland) and Martin Gamache (Canada), who participated in the collection and discovery of this new species. Diagnosis Males and females of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. differ from all other congeners by the colour pattern of live specimens with distinct greenish pubescence between the patella and tarsi of the legs, also on the lateral faces of the abdomen, and by the reddish setae of the urticating setae patch on the dorsal abdomen (Figure 1). From H. albipes by the smaller size of adult males and females; males by the palpal bulb morphology with the thickened and less curved embolus having a blunt subapical keel and less-developed apical keel, and less curved metatarsus I (Figure 2A, B, E). Females of H. martinorum differ from H. albipes Simon 1903 by the shape of the spermathecae, with the lateral expansions in the base being wider than apical portion; the upper edge is also more rounded (Figure 3B, C). Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. resembles H. major (Chamberlin 1916) by the reddish setae on the abdomen dorsum but differs from this species by the smaller size and by the male palpal bulb morphology, with thickened and less curved embolus (Figure 2A, B). Description Male (holotype, MLP 19152). Colour in life: legs and palps femora dark, patella to tarsi with lighter pubescence. Carapace ochre, light brown, with margins bearing long pinkish setae. Lateral sides of abdomen with light green pubescence and yellowishreddish setae on dorsum (Figure 1B). Total length (not including chelicerae or spinnerets) 15.9. Cephalothorax 8.3 long, 7.8 wide. Abdomen 7.5 long, 4.0 wide. Urticating setae type III present, posterior dorsal circular patch. Spinnerets: PMS, 1 long, 0.4 wide; PLS, 0.6 basal, 0.6 middle, 0.3 domed distal. Eyes: tubercle length 0.65, width 0.8. Clypeus 0.3. Anterior eyes row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.21, PME 0.10, PLE 0.13, AME– AME 0.16, AME–ALE 0.07, PME–PME 0.39, PME–PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.10. Fovea: deep straight, 0.8 long. Labium: length 1.1, width 1.25, with 13 cuspules (Figure 2D). Maxillae: each with 69 and 79 cuspules spread over internal face (Figure 2D). Sternum: length 3.5, width 3. Chelicerae with 13 large teeth on promargin and 16 small teeth on retromargin. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 1. Tarsi I–IV fully scopulated divided by rows of setae increasing in width from legs I to IV (Figure 2F). Metatarsi I one-half apical scopulated, II one-third apical scopulated, III one-half apical scopulated, IV one-quarter apical scopulated. Spination. Femora and patellae of I–IV and palp, 0. Tibiae: palp 0; I 1 V, 1–1–1 R, 1 P; II 2–2–2 V, 1–1 P; III 1–1–2 V, 1–1 R, 1–1 P; IV 1–1–1–1–2 V, 1–1–1–1 R, 1– 1–1– 1 P. Metatarsi: I 2 V; II 1–1 – 2 V, 1 P, 1 D; III 1–1–3 V, 1–1–1 R, 1 P, 1–1–1 D; IV 1–1–1–2 V, 1–1–1–1–1–1 R, 1–1– 1 P. Tarsi I–IV, palps 0. Tibia I with ventral apophysis, the PB bearing a long stiff black thorn on inner side, slightly curved at tip and of similar size to the spur, RB with a long spine inserted on inner side at the middle of the spur (Figure 2C). Metatarsus I moderately curved (Figure 2E). Male palpal bulb with embolus subcylindrical, curved 70° to the retrolateral side. Prolateral keels present, the subapical keel (SA) conspicuous and blunt, the PS forming the embolus edge distally and pronounced; PI less-developed, apical keel not pronounced, R absent (Figure 2A, B). Female (paratype, MLP 19153). Colour in life: colour pattern as in male, but patella to tarsi with very light green pubescence, carapace dark, and reddish setae on dorsum more evident than male (Figure 1A). Total length (not including chelicerae or spinnerets) 25.1. Cephalothorax 9.4 long, 8.6 wide. Abdomen 15 long, 10.8 wide. Urticating setae type III present, posterior dorsal circular patch. Spinnerets: PMS, 1 long, 0.7 wide; PLS, 1 basal, 1 middle, 0.6 domed distal. Eyes: tubercle length 1.5, width 1. Clypeus 0.4. Anterior eyes row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.41, PME 0.19, PLE 0.32, AME–AME 0.36, AME–ALE 0.09, PME–PME 0.69, PME–PLE 0.07, ALE–PLE 0.15. Fovea: deep straight, 1.3 long. Labium: length 1.5, width 2, with 28 cuspules (Figure 9). Maxillae: with 95 and 106 cuspules spread over internal face (Figure 3A). Sternum: length 4.4, width 4. Chelicerae with 12 large teeth on promargin and 13 small teeth on retromargin. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 2. Tarsi I–IV fully scopulated divided by rows of setae increasing in width from legs I to IV. Metatarsi I one-half apical scopulated, II one-third apical scopulated, III one-quarter apical scopulated, IV one-quarter apical scopulated. Spination. Femora and patellae of II–IV, 0. Femora: palp 1 D; I 1 D. Tibiae: palp 0; I 1 V; II 1–1 P; III 1 R, 1 P; IV 1 V. Metatarsi: I 1–3 V; II 1–1–3 V; III 2 V, 1– 1–1 R, 1- 1–1 P; IV 1 D, 1–1–1–2 V, 1–1–1 P, 1 R. Tarsi I–IV, palps 0. Single spermathecal receptaculum with their lateral extensions in the base, being wider than apical portion, and the upper edge more rounded (Figure 3B). Distribution Known only from the type locality (Figure 4). Natural history Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. was found inhabiting high cloud forest in the Yungas eco-region. This region comprises a hotspot of biodiversity in northern Argentina. The mean annual precipitation in this area is above 1000 mm; the mean temperature during April (autumn in southern hemisphere, when specimens were captured) is about 16.4°C and the relative humidity during this month is about 82.4% in the area. Individuals were found at 1496 m above sea level next to the Escoipe River and provincial Route 33 (Figure 5A, B). The nearest locality to the point where spiders were found is Las Ánimas, at approximately 45 km from Salta city. Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. is a fossorial theraphosid that occupies short burrows or crevices under stones (Figure 5C). Usually, the stones where individuals were found are covered with mosses and small ferns. This species could inhabit similar habitats as other theraphosids of the high cloud forests, as indicated by Pérez-Miles and Weinmann (2009) for species of Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903., Published as part of Cavallo, Patricio E. & Ferretti, Nelson E., 2014, The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov., pp. 873-887 in Journal of Natural History 49 (15) on pages 876-879, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226, http://zenodo.org/record/4004661, {"references":["Simon E. 1903. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Deuxieme Edition. Paris (Roret). 2: 669 - 1080.","Chamberlin RV. 1916. Results of the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911. The Arachnida. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 60: 177 - 299.","Perez-Miles F, Weinmann D. 2009. Two new species of Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903 from Peru and the highest record for the genus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Rev Iber Aracnol. 17: 29 - 35."]}