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The main objective of this study is to find out what factors impact household recycling behavior with the aim to guide the development of a social marketing strategy to promote this behavior. The study was based on a structural equation model using the three factors that make up the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). In addition, four more variables were analyzed: environmental awareness, moral standards, situational factors, and recycling service and infrastructure. The results of 254 valid questionnaires reveal that the subjective norm – or social pressure – was the only variable of the TPB to affect recycle intention significantly. Considering the role social pressure has on recycling behavior, it is necessary to implement a social marketing strategy that maximizes the visibility of this activity and include the participation of the community as much as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the escalating issues of resource waste and environmental pollution, the effective recycling of cardboard boxes within the logistics sector has emerged as a crucial factor in advancing sustainable development. This study employs the extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB) to devise a questionnaire and gather data from 700 respondents in China, aiming to analyze the influential factors that impact consumers' engagement in recycling mechanisms provided by express delivery companies. Utilizing a principal component analysis, five co-factors that influence consumers' willingness to recycle are identified. The findings of a multinomial logistic regression reveal a positive correlation between these five co-factors and recycling behavior, with attitude exhibiting the greatest significant influence (5.076 times in model 1 and 2.375 times in model 2) on recycling behavior. These results will serve as a scientific foundation for express delivery companies and governmental entities to adapt and optimize existing environmental protection policies, thus fostering sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, meta-analysis was carried out to explore the influence of socio-economics, research design, theoretical construction, and measurement factors on the five paths among the elements of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The findings suggested that (i) subjective norm shows relatively poor explanatory efficacy due to narrow measurement range; (ii) perceived behavioral control shows the lowest explanatory efficacy because of missing the measurement of perceived control; (iii) there are too few items to measure the recycling intention, making the measurement inaccurate in reflecting participants' psychological performance; (iv) the application accuracy of TPB increases with the sample size, which should be no less than 600; (v) introducing additional variables degrades the application accuracy of TPB in most cases due to their high correlation with standard elements; and (vi) research time, local economic level, participant's characteristics, and waste type also affect the application accuracy. Finally, improvement suggestions were also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the factors that may influence recycling behavior of consumers in developing countries, specifically in the context of Pakistan. A conceptual framework was proposed using TPB to explain the impact of consumer knowledge and perceived consumer effectiveness on consumer recycling The respondents were selected by using non-probability sampling technique and the questionnaire was shared online with the respondents by using different digital platforms. The data was collected form 324 respondents living in Karachi, Pakistan and analyzed through Structure Equation Modeling on SMART PLS. The findings suggest that attitude, perceived consumer effectiveness and subjective norms show positive significant impact on consumers recycling intention. However, there is an insignificant impact of Consumer Knowledge and Perceived Behavior Control on recycling intention. The findings of the study are relevant for marketers, government/policymakers, businesses, manufacturers, environmentalists and academicians. This study would help practitioners and marketers in developing their strategy to promote recycling behavior in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The recycling of the plastic waste can help in reducing it and its environmental threat. • The theory of planned behavior was adapted and extended to measure the determinants of recycling behavior. • Subjective Norms, Awareness Consequences and Convenience are major predictors of return/recycling intention. • Attitude, Perceived Behavioral Control and Moral Norms was found to have insignificant impact on return/recycling intention. Abstract Plastic consumption has been increasing globally, creating large amount of litter and posing threat to the environment. The recycling of the plastic waste can help in reducing it and its environmental threat. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that influence the consumer's return/recycling intention regarding plastic waste. Moreover, recycling behavior of consumer was explored in detail. The theory of planned behavior was adapted and extended to measure the determinants of recycling behavior. Survey research design was employed whereas data includes valid 243 households, collected through survey questionnaire, by employing purposive sampling. PLS-SEM was applied on the collected data for hypotheses testing. The finding of this study indicates that subjective norms, awareness consequences and convenience are major predictors of return/recycling intention. Whereas, hypothesis for the attitude, perceived behavioral control and moral norms were rejected and they all have insignificant impact on return/recycling intention. Moreover, return intention have positive significant impact on resell, reuse, dispose and donate. Reuse was the most predicted by the return intention. This study enriches the literature of reverse logistics helping to understand the consumers' perspective. Provides the insights that will help government and organizations to understand consumers' return/recycling intention and formulate such strategies that will increase the involvement of consumers in recycling activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed to assess the role of some socio-psychological attributes in explaining recycling behavior of Turkish university community from a gender perspective within the context of the theory of planned behavior with an additional variable (past experience). The recycling behavior of whole sample, females and males, has been examined in 3 sessions -depending on the arguments that explain gendered pattern of private and public environmental behavior and sticking to the fact why females’ stronger environmental values, beliefs, and attitudes do not translate consistently into greater engagement in public behavior. As a result of model runs, different variables shaping intention for behavior have been found, namely perceived behavior control for females and past behavior for males. Due to the low percent of the variance in explaining recycling behavior of females, they have been identified as the ones who do not carry out intentions (non-recyclers). Since intentions alone are capable of identifying recyclers accurately but not non-recyclers, there may be other factors to be considered to understand the reason for females not carrying out the intentions. The results of descriptive statistics supported the identification by attitudes toward recycling. Female attitudes were innate (recycling is good, necessary, useful and sensitive), whereas those of males were learnt (recycling is healthy, valuable and correct). Thus, it has been concluded that males’ intention for recycling is shaped by their past behavior and the conclusion is supported by males having learnt attitude toward recycling whereas females’ lack of intention for recycling is shaped by their perceived behavior control and is supported by their innate attitude for recycling. All in all, the results of the present study provide further support for the utility of the TPB as a model of behavioral prediction and concur with other studies examining the utility of the TPB in the context of recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in sustainable (environmentally friendly) packaging has started to increase in comparison with regular packaging. To date, research has focused on how to increase the sustainability of packaging through the use of eco-design tools, and there has been only limited investigation of the relationship between sustainable packaging and consumer behavior during the purchase and recycling stages of the packaging life cycle. The present study examines the factors that influence consumers’ product purchasing behavior and their recycling behavior with respect to sustainable packaging. Data from an online survey of 215 respondents in Portugal was used to test several hypotheses by comparing two groups of consumers: one group that places importance on environmentally friendly packaging and another that regards such packaging as unimportant in product purchase decisions. The results obtained show that gender, environmental awareness, concerns about societal opinions, a positive attitude towards green purchasing, and the perception of consumer actions are factors that differentiate the two groups of consumers. The findings should prove of use to public decision-makers, companies producing packaging, and marketers. However, features such as price are still needed to alter the behavior of consumers with respect to encouraging the use of sustainable packaging. In the near future, the study should be spread to a national scale to extend the findings of the present study, and to explore further aspects of consumer pro-environmental behavior with respect to sustainable packaging, including how the relationship between product and packaging may influence consumer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution is widespread globally, and consumers play a crucial role in reducing the pollution produced by plastic waste. Although many studies have analyzed and estimated the intentions or behavior of recycling, relatively few studies have specifically focused on plastic. Moreover, we have little understanding of how technology (e.g., social media) has changed and can change consumer behavior related to plastic pollution. Therefore, this study expands our comprehension of which factors interact with consumers' behavior and intention to recycle plastics, extending knowledge of the influence of social media on consumer behavior. Through two analyses conducted on a sample of four hundred and sixty-seven American consumers, we reveal that attitudes, followed by perceived control and peer influence, positively impact consumers' intentions to recycle plastic. However, the influence of social media turns out to be significant only when examined on the cluster of consumers exposed to plastic recycling-themed content on their social media feeds. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that intentions are a crucial underlying determinant in the manifestation of plastic recycling behavior (Direct Behavior) and support for diffusion through political and administrative interventions (Indirect Behavior). Finally, the parametric and PLS-MGA tests show a significant difference in the influence of social media on demographic clusters. Thus, this study provides theoretical and practical implications for plastic recycling frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine how the mandatory household recycling policy that was changed from the previous voluntary one, affects the household recycling behavior of citizens, as well as possible solutions for waste management. An integrated household waste management model, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, was employed for exploring determinants of recycling behavior. The findings indicate that the mandatory program has met with some success. The policy implications are presented as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study uses agent-based modeling (ABM) to examine the effectiveness of a nudge policy for improving recycling behavior. In our simulation, agents' recycling behavior is computed by components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (i.e., attitudes, perceived behavioral control, social norms) and influenced by other agents as well as their surrounding (i.e., amount of waste in the area). The simulation, based on real data from a Taiwan community district, confirms realistic recycling trends and demonstrates the usefulness and reliability of ABM as a method to examine the effectiveness of waste management policies. An additional step in our simulation was to manipulate the amount of waste in the community to test the effect of a nudge policy based on social norms. Results showed that the policy increases recycling activity, but predominantly in low waste scenarios. This suggests that nudges, in the form of norm-based policies, can be an effective solution to enhancing people's recycling behavior under specific circumstances. • Using an ABM approach to investigate the effects of social norms (SN) on recycling behavior. • The level of trash already present in the environment is an important moderator of recycling behavior. • Nudges inspired by descriptive SN are powerful if preceded by nudges inspired by injunctive SN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]