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This article will briefly introduce the traditional disability studies project through the social model of disability and how its inherent theoretical limitations became the impetus to perpetuate a need to adopt critical disability theory (CDT) to expand the intellectual arsenal of the discipline. Being a reflexive inquiry that resists domination that oppresses people with disabilities, CDT's reach produced work in conversation with other areas of critical social thought and inspired this paper to explore how post-colonial work – particularly Homi Bhabha's hybridity theory – can be incorporated into CDT's paradigmatic views of power. This paper concludes by addressing some of the debates and cultural implications that stem from conceptually merging CDT and post-colonial hybridity theory to frame how it can reimagine the possibilities and trajectories of a global disability movement. Points of interest: This article addresses the two main ideas in disability studies, starting with the social model of disability, which helped put forth critical disability theory. Critical disability theory suggests that people with disabilities are controlled by others using the idea of 'impairment' to justify their power. The article suggests that critical disability theory can benefit from an approach called post-colonial hybridity, which combines global North and South ideas to help represent people with disabilities in the Southern part of the world. The article also concludes by exemplifying how mental health and traditional healing practices are combined to support well-being. The authors encourage people studying disability to listen to different voices worldwide to understand how the world is changing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the Ubuntu paradigms to reflect on the ways in which community-level values and frameworks can be recognised, strengthened and used to promote children's welfare. We present a literature review and documented practical examples from African Ubuntu communities in Global South that strongly emphasise the collectivist approach in their ways of life. With a further examination of the Ubuntu philosophy, we identify common values and patterns that can be instrumental in fostering child welfare. These are volunteerism, solidarity, vigilance, morality and hospitality. We underline these informal standards as not only crucial to social workers providing interventions for children that belong to families and communities that are interdependent in nature, but as well present an Ubuntu social work model that can be a benchmark for social work practice with children and families in multicultural communities in Global North. The result is the humanisation of child protection systems and the development and strengthening of informal community protection networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the criticisms of the operational/diagnostic criteria, generalised since DSM‐III, has been that they were shaped solely to achieve the best inter‐peer reliability with no considerations for validity. This does not fully reflect reality since throughout the development of the criteria, there was an effort to define and fulfil some validity requirements. However, despite several attempts to create alternative diagnostic systems, there is still a widespread misunderstanding of the epistemological foundations that support this paradigm. Methods: In this article, we intend to analyse the epistemological context in which the operational criteria (OC) emerged and some of the validation processes they have undergone since their conception. Results: On the epistemological basis of these operational criteria (OC) the influence of Hempel has been widely discussed. However, the group from St. Louis and, also the DSM‐III editors, never openly acknowledged his role and his contribution and revealed other influences such as other medical specialties (that used and validated several OC in the diagnosis of their diseases). On the other hand, contrary to what has often been mentioned there has been a continuous attempt to validate the OC since their conception. In the implementation and development of the operational paradigm, a more instrumental trend was followed, focused on utility, but with successive attempts to achieve realistic validity by searching for biological or psychological causality. The methodologies were initially expert‐driven and gradually more data‐driven and included some variables external to the construct itself, such as familial aggregation, diagnostic consistency over time, prognostic and other psychometric measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work has nested the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) within several theoretical paradigms of personality and clinical psychology (e.g., multivariate, psychodynamic). This has both spurred on additional research and aided in practical application. Connecting the model to other theoretical heuristics may lead to further advances. One candidate for such a theory is that of evolutionary psychology, which attempts to provide explanations of human behavior (including personality traits) rooted in adaptation. In this article, we review and integrate the theoretical and empirical literature on the AMPD and evolutionary psychology, providing a synthesis of the two models in the hope of furthering the research and application of both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the Mountain Model, the first conceptual model for evidence-based practice quality improvement (EBPQI) initiatives. The Mountain Model merges modern evidence-based practice (EBP) and quality improvement (QI) paradigm principles into a unified conceptual framework with the goal of disseminating and sustaining EBPQI projects across health care and related settings. The model was developed within the nursing discipline, but is designed for transdisciplinary implementation through interprofessional teams. The authors introduce the Mountain Model, a conceptual model that merges evidence-based practice (EBP) and quality improvement (QI) principles into a unified framework with the goal of disseminating and sustaining EBPQI projects across health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In its most recent publications, the World Health Organization called for profound change in how mental health care is conceptualized and delivered--for a new paradigm for mental health. The new model will be non-coercive, person-centered, human rights-based, recovery-oriented, readily implementable in the community, and evidence-based and optimizable via ongoing quality studies. Methods: The author identified eight alternative models for mental health care from one or more of three sources: scientific publications, scientific journals, and/or professional associations. A narrative review was conducted in which the eight different models were reviewed and analyzed qualitatively regarding their potential to meet WHO criteria. Results: After qualitative analysis of complementary and alternative psychiatry, complementary and integrative psychiatry, energy or mind-body psychiatry, functional psychiatry, holistic psychiatry, lifestyle psychiatry, nutritional psychiatry, and orthomolecular psychiatry, lifestyle psychiatry was found to be the only model for mental health that meets all criteria recently established by the WHO. Conclusions: Lifestyle Psychiatry meets WHO criteria, and additionally, it is affordable, easy to implement, and effective, either as a standalone treatment or in tandem with the existing model of psychiatry. Lifestyle psychiatry should be widely implemented in community settings and taught in psychiatric residency training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social change is built on paradigms and models. A paradigm needs an operational action model to successfully implement the paradigm, and an operational model needs a paradigm to give it credibility and content. This article describes the Quality of Life Supports Model (QOLSM) as a major pathway for applying the quality of life (QOL) paradigm. The QOLSM integrates the concepts of QOL and individualized supports. The article describes and illustrates: (a) the four elements of the QOLSM (core values, individual and family QOL domains, systems of supports, and facilitating conditions); and (b) the use of the QOLSM in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) as a framework for supports provision. The article also discusses how the QOLSM represents a value‐based and actionable model that should be effective for solving problems regarding services and supports to people with IDD, developing new knowledge, making meaningful change, being evaluated, and contributing both theoretically and operationally to the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Nursing Education Model (NEM) introduced a framework for education reform. This study examined the applications of NEM in education to determine whether modifications to NEM were warranted. Method: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews process for scoping reviews was used. Online databases and searches identified peer-reviewed articles published from 2010-to June 2023, and 71 articles were identified that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Six themes were derived from the findings: (1) learner-centered curricula; (2) instructional methods; (3) inclusive classrooms; (4) pedagogical creativity; (5) bridge theory-clinical divide; and (6) multiple units of analysis. Conclusion: The findings support the application of the NEM to promote a paradigm shift in instructional content, methods, and evaluation of outcomes. Based on use of the model identified in the literature, future modifications to NEM may be indicated, based on continued evidence. [J Nurs Educ. 2024;63(3):141–147.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the psychological, computational, and neural bases of confidence and uncertainty holds promise for understanding foundational aspects of human metacognition. While a neuroscience of confidence has focused on the mechanisms underpinning subpersonal phenomena such as representations of uncertainty in the visual or motor system, metacognition research has been concerned with personal-level beliefs and knowledge about self-performance. I provide a road map for bridging this divide by focusing on a particular class of confidence computation: propositional confidence in one's own (hypothetical) decisions or actions. Propositional confidence is informed by the observer's models of the world and their cognitive system, which may be more or less accurate—thus explaining why metacognitive judgments are inferential and sometimes diverge from task performance. Disparate findings on the neural basis of uncertainty and performance monitoring are integrated into a common framework, and a new understanding of the locus of action of metacognitive interventions is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vulnerable children refer to the special group of children with deviation in the process of children's psychological development and personality formation due to growth dilemmas. This may incur a series of serious social and family problems. The vulnerable children mainly cover the children suffering from children's psychological problems, such as childhood autism, autism, social anxiety and hypersensitivity, fear, depression, and PTSD arising from other factors. At present, the research results at home and abroad mainly focus on the psychological dynamic correlation investigation and solution discussion of a certain kind of difficult factor in the children's psychological development based on statistical data by the experimental methods, such as scale and model, and there is a blind spot in the humanistic orientation theory construction of psychological treatment for vulnerable children, causing the social reflection on children's psychological predicament from the humanistic perspective cannot be performed in related researches and going against searching for universal and integral theoretical paradigm for solving related problems. Sophisticated technologies for the observations have emerged increasingly for enabling the psychological features of vulnerable children through developmental cognitive neuroscience experiments. This paper introduces humanistic art therapy theory, focuses on the construction of a theoretical paradigm, and verifies its effectiveness based on the experimental results on the psychological development of vulnerable children, with an efficient performance. This study mainly refers to children with difficulty in social inclusion and psychological development. The results showed that two kinds of art therapy can obviously improve the psychological disorders of vulnerable children. The goal was to enhance self-cognition, strengthen emotional interaction, and implement positive motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The habituation paradigm has been applied to study the development of memory, perception, and other cognitive processes in preverbal infants, making it one of the most prominent experimental paradigms in infant research. However, there are many features of the process of habituation that remain elusive, which results in uncertainty about the best research practices. This article first discusses current practices in habituation research (e.g., the use of habituation criteria) in relation to modelling the process of habituation, revealing several issues that impede progress in the field. To overcome these challenges, we propose to move towards a modelling framework to study critical features of the habituation process. To facilitate this transition, alternative experimental designs are proposed. The article encourages clearer thinking about the process of habituation, such that the theory, design, and analysis are all in line with each other. The article concludes with concrete recommendations to improve current practices in infant habituation research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marital Paradigm Theory explicitly attributes differences in marital beliefs to relationship-oriented life experiences and socialization through cultural norms. However, some existing research has shown the potential for individual characteristics, such as personality traits and attachment styles, to associate with certain elements of relationships and marriage. The current study explored potential links among personality traits, attachments styles, and a multi-faceted system of marital beliefs (marital paradigm). A survey of 584 young adults in Iran yielded many associations among personality traits (as measured with the HEXACO model), adult attachment styles, and various marital paradigm dimensions. Results suggested that Openness to experience, Honesty-humility, and Emotionality were especially relevant to marital beliefs. Results are interpreted in light of the Iranian cultural context, adding to a sparse literature on personality and marital beliefs and a growing literature of marital beliefs from non-Western societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this article is to suggest ways in which literary practices such as reading of fiction and creative writing may be beneficial for psychiatrists in their clinical practice. Methods: Concepts from literary theory, phenomenology, and psychodynamic thinking will be used to move the therapeutic thinking of the medical paradigm beyond the dichotomic body–mind model. The ability to listen and respond to subjective and intersubjective processes, and the understanding of the dynamics and structure of the verbalized qualia will be emphasized. We will draw on our personal experiences from a pilot project applying literary techniques for psychiatrists and psychologists to improve their clinical practice. Results: In our analysis, we suggest a framing of the clinical encounter as a hermeneutic situation with a gradually growing scenic and poetic understanding of the texts enunciated in the therapeutic actions and of the texts being produced by the patient's mind. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: This theoretical study suggests two ways in which literary practices and concepts are highly valuable for the clinical practice of psychologists and psychiatrists. Impact and Implications: Fiction and poetry reading can enhance empathy and understanding of the spoken and unspoken texts of patients through the concepts of character-reading, narrative sensitivity, and self-reflection. Clinicians in mental health care can benefit from creative writing as a tool for sharing and reflecting with peers in supervision and with patients in therapeutic intersubjective transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biopsychosocial model (BPSM) was proposed by George Engel in 1977 as an improvement to the biomedical model (BMM), to take account of psychological and social as well as biological factors relevant to health and disease. Since then the BPSM has had a mixed reputation, as the overarching framework for psychiatry, perhaps for medicine generally, while also being criticized for being theoretically and empirically vacuous. Over the past few decades, substantial evidence has accumulated supporting the BPSM but its theory remains less clear. The first part of this paper reviews recent well-known, general theories in the relevant sciences that can provide a theoretical framework of the model, constituting a revitalized BPSM capable of theorizing causal interactions within and between biological, psychological, and social domains. Fundamental concepts in this new framework include causation as regulation and dysfunction as dysregulation. Associated research paradigms are outlined in Part 2. Research in psychological therapies and social epidemiology are major examples of programs that have produced results anomalous for the BMM and consistent with the BPSM. Theorized models of causal mechanisms enrich empirical data and two biopsychosocial examples are models of chronic stress and pain perception. Clinical implications are reviewed in Part 3. The BPSM accommodates psychological and social as well as biological treatment effects evident in the clinical trials literature. Personal, interpersonal, and institutional aspects of clinical care are out of the scope of the BMM, assigned to the art of healthcare rather than the science, but can be accommodated and theorized in the BPSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the relationship between satirical discourse processing and a theoretical model of satire comprehension known as satirical uptake. Word reading times and participant perceptions of sincerity for a set of minimally different satirical and nonsatirical texts were modelled considering individual differences such as need for cognition (NFC) and genre familiarity. Across two experiments, participants read either a mixture of satirical and nonsatirical texts (Experiment 1) or only satirical/nonsatirical texts (Experiment 2), indicating the degree to which they felt the meaning of the text was sincere. Results from both experiments demonstrated satirical texts were read slower than nonsatirical texts. Moreover, longer word reading times were associated with lower sincerity ratings for satirical texts, but only after participants encountered one or more satirical texts. NFC interacted with reading times in Experiment 1 but not Experiment 2, and there were no strong effects for genre familiarity in either experiment. The main conclusion drawn from these results is that successful satirical uptake may require greater processing effort, a result which aligns with theoretical models of satirical discourse as well as the related construct of verbal irony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most nonwestern researchers regard the field of indigenous psychology as an intellectual movement across the globe to resist the hegemony of Western psychology in representation of the human mind, and in investigations of local mentality. Other than avoiding the hegemony of Western psychology, scholars may still wonder why they need to construct indigenous theories or conduct indigenous research. The answer usually is that existing theories and constructs (especially Western mainstream ones) cannot explain or clarify the local phenomena that they observe or want to talk about. They have to find a new way to describe the local phenomenon they want to describe. An indigenous (new) theory or construct is the solution; the local phenomenon is the basis of reality and needs to be explored and clarified, rather than applying existing theories and constructs. There are several ways to construct indigenous theories or conduct indigenous research. One of the most common ways is the emic approach. However, this paper wants to go a step further to distinguish two different approaches: reflective emic and reflexive etic approach. This paper elaborates on application of these two approaches and advocates a multiple paradigm perspective for constructing an indigenous psychological theory from a global perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, qualitative research has gained popularity and legitimacy in sport and exercise psychology. However, this scientific discipline has not yet paid attention to postqualitative inquiry (PQI), despite the possibilities it offers for producing different knowledge and producing knowledge differently. The present article is the first attempt to rectify this lack of attention by offering a brief and partial sketch of PQI in the context of sport and exercise psychology. To start with, three of the basic propositions that enable PQI are described. These are: adopt a posthumanist view of ontology and the subject; engage with poststructuralism (necessarily) and new materialism (possibly); and think with concepts. Potential reasons for turning to PQI are then highlighted. Following from this, some perils and horizons for PQI are identified and discussed. The article concludes by presenting several reflections and recommendations to facilitate a progressive introduction of PQI in sport and exercise psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the elite's secret language or rhizome talk and the underlying theory of the psychological function of deconstructivist approach. It suggests deconstructivism as a narcissistic approach and the tendency of narcissists to combine a sense of entitlement with average readiness and hunger for power and adoration. It calls for understanding the engagement of individuals in ideological war to develop an idea of how to cope with the critical activist participatory politic.

The article proposes that the enactment of patient-centered research (PCR) may serve other ends. It endorses the warning that participatory action research may be instrumentalized and subordinated and raises the political aspect of PCR in tokenism. It suggests the evaluation of patient/consumer participation in research via measures of stakeholder engagement and calls for public funding for universities determined by neoliberal governmental policies and imperatives to efficiency.

Rationale: A 'patient‐oriented' research paradigm, also known as patient and public engagement, has infiltrated the field of health sciences and continues to spread. At first blush, it is difficult to reprove anything labelled 'patient‐oriented'; however, the patient‐oriented paradigm may easily become an ideological 'good', leading to unintended consequences that may well prove more detrimental than beneficial. While patient‐oriented research has its roots in more radical forms of patient and public engagement, its recent instantiation betrays its roots and forecloses on more radical forms of engagement, such as critical participatory research. Aim and Objectives: The objective of this article is to deconstruct the patient‐oriented research narrative and to demonstrate how such a discourse imposes itself as a dominant approach in health sciences. Approach: Following Derrida's deconstructive approach, we bring to light the unexamined presuppositions, false pretences, and presumed 'goodness' and 'naturalness' of patient‐oriented discourse. Discussion: By deconstructing the patient‐oriented narrative we demonstrate how pre‐existing power structures (biomedical, economic, etc.) shape the conduct of the approach and serve to depoliticize the truly participatory aspects of research. Rather than being modelled on the evidence‐based movement or seen as its natural 'evolution', patient‐oriented research should resist by affirming itself as a radical form that is both participatory and emancipatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scholar birthed a unique idea of the universal humanuniverse living experience of having courage using the humanbecoming concept inventing model. Very few studies have explored the phenomenon of courage. This concept inventing emerged with the now-truth, having courage is intentional risking with commitment to the cherished arising with opportunities-restrictions. With the artform, by Andrea Fidler, the scholar articulated an ingenuous proclamation in the language of the humanbecoming paradigm; having courage is powering the valuing of enabling-limiting. This scholarly conceptualization of having courage will advance the unique nursing body of knowledge and is the prelude to the Parsesciencing inquiry on having courage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins with an overview of the governing principles of psychology as a discipline, and outlines the key paradigm shifts that potentially aligned with concepts of spirituality from the early twentieth century to contemporary theory. The discussion then moves to consider how research methods in psychology can contribute to understanding how spirituality is measured and described. We consider the contribution of validated surveys, and how qualitative methods can access the lived experience of spiritual phenomena. More specifically, the psychological constructs of "Flow" and properties associated with psychological capital are posited in relation to characteristics that define a spiritual experience. Finally, we draw attention to how exploration how spirituality of individuals may be addressed, and the scope for including spiritual appreciation in competencies required in psychological practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article: • To learn the rationale for complementing or replacing a P-value with a Bayesian inference • To understand the basic concepts and compelling statistical and practical benefits of Bayesian analysis • To learn about the two Bayesian approaches increasingly advocated as alternatives or complements to commonly applied P-value statistics • To identify user-friendly software available for Bayesian analysis Background: The statistical shortcomings of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) are well documented, yet it continues to be the default paradigm in quantitative healthcare research. This is due partly to unfamiliarity with Bayesian statistics. Aim: To highlight some of the theoretical and practical benefits of using Bayesian analysis. Discussion: A growing body of literature demonstrates that Bayesian analysis offers statistical and practical benefits that are unavailable to researchers who rely solely on NHST. Bayesian analysis uses prior information in the inference process. It tests a hypothesis and yields the probability of that hypothesis, conditional on the observed data; in contrast, NHST checks observed data – and more extreme unobserved data – against a hypothesis and yields the long-term probability of the data based on repeated hypothetical experiments. Bayesian analysis provides quantification of the evidence for the null and alternative hypothesis, whereas NHST does not provide evidence for the null hypothesis. Bayesian analysis allows for multiplicity of testing without corrections, whereas NHST multiplicity requires corrections. Finally, it allows sequential data collection with variable stopping, whereas NHST sequential designs require specialised statistical approaches. Conclusion: The Bayesian approach provides statistical, practical and ethical advantages over NHST. Implications for practice: The quantification of uncertainty provided by Bayesian analysis – particularly Bayesian parameter estimation – should better inform evidence-based clinical decision-making. Bayesian analysis provides researchers with the freedom to analyse data in real time with optimal stopping when the data is persuasive and continuing when data is weak, thereby ensuring better use of the researcher's time and resources [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nursing metaparadigm, as described by Fawcett in 1984, includes human, health, nursing, and the environment, all of which support theory development by giving direction to our focus as a scientific body. Nursing scientists make their mark in biotechnological applications, mobile health, informatics, and human factors research. We give voice to the patient through design feedback and incorporating technological advancements in our evolving nursing knowledge; however, we have not formally acknowledged technology in our metaparadigm. To continue patient‐centered care in this age where machines are enmeshed in daily human life, we propose technology must be a domain of the metaparadigm to continue advancing nursing science and knowledge. In this paper, we propose a separate domain of technology within the metaparadigm to challenge nurses to consider approaches within their research and practice of how technology will impact patient care and their personal development within the profession. A technology‐specific domain within the metaparadigm also is a signal to other bodies of science of our willingness and ability to run at pace with novel, exciting new discoveries while adding our perspective. Nurses may become active agents in novel developments rather than passive adopters, continuing our legacy of patient advocacy through new knowledge generation. Emerging and continuing nurse leadership has set the stage for the next era of nurse‐led innovation and technology development, which provides an opportunity to embed technology as a core aspect of the nursing metaparadigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on a study which calls for a change in the approach to patient-oriented research and argues the inadequacy of improving patient engagement in research to determining what is important for a patient. It raises questions about participatory research including the content of participation, quality of engagement and generalizing from populations to individuals. It points out the incorporation of patient values and preferences in a patient-oriented approach.

The article comments on a study which focused on the deconstruction of patient-oriented paradigm in health sciences. It points out the lack of evidence for the pervasiveness of patient-oriented research and the failure of the study authors to show that patient-health research will foreclose on more radical forms of participatory research and engagement, as well as to provide examples of actual harms done by actual-patient-oriented health research.

Two rival paradigms compete for acceptance as representing objective reality concerning the structure of the human personality: the Five-Factor (Trait) model and the Myers-Briggs (Type) model. In this review, the common features of the two schemes are identified and the points of difference examined. It is concluded that a harmonised scheme could be achieved if both sides gave some ground. The Type community could relinquish its contention that every individual has a clear either-or preference for (for example) Extraversion or Introversion. It could also acknowledge the speculative nature of Type Dynamics. The Trait community could relinquish the value-judgements inherent in its current scheme and accept that (for example) introversion is not merely a deficit of extraversion but a distinct quality with positive potential. Given the many similarities of the two present paradigms, a unified approach would have a good claim to be the best current portrayal of personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rogers' science of unitary human beings is used to present a unitary process in the origin of humans and the evolution of gender. It is suggested that the increasing diversity of gender may be indicative of the future of humankind. Human field image and Barrett's power theory are used to understand gender identity, experience, and expression for wellbecoming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a long tradition of incorporating patient-reported outcomes (PROs) into nursing research and practice. Classical Test Theory (CTT) has been the traditional approach used to develop and refine PROs. Item response theory (IRT) offers promise for addressing measurement problems that have been difficult to solve using CTT. This paper presents foundational concepts in IRT to illustrate how it can be used to improve the development and refinement of PRO measures, with emphasis on interpreting key IRT parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to now, in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, the lower production of false memories in Alzheimer's disease has been explained in terms of non-activation of the critical lure. The aim of this study was to examine the critical lure activation process from items of DRM lists in Alzheimer's patients, using a free association task. Twenty-six young adults, 25 older adults, and 17 Alzheimer's patients performed a free association task with DRM words. Analyses indicated that Alzheimer's patients produced as many critical lures in the free association task as healthy older participants, but significantly fewer than younger participants. Our results suggest that the low production of critical lures in DRM tasks usually reported in Alzheimer's patients might not be due to a semantic deficit that prevents the activation of the critical lure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to a dialogue between childhood studies and the sociolinguistic subfield 'Family Language Policy' ('FLP'). The article argues that the two fields provide complementary vantage points for exploring child agency. It explains a revised version of a model I developed to conceptualise child agency in FLP, consisting of four intersecting dimensions: compliance regimes; linguistic norms; linguistic competence and generational positioning (Smith‐Christmas, Handbook of home language maintenance and development. De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 218–235, 2020a). The article examines two conversational excerpts as a means to illustrating the dynamic and relational nature of child agency and how it is both shaped by as well as shapes interactional practices over time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De Benedittis (this issue) has presented the notion of'quantum cognition' as a potentially useful framework within which to explain hypnosis and to guide its therapeutic use. The theories that form the background to this approach are complex and far from intuitive, Consequently, this paper seeks to provide an introduction to the topic and goes on to consider whether techniques developed in quantum theory are likely to prove useful to researchers or practitioners of hypnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on a five-year project (2015–2020) to provide a campus-wide, systemic approach to survivor support and gender violence prevention education at one large, state university by a team of violence prevention educators, seasoned program development experts, and victim advocates and practitioners. Tasked with developing a "best practice" blueprint, we report on three overarching initiatives: the reliance on a strong campus/community partnership through our Coordinated Community Response Team and engagement with faculty and staff; a gender violence prevention model that focuses on leadership engagement at all levels of the organization, bystander approaches to cultural norms change, and social justice and gender transformative paradigms considered central when engaging on these issues with people of all gender identities, including men, women, and non-binary individuals; and a set of priorities that includes organizational leadership, attention to sustainability, a strong collaboration with students and community partners, and the collection of data at all stages of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article asserts that disability can be understood more holistically if the paradigmatic stance employed to research it encompasses individual constructivism and social constructionism in tandem (thereby creating the constructivist paradigm). Adopting the constructivist paradigm allows researchers to better evaluate how internal and external understandings of disability are framed. It asserts that the clashing of separate constructivist and constructionist understandings of disability create 'crip-dissonance' - a lack of mutual understanding of disability and disabled lives between disabled and non-disabled people. Using a constructivist paradigm can, however, be instrumental in recognising the creation of disability as a social construct, and thereby understanding that the reality of disability is created through perception. The article also explains that in the current UK socio-political climate, the constructivist paradigm can contribute towards moving understandings of disability beyond passive awareness to an active tool against dis/ableism and discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Occupational Therapy / Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional is the property of Cadernos de Terapia Ocupacional da UFSCar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Occupational Therapy / Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional is the property of Cadernos de Terapia Ocupacional da UFSCar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ESTUDAM Public Health Journal is the property of ESTUDAM Public Health Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study investigates how morphological information is processed and represented in the bilingual lexicon. We employed a masked cross-language morphological priming paradigm to examine morphological decomposition and semantic transparency in bilingual lexical processing. A robust and reliable morphological priming effect was observed for both transparent compounds and opaque compounds, though there was a strong trend for more facilitation in the former than the latter. To account for these results, we propose a lemma-based bilingual model specifying the activation/competition between lemmas during cross-language activation at the morphological level. Our novel findings advance the understanding of interplay between morphology and bilingualism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews challenges to Rowe and Kahn's Successful Aging (SA) framework, particularly those that focus on the ways social inequalities, including ageism, stratify age groups and affect possibilities for SA. We then assess the authors' replies to these critiques. We find that SA 2.0 maintains a naturalization of outcomes of age relations, and retains both its focus on personal choice and its indifference to inequalities. We advocate a paradigm shift that recasts the problems of aging in three distinct ways: (i) avoids treating old age as a problem; (ii) avoids treating medical and other maladies as results of aging; and (iii) treats the problems of old age as results of age relations instead. By focusing on age relations, this paradigm goes beyond calls to examine inequalities over the life course, and seeks to normalize old ages, valuing both different modes of aging and old age itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual word processing has its own dedicated neural system that, due to the novelty of this activity, is unlikely to have acquired its specialization through natural selection. Understanding the properties of this system could shed light on its recruitment and the background of its disorders. Although recognition of simple visual objects is orientation invariant, this is not necessarily the case for written words. We used a masked repetition priming paradigm to find out whether words retain their readability when viewed in atypical orientations. Subjects had to read out upright target words that were preceded by rotated prime words of the same or different identity. Priming duration was varied in Experiment 1 to assess the temporal emergence of a rotated priming effect. In Experiment 2, the letter order of the prime words was reversed in order to differentiate the processing stage where priming occurs. The orientational pattern of the priming effects seen in our results mostly confirms earlier word recognition models, but also serves a more detailed view about the effects of orientation on word form processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of communication studies is an extremely various one, this diversity being generated by each and every science which deals in a specific manner with the object of communication or of language in itself. However, there are great efforts nowadays to build or to identify a coherent and unitary theory (or even a paradigm) in order to guide, in a transdisciplinary way, the sciences of such a vast domain. One of the relevant proposals in this regard, coming from Ioan S. Cârâc, is that of considering semiotics as a transdisciplinary method, or of taking as a paradigm Eugenio Coseriu's integral linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progress in teaching and learning clinical reasoning depends upon more sophisticated modelling of the reasoning process itself. Current accounts of clinical reasoning, grounded in experimental psychology, show a bias towards situating reasoning inside the skull, further reduced to neural processes signified by imaging. Such a model is necessary but not sufficient to explain the clinical reasoning process where it fails to embrace cognition extended to the environment and social contexts. Sufficiency for a model of clinical reasoning must include dialogues between doctor, patient, and colleagues, including the complex influences of history and culture, where artefacts and semiotics such as computers, testing, and narrative structures augment cognition. Here, 'extended' cognition is configured as an outside-in process of 'sensemaking' or 'adaptive expertise'. Current 'predictive processing' cognition models place emphasis on anticipatory cognition, where memory is reconfigured as active reconstruction rather than recall and recognition. Such an 'ecological perception' or 'externalistic' model provides a counter to the current dominant paradigm of 'ego-logical' cognitive reasoning – the latter, again, abstracted from context and located inside the skull. New models of clinical reasoning as an open, dynamic, nonlinear, complex system are called for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this opinion paper, we frame a discussion on paradigm shift(s) in the field of information. We believe that in this astonishing historical moment of new directions and new opportunities both the existing paradigms and conceptual models in the field of information can benefit from re‐examination to stay current with the times. We propose a framework articulating key narratives associated with the why, what, how, and who dimensions to discuss paradigm shift(s). The purpose of this opinion paper is to initiate dialogues on ground‐breaking ideas and innovative solutions as well as support research that addresses contemporary challenges in the field of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Theoretical ways of knowing in occupational therapy include paradigms, conceptual practice models and related knowledge. Despite the diversity of models available to guide practice, there are few examples of analyses which compare and contrast their respective core concepts. Aims: The aims of this paper are to describe how the dimensions of occupation described in the Pan Occupational Paradigm pervade conceptual practice models, and are embedded within case reports of occupational therapy. Materials and Methods: A framework analysis was undertaken, using the dimensions of occupation – doing, being, becoming and belonging – as core concepts. The alignment of concepts from four widely utilised occupational therapy conceptual practice models with these dimensions were investigated and described. Four case reports developed in reference to these specific conceptual practice models were also analysed, and their expression of the core concepts and dimensions discussed. Results: The dimensions of occupation were embedded in all reviewed conceptual practice models and case reports. The dimensions are explained in discrete, relational and embedded forms, with each conceptual practice model adopting a specific terminology and structure to describe them. Conclusions and Significance: The presence of all four dimensions of occupation, regardless of form, terminology or structural arrangement, is proposed as a hallmark of an occupational therapy conceptual practice model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel coronavirus that shook the world population has restructured the world order. While the scientists are grappling hard to find a solution to the imminent problem at hand, the pandemic has thrown the human race into a perplexed stage questioning and mostly changing everything they believed in. The pandemic has replaced human beings as social animal to virtual being. The social distancing mandate required for the survival as propounded by WHO has forced individuals to keep the other humans at bay. The present paper is an attempt to look at the changes the world is facing with respect to the social, cultural, economic, and psychological aspects with a special focus on the internationally acclaimed Kerala model of survival. Kerala, a small state located within the southern peninsula of the country has played an important role in containing the spread of the virus despite its larger population density. The paper focuses on the innovative mechanics followed by the state to curtail the spreading. It also attempts to look at the changes that have been brought in the general human behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study sought to assess how framing effects modulate age-related differences in effort-based decision-making. Consistent with the selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) model's loss prevention account of aging, we predicted that older adults would be more willing to select high-effort options in loss contexts than gain contexts. Method Older and younger adults completed the effort expenditure for rewards task (EEfRT) in either a gain or loss context. The EEfRT is an effort-based decision-making paradigm in which participants choose between a low-effort, "easy" option and a high-effort, "hard" option for several trials. The probability and value of an outcome varies on a trial-by-trial basis. Results The results supported our prediction and the SOC model. Older adults chose more high-effort, difficult options in loss frames than gain frames. Older adults also chose more low-effort, easy options than younger adults in gain contexts, but did not differ from younger adults in loss contexts. Discussion These findings demonstrate that framing effects impact older adults' effort-based decisions. Older adults appear willing to incur a greater "cost" in the form of effort to prevent a loss than to attain a reward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical decision‐making (CDM) is an essential component of dietetic practice that can significantly affect the quality of patient care. Research around CDM in clinical dietetics is scarce, with research in other healthcare professions offering limited insight into dietitian CDM in the specific setting of the acute care hospitals. The aim of this qualitative research was to deepen our understanding of the nature of the CDM of experienced dietitians in the acute care setting. Methods: The present study employed philosophical hermeneutics to guide methods situated within the interpretative paradigm. This study invited dietitians currently practising in adult acute care hospitals with at least 3 years of experience to be involved two in‐depth semi‐structured interviews using the principles of hermeneutics. A reference focus group session was then used to provide rigour and further interpretation of the findings. Results: Ten dietitians participated in the interviews and five of these same participants in the reference focus group. The findings have informed the development of A Model of the Multidimensional Nature of Dietitian CDM in the Acute Care Setting, which reflects the nature of making decisions for patient care through the synergistic relationship between five key dimensions: (i) tasks; (ii) interactions; (iii) reasoning; (iv) practitioner factors; and (v) context, all of which are managed and monitored by the higher‐ order reasoning process of the dietitian's clinical judgement. Conclusions: Because there is scarcity of research on the CDM of dietitians in acute care settings, the present study can provide training and professional development insights to managers, educators and supervisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore connections between spiritual metaparadigm and the nursing metaparadigm and advocate for a progressive spiritualization of nursing management. Background: Relationship between the spiritual holistic metaparadigm of love, communion and gift and the holonic nursing metaparadigm of care, relationship and practice is not completely understood. Method: The construction of a theoretical explanation on the basis of accumulated knowledge in the fields of nursing and spirituality (especially Christian spirituality) for the purpose of constructing a meaningful description. Results: Deep connectivity between the elements of both metaparadigms: love and care, communion and relationship, and gift and practice. Conclusion: The connection between the spiritual and nursing metaparadigms is real in nursing education, practice and management because of the holistic character of spirituality. In collective intentions and cultural values are the main channels of interaction between the nursing and the spiritual metaparadigms. Implications for nursing management: Spirituality influences nursing management by, among other things, (a) providing meaning and purpose; (b) promoting cohesion in health communities; (c) fostering respect for ethics; (d) stimulating innovation; (e) encouraging leadership; and (f) illuminating the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Victims of family violence are sorted into fragmented systems that fail to address the family as an integrated unit. Each system provides specialized care to each type of victim (child, older adult, adult, animal) and centers on the expertise of the medical and service providers involved. Similarly, researchers commonly study abuse from the frame of the victim, rather than looking at a broader frame—the family. We propose the following 5 steps to create a research paradigm to holistically address the response, recognition, and prevention of family violence. (1) Establish common definitions and data elements for family violence. Definitions and data elements should be useable across medical, social, and legal systems of care. Outcomes should be relevant to patients, family members, and providers. (2) Measure the efficacy and cost of the current medical-social-legal system that addresses violence. (3) Develop actionable screening recommendations for at-risk household contacts when violence is initially identified. (4) Develop and test family-centered interventions, especially those that target modifiable risk factors such as substance use or mental illness. (5) Target support and prevention strategies for families at highest risk. By developing an integrated research model to address family violence, and by using that model to support integrated systems of care, we propose a fundamental paradigm shift to improve the lives of families living with and suffering from violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both languages are jointly activated in the bilingual brain, requiring bilinguals to select the target language while avoiding interference from the unwanted language. This cross-language interference is similar to the within-language interference created by the Deese–Roediger–McDermott false memory paradigm (DRM; Roediger & McDermott, 1995, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21[4], 803–814). Although the mechanisms mediating false memory in the DRM paradigm remain an area of investigation, two of the more prominent theories—implicit associative response (IAR) and fuzzy trace—provide frameworks for using the DRM paradigm to advance our understanding of bilingual language processing. Three studies are reported comparing accuracy of monolingual and bilingual participants on different versions of the DRM. Study 1 presented lists of phonological associates and found that bilinguals showed higher rates of false recognition than did monolinguals. Study 2 used the standard semantic variant of the task and found that bilinguals showed lower false recognition rates than did monolinguals. Study 3 replicated and extended the findings in Experiment 2 in another semantic version of the task presented to younger and older adult monolingual and bilingual participants. These results are discussed within the frameworks of IAR and fuzzy-trace theories as further explicating differences between monolingual and bilingual processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]