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Unlabelled: Fifteen patients with small testicular masses not suspected to be malignant were included in the study, and permanent and frozen section analyses were evaluated. As a result frozen analysis, preoperative externalization of the suspected malignancy with a physical examination, ultrasonographic evaluation, and serum tumor marker analysis were concluded as key points for accurate decision making between TSS and radical orchiectomy., Background: We aimed to determine the safety, efficacy, and the concordance of permanent and frozen section analysis (FSA) of testis-sparing surgery (TSS) in patients who had small testicular masses that were not suspected to be malignant., Patients and Methods: Fifteen patients who underwent TSS were included in the study. TSS was performed for the patients who had testicular lesions <25 mm and testicular lesion volume <30% of the whole testis. All patients had normal serum tumor marker levels and ultrasonographic evaluation did not indicate malignancy. Surgery was performed via an inguinal approach with temporary cord occlusion and FSA of the lesions. Benign findings allowed for TSS, and cancer prompted total orchiectomy., Results: The mean patient age was 25.33 (range, 20-36) years. The predominant complaint was swelling (9 patients). The mean lesion diameter was 16 mm (range, 5-26 mm). Fourteen of all cases (93%) had benign pathology and underwent TSS. Only 1 patient, whose FSA revealed malignant formation, underwent radical orchiectomy. Final pathology of this patient was seminoma. Complete histopathologic concordance was observed between the results of frozen and permanent sections. TSS was performed with no intra- or postoperative complications. After a mean follow-up of 23 months (range, 6-44 months) all patients, except 3 who were lost to follow-up, were free of disease., Conclusion: The main key points for accurate decision-making between TSS and radical orchiectomy are intraoperative FSA and preoperative externalization of possible suspected malignancy with physical examination, ultrasonographic evaluation, and serum tumor marker analysis., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To investigate the relation of testosterone-induced relaxation with smooth muscle K+ channels in human internal spermatic veins. Testosterone induces relaxation in human isolated internal spermatic veins, and this effect decreases in high-grade varicocele (recently reported)., Methods: The responses of isolated internal spermatic veins from patients with varicocele were recorded isometrically using a force displacement transducer. After contracting the venous rings with 45 mM KCl, relaxation with testosterone (0.1-300 μM) was recorded in the absence or presence of large conductance calcium-activated K+ channel and the voltage-sensitive K+ channel inhibitor tetraethylammonium, adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channel inhibitor glibenclamide, voltage-dependent inward rectifier K+ channel inhibitor barium chloride, and voltage-sensitive K+ channel inhibitor 4-aminopyridine., Results: Testosterone induced relaxation in human isolated internal spermatic veins in the absence of inhibitors (maximal effect 52.88±6.72, n=24). Although tetraethylammonium, barium chloride, and 4-aminopyridine did not alter the testosterone-induced relaxant responses, GLI inhibited these responses., Conclusions: These results have demonstrated that testosterone induces relaxation in human isolated internal spermatic veins of patients with varicocele by way of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channels., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Endolymphatic injection of several dyes have been previously studied to identify retroperitoneal lymphatic structure in animals and humans with malignant diseases. However, there have been no studies, to our knowledge, that demonstrate the utility of injecting patent blue dye into the testicular parenchyma to detect retroperitoneal lymphoid structure. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate whether intratesticular patent blue dye injection is feasible and is an accurate method for retroperitoneal lymph node mapping in rats., Materials and Methods: Twenty male albino Wistar rats were included in the study and divided over two equal groups. The first group underwent patent blue violet (PBV) injection into the spermatic funiculus, while the second group underwent PBV injection into the testicular parenchyma. After the injection, the color changes in the retroperitoneal lymphatic structures and the urinary bladder were anticipated. The time interval between the injection and the staining of lymphatic structures and urinary bladder was measured for each intervention. Blue stained retroperitoneal nodal tissues were dissected and removed. These nodal tissues were examined histologically., Results: After PBV injection, intense staining of the ipsilateral spermatic cord lymphatics was seen and anticipated color changes in the retroperitoneal lymphatic structures and urinary bladder were evaluated visually. Both application routes of dye resulted in the same distribution of retroperitoneal lymph nodes in the same time frame. All retroperitoneal nodular tissues removed were noted histologically to be lymph nodes and were found to be consistent with the ipsilateral lumbar lymph and the ipsilateral suprarenal lymph nodes according to the staining order in both groups. No toxic effects were observed histologically. There were no statistically significant differences in the time intervals between the two groups., Conclusions: We demonstrated that both funicular and intratesticular injections of patent blue dye are feasible and accurate methods for retroperitoneal lymph node mapping in rats. This shows that intralymphatic dye injection is not absolutely necessary to detect retroperitoneal lymphatic structures and may have applications beyond testis cancer.