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It has recently become more popular to involve 3-D modeling and digital documentation in the conservation and restoration of heritage sites. The main objective of the current study is to develop a digital documentation process using laser scanning for Abu Simbel Temple, which is one of the most famous archaeological sites in Egypt. We focus on these techniques to replace traditional methods of building heritage documentation. To create the 3-D model with geographic coordinates and measure the rate of deformation, a precise geodetic network of five points was established around the temple. Then, 52 scans of the temple facade and its interior parts were taken using a Trimble TX6 laser scanner. This led to the creation of a 3-D digital model of the temple that includes geometric, structural, architectural, historical data, and non-engineering information (such as appearance, inscriptions, and material details). The 3-D point cloud model outputs exhibit a 6 mm spacing between the points with an error of 4 mm and a standard deviation of 5 mm. In addition, the temple's virtual tour included 61 panoramic images. This virtual tour can help to increase heritage awareness, promote tourism, and aid in the future restoration of any parts vulnerable to damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abu Simbel area lies in lower Nubia region, south of Egypt, near the Sudanese border, about 280 km southwest of Aswan; it contains one of the most important temples in Egypt. They are called the Great Abu Simbel temple and the Small Abu Simbel temple. Microtremor measurement is an accurate and appropriate method for estimating fundamental dynamic features and vulnerability index for enormous constructions to manage earthquake disasters. The paper aims to use the fundamental frequency technique to identify the resonant frequency and estimate the impact of the soft soil sediments on the area around the temple and its effects on the Abu Simbel temples building's. Thirty-two places have been selected to evaluate the ambient noise around the selected area of study. Moreover, five points inside Abu Simbel temple in each direction have been chosen to study the seismic behaviour and vulnerability inside the temple. The results of the zonation map reveal that, the values of the fundamental frequency (F 0) for the region around the temples vary from 0.56 to 0.96 Hz, and the values of H/V peak amplitude (A 0) range from 2 to 21, and this result for H/V amplitude is attuned with the fundamental frequency (F 0) results. Depending on the natural frequency (F 0) and H/V amplitude (A 0), the seismic vulnerability index (K g) was calculated, ranging between 6 and 350 through the region around the temple. The results of Kg were observed to be appropriate with amplification factor effects. On the other hand, the Abu Simbel temple's natural frequency (F 0) in both directions and on each floor ranges from 0.7 to 1 Hz. Also, frequencies inside the Abu Simbel temple are compatible with the frequencies around the temple; therefore, the occurrence of the resonance phenomenon is probable. • Thirty-Four microtremor measurements for fundamental frequency & peak amplitude. • Zonation map, Seismic vulnerability index, and Sediments thickness are also estimated. • Resonance event possibility is calculated by fundamental frequency inside the temple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]