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Currently, headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a widely used method to identify the key odorants of sludge. However, the effect of incubation temperature on the generation and emission of key odorants from sludge was still uncertain. Thus, in this paper, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and headspace gas chromatography-coupled ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) were carried out to analyze the volatiles emitted from the sludge incubated at different temperatures (30 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C). The results indicated that the total volatile concentration of the sludge increased with temperatures, which affected the identified proportion of sludge key odorants to a certain extent. Differently from the aqueous solutions, the variation of volatile emission from the sludge was inconsistent with temperature changes, suggesting a multifactorial influence of incubation temperature on the identification of sludge odorants. The microbial community structure and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolic activity of the sludge samples were analyzed at the initial state, 30 °C, and 80 °C. Although no significant effect of incubation temperature on the microbial community structure of the sludge, the incubation at 80 °C led to a noticeable decrease in microbial ATP metabolic activity, accompanied by a significant change in the proportion of odor-related microorganisms with low relative abundances. Changes in the composition and activity of these communities jointly contributed to the differences in odor emission from sludge at different temperatures. In summary, the incubation temperature affects the production and emission of volatiles from sludge through physicochemical and biochemical mechanisms, by which the microbial metabolism playing a crucial role. Therefore, when analyzing the key odorants of sludge, these factors should be considered., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the changes the rheological properties of some soft lining materials, to compare the rheological properties and viscoelastic behaviour at different temperatures., Materials and Methods: Five soft lining materials (acrylic and silicone based) were used. the storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G"), tan delta (tan δ) and complex viscosity (η') were chosen and for each material, measurements were repeated at 23, 33 and 37  °C, using an oscillating rheometer. All data were statistically analyzed using the Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis test and Conover's Multiple Comparison test at the significance level of 0.05., Results: Soft lining materials had different viscoelastic properties and most of the materials showed different rheological behavior at 23, 33 and 37  °C. At the end of the test (t¹5), at all the temperatures, Sofreliner Tough M had the highest storage modulus values while Visco Gel had the highest loss Tan delta values., Conclusions: There were significant changes in the rheological parameters of all the materials. Also temperature affected the initial rheological properties, and polymerization reaction of all the materials, depending on temperature increase., Clinical Implications: Temperature affected the initial rheological properties, and polymerization reaction of soft denture liner materials, and clinical inferences should be drawn from such studies conducted. It can be recommended to utilize viscoelastic acrylic-based temporary soft lining materials with lower storage modulus, higher tan delta value, and high viscosity in situations where pain complaint persists and tissue stress is extremely significant, provided that they are replaced often., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The blood-to-plasma ratio (R b ) is an important property of drug candidates. R b is applied widely in drug discovery to convert plasma pharmacokinetic parameters to the respective parameters in blood and to develop in vitro-in vivo correlations. Some compounds such as prodrugs, soft drugs, and peptide mimetics are unstable in blood, making accurate in vitro R b measurement challenging, but necessary. Low temperature often reduces the rate of enzymatic and chemical reactions and increases the stability of labile compounds in biomatrices. In this study, the effects of 4°C on R b measurement were evaluated using a set of structurally diverse compounds with various binding and red blood cell (RBC) transport mechanisms. The results indicate that a 4°C R b method provides comparable R b values to the 37°C method for most compounds and can therefore be applied to measure the R b of unstable compounds in drug discovery. In some rare cases, when compounds have a high affinity to specific RBC components (e.g., carbonic anhydrase), the 4°C method may underestimate R b. In these specific cases, the use of appropriate inhibitors to stabilize unstable compounds is recommended., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The growth of the well-known fungus Ganoderma lucidum is influenced by temperature, which has an impact on the associated microbial structure in the substrate. In this study, we analyzed the bacterial diversity of the substrate at different temperatures using next-generation sequencing technology. A total of 513 733 sequences from 15 samples were assigned to 19 bacterial phyla. The samples were dominated by Proteobacteria , followed by Firmicutes ; the 2 phyla exhibited opposite changes with elevated temperature. Bacterial genera showed different abundances at different temperatures, in which Sediminibacterium maintained a stable abundance below 40 °C, while Ochrobactrum and Rhodococcus were enriched with elevated temperature and both showed their highest abundances at 40 °C. Functional prediction uncovered 39 identified KEGG pathways, and bacterial genes involved in the membrane transport pathway exhibited the highest abundance subject to heat (40 °C) during the growth of G . lucidum . In general, our findings illustrated the influence of temperatures on G. lucidum mycelial morphology and the bacterial community in the substrate, and the results will facilitate cultivation of this fungus.

To define the skin temperature at which diseased nerves are better differentiated from the healthy. Motor and sensory conduction of median and ulnar nerve were evaluated in 52 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and 52 matched healthy controls at environmental skin temperature (mean 32-33 °C), after warming by an average of 2 °C and cooling to approximately 6 °C below baseline. In the hot condition, group comparisons for the median nerve showed a similar rate of distal motor latency (DML) reduction and sensory conduction velocity (SCV) increase in CTS and controls. With cold, the rate of change was smaller for the patients: DML mean increase was 5% /°C (7% for controls) and SCV mean decrease was 2.5%/°C (3.2% for controls). Individual patients' analysis revealed fewer abnormal median DML and SCV values at hot or at cold, compared to environmental temperature. It is concluded that conduction adjustments for low hand temperatures based on healthy measurements resulted in overcorrection and therefore underdiagnosis of CTS. Alternatively, at excessive hand warming the convergence of patient and healthy measurements also lead to underdiagnosis. Maintenance of skin temperature at 32-33 °C, corresponding to normal body temperature, is the optimum approach and should always be employed in clinical practice., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest There are no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures by all authors., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Results of previous studies with different fish species, mostly from temperate- or cold-water habitats, indicate a species-specific diversity regarding the relationship between environmental temperature and values for sperm motility variables. In the current study, there was appraisal of environmental temperature effects on sperm motility of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, a tropical fish species selected because of its aquaculture importance and capacity to reproduce in a broad range of water temperatures. Effects of environmental temperature on the spermatozoa motility characteristics were studied by temperature-controlled video-microscopy and CASA analysis at temperature range from 5 to 50 °C. It appeared that the Nile tilapia spermatozoa exhibit an unexpected capacity to express very different velocity characteristics over this temperature range. In the lower temperature range (5-10 °C), the percentage of motile cells was markedly variable among males. An abrupt increase in the linearity index was observed between 15 and 20 °C suggesting a physiological threshold in sperm movement at about 20 °C which is the minimum temperature for reproduction in the Nile tilapia. With faster spermatozoa velocity, there was a reduction of the motility duration at the greater temperatures. Initially, there is an increase in sperm velocity as the temperature increased until the maximal velocity occurred at 40 to 50 °C which is a temperature beyond that which occurs in natural spawning conditions. Results of the present study clearly indicate the importance of considering ambient temperature when charactering sperm motility and in determining optimal temperature conditions for fertilization in fish., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Temperature has a known effect on ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activities, reducing its ammonia oxidizing rate (AOR) when temperature is lowered. However, little is known concerning its effect on N 2 O and NO emissions which are produced during ammonia oxidation having a greenhouse effect. To study this, an AOB enriched partial nitrification sequencing batch reactor (PN-SBR) was operated within a two step-wise feed under 5 different temperatures (30-25-20-15-10 °C). A decrease on the specific AOR (sAOR) was detected when decreasing the temperature. N 2 O emissions were also affected by the temperature but only the ones produced during the first aeration of the cycle, when AOBs shifted from a period of low activity to a period of high activity. N 2 O emission factors (%) detected during the second aerobic phase were similar among all temperatures tested and lower than the emissions detected during the first aerated phase. The average N 2 O emission factor was in the range of 0.15-0.70% N 2 O-N/NH 4 + -N oxidized in the first aeration phase and 0.14-0.15% N 2 O-N/NH 4 + -N-oxidized in the second aeration phase at 10 to 30 °C, respectively. On the other hand, NO emissions were very similar under all temperatures resulting in 0.03-0.06% of NH 4 + -N oxidized., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Knowledge about the changes in optical properties is needed for planning safer and more accurate laser treatments. A monitoring system was developed to study how the optical properties of a lipid emulsion are affected by temperature changes. A double-integrating-sphere system is modified with a controlled heating apparatus to measure the temperature-dependent diffuse reflectance and total transmittance values. The absorption and reduced scattering coefficients were estimated from the reflectance and transmittance values using an inverse adding-doubling method. The total transmittance showed positive correlation with temperature while the diffuse reflectance was found to be negatively correlated. Although the absorption coefficient did not demonstrate a statistically significant change with temperature, the reduced scattering coefficient was negatively correlated. By using the obtained optical properties, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to observe the difference in light propagation within a tissue. The results indicate that temperature-dependent changes in optical properties should be taken into consideration for a safer laser treatment.

The effect of temperature variations on the pancreatic β-cell activity and the role of different model compartments in temperature sensing have been investigated using a computational modeling approach. The results of our study show that temperature variations by several degrees can change the dynamical states of the β-cell system. In addition, temperature variations can alter the characteristic features of the membrane voltage, which correlates with insulin secretion. Simulation results show that the ion channels such as the L-type calcium, the hERG potassium, sodium channels and the glycolysis pathway are the possible sites for sensing temperature variation. Results indicate that for a small temperature change, even though the frequency and amplitude of electrical activity are altered, the area under the membrane potential curve remains almost unchanged, which implies the existence of a thermoregulatory mechanism for preserving the amount of insulin secretion. Furthermore, the computational analysis shows that the β-cell electrical activity exhibits a bursting pattern in physiological temperature (37 °C) while in vitro studies reported almost the spiking activity at lower temperatures. Since hormone-secreting systems work more efficient in bursting mode, we propose that the pancreatic β-cell works better in the physiological temperature compared with the reference temperature (33 °C)., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Zinc fingers are small protein domains in which zinc plays a structural role, contributing to the stability of the zinc-peptide complex. Zinc fingers are structurally diverse and are present in proteins that perform a broad range of functions in various cellular processes, such as replication and repair, transcription and translation, metabolism and signaling, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Zinc fingers typically function as interaction modules and bind to a wide variety of compounds, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules. In this study, we investigated the structural properties, in solution, of the proximal and distal zinc knuckles of the nucleocapsid (NC) protein from the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) (MMTV NC). For this purpose, we performed a series of molecular dynamics simulations in aqueous solution at 300 K, 333 K, and 348 K. The temperature effect was evaluated in terms of root mean square deviation of the backbone atoms and root mean square fluctuation of the coordinating residue atoms. The stability of the zinc coordination sphere was analyzed based upon the time profile of the interatomic distances between the zinc ions and the chelator atoms. The results indicate that the hydrophobic character of the proximal zinc finger is dominant at 333 K. The low mobility of the coordinating residues suggests that the strong electrostatic effect exerted by the zinc ion on its coordinating residues is not influenced by the increase in temperature. The evolution of the structural parameters of the coordination sphere of the distal zinc finger at 300 K gives us a reasonable picture of the unfolding pathway, as proposed by Bombarda and coworkers (Bombarda et al., 2005), which can predict the binding order of the four conserved ligand-binding residues. Our results support the conclusion that the structural features can vary significantly between the two zinc knuckles of MMTV NC., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Pulse rate variability (PRV) is a promising physiological and analytic technique used as a substitute for heart rate variability (HRV). PRV is measured by pulse wave from various devices including mobile and wearable devices but HRV is only measured by an electrocardiogram (ECG). The purpose of this study was to evaluate PRV and HRV at various ambient temperatures and elaborate on the interchangeability of PRV and HRV. Twenty-eight healthy young subjects were enrolled in the experiment. We prepared temperature-controlled rooms and recorded the ECG and photoplethysmography (PPG) under temperature-controlled, constant humidity conditions. The rooms were kept at 17, 25, and 38 °C as low, moderate, and high ambient temperature environments, respectively. HRV and PRV were derived from the synchronized ECG and PPG measures and they were studied in time and frequency domain analysis for PRV/HRV ratio and pulse transit time (PTT). Similarity and differences between HRV and PRV were determined by a statistical analysis. PRV/HRV ratio analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between HRV and PRV for a given ambient temperature; this was with short-term variability measures such as SDNN SDSD or RMSSD, and HF-based variables including HF, LF/HF and normalized HF. In our analysis the absolute value of PTT was not significantly influenced by temperature. Standard deviation of PTT, however, showed significant difference not only between low and moderate temperatures but also between low and high temperatures. Our results suggest that ambient temperature induces a significant difference in PRV compared to HRV and that the difference becomes greater at a higher ambient temperature., Competing Interests: We have no conflict of interest to declare.

Aims: To examine the seasonality and effects of temperature on levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG)., Methods: We collected health data from the Kailuan cohort study. FPG, blood pressure and individual information including age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, drinking habit, physical activities, income, work type, education level, and history of diabetes, were collected for each participant. Daily weather conditions were collected during the study period of 2006-2011. A total of 49,417 participants who had three times of health examination were included to the analyses. Generalized additive mixed models were used to examine the effects of temperature and seasonality on FPG levels, while controlling for potential confounders., Results: FPG level was higher in winter and spring than that in autumn and summer. For all participants, the FPG winter level increased 0.31mmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.28-0.33mmol/L] in comparison with autumn. The association between temperature and FPG levels was U-shaped. For all participants, the change in FPG levels associated with extreme cold temperature (-6.7°C), moderate cold temperature (2.4°C), moderate hot temperature (23.7°C), and with extreme hot temperature (28.1°C), in comparison with threshold (18.1°C) were 0.12mmol/L (95% CI: 0.10-0.14mmol/L), 0.10 (95% CI: 0.09-0.12mmol/L), 0.06 (95% CI: 0.04-0.08mmol/L), and 0.12mmol/L (95% CI: 0.08-0.16mmol/L), respectively., Conclusion: The findings suggest that there may be strong relationships between FPG levels and season and ambient temperature. In particular, there were higher FPG levels in the winter and at extreme cold and hot temperatures., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is recalcitrant to degrade and mineralize. Here, the effect of temperature on the photolytic decomposition of PFOA was investigated. The decomposition of PFOA was enhanced from 34% to 99% in 60 min of exposure when the temperature was increased from 25 to 85°C under UV light (201-600 nm). The limited degree of decomposition at 25°C was due to low quantum yield, which was increased by a factor of 12 at 85°C. Under the imposed conditions, the defluorination ratio increased from 8% at 25°C to 50% at 85°C in 60 min. Production of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs, C7-C5), PFCAs (C4-C3) and TFA (trifluoroacetic acid, C2) accelerated and attained a maximum within 30 to 90 min at 85°C. However, these reactions did not occur at 25°C despite extended irradiation to 180 min. PFOA was decomposed in a step-wise process by surrendering one CF2 unit. In each cyclical process, increased temperature enhanced the quantum yields of irradiation and reactions between water molecules and intermediates radicals. The energy consumption for removing each μmol of PFOA was reduced from 82.5 kJ at 25°C to 10.9 kJ at 85°C using photolysis. Photolysis coupled with heat achieved high rates of PFOA degradation and defluorination., (Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Autotrophic nitrogen removal appears as a prerequisite for the implementation of energy autarchic municipal wastewater treatment plants. Whilst the application of anammox-related technologies in the side-stream is at present state of the art, the feasibility of this energy-efficient process in main-stream conditions is still under investigation. Lower operating temperatures and ammonium concentrations, together with a demand for high and stable nitrogen removal efficiency, represent the main challenges to overcome for this appealing new frontier of the wastewater treatment field. In this study, we report the short-term effect of temperature on the maximum biomass specific activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria as evaluated by means of batch tests. The experiments were performed on anammox biomass sampled from two full-scale reactors and two lab-scale reactors, all characterized by different reactor configurations and operating conditions. The results indicate that for the anammox conversion, the temperature dependency cannot be accurately modeled by one single Arrhenius coefficient (i.e., θ) as typically applied for other biological processes. The temperature effect is increasing at lower temperatures. Adaptation of anammox bacteria after long-term cultivation at 20 and 10°C was observed. Implications for modeling and process design are finally discussed., (© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The effects of temperature on the chiral recognition of cyclic β-amino acid enantiomers on zwitterionic [Chiralpak ZWIX(+) and ZWIX(-)] chiral stationary phases were investigated. Experiments were performed at different mobile phase compositions and under 10°C column temperature increments in the temperature range 10-50°C. Apparent thermodynamic parameters and T(iso) values were calculated from plots of ln k and ln α versus 1/T, respectively. Unusual temperature behavior was observed, especially on the ZWIX(-) column, where the application of MeOH/MeCN (50/50 v/v) containing 25 mM triethylamine and 50 mM formic acid as mobile phase led to nonlinear van't Hoff plots and increasing retention time with increasing temperature. On both columns, both enthalpically and entropically driven separations were observed., (Copyright © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

We present a detailed computational study on the temperature effect of the dynamics and the interfacial width of unentangled cis-1,4 polybutadiene linear chains confined between strongly attractive alumina layers via long, several μs, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations for a wide range of temperatures (143–473 K). We examine the spatial gradient of the translational segmental dynamics and of an effective local glass temperature ( T g L ). The latter is found to be much higher than the bulk Tg for the adsorbed layer. It gradually reduces to the bulk Tg at about 2 nm away from the substrate. For distant regions (more than ≈ 1.2 n m), a bulk-like behavior is observed; relaxation times follow a typical Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann dependence for temperatures higher than Tg and an Arrhenius dependence for temperatures below the bulk Tg. On the contrary, the polymer chains at the vicinity of the substrate follow piecewise Arrhenius processes. For temperatures below about the adsorbed layer's T g L , the translational dynamics follows a bulk-like (same activation energy) Arrhenius process. At higher temperatures, there is a low activation energy Arrhenius process, caused by high interfacial friction forces. Finally, we compute the interfacial width, based on both structural and dynamical definitions, as a function of temperature. The absolute value of the interfacial width depends on the actual definition, but, regardless, the qualitative behavior is consistent. The interfacial width peaks around the bulk Tg and contracts for lower and higher temperatures. At bulk Tg, the estimated length of the interfacial width, computed via the various definitions, ranges between 1.0 and 2.7 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather and climate changes have been found to affect various socioeconomic outcomes, but the mechanisms that underlie these effects are not fully understood. This article examines the effect of temperature on risk-taking behaviour using daily weather and Powerball sales data in the U.S. The results show that a 1 degree Fahrenheit increase in daily maximum temperature, on average, leads to a 0.30% increase in the Powerball sales in the county. We also find that individuals tend to opt for riskier options on higher-temperature days. Alternative explanations for these effects, such as avoidance behaviour and the income effect, are ruled out as possible drivers of these effects. Our article provides new insights into a potential yet undiscovered channel through which temperature, or more broadly, weather and climate changes can influence socioeconomic outcomes. The findings also have important implications for policymakers concerned about weather and climate changes and their effects on human behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optically dark states play an important role in the electronic and optical properties of monolayers (MLs) of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides. The effect of temperature on the in-plane-field activation of the neutral and charged dark excitons is investigated in a WSe2 ML encapsulated in hexagonal BN flakes. The brightening rates of the neutral dark (XD) and grey (XG) excitons and the negative dark trion (TD) differ substantially at particular temperature. More importantly, they weaken considerably by about 3–4 orders of magnitude with temperature increased from 4.2 K to 100 K. The quenching of the dark-related emissions is accompanied by the two-order-of-magnitude increase in the emissions of their neutral bright counterparts, i.e. neutral bright exciton (XB) and spin-singlet (TS) and spin-triplet (TT) negative trions, due to the thermal activations of dark states. Furthermore, the energy splittings between the dark XD and TD complexes and the corresponding bright XB, TS, and TT ones vary with temperature rises from 4.2 K to 100 K. This is explained in terms of the different exciton–phonon coupling for the bright and dark excitons stemming from their distinct symmetry properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the error between the strain measured by the fiber grating sensor pasted on the surface of the substrate and the real strain of the substrate, the analysis of the relationship between the strain measured by the fiber and the actual strain of the substrate is the focus of this research. Since structures are subjected to various harsh conditions in actual service, such as temperature changes, fatigue, corrosion, aging, cracks and other external factors, when using surface-adhesive fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for structural health monitoring, all external factors may affect the measurement accuracy of the sensors and cause measurement errors, so it is necessary to consider some specific factors in a comprehensive manner. In this paper, we theoretically study the average strain transfer rate of the three-layer strain transfer model of a surface-adhesive fiber grating sensor under the effects of temperature change and fatigue load, derive the formula for the average dynamic strain transfer rate under the combined effects of two external factors using the shear-lag method and analyze the parameters of the fiber-optic sensor to correct the error and optimize the measurement accuracy of the sensor in order to better monitor the structure under temperature change and fatigue load. The shear hysteresis method is also used to analyze the parameters of the fiber-optic sensor to correct the errors and optimize the measurement accuracy of the sensor in order to better monitor the real dynamic strain of the substrate under temperature and fatigue loads and provide theoretical guidance for its measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological invasions are a major threat for many aquatic ecosystems. In contrast to higher plants and animals, microbial invasions are less obvious and more difficult to detect. One of the most prominent microbial invaders is the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii. To better understand the environmental conditions favoring its invasion success, we studied invasion under three different temperature regimes (one constant and two variable) in experimental plankton communities by invader addition experiments. To account for intraspecific variation, we tested four different strains of R. raciborskii and the mixture of them. Invasion success of R. raciborskii was higher under constant temperature conditions than under fluctuations suggesting that the resident species responded faster to the environmental changes than the invaders. We observed a clear strain‐specific effect, demonstrating that strain identity is an important determinant of invasion success. The interaction of temperature fluctuations and strain identity indicates that, among the tested strains, the response to the temperature regimes varied. The mixture of all four strains did not perform better than the best single strain showing no sign of a positive genetic diversity effect. In our experiment, environmental fluctuations did not widen a window of opportunity for the invasion of R. raciborskii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of temperature of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel on enamel microhardness of permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 36 surgically extracted impacted human third molars. The teeth were mounted in acrylic resin and mesiodistally sectioned into buccal and lingual halves by a high‐speed cutting saw. The buccal halves of the teeth were polished with silicone carbide abrasive paper and subjected to pH cycling (8 h of immersion in demineralizing agent and 16 h of immersion in remineralizing agent) for 10 days. Their primary enamel microhardness was subsequently measured by a Vickers microhardness tester. The specimens were then randomly assigned to three groups (n = 12) for application of 1.23% APF gel at 4, 25, and 37°C for 4 min. The specimens were then rinsed and incubated for 24 h. Their secondary enamel microhardness was subsequently measured, and the change in microhardness of the specimens was calculated and analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA; α = 0.05). Results: The mean percentage of change in microhardness was −0.73% ± 16.8%, −5.28% ± 27.32%, and −7.27% ± 32.28% following the application of APF gel at 4, 25, and 37°C, respectively. The difference among the three groups was not significant regarding the percentage of change in microhardness (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Increasing the temperature of 1.23% APF gel from 4 to 25°C and 37°C did not cause a significant change in enamel microhardness of permanent teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear behaviour of soil–structure interfaces greatly affects the performance of geotechnical structures. The soil–structure interfaces in geothermal structures (e.g., energy pile and energy wall) are often subjected to varying temperature and suction conditions. However, there is no constitutive model to simulate the coupled effects of suction and temperature on the shear behaviour of soil–structure interfaces. In this study, a thermo-mechanical model was newly developed based on the bounding surface plasticity framework to predict the thermo-mechanical behaviour of saturated and unsaturated interfaces. A power function was used to calculate the degree of saturation at the interface and improve the evaluation of suction effects on interface shear strength. A linear relationship between temperature and interface critical state friction angle was proposed to incorporate thermal effects. New equations were also proposed to describe the critical state lines (CSLs) in the void ratio versus stress plane (e- ln σ n * ) and to model the shearing-induced deformation at various temperatures and suctions. The experimental data from different interfaces in the literature were used to evaluate the model capability. Comparisons between measured and computed results suggest that this model can well capture the coupled effects of temperature, suction, and net normal stress on the shear behaviour of interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports an integration of organic photodetector (OPD) and organic spin valve (SV) in a single physical device — ITO/V[TCNE]2/rubrene/Co/Au magnetic OPD heterostructure. Generation of photocurrent with more than 43.3% photocurrent‐to‐dark current ratio is revealed in this device under illumination of 660 nm red laser light at 0.4 V electrical bias. Moreover, room temperature SV response with up to 7.7% SV magnetoresistance peak is found at 138 Oe in the same heterostructure. Such intriguing coexistence of photocurrent generation and SV effect at room temperature in a single magnetic OPD heterostructure paves the way for the development of eco‐friendly all‐organic next‐generation multifunctional opto‐spintronics devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between meteorological factors, specifically temperature and precipitation, and the incidence of appendicitis in Seoul, South Korea. Methods: Using data from the National Health Insurance Service spanning 2010–2020, the study analyzed 165,077 appendicitis cases in Seoul. Time series regression modeling with distributed-lag non-linear models was employed. Results: Regarding acute appendicitis and daily average temperature, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) showed an increasing trend from approximately − 10 °C to 10 °C. At temperatures above 10 °C, the increase was more gradual. The IRR approached a value close to 1 at temperatures below − 10 °C and above 30 °C. Both total and complicated appendicitis exhibited similar trends. Increased precipitation was negatively associated with the incidence of total acute appendicitis around the 50 mm/day range, but not with complicated appendicitis. Conclusions: The findings suggest that environmental factors, especially temperature, may play a role in the occurrence of appendicitis. This research underscores the potential health implications of global climate change and the need for further studies to understand the broader impacts of environmental changes on various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryopreservation of receptacles or fertilized eggs is the main method for the preservation of indoor germplasm resources for the economic seaweed Sargassum fusiforme. However, none of these methods can achieve long-term preservation of germplasm resources. The holdfast represents the asexual reproductive organ of S. fusiforme and has a dense tissue that can be regenerated into seedlings under suitable conditions. Therefore, in this study, the holdfast was used as the experimental material to analyze the effects of different temperatures (8 °C, 10 °C, 13 °C) and salinities (29‰, 24‰, 19‰, 14‰) on the preservation of S. fusiforme germplasm. The results showed that 29‰ and 14‰ were not suitable for the long-term preservation of holdfasts regardless of temperatures, since both photosynthesis and growth rates of the holdfast decreased after 30 days of preservation at these salinities. However, 8 °C and 19‰ were found to be suitable for the long-term in vitro preservation of holdfasts, with a survival time being as long as 120 days. During the experiment, the photosynthesis activity of the holdfast also displayed less fluctuation in this experimental condition than in the others. After 120 days, the content of malondialdehyde in the holdfasts was the lowest, and the morphology remained intact. 8 °C and 19‰ could be suitable for long-term indoor preservation of S. fusiforme. These findings might provide technical support for solving the problem associated with the difficulty of preserving the germplasm of superior strains in the breeding process. They might also have important significance for crossbreeding and for establishing a germplasm resource bank for S. fusiforme in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brine shrimp Artemia is able to filter particulate substances non-selectively and continuously, and its filtration capacity is related to various environmental parameters as well as Artemia growth stage. In this study, the filter-feeding rate (FFR) of Artemia franciscana at different temperatures (20°C /25°C /30°C) and stocking densities (200/400/750/1000 ind./L at two earlier growth stages with the body length of 0.91 ± 0.05 mm and 1.53 ± 0.22 mm, respectively; 50/100/200 ind./L at two later growth stages with the body length of 4.72 ± 0.51 mm and 10.26 ± 0.46 mm, respectively) on three unicellular algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Porphyridium purpureum, Phaeodactylum tricornutum) and two sizes of polyethylene beads (30 μm and 50 μm) was determined at Artemia four growth stages. In total 144 combinations were tested. The results showed that the FFR was positively correlated with the ambient temperature and Artemia body length, while it was negatively correlated with the Artemia density and particle size. One way ANOVA analysis showed that ambient temperature, Artemia stocking density and particle size mostly had significant effects on FFR (P < 0.05). And the favorable filtration particle size of Artemia increased with its body length. The equation of FFR in function of temperature (T), Artemia body length (BL) and stocking density (SD), and particle size (PS) was obtained using multiple linear regression analysis: FFR = 0.487* BL + 0.067* T-0.01* SD-0.064* PS-1.508 (R2 = 0.513). Of these four variables, body length had the greatest effect on FFR, followed by ambient temperature, particle size and Artemia density. There were interactions among three factors (T, SD and PS) and the interactive degree varied with Artemia growth. The results of this study provide a valuable guidance for proper feeding in controlled Artemia production and standardization of feeding protocol for ecotoxicity and fundamental Artemia research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interface slip state of high-speed friction stir welding (HSFSW) is challenging to determine, and accurate boundary conditions cannot be obtained. First, this paper studies the effects of velocity and temperature on the interface slip state, and establishes a new slip coefficient equation. Then, this equation was used to modify the velocity boundary conditions and improve the numerical calculation method of HSFSW. A numerical model of HSFSW was established and validated through experimental data. Finally, the effects of traverse speed and rotational speed on the temperature and void defects of HSFSW were elaborated, and the applicable process parameter range was determined. Specifically, void defects were observed at a rotational speed of 6000 rpm with traverse speeds of 1000 mm/min and 2000 mm/min, while surface peeling occurred at a traverse speed of 3000 mm/min with a rotational speed of 7000 rpm. This study establishes the optimal parameter range for aluminum alloy HSFSW, providing valuable guidance for future industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive control methodology has been developed to address challenges such as temperature fluctuations, inconsistent depth penetration, and compositional integrity variations during laser-induction hybrid strengthening performed with consistent power parameters. This approach synergistically integrates a fuzzy controller and a decoupling compensator. In the initial part of this study, a temperature field model was utilized to investigate the effects of different process factors on temperature profiles. The analysis of step response data facilitated the development of mathematical models that delineate the correlation between the input factors and output responses. Subsequently, a decoupling compensation technique was used to reduce the coupling effects between temperature and its rate of change. A fuzzy controller was then developed to reduce the system's reliance on mathematical models, hence improving the accuracy of the control strategy. The results indicate that the application of fuzzy PI control and the implementation of decoupling compensation, the control strategy successfully improves the performance of the controller by minimizing parameter interactions. This strategy also incorporates real-time adjustment of PI parameters. Compared to conventional PI control, this method offers improved response speed and reduced overshoot. The laser-induction hybrid strengthening technique ensures superior temperature control, maintaining steady-state temperature precision within a 1% tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Fiber metal laminates (FMLs), which are constructed from thin metal sheets interspersed with fiber‐reinforced epoxy, are the focus of this study. Specifically, GLARE 2/1, which features a layer of glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP) sandwiched between two layers of Al 2024‐T3, is examined for its ballistic properties, particularly in aerospace applications. The effects of temperature and velocity on GLARE's ballistic performance are investigated through ballistic tests and simulations. The tests were carried out using a single‐stage light gas gun for three temperatures and seven impact velocities. The ballistic limit, specific absorbed energy (SAE), and failure modes of GLARE under high‐velocity impacts were analyzed in the investigation. Simulations of the ballistic tests were conducted using the LS‐DYNA hydrocode to examine the failure mechanisms and stress distribution within GLARE panels. The findings reveal that GLARE exhibits its highest ballistic limit at room temperature. Additionally, the SAE of GLARE samples decreases with increasing temperature; for instance, at an initial velocity of 167 m/s, the SAE at 60 and 100°C was reduced by 21% and 46%, respectively, compared to the SAE at room temperature. The simulations indicated that over 50% of the kinetic energy was absorbed by the rear Al 2024‐T3 (Al_2) layer of GLARE. Ballistic limit of GLARE decreased with increasing temperature. Higher impact velocities led to a plugging failure mechanism. SAE of GLARE reduced as temperature increased. Al_2 absorbed maximum kinetic energy across temperatures and velocities. Simulations showed Al_2 absorbed over 50% of kinetic energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual reproduction through seeds is an effective way to renew plant populations and increase their genetic diversity, but seed germination process is complicated and relatively difficult due to the restriction of environmental conditions. Wetland plants that reproduce sexually through seeds may be affected by changes in moisture and temperature. This study aims to explore the ecological adaptation strategies of seed germination of Lilium concolor var. megalanthum under different hydrothermal conditions. Controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the germination performance of L. concolor var. megalanthum seeds at different temperatures (10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C) and simulated drought stress conditions using PEG-6000 solutions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The results showed that temperature, drought stress, and their interaction significantly affected the days to first germination, germination percentage, coefficient of germination rate, germination energy, germination index, and vigor index of seeds (p <0.01). The germination percentage, germination index, and vigor index of seed were significantly higher at 25°C compared to other temperatures (p <0.01). The interaction between low temperature and drought stress significantly delayed the days to first germination. The inhibition of drought stress on seed germination was enhanced by PEG-6000 solution under high temperature. Under the conditions of 25°C and 5% PEG-6000 solution concentration, seeds of L. concolor var. megalanthum exhibited optimal germination parameters. At 10°C and 15°C, the seeds exhibited the highest tolerance to PEG-6000-simulated drought stress. Rehydration germination results showed that extreme temperatures and drought stress conditions inhibit seed germination of L. concolor var. megalanthum without damaging seed structure. The germination pattern of seeds under variable temperature and drought stress conditions reflects their adaptive strategies developed over long-term evolution to cope with the environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Stimulation (tFUS) is a new, rapidly growing field related to the study and treatment of brain circuits. Establishing safety cutoffs for focused ultrasound is crucial for non-ablative neurological ultrasound experiments. In addition to potential focal heating, there is concern about temperature elevation at the skin surface. Much work has been performed at or near the FDA guideline of ISPTA.3 = 720 mW/cm2, which technically only applies to diagnostic, not therapeutic, ultrasound. Furthermore, evidence of brain tissue damage on histology in the focal region has been shown not to occur until ISPTA.3 > 14 W/cm2. Therefore, this study was conducted across a range of intensities between these two values, evaluating both subjective and objective side effects. Subjective side effects encompassed any discomfort experienced during and after focused ultrasound stimulation, while objective side effects included clinical findings of skin irritation, such as erythema, edema, or burns. This study also examined how the skin temperature at the skin–transducer interface would change in order to assess whether there would be significant heating. The subjects did not experience any unpleasant sensation at the point of stimulation, including heat or pain, and no objective findings of skin irritation were observed following stimulation and the removal of the transducer. In addition, there was no intensity-dependent effect on temperature, and the maximal rise in temperature was 1.45 °C, suggesting that these parameters do not result in the heating of the skin at the interface in such a way that poses a risk to subjects when operating at or below the intensities tested in this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, pupates in the soil, and the depth at which it pupates influences its susceptibility to natural enemies, which plays a key role in biological control programs. This laboratory study examined the relationship between temperature and pupation depth, showing that even small changes in temperature lead to significant variations in pupation depth. This result suggests that temperature may affect interactions between B. dorsalis and its natural enemies in ways that were previously overlooked. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a notable agricultural pest that undergoes pupation in the soil. Mortality risk from predation and parasitism decreases as the depth of the pupal location increases from the ground surface, with a one-centimetre increase in depth causing a significant change. Soil properties, such as moisture and hardness, influence pupation depth, but the effect of temperature has not been fully tested. This laboratory study examined whether a biologically important variation in pupation depth (e.g., one centimetre) is caused by naturally experienced temperature variations (20 to 35 °C) in B. dorsalis. The temperature–pupation depth relationship revealed a unimodal pattern, with the deepest pupation occurring at intermediate temperature levels and shallower pupation at the two extreme temperature ranges. Strong quantitative effects were observed, with the highest mean pupation depth of 40.8 mm at 27.5 °C and the lowest mean pupation depth of 15 mm at 35 °C. The observed quantitative effect suggests that temperature can strongly affect pupal mortality from predators and parasitoids by influencing pupation depth. Future studies that reveal the ability of biological control agents to forage underground for pupae at different temperatures are awaited, as this is key information for evaluating the effectiveness of these agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess temperature variations caused by ongoing climate change in the Basilicata region, southern Italy—Ionian side of the Gulf of Taranto—on the territory of the Matera DOP vineyard. In particular, it aims to assess the influence of the sea on temperature trends, and particularly to its "mitigating effect" in the context of ongoing climate change. Temperature trends were analyzed using ERA5-Land data from 1981 to 2022 and data from weather stations of the Lucanian Agency for Development and Innovation in Agriculture from 2000 to 2023. Temperature trends were studied considering both the period of the vegetative-productive season of the vineyards and the whole year. The results of this study show that, for the historical period analyzed, the Matera DOP area showed a significant upward trend in temperatures, particularly in the inland areas. This increase, especially for minimum temperatures, is more evident at higher elevations than at lower elevations near the sea. Indeed, coastal areas benefit from the thermoregulatory effect of the Ionian Sea, which moderates temperature increases at lower elevations. It follows that the Matera DOP wine-growing areas, and particularly those furthest from the coastal strip, will have to adapt to harsh climatic conditions that will certainly affect the quality and typicality of the wines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The rapid development of turtle breeding leads to the risk of aquaculture wastewater pollution. The microalgal strain Desmodesmus sp. CHX1 has shown great potential in removing nutrients from wastewater. This study investigated the effects of temperature and light on the growth of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1 and its nutrient removal in turtle aquaculture wastewater to find the optimal conditions for growth and nutrient removal efficiency. This study was relevant to the development of new strategies for the resource utilization of turtle aquaculture wastewater based on microalgae cultivation. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of temperature and light on microalgal growth and nutrient removal in turtle aquaculture wastewater using a single-factor experiment method. Results showed that the growth process of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1 in turtle aquaculture wastewater exhibited three stages, namely adaptation, logarithmic, and stable periods. Temperature and light significantly influenced the growth and protein and lipid accumulation of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1. The optimal conditions for the growth and biomass accumulation of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1 included a temperature of 30 °C, a photoperiod of 24L:0D, and a light intensity of 180 μmol photon/(m2·s). Increased temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity enhanced nutrient removal efficiency. Maximum nitrogen removal was achieved at a temperature of 30 °C, a photoperiod of 24L:0D, and a light intensity of 180 μmol photon/(m2·s), with the removal efficiency of 86.53%, 97.94%, 99.57%, and 99.15% for ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and total phosphorus (TP), respectively. Temperature did not significantly affect TP removal, but increased photoperiod and light intensity improved the removal efficiency of TP. The development of microalgae biomass as a feed rich in protein and lipids could address feed shortages and meet the nutritional needs of turtles, offering a feasible solution for large-scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTemperature and voltage are critical operational parameters that significantly influence the efficiency of the electro-osmosis dewatering process. Despite their importance, there is a lack of comprehensive research to evaluate their combined effects on enhancing electro-osmotic dewatering process efficiency. In this study, mutual effects of temperature and voltage on electro-osmotic dewatering of tailings were investigated using numerical simulation. To validate the model, output data were compared with experimental results on thermal electro-osmotic dewatering of red mud. The results indicated that increase in temperature from 25 °C to 35 °C and 25 °C to 45 °C resulted in a 12% and 27% increase in electric current, and 25% and 50% increase in fluid outflow velocity, respectively. Additionally, electric current and fluid outflow velocity increased by about 50% and 100% for all considered temperatures when voltage increased from 10.5 V to 15.75 and 10.5 V to 21 V, respectively. Furthermore, the results proved that increase in temperature was more effective than voltage in enhancing Joule’s heating-induced dewatering. The study also revealed that increase in distance between electrodes by more than 1 m decreases the efficiency of electro-osmotic dewatering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lime reaction rate in a container substrate is influenced by temperature and moisture, which are factors that vary between batches of substrate during manufacturing, storage, and crop production. The effects of temperature and moisture on the duration required to achieve a stable substrate-pH are useful information for substrate companies and growers, as well as a key component when modeling lime reaction over time. The pH of a 70 peat : 30 perlite (by volume) substrate was quantified over time under a range of different storage temperature (1.9 to 33.3°C) and substrate volumetric water content (VWC, 0.168 to 0.568 L of H2O/L of substrate). The lime source was a horticultural dolomitic carbonate limestone screened to the fraction that passed through a 100 US mesh but was retained on a 200 US mesh (0.075–0.15 mm) incorporated at 2.67 g·L−1 of substrate. Experiments provided two data sets for calibration and validation. Lime reaction rate increased with increasing substrate temperature and substrate moisture level. The duration required to reach a target substrate-pH value of 6.0 was used to indicate 90% of maximum pH effect from lime. Duration varied from 4 days with the combined high temperature (20.6 and 33.3 °C) and high VWC (0.468 and 0.568 L H2O/L of substrate) to 53 days with low temperature (1.9 °C) and low VWC (0.168 L H2O/L of substrate) for the calibration data set. At an example low VWC of 0.168 L of H2O/L of substrate, the duration required to reach substrate-pH 6.0 at 1.9, 7.8, 10, 20.6, and 33.3°C was 53, 38, 34, 23, and 17 days, respectively. Similarly, if the temperature was held constant at 33.3°C, reducing VWC from 0.568 L H2O/L to 0.128 L H2O/L would decrease lime reaction rate from 100% to 21%, requiring five times the duration to reach an equilibrium pH. Results can be used to compare the relative effects of moisture and temperature on lime reaction rate for substrate manufacturers and growers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morchella, a highly valued medicinal and edible mushrooms, is experiencing an increasing demand; however, its cultivation is significantly influenced by climatic conditions and soil characteristics. Consequently, elucidating the mechanisms underlying Morchella mycelium's response to temperature stress holds substantial importance for enhancing Morchella cultivation practices. In this study, we used Morchella sextelata as the research object and employed integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to evaluate the effects of cultivation temperatures set at 33 °C, 20 °C, and 4 °C on the vegetative mycelium of Morchella. Through these comprehensive analyses, we identified 2998 differentially expressed genes alongside 678 differentially accumulated metabolites. Utilizing Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), we constructed a co-expression network that revealed hub genes and metabolites within each module. Furthermore, through KEGG pathway analysis, we pinpointed significant metabolic pathways responsive to temperature stress—particularly those involved in purine metabolism, RNA degradation, two-component systems, ABC transporters, and pyruvate metabolism. Overall findings indicated that elevated temperatures exerted a more pronounced effect on M. sextelata mycelium compared to lower temperatures. These insights enhance our comprehension of the adaptive mechanisms of M. sextelata to thermal variations while providing valuable references for optimizing environmental temperature regulation in their cultivation as well as offering clues for selecting varieties capable of thriving under diverse thermal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of the most popular and recent work on passenger and truck tires. Previous papers discuss a huge amount of work on the modeling of passenger car tires using finite element analysis. In addition, recent works on tire–road interaction and the validation of tires using experimental measurements have been described. Moreover, the history of the tire-road contact algorithms is explained. In addition, friction modeling that is implemented in tire–road interaction applications are discussed. Also, a summary of current state-of-the-art research work definitions and requirements of the tread rubber compound are covered from previous studies using various literature reviews and hyper-viscoelastic material models that are implemented for the tread top and the tread base rubber compound. Furthermore, the effect of tire temperature from previous works is presented here. Finally, this literature review also highlights the shortcomings of recent research work and describes the areas lacking in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a novel tactile display that can present vibration patterns and thermal stimuli simultaneously. The vibration actuator employs a shape memory alloy (SMA) wire to generate micro-vibration with a frequency control of up to 300 Hz. The micro-vibration is conducted to a tactile pin for amplifying the vibration, to be sufficiently recognized by a user. A thermal stimulation unit, on the other hand, consists of four Peltier elements with heatsinks for heat radiation. Four vibration actuators and a thermal unit are arranged in a flat plane with a size of 20 mm × 20 mm, on which a user places the tip of an index finger to feel the presented vibratory stimuli under different temperature conditions. We conducted an experiment by employing nine subjects to evaluate the performance of the proposed tactile display and also to investigate the effects of temperature on recognizing tactile sensation. The results demonstrated that the proposed device was feasible for the quantitative diagnosis of tactile sensation. In addition, we verified that the sensitivity of tactile sensation decreased with colder stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the impact of degreasing temperature in the degreasing mixture PRAGOLOD 57N on cataphoretic painting using design of experiments (DoE). Key technological factors such as degreasing deposition time, concentration, cataphoretic deposition time, and voltage are examined for their effect on the thickness of the formed anti-corrosion layer. Cataphoretic painting, an economical and eco-friendly method, is widely used for treating metal parts in automotive and engineering industries. The study involves testing 88 samples, with thickness measurements taken via Elcometer 456C according to the ISO standards and graphical analysis performed using statistical software to optimize the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual reproduction through seeds is an effective way to renew plant populations and increase their genetic diversity, but seed germination process is complicated and relatively difficult due to the restriction of environmental conditions. Wetland plants that reproduce sexually through seeds may be affected by changes in moisture and temperature. This study aims to explore the ecological adaptation strategies of seed germination of Lilium concolor var. megalanthum under different hydrothermal conditions. Controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the germination performance of L. concolor var. megalanthum seeds at different temperatures (10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C) and simulated drought stress conditions using PEG-6000 solutions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The results showed that temperature, drought stress, and their interaction significantly affected the days to first germination, germination percentage, coefficient of germination rate, germination energy, germination index, and vigor index of seeds (p<0.01). The germination percentage, germination index, and vigor index of seed were significantly higher at 25°C compared to other temperatures (p<0.01). The interaction between low temperature and drought stress significantly delayed the days to first germination. The inhibition of drought stress on seed germination was enhanced by PEG-6000 solution under high temperature. Under the conditions of 25°C and 5% PEG-6000 solution concentration, seeds of L. concolor var. megalanthum exhibited optimal germination parameters. At 10°C and 15°C, the seeds exhibited the highest tolerance to PEG-6000-simulated drought stress. Rehydration germination results showed that extreme temperatures and drought stress conditions inhibit seed germination of L. concolor var. megalanthum without damaging seed structure. The germination pattern of seeds under variable temperature and drought stress conditions reflects their adaptive strategies developed over longterm evolution to cope with the environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellowing is the key processing technology of yellow tea, and environmental conditions have a significant impact on the yellowing process. In this study, volatile compounds of the yellowing process under different environmental conditions were analyzed by GC–MS. Results showed that a total of 75 volatile compounds were identified. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) determined that 42 of them were differential compounds, including 12 hydrocarbons, 8 ketones, 8 aldehydes, 6 alcohols, and 8 other compounds, and compared the contents of differential compounds under the conditions of 40 °C with 90% humidity, 50 °C with 50% humidity, and 30 °C with 70% humidity, then analyzed the variation patterns of hydrocarbons under different yellowing environmental conditions. A 40 °C with 90% humidity treatment reduced the content of more hydrocarbons and increased the aldehydes. The content of 3-hexen-1-ol was higher when treated at 50 °C with 50% humidity and was consistent with the results of sensory evaluation. This study could provide a theoretical basis for future research on the aroma of yellow tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the thermodynamic and fluid dynamic influences on the clamping force of high-strength bolts (HSBs) within a temperature range of -20℃ to 60℃, reflective of the climatic conditions prevalent in northern China. Eight HSB specimens were subjected to focused experimental investigations to quantify the effects of thermal expansion and the dynamics of clamping force relaxation under varying thermal environments. It was determined that initial clamping force relaxation, significantly influenced by thermal dynamics, was completed within seven hours at a controlled temperature of 24℃, with observed losses ranging from 1.01% to 3.44%. Furthermore, a substantial degradation of clamping force was recorded, attributed to a thermal gradient, where losses increased up to 19.02% as temperatures rose from 20℃ to 60℃. The findings culminated in the development of a thermofluid model, which effectively estimates clamping force behaviour across the studied temperature spectrum. To mitigate the adverse effects of thermal relaxation, a recommendation was made to increase the standard tightening force by 5%, thereby providing critical guidelines for optimising the mechanical integrity of steel connections under thermal stress. These insights are expected to enhance the understanding of clamping force stability in high-strength bolted joints within extreme thermal environments, contributing to the advancement of structural integrity assessments in engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life‐history tradeoff between reproduction and survival often results in a discordant timing of peak mortality risk for males and females in seasonally reproducing species. Understanding how this seasonal association between reproductive investment and survival is impacted by individual age, demography, and climate is increasingly important as anthropogenic influence is driving rapid global climate and population structure changes. We investigate how tradeoffs between seasonal reproductive investment and survival have fluctuated in response to observed changes in demography and climate using 60 years of demographic records collected from a free‐ranging population of rhesus macaques Macaca mulatta (n = 1919 males, 1609 females). Seasonal mortality rates fluctuated significantly over the 60‐year period for both males and females. In males, but not females, age‐specific survival was different during periods of low and high reproductive investment, indicating that tradeoffs between reproduction and survival are particularly age‐dependent in males. There was no little to no evidence for an effect of sex ratio on survival in either sex. In both sexes, higher population density was associated with lower survival, and this negative effect of density was particularly strong during each sex's period of low reproductive investment. While there was no evidence for an effect of temperature on female survival during periods of low reproductive investment, during periods of high reproductive investment there was a positive association between average daily temperature maximum and female survival. Female survival was higher overall when rainfall was greater, and this positive effect of rainfall on survival was particularly strong for females during periods of low reproductive investment. Conversely, there were no effects of temperature or rainfall on male survival. The results of this study illustrate the considerable ways that climatic and demographic factors can influence sex‐specific mortality during each sex's distinct periods of reproductive investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their dependence on environmental temperatures, ectothermic animals are likely to be particularly sensitive to global climate change. Accurate prediction of ectotherm population responses to climate change requires a mechanistic understanding of effects of increased temperatures on survival and reproduction. Yet, despite organismal development through distinct life stages that may differ in sensitivity to temperature, most studies measure effects on a single life stage. Using a combination of greenhouse and field experiments, including a large restoration experiment, we measured the effects of temperature increases on all annual life stages in a multivoltine butterfly. We then used the vital rate – temperature relationships to develop a population model parameterized with (1) increased temperatures relative to observed field temperatures and (2) downscaled global climate model data. Our goal was to model population dynamics under future climate change in order to understand what temperature variables have the strongest effects on vital rates, which life stages is population growth most sensitive to under increased temperatures, and how projected warming will affect future growth rates. We found that maximum temperature over each life stage time period was the most important temperature variable explaining changes in vital rates with temperature. Population growth rates dropped below one (shrank) at temperature increases of 1.5 °C. Our population model projected that annual growth rates will go from growing to shrinking during the 2060s at latest under the RCP 8.5 scenario. Our findings demonstrate the need for conservation strategies for ectotherms that target specific vulnerable life stages and consider differing effects of climate variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightweight cellular concrete (LCC) is widely used as a subgrade fill. It is susceptible to environmental factors such as wind and temperature during pouring, and unfavorable environmental factors can lead to deterioration of its performance after curing and molding. However, the effects of wind and temperature during pouring are often neglected. In this paper, the mechanisms of wind and temperature effects on LCC during pouring are revealed in terms of mechanical and microstructural properties. The results indicate that wind speed has a positive correlation with dry density and compressive strength, while it has a negative correlation with water absorption, as long as the wind speed remains below 6 m/s and the duration is within 6 h. Variations in wind speed also affect the average pore size (APS) of LCC, initially increasing and then decreasing. The pore roundness value (PRVs) shows a positive correlation with wind speed, whereas the fractal dimension of pore distribution (FDPD) exhibits a negative correlation. As the temperature rises from −15°C to 70°C, dry density generally decreases in steps; compressive strength decreases and then increases and then decreases. At −10°C and 40°C, LCC shows the highest water absorption, with an increase of 60.8% and 52.3%, respectively, compared with the standard pouring temperature of 20°C. The APS follows a pattern of increase, decrease, and then increase. Moreover, it increases by 51.5% at −5°C and by 21.3% at 70°C. PRV initially increases and then decreases, while FDPD decreases initially and subsequently increases. Macroscopic performance and microporous structure analyses suggest that the recommended temperature range for LCC during pouring is −5°C to 40°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their excellent properties and low manufacturing costs, SiC particle-reinforced Al matrix composites (SiCp/Al) find extensive application in automobile manufacturing and aerospace. However, SiCp/Al is less machinable. The ultrasonic-assisted drilling (UAD) decreases tool wear and enhances the quality of drilled holes when compared to conventional machining techniques. This paper investigates the effect of drilling temperature variations induced by processing conditions on the degree of softening of the base material during UAD of SiCp/Al. It also analyses the mechanism of how drilling temperature affects the quality of the holes made from the perspective of matrix softening. The study demonstrates a regularity in the impact of spindle speed, ultrasonic supply voltage(ultrasonic vibration amplitude), and feed rate as a function of drilling temperature. The effects of temperature changes caused by each of these factors on import/export edge defects, surface scratches on the hole wall, and tool machinability vary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]