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Background: This study conducted an exploratory content analysis of TV food advertisements on the top three most popular channels for Filipino children aged two to 17 during school and non-school days., Methods: Data were collected by manually recording of aired advertisements from 16 non-school days (July to September 2020) and 16 school days (January to April 2021). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used to assess children's rates of exposure to food advertisements (mean ± SD of advertisements aired per channel per hour), the healthiness of promoted foods (as permitted (healthier) or not permitted (unhealthy) according to nutrient profiling models from the World Health Organization), and persuasive techniques used in food advertisements, including promotional characters and premium offers., Results: The results show that the rates of exposure to food advertisements were higher during school days (14.6 ± 14.8) than on non-school days (11.9 ± 12.0) ( p  < 0.01). Both periods yield a similarly higher proportion of non-permitted food advertisements (e.g. 9.3 ± 9.7 ads/channel/hour for school days and 8.3 ± 8.5 ads/channel/hour for non-school days) than permitted ones. More non-permitted food advertisements during children's peak viewing times were observed than non-peak viewing times (e.g. 11.8 ± 10. vs. 8.3 ± 9.2 ads/channel/hour for school days). Non-permitted food advertisements employed persuasive techniques more frequently, accounting for 64-91% of all food ads during peak viewing times., Conclusion: Children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for foods that should not be permitted to be marketed to children based on authoritative nutrient criteria.

Background/objectives: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend consuming less than 10% of total calories from added sugars. Low-calorie sweeteners, sugar alcohols, and natural low-calorie sweeteners are used to reduce added sugar intake, but there are concerns about their long-term health impacts, especially for children. This paper describes the food and beverage television advertising landscape as it pertains to sweeteners., Methods: This cross-sectional study uses television ratings data licensed from The Nielsen Company for the United States in 2022. Nutrition facts panels and ingredient lists were collected for food and beverage product advertisements seen on television and assessed for the presence of added sugars, low-calorie sweeteners, sugar alcohols, and natural low-calorie sweeteners (forms of stevia and monk fruit), as well as whether products were high in added sugars based on federal Interagency Working Group guidelines for advertising to children., Results: Of the sweeteners examined, added sugars were most commonly found in food and beverage product advertisements seen on television (60-68% of advertisements seen across age groups), followed by low-calorie sweeteners (6-10%), sugar alcohols (2-4%), and natural low-calorie sweeteners (2%). About one-third (32-33%) of advertisements seen by 2-5- and 6-11-year-olds were high in added sugars, similar to the percentage seen by 12-17- and 18+-year-olds (34-35%). Advertisements seen for cereal (86-95%) and sweets (92-93%) were most likely to have added sugars, while those for sweets (89-90%) were most likely to be high in added sugars., Conclusions: Sweeteners are common in food and beverage product advertisements seen on television, including alternatives to added sugars for which there are concerns about long-term impacts on health. Continued monitoring and additional research on other advertising media platforms used by food and beverage companies (e.g., digital media) is needed.

Background: Food and beverage advertisements on television play a significant role in food preferences, especially among children and adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate foods and beverages advertised on television and purchased by adolescents or their families using the World Health Organization (WHO) nutrient profiling model., Study Design: A cross-sectional study., Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 2,699 students (1380 males and 1319 females) aged 11-16 in Ankara, Turkey, in 2015. Socio-demographic characteristics, television-viewing habits, and the tendency to purchase foods and beverages under the influence of TV advertisements were recorded. The body weight and height were measured by the researchers. All reported food and beverage items (n  =  284) were evaluated and classified as permitted or not permitted to advertise, according to the WHO nutrient profile model (2015)., Results: The majority (69.8%) of students were underweight/normal weight, whereas 13.3% and 16.9% were classified as overweight and obese, respectively. A total of 69.6% of adolescents declared that they were influenced by food advertisements, and 66.4% bought those foods. The most purchased products included cakes and sweet biscuits (63.8%), chocolate and confectionery (44.9%), savory snacks (39.6%), and soft drinks (25.4%). Only 8.5% of all the advertised products (n  =  284) were permitted to be advertised, according to the WHO nutrient profile model (2015). Dairy products, meat products, grains, fruits and vegetables, soup, and some traditional Turkish foods (e.g., cig kofte and Turkish pizza) were permitted. The permitted products were preferred by only 13.6% of the adolescents., Conclusions: Unhealthy foods are advertised on television for adolescents, and food advertisement management may be an essential strategy to provide healthy food choices.

During the lockdown declared in Spain to fight the spread of COVID-19 from 14 March to 3 May 2020, a context in which health information has gained relevance, the agenda-setting theory was used to study the proportion of health advertisements broadcasted during this period on Spanish television. Previous and posterior phases were compared, and the period was compared with the same period in 2019. A total of 191,738 advertisements were downloaded using the Instar Analytics application and analyzed using inferential statistics to observe the presence of health advertisements during the four study periods. It was observed that during the lockdown, there were more health advertisements than after, as well as during the same period in 2019, although health advertisements had the strongest presence during the pre-lockdown phase. The presence of most types of health advertisements also changed during the four phases of the study. We conclude that, although many differences can be explained by the time of the year-due to the presence of allergies or colds, for instance-the lockdown and the pandemic affected health advertising. However, the effects were mostly visible after the lockdown, when advertisers and broadcasters had had time to adapt to the unexpected circumstances.

Objective: Several studies have examined the characteristics of anti-smoking advertisements that are associated with quitting behaviour. Some studies use researchers or graduate students to code advertisement characteristics, while others recruit smokers or members of the general public. The aim of this study was to assist future campaign development by assessing whether anti-smoking advertisement characteristics are coded differently by smokers and 'experts' (individuals with knowledge of health promotion, public health or advertising)., Methods: A total of 49 smokers and 42 experts coded anti-smoking advertisements according to four key characteristics (emotional/cognitive approach, negative/positive tone, message frame, and main message) and the use of eight executional techniques. Chi-squared tests were used to measure differences in coding outcomes between smokers and experts., Results: There were significant differences between smokers and experts in the coding of all key characteristics and four of the eight executional techniques. Compared with smokers, experts were more likely to perceive advertisements as negative in tone and as inducing fear., Conclusions: Smokers and experts perceived the characteristics of anti-smoking advertisements differently. Implications for public health: Differences between smokers and experts may need to be taken into account where studies use either of these groups to code advertisements for campaign development or evaluation purposes., (© 2019 The Authors.)

Objectives: The evidence about the content of TV advertisements broadcast during children's viewing times with an emphasis on the number of food advertisements and the number of cariogenic food advertisements was systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed., Study Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis., Methods: Articles published up until October 2017 in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Persian databases such as Magiran, IranDoc, and Iranmedex with the keywords that were related to advertising and oral health in children were searched and screened by two reviewers independently, and the outcomes of interest were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 2.0., Results: A total of 480 titles were retrieved and reduced to 256 eligible studies after deletion of duplicates, and finally, after closer assessment of titles and abstracts, five articles were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis. Of the included studies, three were conducted in the UK, one in India, and one in Greece. About 38.0% (95% confidence interval: 19.6-60.6, P = 0.296) of advertisements were related to food and also about 70.6% (95% confidence interval: 53.7-83.3, P < 0.019) of food advertisements were related to cariogenic foods., Conclusions: Food advertising during children's programs is dominated by food items that are potentially harmful to oral health. Moreover, the advertisements shifted toward food items that appeared healthy but contain a large amount of hidden sugar., (Copyright © 2017 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Few studies have examined direct effects of food cues presented within television (TV) programs on eating behavior in adults. This research experimentally determined whether exposure to food cues in TV programs affects energy intake during TV viewing among young women, independently from food cues presented in TV advertisements. The experiment involved a 2 (TV program with or without food cues) by 2 (TV advertisements with or without food cues) between-participants design. While watching TV, participants could freely eat peanut chocolate candies and crisps (potato chips). Participants were 121 young women (mean age = 19.6 years; mean BMI = 22.5). Participants who watched a TV program with food cues tended to have a lower total energy intake and ate significantly less peanut chocolate candies than participants who watched the same TV program without food cues. This effect was particularly pronounced among participants with a higher BMI. Food advertisements did not affect energy intake. Findings may indicate that subtle continuous food cues during TV programs could make young females more aware of their own eating and/or weight, leading to reduced intake of particularly sweet snack foods during TV viewing. Considering the non-significant trend for the effect of the TV program with food cues on total energy intake, findings should be replicated to provide possible tools for prevention campaigns using food cue reminders to watch one's intake., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) drug advertising markets medications requiring a physician's script to the general public. In television advertising, risk disclosures (such as side effects and contraindications) may be communicated in either auditory (voice) or visual (text) or both in the commercials. This research examines presentation modality factors affecting the communication of the risk disclosures in DTC prescription drug television commercials. The results showed that risk disclosures presented either visually only or both visually and auditorily increased recall and recognition compared to no presentation. Risk disclosures presented redundantly in both the visual and auditory modalities produced the highest recall and recognition. Visual only produced better performance than auditory only. Simultaneous presentation of non-risk information together with risk disclosures produced lower recall and recognition compared to risk disclosures alone-without concurrent non-risk information. Implications for the design of DTC prescription drug television commercials and other audio-visual presentations of risk information including on the Internet, are discussed., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and The Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.)

Television viewing may contribute to obesity via promotion of sedentary behavior and exposure to food-related commercials. However, the mechanisms by which food-related commercials promote food intake are not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of television advertisements on food intake according to sex and transportability, or the tendency to become engrossed in what one is viewing. Eighty-three undergraduate students, free of disordered eating symptoms, were stratified by sex and randomly assigned to one of three conditions (food-related advertisements, neutral advertisements, or no advertisements). They were then identified as high or low in transportability according to a median split. A significant interaction was found between advertisement condition and transportability such that those high in transportability ate more in the food than other advertisement conditions. A second interaction was found between sex and transportability with women high in transportability eating more food than women low in transportability irrespective of advertisement condition. No significant main effects of advertisement condition, sex, or transportability were found. Results suggest the importance of studying the impact of individual difference variables on the relationship between food-related advertising and food intake., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In 1969, a government report concluded that there was a need for closer contact between the citizens and Swedish government agencies. Television, at this time still considered a new medium, was highlighted in the report as a valuable form of mass communication with great yet unfulfilled promise as a disseminator of government information. A heated debate about the role and function of government information ensued, not least within the public service broadcaster Sveriges Radio. While much research has been devoted to the Swedish public service model, little is known about Swedish television's function as a communication tool for government authorities. The article shows that the discursive struggles surrounding Swedish government agencies' use of television centered on three main issues: public service broadcasting's independence, the dangers related to one-way mass communication, and the shape and aesthetics of government information. By shedding light on the introduction of the program Anslagstavlan, this article contributes to a previously forsaken media history of televised information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food and beverage advertisements on television play a significant role in food preferences, especially among children and adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate foods and beverages advertised on television and purchased by adolescents or their families using the World Health Organization (WHO) nutrient profiling model. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 2,699 students (1380 males and 1319 females) aged 11-16 in Ankara, Turkey, in 2015. Socio-demographic characteristics, television-viewing habits, and the tendency to purchase foods and beverages under the influence of TV advertisements were recorded. The body weight and height were measured by the researchers. All reported food and beverage items (n = 284) were evaluated and classified as permitted or not permitted to advertise, according to the WHO nutrient profile model (2015). Results: The majority (69.8%) of students were underweight/normal weight, whereas 13.3% and 16.9% were classified as overweight and obese, respectively. A total of 69.6% of adolescents declared that they were influenced by food advertisements, and 66.4% bought those foods. The most purchased products included cakes and sweet biscuits (63.8%), chocolate and confectionery (44.9%), savory snacks (39.6%), and soft drinks (25.4%). Only 8.5% of all the advertised products (n = 284) were permitted to be advertised, according to the WHO nutrient profile model (2015). Dairy products, meat products, grains, fruits and vegetables, soup, and some traditional Turkish foods (e.g., cig kofte and Turkish pizza) were permitted. The permitted products were preferred by only 13.6% of the adolescents. Conclusions: Unhealthy foods are advertised on television for adolescents, and food advertisement management may be an essential strategy to provide healthy food choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of new media can change the world more quickly than the old media. We are living in the world in which the media take part in daily life. New technology brings blessing to those who adopt compare to those who are not willing to adopt or passing through the digital divide. Students use new technologies and social media for various purpose but now social media is used as a platform of business. For this article, this research has covered quantitative research method and the sample was divided by 700 students in two different countries, the questionnaire was used as a research tool. Most of the students of developing countries in the world is facing ‘’ Digital Divide’’ which forces people to depend on old media such as television contains audio and visual content which is undergoing considerable change that creates obstacle to those people are living with ‘’ Digital Divide’’ as consequence transforming the rural lives differently due to old media. The purpose is to determine if there is a significant difference in students influence on social media and television advertisements. The major contribution of this paper is new (social media) and old technologies (television) to what extent they influenced by those advertisements. A study conducted between Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (urban) and Bangladesh (rural) at analyzing the influence of digital divide of country-level factors, such as gender, technological infrastructure, income which would be provided to identify that by adopting of new media and old technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an experiment, effects of commercials that are either shown within a TV program or embedded in YouTube videos were compared. These two media environments have not yet been compared empirically in terms of their advertising impact. A within-subjects design and a multi-method approach were used (N = 36). Eye tracking data show that more attention is allocated to advertisements that appear within a TV program compared to the YouTube-condition and the viewing experience elicited more positive emotions in the TV-condition. Two days after reception, no difference in recognition, likeability, and purchase intention occurred, but in terms of implicit long-term memory: In the TV condition, brands that were previously advertised but no longer remembered elicited stronger skin conductance change than brands for which no advertisements had previously been shown. In terms of advertising impact, TV seems to still be the better choice for advertisers. Presentation mode should be considered in future evaluation of advertisement potential.

Aims: To examine bidirectional associations between self‐reported exposure to electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) marketing and ENDS use, over four 6‐month follow‐up surveys, among young adults. Design The Marketing and Promotions Across Colleges in Texas project (M‐PACT) is a cohort study that examined exposure to tobacco marketing and tobacco use behaviors among college students in Texas, United States. Setting and participants: Participants were 5478 students from 24 2‐year and 4‐year Texas colleges. Approximately 64% (n = 3506) of the cohort were non‐white, 64% were female and the average age was 20 years. Measurements Students completed a baseline survey in Fall 2014/Spring 2015 and three subsequent surveys 6 months apart. Items assessed current ENDS use and self‐reported exposure to ENDS marketing through the point‐of‐sale, on television, on the radio, on the internet and on billboards. A multi‐level cross‐lagged path model was used to examine the bidirectional associations between self‐reported exposure to ENDS marketing and current ENDS use across the four waves, controlling for socio‐demographics. Findings Self‐reported exposure to ENDS marketing at each previous wave predicted ENDS use at each subsequent wave (β = 0.07–0.10, P < 0.001). ENDS use at waves 2 and 3 predicted self‐reported exposure to ENDS marketing at wave 3 and 4, respectively (β = 0.07–0.09, P < 0.001). Although ENDS users were more likely than non‐users to report exposure to ENDS marketing, self‐reported exposure to ENDS marketing predicted subsequent ENDS use controlling for prior ENDS use. Conclusion: Self‐reported exposure to electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) marketing was bidirectionally associated with past 30‐day use of ENDS among young adult college students in Texas, USA from 2014/15 to 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food companies historically invest fiercely in the promotion of products and many of them are food-empty calories, high in sugar and fats. Commercial, taking the child as target audience, come causing several concerns to organs and researchers. Objective: evaluate advertisements and nutritional value of food products displayed in the children's channels pay TV. For such, a simultaneous recording of three channels of this type was made (A, B and C), in a not consecutively way and for a period of two weeks. The data analysis consisted in verifying those associated with food products for subsequent dietary review, in addition to compliance with current legislation for food advertisements and industrialized beverages. Food products that were most advertised stand out biscuits on Channel B (1st week, 28 appearances) and soda (19 appearances, Channel C, 2nd week). Regarding to nutrients, it was noticed that fats and sugar, analyzed according to the list of ingredients of those labels, are found in high amounts in foods marketed. In addition, advertisers make use of appealing ways to attract the attention of the listener. Thus, it can be concluded that a monitoring and more effective control by the public authorities with regard to advertisements and calls displayed on television is needed, since the exposed amount can exert important influence on food choices, especially in the children's audience, where individual development and food preferences are being built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender is a socially constructed entity which is inculcated in the members of society according to their sex type (Bem, 1981). This entity is created and recreated through different media and sources. During this process of creating and recreating, particular stereotypical roles of gender are compartmentalized for males and females. In the modern world, television advertisements are a major way of doing the marketing of products. But what happens alongside is the stereotyping of gender roles. Many studies have been conducted in countries like US, Britain, Italy and Japan where it was found that gender roles are made firm through television advertisements. Pakistani society is not devoid of such phenomena. This study is a replication of the studies conducted in before mentioned countries. However, there is a slight difference between this study and the others i.e. this study analyzes only five of eleven categories which are: gender, role, location, reward and argument. For this purpose, fifty TV commercials from different Pakistani channels were analyzed to ascertain the stereotyping of women and men. These TV commercials comprised of following genres: outfits, cellular mobile networks, beverages, food, cosmetics, electric appliances, kitchen and bathroom products, banking and medical products. This study is qualitative in nature and is the replication of Furnham and Voli’s (1989) study which was conducted in Italy. From the said fifty commercials it was ascertained that how males and females are represented and stereotyped in the said categories. The data were coded and presented in the form of percentage and frequencies. Surprisinglyonly the gender roles category had significant differences in which females are portrayed in more subjugated roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an experiment, effects of commercials that are either shown within a TV program or embedded in YouTube videos were compared. These two media environments have not yet been compared empirically in terms of their advertising impact. A within-subjects design and a multi-method approach were used (N = 36). Eye tracking data show that more attention is allocated to advertisements that appear within a TV program compared to the YouTube-condition and the viewing experience elicited more positive emotions in the TV-condition. Two days after reception, no difference in recognition, likeability, and purchase intention occurred, but in terms of implicit long-term memory: In the TV condition, brands that were previously advertised but no longer remembered elicited stronger skin conductance change than brands for which no advertisements had previously been shown. In terms of advertising impact, TV seems to still be the better choice for advertisers. Presentation mode should be considered in future evaluation of advertisement potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advertisements can influence children′s health related behaviors. Television advertisements are the main avenues directing commercials at children in Iran. This study aimed to explore the content of food advertisement during children′s television programs in 2007-8 and to compare it with those reported in 2000. Methods: All advertisements broadcasted before, during, and after children′s programs aired on two major Iran national television networks were videotaped for a period of 4 weeks during 2007-8. For each advertisement, type of product(s) and mode of presentation (s) were coded. Results: A total of 229 television advertisements were broadcasted. Food commercials were the most frequent group (31%) across the two channels. Among the food products advertised, calorie dense foods, including chocolate, soft drinks, extruded cereals, ice cream, cookies and candies were the most frequent. The appeal mainly used in television food advertisements was "stimulation of hunger/thirst" (38.5%). The advertisements were mostly presented as animations (54%) and the messages used were mainly directed to good taste. Conclusion: Although the total number of food advertisements during children′s television programs has decreased but the consumption of high fat, high sugar, low nutrient dense foods continues to be promoted. Policies to address the issue should be scrutinized.

Critiquing character projections of women in Indian advertising has been one of the major areas of the content focus for research analysts in the domain of marketing and consumer behavior. Often these criticisms demonstrate the concerns that feminists have vociferously expressed regarding the flawed presentations of gender equations. Though there has been some revolutionary revamping of image attempted by some creative advertisers, it has been posited by many critics that little change has affected gender representations in advertising over decades. The authors in the present paper examine the construction of gender roles in two recent Indian television commercials that depict Indian woman essaying supervisory roles in their corporate jobs. The study uses qualitative analysis through in-depth interviews of young corporate women. The purpose is to find out whether these advertisements really act as harbingers of mutation in gender discourse or reinforce the same archetypal gender roles under the garb of liberatory postmodernist feminist mediations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of infant feeding throughout history, one of the options has been the support by wet nurses, in both household and institutional level. This social figure has been reflected in press and can be studied in terms of its representation. We set as our goal to acquire a social vision through the analysis of a corpus of documents from the newspaper ABC of Madrid between 1903 and 1920. The method used has been the search of the term wet nurse through the review and content analysis of the ABC, in news, advertisements and other references in the period indicated. 999 documents have been recovered and analyzed, 41% corresponding to wet nurses offers and demands, 24% to advertisements and products related to food and/or food supplements. The remaining records correspond to economic measures, legislative rules, references to wet nurses of royalty or social references. Qualitative content analysis clarifies the social vision of wet nurses in society at that time. The study concludes that wet nurses are presented as a normalized social figure and as such is reflected in the press, which will also reflect the negative view of these women influenced by the hygienist current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to look at the cultural indicators of television in the Netherlands from the perspective of its feature, which is essential to commercial TV - audiovisual advertisements. TV advertisements have been continuously gaining scholar recognition as vital part of shared, cultural memory amongst audiences. It is therefore worth looking into the current practices of archiving and reuse of ephemeral, audiovisual texts, including the digital environment. Once any commercial is removed from its original context of the broadcast TV flow and of its commercial layers, to be then placed in the archival setting - its meaning becomes radically altered. Consequently, the question is - what is left of a commercial and what becomes a cultural carrier, often embedded deeply in collective psyche of generations of broadcast viewers, in the archival environment? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored adult's attitudes and reactions to a range of television advertisements (ads) promoting healthy weight, physical activity and healthy eating. Twenty-four focus groups (N = 179) were conducted in metropolitan and regional areas of the Australian states of Victoria, New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland, with participants segmented by sex, education (no tertiary, at least some tertiary) and life stage (young adults, parents). Each group was assigned to one of the three advertising streams - Weight, Activity, or Nutrition - where responses to five different ads were explored using semi-structured, moderator-led discussions. Discussion transcripts were qualitatively content analysed using a conventional approach. Four main themes were identified in participants' discussions about the ads' main messages - (i) Why is it a problem? (ii) Who is it a problem for? (iii) What should I do about it? (iv) How do I make the changes? Reactions varied by demographic factors and current weight and lifestyle status. Participants furthest from achieving public health recommendations for weight, diet and activity were motivated by 'what' and 'how' ads involving gentle persuasion and helpful hints. Participants who were closer to meeting these recommendations were motivated by 'why' ads featuring more graphic and emotive content and new information. Findings suggest a strategic approach is important for the development of public health ads promoting healthy weight and lifestyle, with consideration given to the specific communication goals and who the target audience is. This should help ensure an appropriate message is delivered to priority population subgroups in the most informative and motivating manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Television has come up as a strong component of mass media around the world. This has, in turn, prompted companies to use it as an ideal platform to advertise their products. This mode of advertisement basically exploits the consumer's tendency to get attracted to the combination of audio-visual medium. TV Ad is the process of imparting a sales pitch of a limited amount of time, through the television as the medium. These advertisements tend to summarize the product in order to accommodate it within a specific duration, generally ranging between 30-60 seconds, and convey as much information as possible. There are Pro's and Con's of television ads too. Today the role of third party influences, such as children, on decision making strategies and negotiations has become essential in taking a broader view. Children enjoy greater discretion not only in making routine consumption decisions for the family but also in pestering their parents to buy other products desired by them. This paper is the study of the food and beverage advertisements targeted at children and a content analysis of the themes and different characteristics depicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Media advertisements especially radio and TV are one of the most important and effective ways for health promotion and consumption of healthy productions worldwide. Ministry of Health and some other ministries in Iran agreed to control and restrict the advertising of unhealthy products and services. Therefore, adequate supervision and monitoring should be done in this field. A content analysis of Health-related Advertisements was done in Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) Methods: This study was a cross-sectional research and collecting of data was carried out in 2012. Ten selected TV and radio channels were recorded from 6 a.m. to 12 p.m. for two successive months in the special weekdays. Broadcasted advertisements data were extracted by the trained observers according to a checklist and analyzed using SPSS 18 software and described with descriptive statistics. Results: The percentage of different types of advertising were including 73.9% unrelated to health, 21.9% harmless health related, 2.9% less healthy, 1.3% harmful or harmful with a probability of abuse. Non-harmful to health advertisements included 95.86% of total advertisements out of ten TV and radio channels; and the remained advertisements (4.14%) were related to the harmful, less healthy foodstuff and detrimental services and products. Also, 0.8% of the advertisements were shown during children programs. Conclusion: The main findings of the current study revealed that majority of the advertisements of Islamic Republic Broadcasting were unrelated to health. It seems advertising of harmful for health in IRIB was less than 5%, and the levels of these type ads were less than the other countries. Even so, the policymakers need to pass and enforce some executive and governing law for the prevention of broadcasting unhealthy advertisements to increase the society health level and prevent the diseases resulted from unhealthy products causing the considerable damages in a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study is mainly done in order to find out the relative effectiveness of celebrity-endorsed advertisements verses animated-character-endorsed advertisements on the purchase intention of children. Further, the study is done for the same product and for the low involvement food product. The study finds that for low-involvement food product category, the impact of animated spokes characters and cartoon characters is more than that of celebrity. Regarding the purchase intention of children, it was found that the impact of animated and cartoon characters in advertisements is more than that of celebrities in advertisements especially for low-involvement food product category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advertisements can influence children's health related behaviors. Television advertisements are the main avenues directing commercials at children in Iran. This study aimed to explore the content of food advertisement during children's television programs in 2007-8 and to compare it with those reported in 2000. Methods: All advertisements broadcasted before, during, and after children's programs aired on two major Iran national television networks were videotaped for a period of 4 weeks during 2007- 8. For each advertisement, type of product(s) and mode of presentation (s) were coded. Results: A total of 229 television advertisements were broadcasted. Food commercials were the most frequent group (31%) across the two channels. Among the food products advertised, calorie dense foods, including chocolate, soft drinks, extruded cereals, ice cream, cookies and candies were the most frequent. The appeal mainly used in television food advertisements was "stimulation of hunger/thirst" (38.5%). The advertisements were mostly presented as animations (54%) and the messages used were mainly directed to good taste. Conclusion: Although the total number of food advertisements during children's television programs has decreased but the consumption of high fat, high sugar, low nutrient dense foods continues to be promoted. Policies to address the issue should be scrutinized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quantitative content analysis of 1,055 television ads reveals that male voiceovers outnumber female voiceovers 4:1. As has been the case for decades in television, a man is much more likely to serve as the disembodied and objective voice of authority, expertise, and reason. However, a woman's voice is twice as likely to be heard if her body is also represented on screen. Based on that finding, the authors argue that scopocentric sexism influences when and how gendered voices are presented. A woman's relative agency, her recourse to “voice” in both the literal and metaphoric sense, is conditioned by her visual presence. After completing the quantitative content analysis, a qualitative textual analysis was conducted on a subsample of ads in order to explore relationships between voice and body at a finer-grained level. The study provides an important update for critical ad research concerning voiceovers and is the first that systematically compares voice and body data. The authors conclude by presenting ideas for integrating critical sound research into media literacy curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies constructs from key persuasion theories that are present in popular sports and energy drink advertising. A theory-driven content analysis was conducted on 315 popular television and social media sports and energy drink advertisements from top selling brands. The advertisements were analyzed for the presence of persuasive cues as per the Elaboration Likelihood Model (e.g, onscreen consumption, presence of celebrities) as well as Reasoned Action behavioral expectancies and normative beliefs Approach related to consumption. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Differences between sports and energy drinks were assessed and reliability statistics for all codes were calculated. Advertisements relied on peripheral cues like sports and celebrities that were not related to the drinks themselves. Theory-relevant beliefs about improved athletic performance and consumption of the drinks onscreen were common. Sports drinks were more likely to focus on mainstream sports; energy drinks featured extreme sports, and energy drink advertisements promoted the drinks for use beyond sports (e.g., work settings). The cues and beliefs identified in these ads help to clarify the role of advertising in beliefs about sports drinks being healthy and energy drinks being helpful to achieve goals. Future research is needed that links exposure to coded advertisement features to adolescents' beliefs about sports and energy drinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audiovisual advertising tells short stories in a few seconds, using techniques inherited from cinema and television. A resource that gives a special tone or tint to the story is the use of archival images. Some cases are analyzed to describe the different uses of archival footage in audiovisual advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social attitudes towards multiculturalism can be checked by measuring representations of ethnicity in television advertisements. The current research conducts a quantitative content analysis of television commercials. The researcher first recorded the frequency of representation of characters from varied culturally diverse backgrounds in television advertisements and then examined the nature of role portrayals on the basis of religion and skin tone of the characters. The sampling technique used is purposive wherein advertisements broadcasted during prime time of two leading entertainment channel-Star Plus and Colors were recorded and analysed. The criteria for selection of units of analysis in ads was that all the characters selected had at least one line of dialog or they appeared on screen for at least five seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stereotypical depiction of men and women and of ethnic minority groups in advertisements is problematic because studies have shown that repeated exposure to selective portrayals of particular groups can lead to viewers adopting distorted beliefs about those groups. The current study examined the contemporary portrayal of men and women and of ethnic minority groups in New Zealand television advertisements. Over 3,000 advertisements were coded. Men and women were less often depicted in stereotypical roles than has previously been reported. However, White actors dominated the screen with Maori and Pacific Island people only being proportionally represented in advertisements that presented negative stereotyping. The findings were similar for Asians whose portrayal also appeared to be stereotypical. The authors call for more equitable appearances of women and ethnic minority groups. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction: The woman is being indecently depicted so extensively in advertisements, that she has become a commodity, a substitute of the product for which she advertises, rather than the featured product. Method: A 21 point questionnaire is put to medical and engineering students aged between 17- 20 years. A very strong public opinion is to be mobilized, especially from the younger generation, the forbearers of next generation, as they can only revolutionize this humiliating nexus between the business houses and the media. Result: The project here analyzes the thinking of the young community, present day torch bearers for creating a change in the society. The effort is being made, with the eclectic methodological approach and critical analysis using combination of questionnaire and content analysis, to bring depth to the understanding about the hype of women in advertising to the extent of exploitation. Conclusion: This reprehensible depiction of women lowers the body esteem and the self esteem and so the morale of female gender and furthermore leads to a general degradation of morality of the society leading to increased crimes against women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine how mood and content influence a person's ability to recall a television commercial. Participants were 46 individuals that were surveyed via Survey Monkey, an online survey clearinghouse, regarding their ability to remember seven commercials selected from the Super Bowl advertisements website. Data was compiled to determine the percentage of people that could recall everything about advertisements viewed, the ratio of people that believed content exerted an influence on their memory compared to those that did not, and the ratio of people that believed their mood exerted an influence on their memory compared to those that did not. Due to the small sampling of people, the results were inconclusive on their own. However, they did backup previous research done around the same topics. Avenues for further research were explored and defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furnham, A. & Paltzer, S. (2010). The portrayal of men and women in television advertisements: An updated review of 30 studies published since 2000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 216–236. In 1999, Furnham and Mak published a review of 14 content-analytic studies of sex roles stereotyping in television commercials. All these studies were based on the McArthur and Resko (1975) content categories. This paper updates that review considering 30 studies in over 20 countries published between 2000 and 2008. Studies were from Australasia, Austria, Bulgaria, Ghana, Hong Kong, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Malaysia, Mauritius, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. They examined over 8,000 advertisements. National and cultural differences in gender stereotypes are also considered in the light of this data. The popularity of, and the problems associated with, the research paradigm are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children's eating habits and their food consumption have direct relations with obesity, diabetes, cancers, hypertension and coronary heart disease. Television advertisements directly affect children's eating habits and their food consumption. This study was conducted in order to examine television advertisements and children's food consumption while watching television and their desire to purchase goods that they see on television advertisements. Methods: In the first stage of the study, content analysis of the television advertisements was conducted. In the second stage of the study, a questionnaire (check list) was developed in order to examine children's food consumption while watching television and their purchasing requests while shopping in the supermarket. It was given to 347 mothers who have children aged between 3 and 8 years. Results: When the results of the study were examined it was found that the time devoted to children's programs was approximately 121 min and the advertisements during this period were approximately 35 min. A total of 344 of the 775 television advertisements shown were related to food. It was also found that most of the food advertisements were about candy/chocolate, chips, milk and milk products such as cheese, yoghurt, and breakfast cereals. The results also revealed that 89.6% of the children either drank or ate something while watching television and the food they consumed most while watching television were fruits, soft drinks, popcorn/nuts, cake, chips and candy/chocolate. The results also revealed that 40.3% of the children asked their parents to purchase the goods that they saw on the television advertisements and that 8.9% of them argued with their parents and/or cried in order for their parents to buy that particular product. It was found that the children tended to request more sweetened products such as candy, ice-cream, biscuit, cake or soft drinks. Conclusion: More than half of the food presented in television advertisements were rich in fat and sugar. Children ask their parents to buy the goods they see on television advertisements both while watching television and while shopping. Television advertisements especially affect young children's unhealthy food consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]