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Complicated fractures occur in 3.5% of acute traumatized incisors. A pulp exposure results in almost all cases in endodontic treatment. The present investigation evaluated the prognosis for the different types of endodontic treatments following complicated crown fractures. Only incisors with an observation period of more than 23 months are included; the material comprises 301 incisors. Pulp capping was successful in 90.5% of the cases. There was a clear tendency for a positive correlation between the stage of the root development and the success rate of the endodontic treatment. In cases with pulpotomy ZnO/eugenol cement or calcium hydroxide was used as amputation material. The pulp reactions following the different treatments arc discussed. If calcium hydroxide was used 8.9% was successful, while in cases with ZnO/eugenol cement as amputation material 8.9% developed necrosis of the pulp and 34.4% showed an undesirable reaction with formation of hard tissue barrier or obliteration. The healing frequency was 83.9% for teeth treated with pulpectomy but there was a clear correlation between the standard of the root filling and the success rate. For all three treatment groups there was .a correlation between damage to the supportive tissue and treatment success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation evaluated the prognosis for vitality after an acute trauma in 3144 permanent incisors with enamel-dentin fracture as the only damage and in 923 incisors with enamel-dentin fracture combined with other symptoms on the damaged tooth. The teeth were examined at regular intervals. The observation time was more than 2 years in the case of 78.9% of the material. Pulpal necrosis developed in 250 teeth (6.1 %). Pulp death occurred in 3.2% of teeth with enamel-dentin fracture as the only damage. The combination of enamel-dentin fracture and concussion resulted in pulpal necrosis in 5.8% and cases involving both concussion and mobility showed pulpal necrosis in 30.1% of teeth. A registration of the enamel-dentin fracture based on the extent of dentin exposure was undertaken. The relationship between extent of dentin exposure and pulpal necrosis as well as influence of treatment on pulpal necrosis was. dearly illustrated. It is concluded that information on damage to the mineralized tissue without details of damage occurring at the same time to supportive tissue is of doubtful value in assessing the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enamel cracks or infractions occur in 10.5-l 2.5% of acute traumatized incisors. A detailed account of 1337 incisors suffering from pure infraction or infraction in conjunction with some form of fracture and/or damage to the supportive tissue as a result of an acute trauma is given. The teeth were examined at regular intervals, and the observation time was more than 2 years in the case of 70% of the material. The number of pulp deaths in teeth with pure infraction accounted for 3.5% of the total. There is a dear correlation to other coronal injuries and to damage to the supportive tissue. Complication in the form of pulpal damage may be expected in many cases involving damage to the supportive tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation evaluated the prognosis for vitality after an acute trauma in 2891 permanent incisors with enamel fracture as the only damage, and in 476 incisors, with enamel fracture combined with other symptoms on the damaged tooth. Pulpal necrosis developed in 57 teeth (1.7%). Acute treatment in connection with enamel fracture was only performed in half of the cases and had no importance on vitality. The combination of enamel fracture and concussion or mobility resulted in pulpal necrosis in 8.5% of cases, and cases involving both mobility and concussion meant pulpal necrosis in 14% of teeth. The findings clearly illustrated that an enamel fracture is an injury with all extremely favorable prognosis, and that the risk group can be narrowed to cases of combined injuries involving the supportive tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material for the present study comprises plaster models of 310 Copenhagen children, impressions for which were taken during the month each child attained the age of 3 years. The occlusion was related to information concerning the child's sucking habits up to the time of the study. The effect of sucking habits on sagittal occlusion was observed in the canine region and the molar region. A higher proportion of distal canine relationships was recorded in children who continued to suck dummies at the age of 3 years than among finger-suckers or children who had never sucked. In the primary second molar region no significant difference was recorded between the various sucking groups. The open bite is clearly dominant among children who persist with a sucking habit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was, by using a standardized radiographic technique, to assess the time of selected mineralization stages of all permanent teeth except the second and third molars in a group of 580 children aged 3-7 years. A complete radiographic examination, consisting of nine intraoral films, was made of each child, using Eggen's film holder. According to degree, mineralization of the teeth was subdivided into nine stages. The cap relation between the two variables, mineralization stage and chronologic age, was calculated by linear regression analysis. The hypothesis of the present study, that linearity exists between the two variables, was confirmed within and close to the investigated age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency and type of developmental disturbances in the permanent teeth in relation to the patient's age at the time of injury were examined in 77 patients with 85 exarticulated primary incisors. The central incisors are the most frequently affected teeth and injuries occur more often to teeth on the right than on the left side. The frequency of disturbed normal development of the permanent teeth was 74.1 % for the total material. From 0-2 years the frequency is 94.5 % and after the age of 5 years the frequency is only 18.2%. External enamel hypoplasia is the more common result in patients whose trauma occurred when they were less than 3 years old, whereas internal enamel hypoplasia is the usual result of traumas occurring after the age of 3 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material for the present study comprises plaster models of 310 Copenhagen children, impressions for which were taken during the month each child attained the age of 3 years. On the basis of fixed criteria a description is given of individual symptoms of occlusion. Using the primary canines as the guide to occlusion it was found that the same occlusion at both sides occurs in 79.7 % of the overall total, the remaining 20.3 % having different occlusion at each side. Approximately one-half recorded neutral occlusion at both sides, and one-third had distal occlusion at both sides. The termination pattern of the dental arches in centric occlusion were normal or straight in 68.0 % and bilateral distal in 14.8 %. In 82 subjects or 27 % the degree of overlapping was greater than or equal to half the height of the mandibular central incisors. The number of cross-bites constituted 11.6 % of all subjects. Assessment of spacing was undertaken exclusively on the basis of whether or not a space existed. About 3.5 % of all subjects had close contact between all teeth in the maxilla or crowding, and about 24 % had spacing between all teeth in the maxilla. In the mandible about 5 % had close contact between the teeth and only 15 % had spacing between all teeth in the mandible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency of developmental disturbances in the permanent dentition due to traumatic injuries to primary teeth was examined in a Danish population sample consisting of 487 schoolchildren 9-17 years old. Of these children, 147 (30 %) had a history of traumatic injuries to the primary dentition. Frequencies of 57.8 % and 45.3 % of developmental disturbances were found in the trauma and in the non-trauma group, respectively. The following types of developmental disturbances were more frequent in the trauma group than in the non-trauma group: (1) internal white enamel hypoplasia with a diameter of 0.5 mm or more, (2) internal and external white and yellow-brown enamel hypoplasia, (3) white and yellow-brown enamel hypoplasia and horizontal enamel hypopiasia. Internal white enamel hypoplasia with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm, and generalized internal and external white enamel hypoplasias were found with the same frequency in the two groups. About 10 % of enamel hypoplasias in anterior teeth are due to trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study in a clinical and radiographic follow-up investigation of 103 patients with 213 traumatized primary teeth. The re-examination comprised a clinical and radiographic evaluation of involved permanent teeth are after complete eruption. All disturbances in mineralization and morphology of these teeth were recorded. A multitative analysis was applied to examine the relationship between clinical factors associated with the injury in the primary dentition and later disturbances among permanent successors. Disturbances in the permanent dentition were found in 88 teeth (41%), and these complications were significantly related to age of the patient at time of injury, the type of injury sustained in the primary dentition, as well as the presence of an associated fracture of the alveolar bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A material of 207 permanent teeth (including 90 cases collected from the literature), traumatized during development by injuries to primary teeth, has been analyzed in a clinical, radiographic, histologic, microradiographic and electron microscopic study. It appears from this examination that such developmental disturbances may be classified into distinct clinico-pathologic entities, i.e. - (1) white or yellow-brown discoloration of enamel, (2) white or yellow-brown discoloration of enamel and horizontal enamel hypoplasia, (3) crown dilaceration, (4) odontome-like malformation, (5) root duplication, (6) vestibular root angulation, (7) lateral root angulation and dilaceration, (8) partial or complete arrest of root formation, (9) sequestration of entire tooth germ and (10) ectopic, premature or delayed eruption or impaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]