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Many studies have been devoted to investigating the potential of guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes for bone defect reconstruction. Regardless of approaches for treating damaged bone tissues, a beneficial therapeutic strategy has remained a challenge. In this study, a novel GBR membrane with polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing different concentrations of metformin (Met) for improving osteogenic properties was developed. The membranes were evaluated for their hydrophilicity, degradation rate, swelling ratio, drug release, mechanical properties, and biological responses. The results showed a significant increase in hydrophilicity, swelling ratio, and degradation rate and no significant changes in mechanical properties of PCL/PVA membranes with Met concentration enhancement. A decrease in cell viability cultured on the surface of the PCL/PVA membrane was seen when the amount of Met was changed from 10 to 15 wt %. The results of the in vitro quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) also confirmed the higher secretion of osteogenic-related genes in a PCL/PVA/Cell/10 wt % Met scaffold than in the PCL/PVA/Cell sample. Therefore, further in vivo studies were conducted using the electrospun PCL/PVA membrane containing human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) and 10% Met. Histopathological and histomorphometric results confirmed that PCL/PVA/hEnSCs/10 wt % Met has excellent potential to differentiate hEnSCs into osteogenic lineages and bone regeneration in calvarial defects of rats. The results of this study confirm the high potential of the PCL/PVA/10 wt % Met fibrous membrane preseeded with hEnSCs in GBR applications.

In the current study, electrospun poly(e-caprolactone)-gelatin (PCL-Gel) fibrous scaffolds containing magnesium oxide (MgO) particles and preseeded with human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) were developed to use as wound care material in skin tissue engineering applications. Electrospun fibers were fabricated using PCL-Gel (1:1 [wt/wt]) with different concentrations of MgO particles (1, 2, and 4 wt%). The fibrous scaffolds were evaluated regarding their microstructure, mechanical properties, surface wettability, and in vitro and in vivo performances. The full-thickness excisional wound model was used to evaluate the in vivo wound healing ability of the fabricated scaffolds. Our findings confirmed that the wounds covered with PCL-Gel fibrous scaffolds containing 2 wt% MgO and preseeded with hEnSCs have nearly 79% wound closure ability while sterile gauze showed 11% of wound size reduction. Our results can be employed for biomaterials aimed at the healing of full-thickness skin wounds.

Objective: To evaluate the application of a fabricated dressing containing kaolin for skin regeneration in a rat model of excisional wounds. Method: In the present study, kaolin was loaded into electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan polymer blend to develop a composite nanofibrous dressing. To make the yarns, kaolin with weight ratio of 5% was added to PVA/chitosan polymer blend and subsequently formed into nanofibres using the electrospinning method. Scaffolds were evaluated for to their microstructure, mechanical properties, surface wettability, water vapour transmission rate, water-uptake capacity, blood uptake capacity, blood compatibility, microbial penetration test, the number of colonies, and cellular response with the L929 cell line. Rats with full-thickness excisional wounds were treated with kaolin-containing and kaolin-free dressings. Results: The study showed that rats treated with the kaolin-incorporated mats demonstrated a significant closure to nearly 97.62±4.81% after 14 days compared with PVA/chitosan and the sterile gauze, which showed 86.15±8.11% and 78.50±4.22% of wound closure, respectively. The histopathological studies showed that in the PVA/chitosan/kaolin group, dense and regular collagen fibres were formed, while wounds treated with sterile gauze or PVA/chitosan scaffolds had random and loose collagen fibres. Conclusion: Our results show the potential applicability of PVA/chitosan/kaolin scaffolds as a wound care material.

Objective(s): Bone tissue engineering is aimed at the fabrication of bone graft to ameliorate bone defects without using autografts or allografts. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the coprecipitation method was used to prepare hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles containing nandrolone. To do so, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg of nandrolone were loaded into poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/nano-HA, and the freeze casting method was used to fabricate porous scaffolds. The morphology, mechanical strength, wettability, porosity, degradation, blood compatibility, and cellular response of the scaffolds were evaluated using various tests. For further investigation, the developed scaffolds were incorporated into the rat calvaria defect model, and their effects on bone healing were evaluated. Results: The obtained results indicated that the fabricated scaffolds had the approximate porosity of 80% and compress strength of 6.5 MPa. Moreover, the prepared scaffolds had appropriate hydrophilicity, weight loss, and blood compatibility. Furthermore, the histopathological findings demonstrated that the defects filled with the PLA/nano-HA scaffolds containing 25 mg nandrolone healed better compared to the other study groups.Conclusion: Therefore, it was concluded that the scaffolds containing nandrolone could be used in bone regeneration.

Hybrid fibrous mat containing cell interactive molecules offers the ability to deliver the cells and drugs in wound bed, which will help to achieve a high therapeutic treatment. In this study, a co-electrospun hybrid of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (Ch) and silk fibrous mat was developed and their wound healing potential by localizing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived keratinocytes on it was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. It was expected that fabricated hybrid construct could promote wound healing due to its structure, physical, biological specifications. The fabricated fibrous mats were characterized for their structural, mechanical and biochemical properties. The shape uniformity and pore size of fibers showed smooth and homogenous structures of them. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) verified all typical absorption characteristics of Ch-PVA + Silk polymers as well as Ch-PVA or pure PVA substrates. The contact angle and wettability measurement of fibers showed that mats found moderate hydrophilicity by addition of Ch and silk substrates compared with PVA alone. The mechanical features of Ch-PVA + Silk fibrous mat increase significantly through co-electrospun process as well as hybridization of these synthetic and natural polymers. Higher degrees of cellular attachment and proliferation obtained on Ch-PVA + Silk fibers compared with PVA and Ch-PVA fibers. In terms of the capability of Ch-PVA + Silk fibers and MSC-derived keratinocytes, histological analysis and skin regeneration results showed this novel fibrous construct could be suggested as a skin substitute in the repair of injured skin and regenerative medicine applications.

Hybrid fibrous mat containing cell interactive molecules offers the ability to deliver the cells and drugs in wound bed, which will help to achieve a high therapeutic treatment. In this study, a co-electrospun hybrid of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (Ch) and silk fibrous mat was developed and their wound healing potential by localizing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived keratinocytes on it was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The fabricated fibrous Ch-PVA + Silk hydrogels were characterized for their structural, mechanical and biochemical properties. The shape uniformity and pore size of fibers showed smooth and homogenous structures of them. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) verified all typical absorption characteristics of Ch-PVA + Silk polymers as well as Ch-PVA or pure PVA substrates. The contact angle and wettability measurement of fibers showed that mats found moderate hydrophilicity by addition of Ch and silk substrates compared with PVA alone. The mechanical features of Ch-PVA + Silk fibrous mats increase significantly through co-electrospun process as well as hybridization of these synthetic and natural polymers. Higher degrees of cellular attachment and proliferation obtained on Ch-PVA + Silk fibers compared with PVA and Ch-PVA fibers. In terms of the capability of Ch-PVA + Silk fibers and MSC-derived keratinocytes, histological analysis and skin regeneration results showed this novel fibrous construct could be suggested as a skin substitute in the repair of injured skin and regenerative medicine applications.

The focus of the current study was to develop a functional and bioactive scaffold through the combination of 3D polylactic acid (PLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL) with gelatin nanofibers (GNFs) and Taurine (Tau) for bone defect regeneration. GNFs were fabricated via electrospinning dispersed in PLA/PCL polymer solution, Tau with different concentrations was added, and the polymer solution converted into a 3D and porous scaffold via the thermally-induced phase separation technique. The characterization results showed that the scaffolds have interconnected pores with the porosity of up to 90%. Moreover, Tau increased the wettability and weight loss rate, while compromised the compressive strengths. The scaffolds were hemo- and cytocompatible and supported cell viability and proliferation. The in vivo studies showed that the defects treated with scaffolds filled with new bone. The computed tomography (CT) imaging and histopathological observation revealed that the PLA/PCL/Gel/Tau 10% provided the highest new bone formation, angiogenesis, and woven bone among the treatment groups. Our finding illustrated that the fabricated scaffold was able to regenerate bone within the defect and can be considered as the effective scaffold for bone tissue engineering application.

Main purpose of tissue engineering is creating appropriate conditions for the regeneration of tissues. Dental pulp-derived stem cells due to differentiation capacity and angiogenic properties have potential to regenerate dental pulp tissue. In the current experimental study poly caprolactone and poly L-lactic acid were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization method. The nano-hydroxyapatite and Zeolite were obtained by hydrothermal method. Morphological features and crystals properties of nHA and Zeolite were studied by X-ray diffraction. Nanofibers were fabricated using electrospinning method and investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy. DPSCs obtained from human source and proliferation and viability of them on electrospun scaffolds were evaluated by MTT assay. Also, the adhesion and proliferation of hDPSCs were investigated by SEM. The results showed that hDPSCs have the most viability and proliferation on the 1 st , 7 th , 14 th days on PCL-PLA/Zeolite scaffolds and maximum on the 3 rd day on PCL-PLA/nHA scaffolds. On the days of 7 th and 14 th , cell growth on scaffolds containing both nHA and Zeolite is better than sample that nHA is used alone with PCL-PLA. Briefly, by these results can be understand that Zeolite is a good agent in bone and tooth tissue engineering applications. More studies requires to investigate Zeolite effect on scaffold properties.

The current study was conducted to promote the extent of peripheral nerve regeneration using a collagen type I hydrogel containing chitosan nanoparticle loaded by insulin. The developed hyd...

In the current study, insulin delivering chitosan nanoparticles were coated onto the electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/Collagen (COLL) to produce a potential wound care material. Electrospun matrices were fabricated from PCL/COLL (1:1 (w/w)) solution. The insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were produced by ionic gelation process and then attached onto the yarns. The dressings were investigated regarding their surface wettability, microstructure, the capacity to absorb water, water vapour permeability, mechanical properties, blood compatibility, microbial penetration, and cellular behavior. Full-thickness excisional wound model was used to assess the in vivo healing capacity of the dressings. Our data showed that after 14 days the wounds covered with PCL/COLL/Cs-Ins wound dressing could reach to nearly full wound closure compared with the sterile gauze which exhibited nearly 45% of wound size reduction. Our results suggest that fabricated scaffolds can be potentially applied in clinical practice for wound treatment.

Removing malignant bone tumors results in critical size bone defects. These voids in bones should be filled by a proper scaffold that not only can support cell ingrowth and bone regeneration but also it has to show a desirable ability in long-term releasing anticancer drugs in order to prevent the growth of remaining cancer cells. Applying this scaffold can significantly improve the outcome of bone tumors treatment. In this study, a novel way is proposed for immobilization of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded polycaproloactone (PCL) microparticles on the hardystonite (HT) scaffold surfaces. High interconnected porous HT scaffolds with immobilized DOX-encapsulated PCL microparticles can be successfully fabricated by modified water/oil/water method. In the present work, we verify a slow release of DOX over 30 days from PCL microparticles inside HT scaffold. Our developed HT scaffolds with the long-term release of DOX are more effective in reduction of Saos-2 cancer cells viability and induce higher degrees of apoptosis compared to DOX dip coated HT scaffolds. Encapsulating DOX into PCL microparticles significantly improves the anti-tumor activity of DOX by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes. Our results suggest that by immobilization of polymeric vehicles on the ceramic scaffold for controlled drug release, we can achieve high efficiency in apoptosis of cancer cells.

The hydrogel efficacy of taurine-loaded chitosan nanoparticle/alginate hydrogel was investigated for controlled release of the taurine substrate, which is known as an antioxidative drug. The composition of the fabricated hydrogels was explored by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The swelling ability and degradation rate of hydrogels were also analyzed in phosphate-buffered saline at the physiological condition and alginate lyase for a period of 21 days. Moreover, morphologies and structure of hydrogels and cells were determined using a scanning electron microscope. The possible cytotoxicity of the fabricated hydrogel was carried out by seeding endometrial stem cells on hydrogels. The results demonstrated that hydrogel of chitosan nanoparticle/alginate hydrogel successfully controlled the release of taurine. We observed that the chitosan nanoparticle/alginate hydrogel possessed adjust swelling ability and degradation rate as compared to neat alginate hydrogel. The results proved that the chitosan nanoparticle/alginate hydrogel is non-cytotoxic and could be utilized as a promising composition in tissue engineering and drug delivery systems.

Porous alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid scaffolds have been extensively used in cartilage, bone, and dental tissue substitute applications. However, its mechanical and osteogenesis properties are not good enough to meet the requirement for use in hard tissues repair applications. In this study, to achieve the best mechanical and physical properties, we carried out the cross-linking of PVA physically and alginate chemically. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA), the important component of hard tissues, was added to the hydrogel to improve its mechanical properties and osteoconductivity. The results showed that the fabricated alginate/polyvinyl alcohol-nHA scaffold has around 81% interconnected porosity, hydrophilic surface with the contact angle of water on the surface in the range of 38 ± 0.29°, 3.51 MPa compressive strength, and a degradation rate of 71%. The periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) culture results showed that both fabricated alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid scaffolds with and without nHA had good cell attachment ability and could promote PDLSCs ingrowth. The real-time RT-PCR assay showed that the presence of nHA in the alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid scaffold could significantly accelerate the expression of specific markers of pre- and mature osteoblast stages such as osteocalcin, alkaline phosphate, and osteopontin genes. These results showed that alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid scaffolds with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles can be used in bone and dental substitute applications as osteoconductive and reinforcement components.

Hybrid electrospun fiber containing bioactive molecules, which offer the ability to deliver the cells into the wound bed, will help to achieve a high therapeutic effect. In this study, an electrospun polycaperlactone (PCL) and gelatin (Gela) scaffold containing curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticle (NCs/Cur) was used to evaluate in vivo wound healing ability of the fabricated scaffolds. The electrospun hybrid scaffold seeded with human endometrial stem cells (EnSCs) showed desirable biocompatibility with the host immune system and wound healing ability in a full-thickness excisional animal model. The constructs were characterized for structural, mechanical and biochemical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed all typical absorption characteristics of PCL and Gela polymers as well as NCs and Cur. The results showed the perfect contact angle, wettability and degradability of hybrid fiber scaffolds with the good mechanical and structural characteristics including shape uniformity, pore size and porosity. The cell attachment and proliferation on the PCL/Gela/NCs/Cur was higher than PCL and PCL/Gela scaffolds. In term of the capability of hybrid scaffold and EnSCs in histological analysis, this novel tissue-engineered construct could be suggested as a skin substitute to repair injured skin and regenerative medicine application.

This study aimed to investigate the potential of a composite poly(lactic acid)/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) blend electrospun nanofiber containing both nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) and zeolite for promoting the proliferation of human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) with possible application in dental tissue engineering. For this purpose, nHA and Zeolite were synthesized via the hydrothermal method and their morphological features and crystals properties were studied by FE-SEM and X-ray diffraction, respectively. PCL-PLA/nHA/zeolite nanofibers were fabricated via electrospinning and characterized through FT-IR and water contact angle measurement methods. Then, the viability and adhesion of hDPSCs on the fibers were investigated by MTT assay and FE-SEM, respectively. The results showed that the viability of hDPSCs on the PCL-PLA/Zeolite scaffolds was significantly improved after 1, 7 and 14 days of culturing and maximum enhancing on the cell viability was detected after 3 days on PCL-PLA/nHA scaffolds (P ≤ 0.001). After 7 and 14 days of incubation, cell growth on the scaffolds containing both nHA and Zeolite was better than the nanofibers which were loaded with nHA alone. Briefly, these results revealed that Zeolite-loaded nanofiber is the most suitable scaffold for bone and tooth tissue engineering applications. More studies are required to investigate the efficiency of zeolite-based nanofibrous scaffolds for the development of artificial scaffolds for dental tissue regeneration.