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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine if a circadian rhythm exists in Schirmer's tear test (STT-1) values in a group of healthy adult cats., Animals Studied: Twenty adult neutered Domestic Short-haired cats (DSH) were used in the study., Procedures: Tear production was measured with the Schirmer tear test (STT-1) at 12 different time points over a 48-hour period., Results: A significant difference (approximately 4.3 mm/min) was noted between STT-1 values measured between 4 pm (lowest) and 12 am (highest) on both day 1 (P = 0.02) and day 2 (P = 0.01), and substantial variation in STT-1 values was observed at different times during the 48-hour period., Conclusions: Significant variation in mean STT-1 values demonstrates that there is a circadian rhythm in tear production in cats and thus shows the importance of taking the time of day into account when measuring STT-1 in cats., (© 2019 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish a reference value of tear production and intraocular pressure in clinically normal ducks and geese., Animal Studied: The study population consisted of forty-eight ducks (24 males and 24 females) and fifty-two geese (26 males and 26 females)., Procedures: Birds were gently physically restrained in dorsoventral position without any pressure to the head and neck. Tear secretion and intraocular pressure were measured using 5-mm-wide Schirmer tear test strips and TonoVet ® rebound tonometer, respectively., Results: Overall mean ± 2SD STT and IOP values of all eyes were 6.2 ± 2.2 mm/min and 10.2 ± 2.2 mmHg, respectively, for the ducks; 5.5 ± 2.6 mm/min and 9.1 ± 2.0 mmHg, respectively, for the geese. There was no statistically significant difference in IOP between left eye and right eye or between males and females in ducks (P = 0.56, P = 0.63) and geese (P = 0.23, P = 0.22). Analysis of variance revealed that there were no significant differences in the STT and IOP between the breeds in ducks (P = 0.49, P = 0.68) and geese (P = 0.14, P = 0.26)., Conclusions: Results of this study may be beneficial for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of ducks and geese affected with Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, glaucoma, and uveitis., (© 2016 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)

We establish reference values of tear production by the phenol red thread test (PRTT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry in helmeted guinea fowl ( Numida meleagris ). Aqueous tear production and IOP were measured in 44 (22 males, 22 females) clinically normal captive helmeted guinea fowl. Birds were gently physically restrained in the sitting position without any pressure to the head or neck. In each bird, aqueous tear production was measured by placing phenol red threads in the superior conjunctival fornix, and IOP was measured by using a Tonovet rebound tonometer. Overall mean ± standard deviation (SD) values of PRTT and IOP of all eyes were 16.5 ± 1.3 mm/15 s (ranging from 14-18 mm/15 s) and 9.1 ± 0.9 mm Hg (ranging from 7-10 mm Hg), respectively. No significant differences were found in IOP or PRTT between males and females (P = .76; P = .83, respectively) or between the left and right eyes (P = .34 and .66, respectively) in the guinea fowl. Results of this study may be beneficial for the diagnosis and therapy of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, glaucoma, and uveitis in helmeted guinea fowl.

To evaluate tear production in the common mynah ( Acridotheres tristis ) using the phenol red thread test (PRTT) and to make a comparison of measurements with the PRTT placed in the fornices of lower and upper eyelids, tear production of both eyes in 22 healthy adult captive mynah birds was evaluated. After positioning of threads in the fornices of upper and lower eyelids, the PRTT values of the birds were 17.5 ± 3.1 mm/15 s and 19.2 ± 2.5 mm/15 s, respectively. A significant difference was found between PRTT values for upper eyelids and lower eyelids (P = 0.01). This study provides novel data for normal reference ranges of PRTT values in healthy common mynah birds and shows that a difference is found depending on where the PRTT thread is placed.

Objective: To determine effects of 14 days of oral administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on aqueous tear production in clinically normal Syrian hamsters., Animal Studied: Fifteen healthy adult Syrian hamsters., Procedure: Baseline phenol red thread test (PRTT) values were recorded 1 day prior to treatment. Eight hamsters in treated group received 15 mg/kg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole orally twice a day for 14 days. The remaining seven hamsters were used as untreated controls and received a placebo. All ophthalmic tests were performed without chemical restraint. PRTT values were evaluated in both eyes of all Syrian hamsters using a commercial PRTT strip of a single lot number., Results: The mean ± SD baseline PRTT values for treatment group and control group were 7.25 ± 1.3 mm/15 s and 5.42 ± 1.13 mm/15 s, respectively. After 14 days of drug administration, the mean ± SD PRTT values for treatment group and control group were 5.62 ± 1.5 and 5.64 ± 0.74, respectively. Significant decreases in the PRTT values, compared with baseline values, were observed in the treatment group on day 15 (P = 0.042)., Conclusions: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole decreased tear production in the hamster in this study., (© 2014 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)