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Positive psychology (PP) is the study of the role of positive emotions in optimizing performance. In response to a dearth of research on harnessing the potential of PP in enriching language teacher education, the present study aimed at integrating PP into an English as a foreign language teacher education program to assess its effects on the development of positivity among teachers and possible improvement in their instructional practice. To that end, first the PERMA-Profiler was administered to 25 teachers, who were about to attend a teacher training course. The results of this phase revealed the need for an intervention to raise three focal participants' awareness of the tenets of PP since they scored below the mean on the scale. During the second phase, the three focal participants were trained in the principles of PP for six weeks. They were also asked to write reflections about the instruction they received on a weekly basis. Thematic analysis of their reflections indicated that the teachers formed positive emotions, engagement, relationship, meaning, and accomplishment, which resulted in their enhanced instructional practice. Moreover, the participants believed that the intervention helped them actively engage with the main teacher training course. The findings imply that PP has the potential to enrich teacher education programs.

This article investigates how non-native English-speaking teachers' (NNESTs) professional identities can be affected by their employment experiences in Australia. Hermeneutic phenomenological narrative analyses of the written narratives of lived experiences of a group of NNESTs demonstrate how their professional identities were negatively affected by hiring discrimination, which also had psycho-emotional impacts on their professional selves. Socio-cultural representations of race, language, and other cultural attributes convergingly contributed to their unemployment despite meeting country-specific eligibility criteria to be English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers. The interplay between their professional identities and socio-cultural constructs took shape in modes of power relations enmeshed in the historic processes: economic, political, and cultural, which included discourses of native-speakerism, neo-racism, post-colonialism, neoliberalism, and multiculturalism. Despite these modalities, the NNESTs furthered their hybrid professional actions, recognising the value in the global community of multiple and diverse professional experiences.

In this paper, we focus on the situatedness of teacher identity and agency within sociopolitical contexts dominated by neo-nationalist discourses and rely on data from online conversations among preservice and in-service teachers of English in Türkiye and the United States (US). We report on data constructed in a telecollaboration (a.k.a., virtual intercultural exchange) that we, four TESOL teacher educators, designed for teachers to discuss issues of social justice (particularly for minoritized immigrant students) and to have a discursive and experiential space in which to negotiate their language teacher identities (LTI). Gathering 117 teachers from five universities (three in Türkiye, two in the US) and underserved school districts in both contexts, this telecollaboration is our pedagogical, agentive response to dominant neo-nationalist discourses in the two countries. To make quantities of data more manageable, we analyze interactions from one-third of those 117 participants (five of 15 small groups) to address this research question: How do preservice and in-service teachers from Türkiye construct their teacher identities in response to neo-nationalist discourses in their sociopolitical context? In particular, how do they engage in this identity work through asynchronous small-group discussions in a social justice-focused telecollaboration with teachers from the US? Findings indicate that participants from Türkiye discussed teacher agency, conservatism and cultural difference in the society, and discrimination/xenophobia against refugees as important factors that shape their work with minoritized English language learners. They experienced tensions in their identity construction between their desire to advocate for their students and the external forces coming from meso- and macro-level policies that impact their instruction and assessment procedures. We discuss our findings in relation to previous research on language teacher identity and social justice in sociopolitical contexts shaped by neo-nationalist discourses. We also share the implications of our study for pedagogizing identity in teacher education.

Although washback has been widely explored by applied linguists and education researchers, little attention has been paid to teacher agency in relation to it. It is critical to understand how language teachers navigate their pedagogy and respond to the broader curricular goals at a time when schools and teachers are being governed using examination and test data as accountability mechanisms. Drawing on data from classroom observations and interviews with two English teachers from a rural Bangladeshi school, this article illustrates how these teachers exercised their agency even under strong political pressure to improve students' test data. The findings indicate that traditional understanding of washback as deterministic may be insufficient to account for the complex ways in which teachers may respond to broader educational goals in the context of washback. The study concludes with theoretical, empirical, and pedagogic implications for washback research and teacher education.

Teacher educators are crucial for the quality of the teaching workforce and therefore to the outcomes of learners. However, teachers frequently become teacher educators with little or no professional development to support them in these roles. In this paper we report on a professional development programme which aimed to address this gap in provision for practitioners operating in the dual role of teacher and teacher educator in the Further Education and Skills sector in England. Using evaluative data from interviews and questionnaires, we found that the programme was successful in supporting a diverse group of participants to reflect on and develop their practice. It increased participants' confidence in their roles as teacher educators, by supporting learning about the practice of teacher education. Participants valued a sense of belonging to a community of learning. Reflecting participants' dual roles as teachers and teacher educators, they applied learning to their practice in multiple ways with colleagues, beginning teachers and with students. Our findings contribute to understanding the ways in which practitioners in 'hybrid' roles as teacher and teacher educators can be supported, and offer a model through which this can be provided, across all phases of education.

Despite the surge of interest in language teachers' professional identity (TPI) as an integral component of their professional growth (Barkhuizen, 2017; Clarke, 2018) and the increasing interest in the field of computer assisted language learning (CALL) (Nami et al., 2015), there is still a paucity of research on the professional identity of language teachers who integrate technology with language instruction (CALL teachers). To bridge this gap, the present study explored the components that construct CALL teachers' professional identity (CALLTPI). The data were collected from a set of in-depth, semi-structured interviews investigating perceptions of 24 CALL informants (educators, experts, professors, and teachers) from different contexts and countries about CALL teachers' roles in technology integration in English language teaching (ELT). Fifteen sub-components were inferred from the thematic analysis of the interview transcripts as compared against the available literature on CALL teacher education and language teachers' professional identity. These sub-components corresponded to three major components, namely, CALL teachers' individual identity, classroom-based identity, and agentive identity. The results can provide CALL teacher educators with implications for designing professional development programs with the aim of developing teachers' professional identity and enhancing the effectiveness of technology integration in ELT.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the information and communication technologies integration approaches of physical education and sports teachers and language, science and humanities teachers. A survey model was used in the research. The research group consisted of teachers working in public high schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education in Istanbul for 2020-2021 academic year and who were selected by a simple random sampling method. In this context, the research was conducted with 619 teachers. "Personal Information Form" and "Information and Communication Technologies Integration Approaches Scale" were used as data collection tools. In the analysis of the obtained data, descriptive statistics, a t-test, a one-way ANOVA, and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient were used. As a result, it was understood that information and communication technologies integration levels of physical education and sports teachers were significantly lower than language, science and humanities teachers. It was determined that the information and communication technology integration levels of the physical education and sports teachers differed significantly according to their in-service training status. In addition, the information and communication technology integration levels of language, science, and humanities teachers differed significantly according to in-service training, finding their income levels sufficient, choosing the profession willingly, and marital status.

The study investigated the similarities and dissimilarities of using pedagogical techniques in classroom interactions, taken place whilst teaching a known language and an unknown language in a CELTA training classroom context. For this purpose, the classroom interactions in unknown and known languages were analysed according to the qualitative research method. First, the interactions were recorded; and then transcribed them by following Jefferson's transcription conventions. The interactants were one instructor (Female), and twelve trainees: seven females and five males. Usually, the CELTA has a maximum class size of twelve. The instructor was a native-speaker of English, but the trainees were the mixture of native and non-native speakers. One was from Thailand, one from Indonesia, one from Bangladesh; two from Europe, and the rest were from the UK. Most of the trainees had teaching experience. The results of the study indicated that there exist distinctions, rather than similarities, between pedagogical strategies used while teaching known and unknown languages. The study also suggested that all the pedagogical techniques do not fit equally with teaching both the languages; some can be used in a wider degree--some can be employed in a lesser degree.

This is a study on teachers' professional development through action research practice. The participants of the study were 23 English Language Teachers (ELT) who teach in high schools, preparatory schools and colleges in Debre Markos, in Dessie and around in 2014. The methods of data collection were teacher reflection, and in-depth interview. The ELT teachers felt that the Action Research (AR) involvement helped them develop their profession. Because of their involvement in the inquiry, they changed their perception of research and their role as teachers and researcher. Their interest towards action research develops as they do the research. Their consciousness about EFL teaching rises when they research on their own classroom and environment in relation to English language teaching. The teachers felt that AR brings opportunity especially for female teachers who have other responsibilities at home and in the surrounding. The teachers' perception shows that they are comfortable with doing action research. In-service action research is an economical, effective and efficient method of professional development. The teachers read and explore literature to enrich their research. This implies that some push factor should be there to break the silence of teachers who have developed comfort with what they have. Researching pushes teachers to read the academic literature, update themselves, write and contribute to the intellectual world by adding knowledge backed with experience and expertise.

This paper offers a chain of evidence collected to identify and verify the domain of teacher knowledge and skills required to teach ELLs content effectively in mathematics, science, reading/English language arts, and social studies. We initially assessed this domain through a review of literature and state standards for nonspecialized teacher certification. We developed a set of 67 evidence statements in 2 categories: pedagogical knowledge and linguistic knowledge. We conducted a national survey of practitioners and teacher educators to validate these statements, receiving 269 responses. A panel of 14 teacher educators and teachers further validated the statements by reaching consensus that the statements support the claims of the assessment under development. We found that the domain of knowledge necessary to teach ELLs in the content areas is insufficiently defined in the standards and literature. However, we identified that across the content areas, teachers should have knowledge and understanding of the register of the particular discipline. Beyond merely understanding the linguistic demands of a given discipline, teachers should also be able to raise ELLs' metalinguistic awareness of effective oral and written communication in the language of the content area. Also, teachers' use of multimodal instructional materials was deemed commonly essential in assessing teacher knowledge. Finally, we acknowledge that the chain of evidence collected in this line of research is a small step taken forward to understanding what should be assessed and how. With that, we offer future directions for research.

A university professor and high school ESL teacher, both based in Lincoln Nebraska, each write two short essays that detail implications of the Trump administration immigration policies for students, teachers, schools, and communities. The first two dispatches come from the transition period (after Trump won but while Obama still presided) while the latter two come from the 50-day mark of the Trump presidency. Juxtaposing voices contrasts overarching impact with the local; juxtaposing chronologies allows comparison of political promises and threats to early actions and reactions.

This article reports on a qualitative study that investigated the identity construction experiences of one group of beginning English language teacher educators in Hong Kong. Drawing upon a theoretical framework that incorporates both identity-in-practice and identity-in-discourse, and using in-depth interviews, a narrative approach was adopted to examine participants' identity trajectory as they crossed multiple boundaries from language learners, to language teachers, to language teacher educators. The study suggests that the challenges teacher educators faced at different stages of their professional identity construction reflected the negotiation of past experiences, future ideals, competency, agency, and marginalization. Implications for schoolteachers, teacher educators, and educational authorities, as well as for both future applied research and for understandings of identity, are discussed. (Contains 1 table, and 1 figure.)

Of all the recent budget cuts made by the Eagle County, Colorado, school district, none sparked as much anger or faced the same scrutiny as the decision to cut three foreign-language teaching positions and replace them with online instruction. At a spring school board meeting, supporters of the targeted programs in French and German, as well as the affected teachers, railed against the district for replacing face-to-face instructors with a digital option they argued would not be as rich or as meaningful. The highly charged response reflects the fear many teachers are beginning to feel that technology could push them out of their jobs, especially in an era of persistently tight budgets. Emerging management models that rely on a smaller number of highly paid teachers supported by new technology and a larger roster of relatively low-paid paraprofessionals are also fueling such fears. Those worries seem likely to grow, even though younger teachers and many veterans appreciate the teaching potential of the Internet and digital devices, and educational technology advocates insist the teacher is still essential to any technology-based effort to improve schools. Nationally, union attitudes toward technology's impact on teachers appear more nuanced than simple opposition. In June, in an apparent endorsement of digital-learning practices, the American Federation of Teachers announced the launch of a digital-content repository designed to give members access to learning objects aligned to the Common Core State Standards. In Arizona, where more than 36,000 students enrolled in multi-district virtual schools during the 2010-11 school year, the state teachers' union has indicated that its concern is not virtual schools themselves, but their implementation in a district as a cost-saving measure. "Teachers get excited when you put these issues in terms of innovation and teaching students better," said Andrew F. Morrill, president of the Arizona Education Association. "Where teachers get sensitive is when teachers get the impression that the legislature is not concerned about quality." In Colorado's Eagle County, a perceived lack of quality in the online alternative appeared to rankle teachers, parents, and community members.

School-university partnerships (SUPs) are considered a way of improving teacher education. For the successful implementation of such partnerships, cooperation between the different stakeholders is of crucial importance. Therefore, most partnerships are organised in short- and long-term teams, which are usually composed of teachers, student teachers and representatives of the university faculty. This study focused on the collaboration process of a team of modern language teachers who work and learn together in a teacher community. The aim of this study was to investigate how to design a learning environment that stimulates community development in these teams, applying the cooperative learning model of Johnson and Johnson in Learning together and alone: cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, (1999). Based on this model, design principles were developed to stimulate community development in this group. Community development was measured through observations of the meetings of the group, using the community model of Admiraal, Lockhorst and van der Pol described in this issue. The five principles found relevant in this SUP team were profiling the group as an identity, equivalent cooperation, rotating the chairperson, reflecting on the collaboration and giving feedback on the products made in the group.

This research examined how students in foundation English classes perceive their Thai and native-speaking teachers. The researchers surveyed students at five universities and compared a group of 600 students studying with native-speaking teachers with another group of 600 students studying with Thai teachers in order to investigate three areas: (1) students' previous background in English-language learning, (2) students' general opinions and preferences for studying English with Thai or native-speaking teachers, and (3) student perceptions of studying with their current English teachers. Overall, most students had similar backgrounds and thought positively about their classroom teachers. However, there were differences in students' teacher preferences for studying English; students more commonly preferred the type of teacher that was presently teaching them. This suggests that the type of teacher in the classroom does have some effect on students' preferences and should be considered a factor when analysing research related to native-speaking and nonnative-speaking English teachers. (Contains 4 tables.)

In many English as a Second Language (ESL) programs across the United States classroom teachers, ESL specialists, and bilingual paraprofessional share responsibility for teaching English language learners. Expectations of "shared responsibility" are constructed and negotiated through local discourses. This study explores how the roles and responsibilities of classroom teachers, the ESL department, and students are constructed and reproduced in a site-based inquiry group's conversation. The inquiry team's goal of improving instructional practices for English language learners is constructed through and constrained by local discourses. Through discourse analysis (Edley 2001) I explore the available subject positions and ideological assumptions within local discourses. The three dominant, local discourses normalize particular roles and responsibilities with significant consequences for the education of English language learners. I propose that professional development can engage and manipulate the ideological tensions between existing discourses to promote instructional and cultural changes, making available new expectations of shared responsibility. (Contains 2 tables and 3 figures.)

This study examines tensions in the grammar teaching beliefs and practices of three practising teachers of English working in Turkey. The teachers were observed and interviewed over a period of 18 months; the observations provided insights into how they taught grammar, while the interviews explored the beliefs underpinning the teachers' classroom practices. Drawing on the distinction between core and peripheral beliefs, the analysis indicated that, while at one level teachers' practices in teaching grammar were at odds with specific beliefs about language learning, at another level, these same practices were consistent with a more generic set of beliefs about learning. The latter, it is hypothesized, constituted the teachers' core beliefs and it was these, rather than the more peripheral beliefs about language learning, that were most influential in shaping teachers' instructional decisions. It is argued that attention to the relative influence of core and peripheral beliefs on teachers' practices allows for more complex understandings of tensions in teachers' work. Claims are also made here for the benefits of grounding the study of tensions between stated beliefs and classroom behaviours in the qualitative analyses of teachers' actual classroom practices. Some implications of this study for language teacher education are also discussed. (Contains 1 table.)

Describes a project within a postgraduate course for inservice South African teachers. Small student groups create collaborative dramatic performances based on their literacy histories and utilizing their diverse cultural and representational resources. The project involves teachers at multiple levels. It creates comparative perspectives that build classroom cultures which value diversity, discourse, and modes of meaning making within pedagogic practices. (SM)

Discusses teachers' involvement in research on teaching, examining Australian research and professional development on Teaching English as a Second Language (TESOL). An evaluation framework to facilitate cross-case and cross-context analysis of such research is proposed, recommending that TESOL researchers first characterize TESOL professional development activity, and second, consider its relation to other educational and mainstream research traditions. (Author/SM)

Proposes (1) the merging of foreign language and literature departments and (2) an increased American representation in these departments with a reduction in foreign teachers. (AM)

This study investigates the attitudes of Saudi EFL learners towards teacher code-switching in the classroom and explores the effect of foreign language anxiety and language proficiency on these attitudes. This mixed-methods study combined quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative part involved the use of a self-reported questionnaire to elicit learners’ attitudes towards teacher code-switching and foreign-language anxiety. Additionally, qualitative data were collected through an open-ended question to explore learners’ perspectives on the role of teacher code-switching in the classroom. The sample comprised 146 Saudi EFL students. The findings indicated that the Saudi EFL learners generally held a positive attitude towards teacher code-switching, perceiving it as a beneficial instructional, communicative tool for language learning. Furthermore, the study revealed that foreign language anxiety had a significant effect on learners’ attitudes towards code-switching, with high-anxiety learners exhibiting more positive attitudes than low-anxiety learners in three dimensions: subject access, classroom management, and interpersonal relations. Language proficiency, however, had no significant influence on learners’ attitudes towards teacher code-switching. These findings have important pedagogical implications that could help language teachers implement code-switching as an effective instructional tool to reduce learners’ anxiety and enhance the language learning experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important aspect of the educational process is the language that is utilized as the medium of instruction. It affects both students' and teachers' ability to learn new information efficiently. The transition from mother tongue to English as a medium of instruction brings a variety of obstacles and difficulties among teachers and learners. According to the literature, teachers perform critical roles in any educational program. This study utilized the Husserlian Phenomenology research design in elucidating the lived experiences of teachers during the transition process. Coliazzi's descriptive phenomenology was used in analyzing the participants' experiences. Before collecting data, the researchers utilized bracketing and a purposeful sampling strategy to reduce researcher bias. There were seven (7) participants in this study when the data saturation was reached. The interview was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Based on the data analysis, four emerging themes were extracted: The Gap, The Bridge, The Aftermath, and The Triumph. These themes are evident signs of how teachers managed and survived the transition hurdles. It is recommended for an educational institution to find ways and support teachers to enhance their language teaching skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Research on bi/multilingual oral interactions in English-medium instruction (EMI) is often concerned with how languages the teacher and/or students speak can be used for pedagogical scaffolding processes. In contrast, this paper aims to investigate how stylization of languages, including those that teacher and students only speak minimally, can likewise be harnessed for important pedagogical and interpersonal purposes. Methodology: I conduct an interactional sociolinguistic analysis of transcripts from an EMI teaching simulation in a Master's in Education course at a university in Hong Kong. Data and analysis: As a cross-border teacher from Cantonese-speaking Guangdong and a local teacher of Indian heritage engaged in these language stylization processes, they show that teachers can effectively use bi/multilingual stylization in EMI with attention to student uptake and response. Findings/Conclusions: While pedagogical scaffolding is important in EMI, these processes can put more and less societally dominant languages in a diglossic, unequal relationship. In contrast, stylization can reconfigure classroom language norms and hierarchies, attach positive meanings to unratified codes, and allow teachers to share linguistic authority with students. Originality: Little research to date has studied stylization as a pedagogical resource in EMI, focusing instead on the use of languages teachers/students already know for scaffolding. Significance/Implications: Teacher professional development should address the topic of how to use language stylization in EMI, especially since these interactional strategies do not require teachers to dramatically reconfigure curriculum or instruction, yet have pedagogical and interpersonal benefits. Limitations: Future research should aim to study stylization in EMI in an authentic classroom setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-efficacy has contributed to foreign language education contexts profoundly. However, with recent changes, especially after the pandemic, more is needed to learn about language teachers' self-efficacy in using technology in online education. To address this issue, the current study tried to reveal online learning self-efficacy in using technology among EFL teachers from a cross-cultural perspective involving Turkish and Kazakh teachers. The study followed a qualitative inquiry, and an open-ended questionnaire was employed. The study involved 43 EFL teachers, 21 from Türkiye and 22 from Kazakhstan. The data obtained from the open-ended questions were analysed with the help of MAXQDA software. Top-down and bottom-up strategies were utilised concurrently to form the themes and subthemes. The results indicated that Turkish and Kazakh EFL teachers shared nearly similar views regarding feelings, challenges, factors, and strategies on online learning self-efficacy in using technology in EFL courses, while they held different views regarding the influence of culture on online learning self-efficacy in using technology in EFL courses. The study concluded with a discussion of the findings to provide implications for foreign language educators. Highlights: The sources of OLSE to use technology in foreign language courses among Turkish and Kazakh EFL teachers were explored. Turkish and Kazakh EFL teachers held similar views regarding feelings, challenges, factors, and strategies on OLSE. Turkish and Kazakh EFL teachers held different views regarding the influence of culture on OLSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn response to the increasing linguistic diversity in educational settings resulting from migration waves into the Global North, this study delves into the beliefs of secondary teachers regarding multilingualism within predominantly monolingual policy schools in Flanders, Belgium. Despite the recognized benefits of multilingual pedagogies, entrenched monolingual policies persist in many Western schools, posing challenges for teachers striving to navigate the linguistic repertoires of their students. Drawing on interviews with 18 teachers, including language and content teachers across three secondary schools, this research explores teachers’ perspectives on the potential implementation of multilingual pedagogies in their classrooms. Findings reveal a nuanced landscape of beliefs, with teachers acknowledging the cognitive and emotional benefits of multilingualism while expressing concerns about maintaining control and promoting Dutch proficiency. Notably, minimal distinctions were observed between language and content teachers, indicating a shared optimism tempered by practical considerations. Our study highlights the need for nuanced understanding and support for multilingual pedagogies, underscoring the complex interplay of pedagogical and instructional beliefs in navigating language diversity. Ultimately, fostering inclusive and effective language education practices requires proactive efforts to address and accommodate teachers’ beliefs, promoting professional development and dialogue around multilingualism in educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-directed learning (SDL) is acknowledged as an effective language learning paradigm because learning a language is time-consuming. As language and literacy education is now embracing a more multimodal approach in writing instruction, teachers' multimodal technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) receives growing attention in language education. Based on a VR-supported L1 Chinese writing program, the present study collected and analyzed the VR courseware, lesson plans and student worksheets developed by a group of Chinese language teachers in Hong Kong. A coding scheme regarding multimodal TPACK for SDL was employed to assess the learning activities and to understand teachers' multimodal TPACK literacies in L1 Chinese writing instruction. The findings revealed that teachers were able to use VR to immerse students in an authentic environment to develop students' SDL ability and comprehension of nuanced socioemotional aspects of L1 Chinese writing. Nonetheless, there existed some limitations in the utilization of VR for teaching L1 Chinese writing which might be compensated for by pedagogical design. Moreover, teachers' pedagogical conception revealed their teaching was driven by syllabus requirements and focused on students' completion of writing, which might disregard the process of SDL in pedagogical implementation, and thus the process of collaborative knowledge building might be less developed. This study may contribute to the development of VR-based multimodal TPACK, which enhances multimodal lesson design for self-directed L1 writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pacing guides are commonplace yet controversial in American public schools. For teachers who question their usefulness, one means to circumvent them is to exercise autonomy in pedagogical decision-making, though doing so comes with challenges. Through interviews, we examined how 87 gifted and general education 4th and 5th grade math and reading/language arts teachers in one large, diverse public school district expressed their autonomy and reported enacting it in their classrooms. Findings indicated teachers' perceptions of autonomy differed, and their reported pacing guide deviations also differed accordingly. We discuss implications for those in environments where use of pacing guides is mandated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, technology integrated into online learning has become a significant component of education in response to educational evaluation worldwide, especially in Indonesia. The current study aims to explore the TPACK levels of Javanese school teachers, identify integrated technologies-based media used by Javanese school teachers in online learning practices and learning assessment, and analyze the benefits and drawbacks of Javanese school teachers integrating technology in online learning. This study used a mixedmethod design, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The participants were 330 Javanese school teachers from Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. The findings reveal that Javanese school teachers are more proficient in pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and content knowledge than technological knowledge, technological content knowledge, technological pedagogical knowledge, and TPACK. Javanese School teachers have integrated various technologies into online learning. However, Javanese school teachers limited technological literacy affects the efficiency of online learning. In addition, this study also offers an overview of the knowledge and expertise of Javanese school teachers regarding technology mastery in online learning. Thus, this study suggests that policymakers facilitate Javanese school teachers to develop technological skills in transferring materials in online learning to support the current adapted curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado is the property of Asociacion Universitaria de Formacion del Profesorado (AUFOP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Possible selves represent individuals' ideas of what they might become, what they would like to become and what they are afraid of becoming. This paper, using a mixed method design, probes the possible teaching selves of 108 pre -service and 41 in -service Iranian EFL teachers to explore their professional fears and hopes. Data were collected via Possible Language Teacher Self Questionnaire and semi -structured interviews. Analysis of the qualitative data using MAXQDA demonstrated the fears and hopes of the teachers in terms of professionalism, instructional strategies, classroom management and professional interpersonal relationship. Moreover, both fears and hopes were found to be rooted in personal (cognitive and affective) and social (mostly organizational) sources. Further, analysis of quantitative data via ANOVA, independent -samples T -test also revealed that the pre - service teachers and their in -service counterparts are similar in terms of their feared and ideal to selves whereas their ought self has a determining role in justifying the observable variations in their possible self. In addition, pre -service teachers' year of education was also found to be a significant factor affecting their possible selves; that is, it was shown that first -year, second -year and third -year pre -service teachers' ought self is significantly different from that of in -service teachers. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between fourth -year -pre -service teachers and in -service teachers in terms of their ought self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a randomized controlled trial, we examined the impact of a teacher professional learning (PL) program on English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers' use of evidence-based instructional strategies for multilingual learners, collaboration with classroom teachers, and incorporation of Latino multilingual learners' cultural wealth into their classrooms. The analyses included 29 ESL teachers from 29 elementary schools in three school districts. The teachers completed pre–post surveys, and trained observers rated classroom instruction and cultural wealth for two cohorts of teachers in the yearlong program. The results showed that the PL program had a significant effect on the ESL teachers' use of evidence-based instructional strategies. We also found a significant effect on the ESL teachers' collaboration processes, including their use of an intentional framework for collaboration and their alignment with classroom teachers' instruction. We did not find significant differences between the PL group and the control group on the ESL teachers' incorporation of cultural wealth in their classroom environment or on the reported frequency of their collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractWe used a Self-Study of Teacher Education Practices (S-STEP) methodology to consider how 16 teachers in an English as a Second Language (ESL) assessment course discussed ‘academic’ versus ‘social’ language while assessing a multilingual student’s oral language. Using a ­figured-worlds framework to explore teachers’ underlying beliefs about the ‘academic’/‘social’ language dichotomy, we aimed to explore: What figured worlds were present in teachers’ dichotomous descriptions of multilingual students’ ‘academic’ and ‘social’ language? Our findings reveal four inter-related figured worlds that teachers’ descriptions revealed about students’ oral language. First, teachers used words like formal, complex, and difficult to characterize so-called ‘academic’ language, while they described ‘social’ language as informal, simple, non-specific, etc. Second, teachers depicted multilingual students as struggling with or overwhelmed by ‘academic’ language but as having strong conversational skills and a relaxed and even jovial manner when using so-called ‘social’ language. Third, teachers depicted themselves as owners and controllers of ‘academic’ language and as charged with imparting ‘academic’ language on students. Finally, teachers associated English with ‘academic’ language and students’ home languages with ‘social’ language. These findings suggest that teachers’ figured worlds relate both to their views of language and to their identities and roles as teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)