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Twelve Ctenarytaina species with confirmed or suspected associations with Syzygium are revised. The following six new species are diagnosed, described and illustrated: Ctenarytaina baliota Burckhardt sp. nov. (from Malaysia: Sabah), C. daleae Burckhardt sp. nov. (Malaysia: Sabah), C. loebli Burckhardt sp. nov. (Malaysia: Sabah), C. melanota Burckhardt sp. nov. (South Africa), C. picea Burckhardt sp. nov. (Thailand) and C. taylori Burckhardt sp. nov. (Malaysia: Sabah). One new generic synonym is proposed (Ctenarytaina = Eurhinocola syn. nov.) as are two new combinations: Ctenarytaina aurata (Li), comb. nov. from Neophyllura, and Ctenarytaina gravelyi (Crawford), comb. nov. from Eurhinocola. A key is provided to adults and, as far as known, to the fifth instar immatures. Two African species (Ctenarytaina fomenae Tamesse and C. melanota sp. nov.) induce witches’ broom on their hosts. Confirmed host plants of Ctenarytaina species are from Syzygium (6 spp.), Eucalyptus (5 spp.) and other Myrtaceae, as well as from one genus in each of the families Onagraceae, Rutaceae and Theaceae. More than two thirds of the species with confirmed hosts are monophagous, the others are narrowly oligophagous. About one fifth of the described Ctenarytaina species have adventive populations outside their natural range. Key words: adventive, distribution, host plant, Phytoplasma, Spondyliaspidinae, Sternorrhyncha, taxonomy, witches’ broom

Ceropsylla pouteriae Burckhardt sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Brazil: Minas Gerais. It induces pit galls on the leaves of Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk. (Sapotaceae), a characteristic tree of the Cerrado biome. The previously artificial genus Ceropsylla is redefined and six species are transferred from Ceropsylla to Trioza as Trioza angustirerta (Li, 2011), comb. nov., Trioza celticola (Li, 2011), comb. nov., Trioza cestolemba (Li, 2011), comb. nov., Trioza discrepans (Tuthill, 1945), comb. nov., Trioza martorelli (Caldwell, 1942), comb. nov. and Trioza pulchra (Tuthill, 1945), comb. nov. The psyllids on Sapotaceae are reviewed and the phylogenetic relationships of Ceropsylla briefly discussed. The Ceropsylla pouteriae gall develops from cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mesophyll leaf tissue, as well as neoformation of vascular tissues. The hypertrophy of the palisade parenchyma cells leads to the formation of the adaxial cortex of the gall. The abaxial cortex originates from the spongy parenchyma. The elongation of the adaxial and abaxial cortex is responsible for the intralaminar gall shape. The neoformation of vascular bundles is an important feature for the phloem feeding Ceropsylla pouteriae. The intralaminar morphotype of the C. pouteriae gall showed a simple anatomical structure. It lacks defence-related compounds and nutritive tissue. The structural simplicity contrasts with the presence of chemical substances in the gall tissue.

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve the usage of the generic name CtenarytainaFerris & Klyver, 1932 for a genus of psyllids (Insecta, Hemiptera) from tropical and subtropical regions around the world. This name, which has been used in hundreds of works in recent decades, is threatened by a purported senior synonym, EurhinocolaCrawford, 1912. This genus was erected for Eurhinocola gravelyiCrawford, 1912 from Myanmar, a species that has not been mentioned since then in the literature except in catalogues. In 2020 the two genera were formally synonymized. Besides those already mentioned, only three other substantial publications on Eurhinocola have appeared, all between 1924 and 1937 and all pertaining to Eurhinocola eucalypti (Maskell, 1890). Using the senior synonym Eurhinocola would lead to nomenclatural instability and confusion, particularly with respect to two economically important species that are classified now in Ctenarytaina. We therefore request a reversal of precedence under the Commission's plenary power, with Ctenarytaina to be given precedence over Eurhinocola whenever the two are considered to be synonyms.

Queiroziella gen. nov., a new genus of Psylloidea (Psyllidae, Ciriacreminae), is erected for five new species developing on the multipurpose tree Mimosa scabrella (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade): viz. Queiroziella erato sp. nov., Q. euterpe sp. nov., Q. melpomone sp. nov., Q. terpsichore sp. nov. and Q. thalia sp. nov. Another species from Paraguay, associated with an unidentified Mimosa species, is transferred to the new genus as Queiroziella borealis (Burckhardt, 1987), comb. nov., from Zonopelma (Aphalaroidinae). The new taxa are diagnosed, described and illustrated, and keys are provided for the identification of adults and immatures. Morphologically, Queiroziella resembles Heteropsylla which is also associated with mimosoid legumes and with which it may be closely related. As their host, the new species are restricted to Southern Brazil. Queiroziella euterpe, Q. melpomone and Q. terpsichore are reported from the states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo, Q. thalia from Paraná and São Paulo, and Q. erato from Paraná. No clear phenological patterns were found though it seems that high psyllid populations coincide with new flush of the host plants. Despite that the psyllids occur sometimes in very high numbers, no visible damage could be detected on host trees. On the other hand, the honeydew of the psyllids may provide a food source for honey-bees during non-flowering periods of Mimosa scabrella.

The Brazilian species of Mitrapsylla, a Neotropical genus of jumping plant-lice, are reviewed. Twenty-seven species are described as new, and one species originally described from Panama is recorded for the first time from Brazil. This brings the number of Brazilian species from 12 to 40 and for the Neotropical region to 51. The new species are illustrated and Mitrapsylla ceplaciensis (White & Hodkinson), M. cubana Crawford and M. itaparica (Crawford) are redescribed. A key for the identification of males is provided for the Brazilian species and information is given on host-plants, habitat and distribution. Host-plants, all Leguminosae, are confirmed for 15 of the new species. The genus is predominantly tropical but extends into the subtropical states in South Brazil.

In a faunistic survey of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) in the province of Kerman, Iran, in 2016‒2017, one undescribed species, Cacopsylla paraspiculata Lashkari & Burckhardt, sp. nov., and one species new for Iran, Colposcenia orientalis (Klimaszewski, 1970), were collected. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the two species as well as for Craspedolepta tadshikistanica Baeva, 1973. A revised checklist of jumping plant-lice from Kerman including 40 species of five families and 18 genera is presented based on literature records and recently collected material.

Pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae: Cacopsylla spp.) belong to the most serious pests of pear (Pyrus spp.). They damage pear trees by excessive removal of phloem sap, by soiling the fruits with honeydew which, in turn, provides a substrate for sooty mould, and by transmission of Candidatus Phytoplasma spp., the causal agents of the pear decline disease. The morphological similarity, the presence of seasonal dimorphism that affects adult colour, size and wing morphology and uncritical use of species names, led to much confusion in the taxonomy of pear psyllids. As a result, pear psyllids have been frequently misidentified. Many of the entries attributed to Cacopsylla pyricola and other species in the GenBank are misidentifications which led to additional, unnecessary confusion. Here we analysed DNA barcodes of 11 pear psyllid species from eastern Asia, Europe and Iran using four mitochondrial gene fragments (COI 658 bp, COI 403 bp, COI-tRNAleu-COII 580 bp and 16S rDNA 452 bp). The efficiency of identification was notably high and considerable barcoding gaps were observed in all markers. Our results confirm the synonymies of the seasonal forms of Cacopsylla jukyungi ( = C. cinereosignata, winter form) and C. maculatili ( = C. qiuzili, summer form) previously suggested based on morphology. Some previous misidentifications (C. chinensis from China, Japan and Korea = misidentification of C. jukyungi; C. pyricola and C. pyrisuga from East Asia = misidentification of C. jukyungi and C. burckhardti, respectively; C. pyricola from Iran = misidentification of C. bidens, C. pyri and Cacopsylla sp.) are also corrected. There is no evidence for the presence of European pear psyllid species in East Asia.

The confused taxonomy of the east Palaearctic pear psyllids, serious pests on cultivated pear, is reviewed. Fifty-six nominal species have been reported from Pyrus, 25 of which we consider valid and ten as not being associated with Pyrus. Our taxonomic revision suggests that, in Korea, four Cacopsylla species develop on pear: the univoltine C. burckhardti Luo et al. previously misidentified as C. pyrisuga (Foerster), the polyvoltine, seasonally dimorphic C. jukyungi (Kwon) (winter form ‘cinereosignata’ Luo et al., summer form ‘jukyungi’), commonly found in Korean pear orchards, and C. maculatili Li (winter form ‘maculatili’, summer form ‘qiuzili’ Li) previously misidentified as C. pyricola (Foerster) by some authors, as well as the probably polyvoltine but not dimorphic C. sandolbaea (Park & Lee). The former three species (C. burckhardti, C. jukyungi, misidentified as C. chinensis (Yang & Li), and C. maculatili) occur also in Japan. Keys to the adult and fifth instar immatures as well as short biological notes are provided, and C. jukyungi and C. sandolbaea are redescribed. Following nomenclatorial changes are proposed: Cacopsylla betulaefoliae (Yang & Li, 1981) = Psylla heterobetulaefoliae Yang & Li, 1981, syn. nov.; Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc, 1907) = Psylla jiangli Yang & Li, 1981, syn. nov.; Cacopsylla jukyungi (Kwon) = C. cinereosignata Luo et al., syn. nov.; Cacopsylla maculatili Li = C. qiuzili Li, syn. nov.; Cacopsylla nigella (Konovalova), comb. nov. from Psylla. The synonymy of P. obongsana Kwon with C. sandolbaea is confirmed.

Four newTriozaspecies associated with mistletoes are described, diagnosed and illustrated from Brazil and Chile. They are monophagous on the LoranthaceaeStruthanthusuraguensis(Triozastruthanthisp. n.),Tripodanthusacutifolius(Triozatripodanthisp. n.) and narrowly oligophagous onTristerixspp. (Triozatristericissp. n.). For a fourth species (Triozavagatasp. n.) host information is unavailable but its association with mistletoes is likely. The four species form a putative monophyletic group, together with three North American species (TriozaacuminataTuthill,T.incidataTuthill andT.phorodendraeTuthill), based on the apically incised paramere, the highly modified valvulae of the female ovipositor and the host association with mistletoes.T.acuminatastat. n. from California is raised to species rank (originally described as subspecies ofT.phorodendrae). TheTriozastruthanthi-group is diagnosed and a key for the identification of its constituent members is provided. New host data are provided forCalophyasp. from Brazil as well as forNotophorinafuscaBurckhardt andZonopelmaaustralisBurckhardt from Chile. Host plant and biogeographical patterns of mistletoe feeding psyllids around the world are briefly discussed.

The jumping plant-lice of Laos are reviewed based on material collected during recent expeditions by the Moravian Museum (1997–2011), the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel (2003–2012) and the Seoul National University (2012–2015). To date, only three psyllid species, viz. Diaphorina citri, Heteropsylla cubana and Pseudophacopteron tuberculatum, have been recorded from Laos. In the material at hand, 49 species (of 6 families and 27 genera) are represented. This collection includes the three previously reported species and 22 species reported for the first time from Laos. Twenty-four species are identified only to genus due to insufficient material. The following nomenclatorial changes are formally proposed: Insnesia drypetisuga ( Li, 2004 ), comb. nov. (from Auchmerina); Insnesia longitaenialis (Li, 2011 ), comb. nov. (from Auchmerina); Insnesia maculosa (Fang & Yang, 1986 ), comb. rev. (from Auchmerina); Insnesia yunnanensis (Li, 2011 ), comb. nov. (from Auchmerina); Trioza maculata (Yang, 1984 ) = Triozopsis ruiliensis Li, 2011 , syn. nov.

Aroeira ou pimenta rosa, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardaceae), planta nativa da Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai é uma das plantas daninhas mais invasivas na Flórida. Em sua região de origem, pelo menos 4 espécies de psilídeos do gênero Calophya (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) estão associados a esta planta. Todas as quatro espécies são monófagas e provavelmente constituem um grupo monofilético que induzem galhas lenticulares abertas, usualmente na face superior da folha. Aqui a taxonomia das 4 espécies é revisada, 2 das quais são descritas como novas, C. lutea sp. nov. e C. praestigiator sp. nov. Diferenças morfológicas entre as 4 espécies são detalhadas e estruturas relevantes são ilustradas. Fornecemos chave para identificação de adultos e imaturos de quinto instar para as 8 espécies conhecidas como indutoras de galhas em espécies de Schinus. Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-29T01:37:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018DalvaFETaxonomy.pdf: 14574224 bytes, checksum: bdd91c2158f8f36e9cc15403aec50352 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-28

The records of the jumping plant-lice previously published under Carsidara shikokuensis (Miyatake, 1981) from Japan and C. marginalis Walker, 1869 from Korea are critically reviewed. It is concluded that both refer to the same species that is associated with Firmiana simplex (L.) W.Wight (Malvaceae). Carsidara shikokuensis shows no relevant morphological differences to C. limbata (Enderlein, 1926), and the two are synonymised: Carsidara limbata (Enderlein, 1926) = Carsidara shikokuensis (Miyatake, 1981) syn. nov. A record of C. marginalis from Korea is a misidentification of C. limbata . The latter is diagnosed and illustrated and differences to the former are discussed. The immatures of C . limbata are free-living on the leaves of Firmiana simplex and particularly the older instars secrete large amounts of flocculent wax and honeydew. Information on its potential usage as biological control agent of invasive Firmiana simplex in North America is briefly discussed.

Two species of Calophya (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) were previously reported from Mexico: Calophya dicksoni Jensen associated with Fouquieria columnaris Kellogg ex Curran (Ericales: Fouquieriaceae) and Calophya schini Tuthill associated with Schinus molle L. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae). Here, a 3rd species, Calophya spondiadis sp. nov. from hog plum, Spondias purpurea L. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), is described and illustrated. The immatures do not induce galls on the host. They are polyphenic with respect to the presence or absence of long asperate processes on head, thorax, wing pads, and abdomen which is unusual and so far known only for Calophya californica Schwarz. The original description of C. dicksoni is supplemented and the current status of C. schini is discussed.

A checklist comprising information on taxonomy, distribution and host plants is provided for 161 species of jumping plant-lice from the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) based on published records and museum material. In addition there are 15 species recorded in the literature which are identified to genus only. Museum material provides eight new country and two new state (within India) records. The taxonomy is updated and following nomenclatorial acts are proposed: new genus (1), new generic synonymies (2), designation of type species (1), new species synonymies (5), replacement names for primary homonyms at species level (3), new status of subspecies (3), new combinations (23). Toonapsylla Burckhardt, gen. nov. is described for Psylla cedrelae (Kieffer, 1905). The new genus belongs to Mastigimatinae (Calophyidae) and is probably closest related to Bharatiana and Mastigimas, both associated with Cedrela and Toona (Meliaceae). The new genus is diagnosed and a key is provided for the world genera of Mastigimatinae. The Neoptropical genus Allophorina Hodkinson is transferred here from Mastigimatinae (Calophyidae) to Psyllinae (Psyllidae).

Moriphila furva Burckhardt & Cho, gen. and sp. nov., is described from the mountain region in north eastern South Korea. Adults were collected on Morus australis which is a likely host. We provide morphological evidence that the new monotypic genus constitutes the probable sister group of the afrotropical Phytolyma whose species develop on Milicia and Morus (Moraceae). Differences between the two genera are detailed and the phylogenetic relationships to other members of Homotomidae: Macrohomotominae, to which the new genus belongs, are discussed. The host relationships of Psylloidea associated with Moraceae are reviewed. The latter constitutes the fifth most important host taxon of Psylloidea even though it is only a moderately large family of angiosperms in terms of constituent species. Moraceae have been colonised by psyllids at least five times independently. Following new combinations are proposed: Homotoma brevis (Li, 1993), comb. nov. and Homotoma microphyllae (Li & Yang, 1991), comb. nov. (both from Caenohomotoma Yang & Li, 1981).

The hispidus species group is formed for four new species from East Asia of the genus Plagiophorus Motschulsky: P. hispidussp. nov., P. hlavacisp. nov., P. serratussp. nov., and P. grandoculatussp. nov. Uncoated specimens were examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and micrographs of the holotypes are presented. Keys to the species groups of the genus occurring in East Asia and to the species of the hispidus group are given. The hispidus group is probably monophyletic, having peculiar spinous setae on the male metasternum. The chaetotaxy of the labrum and clypeus is useful for distinguishing species of Plagiophorus.

The taxonomy and systematics of European house spiders, currently constituting the ill-defined Tegenaria−Malthonica complex (including Aterigena) in the family Agelenidae, are revised. In Europe four monophyletic genera and 81 species are defined. One genus, Eratigena gen. nov., and seven species are described as new; at species level 17 new synonyms and 20 new combinations are proposed, and the original combination of 14 species is reinstated. Five species could not be placed (incertae sedis) because of insufficient material and one taxon is regarded as ‘nomen dubium’. On the basis of a detailed morphological assessment, 88 characters were chosen for a cladistic analysis. Phylogenetically informative characters include mostly spination patterns as well as spinneret and genital structures. In addition to morphology, three gene sections [cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NADH1) 28S] were analysed. Morphological and molecular analyses were performed individually and in combination applying maximum parsimony and Bayesian tree search methods. In all resulting trees Malthonica and Tegenaria in their present composition are either polyphyletic or paraphyletic. Consequently, we redefined the two genera and erected a new genus, Eratigena gen. nov. Identification keys are provided for the European agelenid genera as well as for the European species of Tegenaria and Eratigena gen. nov. The genera and most of the constituent species are described and illustrated. The new classification has also been applied to some extra European members of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex resulting in additional three new synonyms, seven reversals to the original combination, and four new combinations. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London

Ctenarytaina bipartita sp.n., associated with Eucalyptus kitsoniana and E. viminalis, is described from the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria. It differs from other described Ctenarytaina species in the paramere which bears a small posterior lobe. Taxonomically relevant morphological details are illustrated and the species is diagnosed from other eucalypt inhabiting congeners. Information on the biology is also given. C. bipartita has the po-tential to become an exported pest species to countries with significant eucalypt plantations.

The Pear Psyllid, Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc, 1907), is here reported from the Department of Canelones, the major region of pear production in Uruguay. Previous records of C. pyricola (Foerster, 1848) from Uruguay are misidentifications of C. bidens. Information is provided on the taxonomy and biology of this species.

Anoeconeossa bundoorensis sp. n. is described from Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) from southern Victoria in Southeast Australia. It is placed in the A. communis Taylor species-group as the paramere lacks combs of black rods. It differs from other members of the species-group, A. communis and A. bullata Taylor as it lacks an anterobasal expansion on the paramere and from A. unicornuta Taylor as the inner horn-shaped process of the paramere is reduced to a short spine and the apical expansion is more elongate, with a corresponding greater length of equidistant setae. Taxonomically relevant morphological details are illustrated and the species is diagnosed from other eucalypt inhabiting congeners. In-formation on the biology is presented.

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Jr Coll, Santa Rosa, CA USA George Washington Univ, Washington, DC 20037 USA Inst Teknol Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Earlham Coll, Richmond, IN USA Senckenberg Forschungsinst & Nat Museum, Frankfurt, Germany Univ Estadual Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Univ Koblenz Landau, Koblenz, Germany Nat Hist Museum, London, England Ditsong Natl Museum Nat Hist, Pretoria, South Africa Bombay Nat Hist Soc, Bombay, Maharashtra, India Philipps Univ Marburg, Marburg, Germany Hess Landesmuseum, Darmstadt, Germany Smithsonian Conservat Biol Inst, Washington, DC USA Univ Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary Staatliches Museum Nat Kunde, Stuttgart, Germany UFT, Tocantins, Portugal Museum Nat Kunde, Berlin, Germany Nat Hist Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Hikarigaoka, Munakata, Japan Inst Agr & Environm Sci, Tartu, Estonia Univ Los Andes, Merida, Venezuela Bat Jungle, Monteverde, Costa Rica Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA Yale Univ, New Haven, CT USA Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Brazil 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Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA Nat Hist Museum & Inst, Chiba, Japan Senckenberg Biodiversitat & Klima Forschunsgzentr, Frankfurt, Germany Marquette Univ, Milwaukee, WI 53233 USA Univ Firenze, Museo Storia Nat, Florence, Italy Univ Fed Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil Fed Univ ABC, Sao Bernardo, Brazil Univ Fed Goias, Goiania, Go, Brazil Univ Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK USA Egerton Univ, Egerton, Kenya Museo Hist Nat, Lima, Peru IKIAM Univ Reg Amazon, Tena, Ecuador Univ Hyogo, Sanda, Japan Inst Rech Dev, Paris, France Univ Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil Niedersachs Landesbetrieb Wasserwirtschaft Kusten, Hannover, Germany Univ Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Ctr Nacl Patagon, Puerto Madryn, Argentina Roosevelt Univ, Coll Profess Studies, Chicago, IL 60605 USA Western Kentucky Univ, Bowling Green, KY 42101 USA Univ Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy Univ Fed Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Inst Bio & Geociencias Noroeste Argentino, Salta, Argentina Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Caracas, Venezuela Umweltbundesamt, Vienna, Austria Penclen, Plumelec, France CNRS MNHN UPMC, Ctr Rech Paleobiodivers & Paleoenvironm, Paris, France Staatl Museum Nat Kunde, Stuttgart, Germany Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivada, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Ctr Biol Gest Populat INRA, Montferrier Sur Lez, France Loyola Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL USA Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Durban Museum Nat Sci, Durban, South Africa Univ Estado Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA Museo Hist Nat La Salle, Caracas, Venezuela Univ Vet Med Hannover, Hannover, Germany Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA Francis Marion Univ, Florence, SC USA Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA Univ Connecticut, Groton, CT USA Fed Univ ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil Fed Univ Para, Belem, Para, Brazil Yale Peabody Museum, New Haven, CT USA Univ Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA Senckenberg Deutsch Entomol Inst, Muncheberg, Germany CSIRO, Natl Res Collect, Canberra, ACT, Australia Univ Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa Univ Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea Univ Estadual Sao Paulo, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Senckenberg Forsch Inst & Nat Museum, Frankfurt, Germany Ocean Univ China, Inst Marine Biodivers & Evolut, Qingdao, Shandong, Peoples R China Univ Fed Para, Altamira, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Assis, Brazil UPMC, Ctr Rech Paleobiodiversite & Paleoenvironm, CNRS, MNHN, Paris, France Tech Univ Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Charles Univ Prague, Dept Zool, Prague, Czech Republic Univ Nacl Expt los Llanos Occident Ezequiel Zamor, Guanare, Venezuela Long Isl Univ, Brooklyn, NY USA Univ Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan Pontificia Univ Catolica Ecuador, Museo Zool, Escuela Ciencias Biol, Quito, Ecuador Indiana Univ Penn, Indiana, PA USA IRD, Dakar, Senegal State Museum Nat Hist Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Univ Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France Univ Ghent, Ghent, Belgium Univ Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Karlsruhe, Germany Ctr Cellular & Mol Biol, Hyderabad, India Univ Fed ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil Yale Peabody Museum Nat Hist, New Haven, CT USA Univ Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria Bethune Cookman Univ, Daytona Beach, FL USA Natl Museum Nat & Sci, Tokyo, Japan Zool Garten Koln, Cologne, Germany Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Vicente, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Assis, Brazil

Trioza hopeae sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Vietnam. Trioza hopeae develops on Hopea odorata, a valuable timber tree on which it causes serious damage by inducing leaf galls. The new species is closely related to Trioza minuta (Mathur) comb. nov. (from Ceropsylla Riley), an Indian species associated with Shorea robusta. Differences between the two species are discussed. Another five Indian species are transferred here from Ceropsylla to Trioza Foerster as T. ferruginea (Mathur, 1975) comb. nov., T. fulvida (Mathur, 1975) comb. nov., T. indica (Kandasamy, 1986) comb. nov., T. longivenata (Kandasamy, 1986) comb. nov., and T. parvus (Kandasamy, 1986) comb. nov.

Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, is a perennial woody plant native to Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay that is recognized as one of the most invasive weeds in Florida. A new species of leaflet galling psyllid was discovered attacking Brazilian peppertree in Bahia, Brazil in March 2010. In this paper, a formal morphological description of the new psyllid Calophya latiforceps sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) is presented along with molecular evidence confirming new species designation. This previously unknown natural enemy may have potential as a biological control agent for the Brazilian peppertree.

Aterigena n. gen. is erected for four Palearctic species of funnel-web spiders previously placed in Tegenaria Latreille 1804 or Malthonica Simon 1898 (Agelenidae: Tegenariini) and A. aspromontensis n. sp., an Italian species described here. The following new combinations are proposed: Aterigena aculeata (Wang 1992), A. ligurica (Simon 1916), n. comb. (from Tegenaria), as well as A. aliquoi (Brignoli 1971) and A. soriculata (Simon 1873), n. comb. (from Malthonica). The latter two species were originally described in Tegenaria. The new genus is diagnosed by the unique combination of several morphological character states (e.g., notched trochanters III and IV, lateral spines on patellae, shape of vulvae). The monophyly of the new genus is also supported by a molecular analysis based on CO1 sequences of several taxa. Keys are provided for the identification of the recognized genera of Tegenariini and the species of Aterigena n. gen. Several species of Pseudotegenaria Caporiacco 1934, originally descr...

Liadopsylla apedetica sp.n. Ouvrard, Burckhardt & Azar and L. hesperiasp.n. Ouvrard & Burckhardt are described from Lebanon and New Jersey amber, respectively, constituting the first descriptions of Psylloidea preserved in Cretaceous amber. Liadopsylla hesperia is the first representative of Liadopsyllidae found in the New World. Liadopsylla apedetica is remarkably well preserved, showing conical, mobile metacoxae. This suggests that Liadopsyllidae did not jump the way extant psyllids do. It is proposed that enlarged metacoxae fused with the complex metathoracic furcae constitute a synapomorphy of extant Psylloidea. This trait was first observed in fossils from the Eocene. As such, the inability to jump in a few extant members of Psylloidea is a secondary loss that probably occurred several times independently. The families Liadopsyllidae and Malmopsyllidae are also redefined; within Liadopsyllidae, the genus Mesopsylla is synonymized with Liadopsylla. The origin and palaeobiogeography of the Liadopsyllidae are briefly discussed.

The peloridiids are revised to comprise 17 genera and 32 species with following new taxa: Craspedophysa monteithi gen. and sp. n., Peltophysa minor gen. and sp. n. (both from Northern Queensland), Idophysa chonos gen. and sp. n. (from Southern Chile), Rhacophysa gen. n. for Hackeriella taylori, Hackeriella brachycephala sp. n., H. echina sp. n., Hemiodoecus acutus sp. n., H. crassus sp. n. (all from Australia), Oiophysa paradoxa sp. n., Xenophysella greensladeae sp. n. (both from New Zealand), Oiophysella constans sp. n., Oiophysella cristata sp. n. and Oiophysella marginata sp. n. (all from New Caledonia). The following new synonymies are proposed (senior synonym first): Oiophysa ablusa = O. fuscata, Howeria kingsmilli = H. coggeri and H. payteni, and Xenophysella stewartensis = X. dugdalei and X. pegasusensis; the synonymy of Hemiodoecellus fidelis = H. donnae is confirmed. The recognised taxa are diagnosed and a key for their identification is provided. It is shown that peloridiids have five morphologically distinct larval instars. A key for identifying the last larval instar to genus and species is provided. A cladistic analysis using 32 adult characters results in two most parsimonious trees. The trees are mostly consistent with the diversification of peloridiids as consequence of the break-up of Gondwana (New Zealand/New Caledonia (South America + Australia)). The position of the New Caledonia clade is within and not sister to the New Zealand clade as is suggested by geology. Of particular biogeographic interest is the taxon from Lord Howe Island which is nested within a clade of genera from Central/Northern NSW and Queensland. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The Central European species of the taxonomically difficult Holarctic typhlocybine genus Kybos are revised. Currently it is impossible to identify females and nymphs. In addition the otherwise diagnostic shape of the male genitalia is linked by intermediates in some morphologically similar nominal species. The second important diagnostic structure, the male sound apodemes, is not yet fully developed in teneral males, a fact which was not sufficiently taken into consideration by some authors. The present study evaluates the morphological variation of the male genitalia and sound apodemes. Females and nymphs are investigated for taxonomically relevant characters. The study did not yield previously unknown characters particularly for the females and nymphs but suggested that the variation of the male genitalia has previously been underestimated. For this reason K. perplexus Ribaut, 1952 and K. paraltaicus Orosz, 1996 are synonymised with K. strigilifer (Ossiannilsson, 1941) (new synonymies). The base of the female ovipositor is variable within Kybos and separates species groups but does not diagnose species. Nymphs vary in leg dimensions and colour forming the same species groups as the female genitalia but, again, do not diagnose species. In the cladistic analysis the female genital characters make the most important contribution to tree structure whereas the male genitalia are of less importance, contrary to species diagnoses. It is interesting to note that the cladogram comprises a monophyletic group of Betulaceae feeders.

Five Russelliana species (Psyllidae, Aphalaroidinae) associated with plants of the small temperate South American genus Diostea spp. (Verbenaceae) are described and illustrated, the following four of which as new: Russelliana diosteae, R. marionae, R. sebastiani and R. theresae spp. n. A key is provided for the identification of the adults and last instar larvae. Three species are monophagous on D. juncea (R. bulbosa, diosteae and sebastiani) and two on Diostea scoparia (R. marionae and theresae); one species is restricted to Argentina (R. marionae), three occur only in Chile (R. diosteae, sebastiani and theresae) and one is known from both Argentina and Chile respectively (R. bulbosa). A cladistic analysis suggests that the species on Diostea juncea as well as those on D. scoparia form each monophyletic clades which, based on host association, may constitute sister taxa. The two species on D. scoparia have very restricted, vicariant distributions in Argentina and Chile respectively, the three species associated with D. juncea are partially sympatric and at least one of the species is more wide-spread. An evolutionary scenario is discussed. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

A checklist is provided for the Turkish Psylloidea comprising 99 species, of which 1 is doubtful (Livia crefeldensis) and 6 are recorded for the first time from Turkey (Rhodochlanis bicolor, Euphyllura pakistanica, Camarotoscena lauta, Syntomoza unicolor, Baeopelma colorata, and Spanioneura persica). A key is provided for the 3 Spanioneura species associated with Prunus dulcis. Spanioneura pechai (Klimaszewski and Lodos) stat. rev. is removed from synonymy with S. turkiana.

The genus Baccharopelma (new replacement name for Neopelma Burckhardt, 1987 nec Sclater, 1860; and for its replacement name Burckhardtia Straube and Miretzki, 1999 nec Frech, 1907 nec Brown and Hodkinson, 1988) is revised to include five named species and possibly two undescribed species. The junior homonym Burckhardtia Brown and Hodkinson nec Frech is replaced by Hodkinsonia nom. n. The introduction of the two generic replacement names necessitates two new combinations. Four species are described as new. Keys for the identification of adults and the last instar larva are provided along with species diagnoses and illustrations of taxonomically relevant structures. The galls and known biological features are briefly discussed for each species and the phylogenetic relationships among the species are analysed. Baccharopelma spp. are monophagous on Baccharis spp. (Asteraceae) on which they induce galls. The temperate South American genus has one species restricted to Chile, three to Brazil and one occurring i...

louse species from Central Europe. - Trioza flixiana sp. n. is described from several localities in Switzerland. The species is closely related to T. cirsii from which it differs in details of the male paramere, the aedeagal apex, the female proctiger, the antennal colour and the longer terminal setae on antennal segment 10. Larvae are so far unknown.

The psyllids or jumping plant-lice of Israel are reviewed from literature records and collected insect material. Eighteen species are reported from Israel for the first time, bringing the total to 94 species from 35 genera, in five families. Three species are described as new: Caillardia springatei Spodek & Burckhardt, Craspedolepta merzi Spodek & Burckhardt and Eremopsylloides vicinus Spodek & Burckhardt, and one new combination is proposed: Crastina heslopharrisoni (Samy, 1972), comb. nov. from Craspedolepta. Six additional unidentified species are recorded from the genera Bactericera (2 species), Cacopsylla, Craspedolepta, Eryngiofaga and Pachypsylloides. We list new taxa for Israel, update the taxonomy and indicate the known geographic distribution for each species. Host plants and economically important psyllids are discussed. A key to adult psyllids is provided.

The Neotropical psyllid genus Tainarys Brèthes, 1920 is revised to include 14 extant and one fossil species from Dominican amber. Eight species are described as new, viz. Tainarys aroeira sp. nov., T. atra sp. nov., T. hapla sp. nov., T. myracrodrui sp. nov., T. nigricornis sp. nov., T. didyma sp. nov. and T. orientalis sp. nov. from Brazil, the last two also from Uruguay, as well as T. lozadai sp. nov. from Peru. The fifth instar immatures are described for nine species. †Vicinilura Klimaszewski, 1996, erected for the fossil †V. reposta Klimaszewski, 1996 and previously synonymised with Leurolophus Tuthill, 1942, is synonymised here (syn. nov.) with Tainarys and †V. reposta is transferred to become †Tainarys reposta (Klimaszewski), comb. nov. The descriptions are supplemented by illustrations and keys for the identification of adults and immatures. Phylogenetic relationships between species are investigated with a cladistic analysis using 22 adult and six immature morphological characters. The analysis resulted in a single most parsimonious, fully resolved tree. The fossil species is nested within the genus rather than being the sister taxon of the remainder of species. The extant species are restricted to the subtropical and temperate parts of South America. Three pairs of sister clades display an east‒west South American and one a midwest‒southern Brazilian geographical vicariance. Host plants are confirmed for nine and likely for another four species. They are Astronium, Haplorhus, Myracrodruon, Schinopsis and Schinus (Anacardiaceae). All Tainarys species appear to be oligophagous inducing irregular leaf curls on their hosts.

The gall-forming psylloid fauna associated with the temperate Neotropical plant genus Schinus (Anacardiaceae) is revised, and keys are provided for adults, larvae and galls. Fourteen species are recognized in the genus Calophya (Calophyidae), 10 of which are described as new; C. gallifex and C. schini are reinstated from former synonymy with C. rubra. An additional closely related new species, C. clavuligera sp. n., is described from Lithrea spp. In the genus Tainarys (Psyllidae, Rhinocolinae), six species are recognized and, for five of these, Schinus species are confirmed hosts. Two of them are described as new and one is recombined from Leurolophus. A new Leurolophus species is described from Lithrea molleoides. Based on a cladistic analysis Pelmatobrachia, Microceropsylla and Neocalophya are synonymized with Calophya, producing five new and one revised species combinations as well as one nomen nov. A list of the 59 currently recognized species is provided with information on synonymy, distribution and...

The phylogenetic significance of morphological characters used to diagnose Bactericera, Rhinopsylla, Paratrioza, Allotrioza, Klimaszewskiella, Eubactericera, Phylloplecta and Sinitrioza is examined. There is no evidence that the genera or subgenera, in any of their present or past definitions, constitute natural units. The six former together, however, form a monophyletic group, defined by a combination of adult, larval and egg characters. Phylloplecta and Sinitrioza, which share similar adult characters with Bactericera, differ in the larval and egg morphology. The following new synonymies are established: Bactericera (=Rhinopsylla pro parte, = Paratrioza, = Allotrioza, = Klimaszewskiella, = Eubactericera pro parte) and Phylloplecta (= Sinitrioza). A list of the 121 species included in Bacerticera is provided and 75 new combinations are introduced (60 in Bactericera, 4 in Phylloplecta, 9 in Trioza and 1 in Kuwayama). Bactericera equisetifolii sp. n. and B. vellae sp. n. are described from Israel and Spai...

Ehrendorferiana and its two included new species, E. austrocedri (the type species) and E. fitzroyae, are diagnosed. The new genus is a member of the predominantly temperate Neotropical subfamily Aphalaroidinae (Psyllidae). Based on the absence of metabasitarsal spurs it forms a likely monophyletic group with Baccharopelma, Panisopelma and Russelliana. The absence or paucity of long dorsal or marginal setae on the wing pads and caudal plate suggests a probable sister-taxon relationship with Russelliana. Apart from two species of Triozidae from New Zealand on Podocarpaceae, Ehrendorferiana is unique within Psylloidea in its host association with conifers, viz. Austrocedrus and Fitzroya (both Cupressaceae). See also Electronic Supplement at: http://www.senckenberg.de/odes/05-12.htm

The published records of jumping plant-lice from Brazil comprise 70 named species but four are erroneous or doubtful. For one species a variety has been described with uncertain status. Seven named species records are added here based on recent collections bringing the number of valid species to 73. Four new combinations are proposed: Colophorina favis (Brown & Hodkinson) (from Euphalerus), Euryconus fossiconis (Brown & Hodkinson) (from Euphalerus), Leuronota solani (Rübsaamen) (from Bactericera) and Macrocorsa beeryi (Caldwell) (from Psyllia). Additional unidentified species are recorded from the genera Auchmeriniella, Calophya, Ciriacremum, Euryconus, Isogonoceraia, Leuronota, Mastigimas, Pseudophacopteron and Livia, the last being considered a misidentification. Another 23 records concern psyllid galls which could not be attributed to any genus. The collection of psyllid galls from Brazil described by E. H. Rübsaamen was revised. The checklist provides for each species the general and Brazilian distributions as well as the host plants. Biogeographical and host plant patterns are briefly discussed. Half of the native psyllid genera are endemic to the Neotropic Region and slightly less than a third are restricted to the New World. Ten species are introduced from Australia (4), Europe (2), Asia (1) and other parts of South America (3). Fabaceae are host plants of a majority of members of the Psyllidae, whereas many Triozidae are associated with Myrtaceae.

The number of described species on the planet is about 1.9 million, with ca. 17,000 new species described annually, mostly from the tropics. However, taxonomy is usually described as a science in crisis, lacking manpower and funding, a politically acknowledged problem known as the Taxonomic Impediment. Using data from the Fauna Europaea database and the Zoological Record, we show that contrary to general belief, developed and heavily-studied parts of the world are important reservoirs of unknown species. In Europe, new species of multicellular terrestrial and freshwater animals are being discovered and named at an unprecedented rate: since the 1950s, more than 770 new species are on average described each year from Europe, which add to the 125,000 terrestrial and freshwater multicellular species already known in this region. There is no sign of having reached a plateau that would allow for the assessment of the magnitude of European biodiversity. More remarkably, over 60% of these new species are described by non-professional taxonomists. Amateurs are recognized as an essential part of the workforce in ecology and astronomy, but the magnitude of non-professional taxonomist contributions to alpha-taxonomy has not been fully realized until now. Our results stress the importance of developing a system that better supports and guides this formidable workforce, as we seek to overcome the Taxonomic Impediment and speed up the process of describing the planetary biodiversity before it is too late. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036881

The Pterogeniidae, a family of beetles from Indoaustralia, are revised. They comprise five genera and 24 species. Three genera and 17 species are described as new and one species is synonymized. It is shown that the male and particularly the female genitalia provide useful means for species definition. The phylogenetic relationships are discussed based on a cladistic analysis of 23 morphological characters using PAUP. The analysis resulted in a single cladogram with following grouping: (Kryptogenius+ (Tychogenius+ (Katagenius+ (Plerogenins+Histanocerus)))). For rooting the cladogram and polarizing the characters, Sivacrypticus indicus (Archeocrypticidae) was used as an outgroup. The majority of the species is restricted to insular tropical Asia and Oceania but four of them extend their range onto the Malayan Peninsula. Another four species are known only from continental Asia, i.e. two species from South India and one each from Malayan Peninsula and Vietnam respectively. Species of Kryptogenius, Pterogenius, Katagenius and Tychogenius are highly endemic and could therefore potentially be useful for analysing areas of endemism. For this, however, the cladistic relationships should be resolved at species level. Species of Histanocerus are more widely distributed but none is found on both sides of Wallace's line.

The Neotropical genus Panisopelma (Psyllidae: Aphalaroidinae) is revised and its internal phylogeny analysed. The constituent species, including five new ones, are described and illustrated. Keys are provided for the adults and the last instar larvae. Eight species are associated with creosote bushes (Larrea, Zygophyllaceae): five with L. nitida and three with L. divaricata. There is evidence that another three species, the larvae of which are unknown, also develop on L. divaricata. Seven species are restricted to Argentina, one to Bolivia and three to Chile. The cladistic analysis based on male, female and larval morphological characters yielded a single most-parsimonious tree. The species associated with L. nitida form a monophyletic clade, those on L. divaricata, by contrast, are paraphyletic. One clade with three species is restricted to Argentina, but three clades each contain a species from Argentina and Chile. Although a close association exists between Panisopelma and Larrea, there is no evidence for cospeciation, but rather an initial shift from an unknown host to L. divaricata and a second shift from L. divaricata to L. nitida. In three species pairs of Panisopelma, the distribution patterns suggest geographical vicariance between Argentina and Chile.

The Neotropical jumping plant-louse Russelliana solanicola Tuthill is a potato pest and a probable vector of plant pathogens. Populations morphologically similar to those found on potatoes have been collected on plants of at least ten different families, four of which have been confirmed as hosts by the presence of immatures. This suggests that R. solanicola is either a single polyphagous species or a complex of closely related, monophagous species (host races/cryptic species). Results of our analyses of multiple morphometric characters show for both sexes a grouping of the populations of R. solanicola and a clear separation of the latter from other Russelliana species. On the other hand, within R. solanicola, there is an overlap of populations from different host-plants as well as from different geographical regions. The results of the present study strongly suggest that R. solanicola is a single, polyphagous species and the known distribution indicates that it is native to the Andes. It is likely that R. solanicola has been introduced into eastern Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. The polyphagy together with the ability to disperse and transmit plant pathogens potentially make this species an economically important pest of potato and other crop species.

The small genus Epipsylla is diagnosed (adults and immatures), a checklist is given for its constituent species and the phylogenetic relationships of the genus are briefly discussed. E. millettiae sp. nov., associated with Millettia pachyloba from South China is described, diagnosed and illustrated. It differs from other described Epipsylla species in the very narrow paramere. E. hainanana Yang & Li is redescribed, and additional details are provided of the male and female terminalia. Following new synonymies are proposed: Epipsylla guangxiana Yang & Li, 1983, = E. whitfordiodendritis Yang & Li, 1983, syn. nov. and Epipsylla mucunae Yang & Li, 1984, = E. ruiliana Yang & Li, 1984, syn. nov., E. yunnanica Yang & Li, 1984, syn. nov.

The small Neotropical genus Mastigimas with five described species is revised. Three new species are added: Mastigimas colombianus sp. n. from Colombia on Cedrela montana, M. drepanodis sp. n. from Brazil (Parana) on C. fissilis and M. reseri sp. n. from Jamaica collected in light traps. Another two species are recorded from Brazil and Colombia, respectively, which are not formally described due to insufficient material. The new species are described, and illustrations and identification keys are provided for all species. The last instar immatures are described for five species. The phylogeny within Mastigimas is analysed, and the biogeographic and host plant relationships are discussed.

The moss bug genus Xenophyes from New Zealand is revised. Six species are recognised, four of which are described as new: X. adelphus, X. goniomus, X. metoponcus, and X. rhachilophus. The synonymy of Xenophyes forsteri with X. cascus is confirmed. Illustrated descriptions and identification keys are provided for the adult and the last instar. The male aedeagus is recognised as the most important structure to diagnose species. Other useful morphological characters include body shape, head, pronotum, and tegmina expressed as length and width measurements. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that five species are well separated from each other, but X. goniomus greatly overlaps with X. cascus, X. kinlochensis, and X. rhachilophus. There is also broad morphometric overlap between North Island and South Island specimens of X. cascus, confirming their conspecificity. Results from a Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) determined which morphometric characters are most suitable for use in keys and descriptions. X. cascus is the only species occurring on both the North and South Islands. Other species are restricted to the South Island.