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A new species of Gymnopus sect. Androsacei, namely, G. pallipes is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is characterized by marasmioid basidiomata, a dark brown to reddish brown pileus becoming dull white to yellowish grey with age, whitish to pale yellow stipe and presence of rhizomorphs. Phylogenetic analyses support it as a new species within Gymnopus sect. Androsacei. The detailed morphological description, colour photos of basidiomata, and line drawings of microcharacters are presented and delimitation characters from similar species are discussed. A key to the known species of Gymnopus s. str. from China is also provided.

Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus and Phlebopus portentosus (Boletales) are two non-ectomycorrhizal boletes, which are widely reported in tropical Asia. However, there is little information available about the taxonomy of these two boletes. Here, B. xylophilus and P. portentosus are redescribed based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from nuclear 28S rDNA (28S), nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1) and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (RPB2). Detailed descriptions, color photos of fresh basidiomata, and line-drawings of microscopic features of the two taxa are presented.

The genus Claudopus (Entolomataceae) is characterised by its crepidotoid or pleurotoid basidiomata, a highly reduced and lateral or almost absent stipe, flesh-brown, salmon or pinkish-brown spore-p...

Phylloporia moricola is described as a new species based on collections from Sichuan Province, China. All studied basidiocarps grow on trunks of Morus sp. This new species is supported by morphological features and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences inferred from a dataset of nuc 28S rDNA. P. moricola is characterized by having effused-reflexed to pileate basidiocarps, pores 7–9 per mm, duplex context with a black line when young, dimitic hyphal system, and brownish, slightly thick-walled basidiospores generally measuring 3.4–4 × 2.7–3.2 μm. Phylloporia moricola is phylogenetically most closely related to Phylloporia mori, that also occurs on Morus sp., but that species differs from P. moricola in having hymenial setae and larger basidiospores (4–4.8 × 3.1–3.8 μm).

A new gelatinous species, Calocera tibetica, is described from southwest China based on morphological and molecular evidence. It is characterized by stipitate, tough, gelatinous, dichotomously branched, dendroid or staghorn-like basidioma with blunt tips, subclavate to clavate basidia measuring 45.0–53.0 × 4.8–6.0 µm, and hyaline, oblong-ellipsoid to navicular, 3–4-septate mature basidiospores measuring 9.0–14.0 × 5.0–6.3 μm. In the phylogeny, the new species is closely related to C. viscosa and C. cornea based on the nITS + nLSU dataset, but C. viscosa has basidioma with sharp tips, pale yellow, 1-septate mature basidiospores; C. cornea has cylindrical, subulate, slightly branched basidioma, and sub-hyaline cylindrical to slightly curved-cylindrical, 1-septate mature basidiospores measuring 7–10 × 3–4.5 μm. The new species is unique by its 3–4-septate mature basidiospores among species of Calocera.

Two new wood-rotting fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae, Fulvifomes dracaenicolasp. nov. and Hymenochaete dracaenicolasp. nov., are described and illustrated from tropical China based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. It is worth to mention that both of them grow on Dracaena cambodiana which is a kind of angiosperm tree distributed in tropical regions. F. dracaenicola is characterised by perennial, pileate, triquetrous basidioma with yellowish brown fresh pores which becoming honey yellow with silk sheening upon drying, a dimitic hyphal system in trama and monomitic in context, and subglobose basidiospores measuring 4.8–5 × 4–4.1 μm. H. dracaenicola is characterised by annual, resupinate basidioma with a clay buff hymenophore, a dimitic hyphal system, absence of tomentum and cortex, presence of subulate setae, absence of cystidia, presence of cystidioles and simple hyphidia, and oblong ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 5.2–5.8 × 2.5–2.8 µm. The phylogenetic analyses based on ITS + nLSU rDNA sequences confirm the placement of two new species respectively in Fulvifomes and Hymenochaete. Phylogenetically closely related species to the two new species are discussed.

Four new species of Bjerkandera, viz. B. ecuadorensis, B. fulgida, B. minispora, and B. resupinataspp. nov., are described from tropical America and Asia. B. ecuadorensis is characterised by dark grey to black pore surface, a monomitic hyphal system, hyaline to yellowish-brown generative hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3.9–4.5 × 2.7–3 μm. B. fulgida is distinguished from the other species in the genus by clay buff to pale brown and shiny pore surface. B. minispora is characterised by white tomentose pore mouth and small basidiospores measuring 3.1–4.2 × 2–2.8 μm. B. resupinata is characterised by resupinate basidiomata, pinkish buff to pale brownish pore surface, and ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.5–6 × 3.2–4.1 µm. All these new species grow on angiosperm trunks or rotten wood, and cause a white rot. The closely related taxa to four new species are discussed. An identification key to the ten accepted species of Bjerkandera is provided, and a phylogeny comprising all known Bjerkandera species is provided.

One Tomentella and two Pseudotomentella species are described from alpine areas of Sweden and Norway. Tomentella viridibasidia sp. nov. is genetically closely related to T. bryophila, but is morphologically most similar to T. olivascens and T. stuposa. Pseudotomentella badjelanndana sp. nov. and P. sorjusensis sp. nov. belong to the P. tristis group. At least P. sorjusensis must currently be regarded as morphologically cryptic with P. rotundispora. Basidiomata of the new species have only been encountered in the Scandes Mountains, but root-tip and soil sequences indicate that all three are geographically widespread. An updated key to the Pseutomentella tristis group is provided.

Morphological and phylogenetic analyses were performed on recently collected Marasmius specimens including specimens previously determined as Marasmius jalapensis in northern Argentina and Paraguay. A description of a new species for northern Argentina and Colombia and a new morphological delimitation of M. jalapensis with a more restricted distribution range are proposed. Marasmius tricystidiatus sp. nov. is characterised by its yellowish and slightly sulcate pileus, medium-sized basidiomata, setae in all tissues and cheilocystidia of three types, viz., Siccus-type broom cells, cheilosetae, and transitional elements; M. jalapensis, the closest species, is similar in pileus coloration and presence of setoid cystidia in all tissues, but mainly differs in having only cheilosetae and broader basidiospores on average. Both species are closely related and belong to sect. Globulares subsect. Leonini, but the relationships within the latter still must be resolved.

A new Cortinarius species in subgenus Telamonia section Flexipedes, Cortinarius jiaoheensis, is described based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. It is characterized by small basidiomata, with the surface of the pileus completely covered by woolly squamules, and ellipsoid to obovoid ellipsoid basidiospores. This species produces basidiomata in the autumn and is currently known only from northeast China.

A new wood-rotting fungal species, Punctularia bambusicola, is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular data. The species is characterized by resupinate, lilac to purple basidiomata, pink to rose tuberculate hymenial surface, monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, yellowish to brown dendrohyphidia and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 6.5–8.5 × 3.5–5 µm. Phylogenetic analyses of combining ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions demonstrated that P. bambusicola forms a single lineage sister to P. atropurpurascens with strong statistical supports (100% BS, 100% BT, 1.00 BPP).

Three new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Xenasmatella rhizomorpha, X. tenuis and X. xinpingensis spp. nov., are proposed based on a combination of morphological characteristics and molecular BLAST analyses. Xenasmatella rhizomorpha is characterized by annual, resupinate, gossypine basidiomata with rhizomorphs, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid, thin-walled, warted basidiospores measuring 3.1–4.9 × 2.3–3.3 µm. Xenasmatella tenuis is characterized by annual, resupinate, very thin basidiomata with ceraceous to membranous, white to lilac hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid, thin-walled, warted basidiospores. Xenasmatella xinpingensis is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and subglobose to globose, thin-walled, warted basidiospores (3.5–4.9 × 3–4.2 µm).

A new species of Fomitiporia, F. tasmanica, is described from Tasmania (Australia) based on morphological examination and phylogenetic analysis of the nuc rDNA region encompassing the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, along with the 5.8S rDNA and nuc 28S rDNA D1-D2 domains. The new species is characterized by perennial, resupinate basidiocarps, very small pores (10–12 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, presence of hymenial setae and cystidioles, and subglobose basidiospores measuring 5.5–6.6 × 5–6 µm.

A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungus in the family Steccherinaceae, Steccherinum fragile sp. nov., is described and illustrated from China based on morphological and molecular evidence. The species was collected in Yunnan Province, growing on the ground and undersides of rotten angiosperm wood. S. fragile is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps with salmon to peach pores when fresh becoming cinnamon buff to pinkish buff upon drying, a thin margin with distinct rhizomorphs, a monomitic hyphal system, generative hyphae thin- to distinctly thick-walled with simple septa, neither amyloid nor cyanophilous. The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS + nLSU rDNA sequences shows that the new species belongs to Steccherinum, forming a monophyletic lineage with strong support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP). In addition, a new combination, S. subcollabens, is also proposed based on examination of its type material and phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetically, Steccherinum fragile is closely related to S. amapaense and groups with S. subcollabens, S. formosanum and S. collabens. Both morphological and molecular characters confirm the placement of the new species and combination in Steccherinum.

A new species, Pseudolagarobasidium baiyunshanense, is described and illustrated based on morphological characters and molecular evidences. It is characterized by subcretaceous, odontioid to raduloid, white, grayish violet when fresh, cream, olivaceous buff when dry basidioma (at first deep olive in KOH then fading), short aculei (up to 1.8 mm long), monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (4–6.1 × 2.9–3.9 µm). Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS+nLSU rRNA gene regions supported P. baiyunshanense as a distinctive species belonging to Pseudolagarobasidium.

Two wood-inhabiting fungal species, Trechispora daweishanensis and T. xantha spp. nov. are proposed based on morphological features and molecular evidence. Trechispora daweishanensis is characterized by basidiomata with an annual growth habit, a tuberculate hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring 3.8–5 × 2.7–3.5 µm. Trechispora xantha is characterized by resupinate, cracked basidiomata with a buff-coloured hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring 4.3–5.7 × 3.2–4 µm. Sequences of ITS and nLSU gene regions of the studied samples were generated. The phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data of ITS+nLSU sequences supported the novelty of these two species. Furthermore, we provide a key to the known species of Trechispora in China.

Amanita fense is described and illustrated as a new species from China based on morphological and molecular evidence. This fungus is mainly distributed in the eastern, northeastern and southwestern regions of China, such as Anhui, Liaoning, and Yunnan. It is characterized by medium-sized basidiomata, a buff to cacao brown pileus with long-striate pileus margin, pinkish lamellae, and ellipsoid to elongate inamyloid spores. This is the fifth taxon with pink lamellae within Amanita section Caesareae. We provide a comparison with similar species and a key to those taxa that have pink to pinkish gills in this section.

Guepinia alba sp. nov. and G. shanxiense sp. nov. are described and illustrated from Northern China in this paper. Morphologically, G. alba is distinguished from other Guepinia species by whitish basidiomata and 4-spored basidia while G. shanxiense is diagnosed by reddish orange basidiomata and ellipsoid to oblong ellipsoid basidiospores. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and nrLSU sequences support the establishment of the two new species.

A Mycena species new to science was obtained from moist chamber cultures of trunk bark of a living American elm tree (Ulmus americana) located in the Fort Worth Botanic Garden, Tarrant County, Texas. This discovery was part of an ongoing study of corticolous myxomycetes on larger American elm trees occurring in Fort Worth nature parks. More than 15 American elm trees were sampled for trunk bark but only a single tree yielded Mycena basidiomes. Collections of bark began in the summer of 2017 and continued until the beginning of 2020. Bark samples from the north, south and west side of the tree yielded fruit bodies of the mushroom in moist chamber culture. No fruit bodies were observed in nature nor were early formation stages on the underside of the bark. Crystals previously described in another study were present on the bark surfaces, edges, and undersides. Habit and morphological development were photographed using light microscopy applying multifocal imaging and computer stacking to increase depth of field. Basidiome development was observed and photographed from the earliest primordial beginning stage, the button stage, intermediate stage and the final emerging stalk elongation and mature cap formation stage. Mature mushroom development took from 9 to 21 days after wetting the bark in moist chamber cultures. Scanning electron microscopy was used to illustrate development of the button stage, emerging stalk and pileus stage, and the fully mature pileus, lamellae, and pseudocollarium. Morphological features and DNA sequence data confirmed that this Mycena species was undescribed and distinct from other Mycena taxa. Morphological features suggest placement of the novel taxon in Mycena sect. Viscipelles, distinct from other members based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis.

Sanghuangporus vitexicola (Hymenochaetales) is described as a new species based on collections made from Pingtung County, tropical South Taiwan. All studied basidiocarps grew on living trunks of Vitex negundo. This new species is characterized by having perennial, pileate basidiocarps; pore surface yellowish brown, pores 6–8 per mm; context 0.7–1.5 cm thick; setae ventricose to subulate, dark brown, 17–30 × 5–8 μm; basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, brownish, smooth, 4.2–4.8 × 3.2–3.7 μm, with 0.2–0.5 μm thick walls. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenies inferred from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA indicated that six strains of Sanghuangporus viexicola formed a monophyletic group which is sister to S. zonatus. An identification key to known species of Sanghuangporus is provided.

A novel bolete species, Heimioporus subcostatus, is described from northern and northeastern Thailand. It can be distinguished from the other Heimioporus species by its reddish brown to brownish red basidiomata when young becoming dull red to pale red at maturity, with raised and prominent reticulation on stipe, yellow pores, basidiospores with incomplete reticulation, and occurrence in dipterocarp forest dominated by Dipterocarpus spp. and Shorea spp. In a phylogenetic tree based on a three-gene (atp6, tef1, rpb2) data set, the new species formed a clade sister to H. sinensis within the supported Heimioporus clade in the Xerocomoideae (Boletaceae). Macroscopic and microscopic descriptions, as well as illustrations of the new species are presented.

Fuscoporia caymanensis sp. nov. is described from tropical America. It is characterized by perennial, extensive, resupinate to indistinctly effused-reflexed basidiomata; a very thin to almost absent subiculum; multi-layered tubes with a black line between each layer; a dimitic hyphal system with skeletal hyphae occasionally septate; absence of mycelial setae and cystidioles; abundant hymenial setae, 40–55 × 5–7 μm; urniform basidia, and cylindrical basidiospores 4.5–5 × 2–2.4 µm. It was found growing on fallen rotten angiosperm trunks in tropical America. Phylogenetically, it is related to Fuscoporia viticola and F. palomari, but the latter two species have longer basidiospores (7–9 × 1.5–2 µm in F. viticola and 8–10 × 2.7–3.5 μm in F. palomari), and occur in temperate regions.

Thelephora austrosinensis is described as a new species from southern China. Morphologically, it is closely related to T. ganbajun and T. vialis but is distinguished by its relatively smaller basidiomata with a thinner and more serrate or lobed margin, obviously longitudinally rugulose hymenial surface, and habitat in the broad-leaved forests. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analyses, sequences of the new species form a distinct clade which is close to T. ganbajun and T. vialis. Detailed morphological descriptions, colour photographs of the new species and comparisons with similar taxa are presented.

A new Rhizopogon species associated with Pinus was discovered at local wild mushroom markets and Pinus armandii forests from March to July in Southwest China where it is considered a delicacy. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, the collections were described as Rhizopogon songmaodan sp. nov. belonging to the subgenus Versicolores. The new species described here increases the current number of Rhizopogon species known in China to ten. R. songmaodan establishes ectomycorrhizal associations with P. armandii which was confirmed by comparing rDNA ITS sequences from basidiomata and ectomycorrhizal root tips. Mycorrhizal synthesis via spore inoculation between R. songmaodan and two native pine species, Pinus armandii and P. yunnanensis was successfully carried out in a greenhouse study. The ease of R. songmaodan inoculation onto pine species, and the high market demand of its sporocarps, could make R. songmaodan a good candidate for cultivation in Southwest China.

Fulvifomes submerrillii (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota) is described from China based on both of morphological evidence and molecular data. The new species is characterized by perennial, pileate basidiocarps, encrusted, smooth pileal surface, 6–7 pores per mm with thick dissepiments, a dimitic hyphal system with interwoven skeletal hyphae, absence of setae or setal hyphae, ventricose cystidioles, and broadly ellipsoid, yellowish brown, thick-walled, smooth basidiospores, 4.7–5 × 3.7–4 μm. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from ITS and nLSU sequences indicates that the new species forms a separate well-supported clade, closely related to F. merrillii. However, F. merrillii has larger pores (4–5 per mm), a subdimitic hyphal structure in context, the contextual skeletal hyphae which regularly arranged and become swollen in KOH, and slightly longer (4.5–6 μm long) basidiospores. Moreover, one new combination (F. rigidus) is revived from synonym under Inonotus rigidus.

Phaeoclavulina liliputiana is a new endemic species from Tlaxcala, from the conifer and oak forests at an altitude of 2700 m asl, characterized by a very small basidiome size and, subellipsoid and usually more or less lacrymoid spores of 4.3–6.2 × 2.7–3.5 µm, with rounded warted ornamentation. We proposed this new species based on evidence from morphological and molecular data. We provide macro- and microscopic descriptions including illustrations of the basidiocarp, scanning electron micrographs of the basidiospores and also discuss the taxonomic position of this new species. We undertook a molecular analysis using the atp6 and SSU mitochondrial loci and nuclear ribosomal LSU.

A new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Peniophorella cremea sp. nov. is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Peniophorella cremea is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiomata with odontioid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections and ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring as 7–9.5 × 2.7–3.3 µm. The phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences showed that P. cremea forms a monophyletic lineage with high statistical supports (100% BS, 100% BP and 1.00 BPP).

A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungus in the Polyporales, Luteoporia citriniporia sp. nov., is described from Sri Lanka based on morphological and molecular evidence. L. citriniporia is characterized by an annual growth habit; resupinate basidiocarps with lemon yellow pores when fresh becoming buff to clay pink upon drying, a distinct snow white and fimbriate sterile margin, tissues becoming pink in KOH, a monomitic hyphal system, generative hyphae thin- to distinctly thick-walled, usually encrusted with fine yellow crystals, and oblong-ellipsoid to subcylindrical basidiospores measuring 3.4–4.2 × 1.8–2.1 µm. The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS + nLSU rDNA sequences shows that the new species belongs to Luteoporia, forming a monophyletic lineage with strong support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP) and is closely related to L. albomarginata; the lineage groups with Crustodontia chrysocreas, Phlebiporia bubalina and Mycoacia uda. Both morphological and molecular characters confirm the placement of the new species in Luteoporia.

The varied topography, soil and climate of West Bengal makes conducive conditions of macrofungal habitats nurturing magnificent diversity. During exploration of macro-fungal diversity in Terai Duars region of the state during 2017–18, basidiocarps of different kinds of the genus Lentinus (Polyporaceae) were collected, photographed along with macro-morphological and ecological notes. The specimens were identified through macro and micro-morphological characters following standard literature. Five species of the genus Lentinus (L. araucariae, L. fasciatus, L. polychrous, L. sajor-caju, and L. squarrosulus) were identified which are presented in this paper along with amplified description, necessary figures and photographs. Literature survey revealed that out of five identified species, L. araucariae and L. fasciatus represent new distributional record for India. The outcome of the present study would enrich data related to the macro-fungal diversity from the state of West Bengal.

A new species of Hymenochaetaceae, Fuscoporia ambigua sp. nov., is described based on specimens from the USA and China. The phylogeny, based on the ITS+nLSU+RPB2+TEF1 dataset, revealed that it nested within the Fuscoporia clade, and all the American and Chinese specimens of the new species clustered in a lineage with good support. The new species is characterized by its annual, resupinate basidiocarps with pores measuring 5–6 per mm, aseptate skeletal hyphae, presence of mycelial setae and cystidioles, long hymenial setae (45–75 μm) which are occasionally septate, presence of cystidioles, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.2–5.2 × 2.8–3.3 μm. Fuscoporia ambigua is very similar and closely related to F. ferruginosa, but the latter species has a perennial growth habit, and short and aseptate hymenial setae (30–44 μm).

During our studies of the genus Lepiota in northern Thailand we collected a putatively new species with a distinct morphology and ITS nrDNA profile from Chiang Mai Province. The new species, Lepiota condylospora, is characterized by the presence of reddish brown to brownish orange or brown squamules on the pileus surface, triangular basidiospores with two lateral knobs, and a hymenidermal pileipellis composed of broadly to narrowly clavate elements. Two genetically distinct species of Lepiota section Lilaceae having triangular spores with two lateral knobs are compared with L. condylospora: Lepiota fraterna, from Papua New Guinea, differs in having larger basidiospores and cheilocystidia; while L. cristata var. macrospora, from China, has bigger basidiomata. A full description, color photographs, line drawings and a phylogenetic tree to show the position of the new species are provided.

Two new species of Perenniporia, P. pseudotephroporasp. nov. and P. subcorticolasp. nov., are introduced respectively from Brazil and China based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. Perenniporia pseudotephropora is characterised by perennial, pileate basidiocarps with distinctly stratified tubes, grey pores, tissues becoming dark in KOH, a dimitic hyphal system with slightly dextrinoid arboriform skeletal hyphae and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, truncate, weakly dextrinoid, cyanophilous basidiospores, measuring 4.9–5.2 × 4–4.8 μm. Perenniporia subcorticola is characterised by resupinate basidiocarps, yellow pores with thick dissepiments, tissues becoming dark in KOH, flexuous skeletal hyphae, ellipsoid, truncate and slightly dextrinoid basidiospores, measuring 4.2–5 × 3.5–4.2 µm. The morphologically-similar species and phylogenetically closely-related species to the two new species are discussed.

Sidera is a polypore genus with white to cream or buff basidiomata, whose species in Hymenochaetales are poorly known. We study the phylogeny and diversity of Sidera based on our recent collections from tropic and subtropic Asian-Pacific regions. Phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear large subunit (nLSU) ribosomal RNA gene regions indicate that ten terminal lineages are well supported within Sidera. Based on morphological examination and phylogeny, four new species, viz. Sidera minutissima, S. parallela, S. srilankensis and S. tenuis are described, and a new combination, Sidera minutipora, is proposed. All these species are illustrated. Sidera minutissima is characterized by tiny basidiomata with bluish pores when fresh, generative hyphae dominating at the dissepiment edges, the presence of cystidioles, and allantoid basidiospores measuring 3.8–4.4 × 0.9–1.3 μm. Sidera parallela differs from other poroid species in the genus by having parallel tramal hyphae in combination with lunate basidiospores measuring 2.8–3.3 × 0.9–1.2 μm. Sidera srilankensis have generative and skeletal hyphae co-dominating at the dissepiment edges, and lunate basidiospores measuring 3.5–4 × 1–1.3 μm. Sidera tenuis is distinguished by small pores (8–10 per mm) and relatively long allantoid basidiospores measuring 4.2–5 × 0.8–1 μm. Sidera minutipora is characterized by buff to olivaceous buff basidiomata when dry, 5–7 pores per mm, rosette-like crystals rare, and allantoid basidiospores measuring 3.7–4.3 × 1–1.3 μm. An identification key to all accepted species is provided.

Efibula yunnanensis is proposed as a distinct new species based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic data. The species is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiomata with smooth, cream to pale brown hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with thin-walled, simple septate generative hyphae and ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, CB-basidiospores. The phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequence data analyses revealed that E. yunnanensis was sister to a clade comprised E. clarkii and E. gracilis, and then grouped with E. americana and E. tuberculata.

Species of Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales, and Basidiomycota) are well-known ectomycorrhizal symbionts of a broad range of hosts. Laccaria species are characterized by brown, orange, or purple colored basidiocarps, and globose or oblong, echinulate and multinucleate basidiospores. While some Laccaria species are easily identified at the species level using only the morphological characteristics, others are hard to distinguish at the species level due to small differences in morphology. Heretofore, ten Laccaria species have been reported in Korea. While studying the fungal diversity in the National Parks of Korea, two new Laccaria species were discovered. Species identification was done based on molecular analyses (ITS, 28S rDNA, rpb2, and tef1), then were confirmed by their corresponding morphologies. The two newly discovered Laccaria species are proposed here as Laccaria macrobasidia and Laccaria griseolilacina. The unique morphological characters of L. macrobasidia that distinguish it from its closely related species are orange-brown colored basidiocarp, long basidia and the absence of cheilocystidia. L. griseolilacina is characterized by a light grayish lavender-colored pileus and the absence of cheilocystidia. Two new species are described and illustrated in the present paper.

A new species of Amanita sect. Roanokenses, A. brunneofolia, from South Korea, is described based on morphological and molecular evidences. The species is characterized by medium- to large-sized basidiomata, a greenish white pileus covered with brownish, floccose pyramidal volval remnants, an appendiculate margin, reddish brown lamellae, a long radicating stipe, and ellipsoid to elongate amyloid basidiospores. Based on both nrLSU and combined dataset (nrLSU, rpb2 and tef1-α), A. brunneofolia formed a monophyletic clade and clearly separated from other Amanita species. In addition, we describe two other Amanita species in A. sect. Roanokenses, namely, A. caojizong and A. sphaerobulbosa. This is the first report of these species for South Korea.

Clavariadelphus griseoclavus sp. nov. is described and illustrated from North China. Morphologically, the new species is distinguished from other Clavariadelphus species by its grey to greyish basidiomata. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences is provided and supports the establishment of the new species.

Basidiocarps of Phylloporia are used as a source of natural medicine in China mainly in Shandong Province. Although the species diversity of Phylloporia has been well-studied worldwide, especially in China, the species identities of the medicinal basidiocarps are still unconfirmed. In this study, we sampled basidiocarps of Phylloporia from Shandong Province, China. On the basis of morphological and phylogenetic evidence as well as host-tree information, it is clarified that Phylloporia lonicerae on Lonicera japonica is the most widely used medicinal species of this genus, P. fontanesiae on Fontanesia fortunei is rarely used, and P. pulla on Pyrus is potentially used. The taxonomical status of these three species is briefly discussed, and P. lonicerae and P. pulla originally described from outside of China are described with illustrations based on specimens from Shandong Province, China. This clarification is crucial for medicinal studies and potential industry development of Phylloporia species.

“Dongsun” is an edible species of Phallus commercially cultivated in China. It is morphologically similar to P. impudicus and actually has been misidentified as “P. impudicus” for a long time. In this study the Chinese “Dongsun” is confirmed to be different from the typical P. impudicus from Europe based on morphological and phylogenetic comparisons, and therefore is formally proposed as P. dongsun, a species new to science. At the same time, another new species of Phallus was also discovered from southern China. It is named as P. lutescens, and is morphologically characterized by its indusium colour that turns from white or cream white to yellow or yellow-orange when mature. Both new species are presented with detailed morphological descriptions, photographs of basidiomata and images of microscopic structures, and are compared with other related Phallus taxa based on morphological and molecular data. A key to the Phallus species without an indusium and a key to the Phallus species with a coloured indusium are also presented at the end of the text.

An interesting species of lepiotaceous fungi, Leucoagaricus callainitinctus sp. nov., is described from Kerala State, India based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. This species is distinguished by basidiocarps that turn dark turquoise on bruising/handling or reacting with NH4OH. A phylogenetic study was conducted based on Maximum likelihood analysis of nrITS sequences. In the phylogram, the new species nested as a distinct lineage in a group, which consisted predominantly of members of section Piloselli of the genus Leucoagaricus. A comprehensive description, photographs of the basidiocarps and the microscopic structures, comparisons with phenetically similar and phylogenetically related species and a phylogram showing the placement of the new species are provided.

Pseudohydnum brunneiceps is described as a new species from Jiangxi Province, central China. Morphologically, it is characterized by a gelatinous basidiocarps, pilei pale yellowish brown, dark reddish brown to blackish velutinate, spines conical and white, and basidiospores globose to broadly ellipsoidal. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from partial 28S region and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) also confirm that P. brunneiceps forms an independent lineage within Pseudohydnum. A description, photographs of the fresh basidiomata and line-drawings of the microstructures are provided. In addition, the previous records of P. gelatinosum in China should be re-evaluated by more representative samples by molecular phylogeny.

A new white-rot species, Phlebiopsis lacerata sp. nov., is proposed based on morphological and molecular characters. It is characterized by resupinate to effuse-reflexed basidiomata, a monomitic hyphal system with simple septate generative hyphae, conical cystidia that are thick-walled, heavily encrusted with large crystal in the apical part, and ellipsoid basidiospores (4–5.5 × 3–3.5 µm). Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions showed that P. lacerata belongs to the Phanerochaetaceae and is nested in the phlebioid clade. Further investigation based on ITS+nLSU sequences with more representative taxa in Phlebiopsis demonstrated that P. lacerata forms a monophyletic lineage with a strong support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP) and then groups with P. crassa.

Three new stipitate hydnoid fungi, Sarcodon coactus, S. grosselepidotus and S. lidongensis, are described and illustrated, based on morphological characteristics and nuc ITS rDNA + nuc LSU rDNA sequence analyses and a new record, S. leucopus, from China is reported. S. coactus is characterised by ellipsoid to round basidiocarps, reddish-brown to dark brown, felted pileal surface with white and incurved margins, simple-septate and partly short-celled generative hyphae and irregular subglobose, thin-walled, brown basidiospores with tuberculate ornamentation (tuberculi up to 1 μm long). S. grosselepidotus is characterised by infundibuliform to round, occasionally deeply fissured pileus, pale orange to dark ruby pileal surface with ascending and coarse scales, simple-septate generative hyphae and irregular ellipsoid to globose, thin-walled, brown basidiospores with tuberculate ornamentation (tuberculi up to 0.7 μm long). S. lidongensis is characterised by plano-convex to somewhat depressed and regular orbicular pileus, light brown to dark brown pileal surface with adhering squamose and purplish-brown, incurved and occasionally incised margin, cylindrical or broadened below stipe, simple-septate generative hyphae and irregular ellipsoid to subglobose, thin-walled basidiospores with tuberculate ornamentation (tuberculi up to 1 μm long). The absence of the clamp connection is the common morphological characteristic of these three new species; however, S. leucopus, a new record from China, has frequently clamped generative hyphae. Molecular analyses confirm the phylogenetic positions of three new and the new record species. The discriminating characters of these three new species and closely related species are discussed and a key to the species of Sarcodon from China is provided.

Tylopilus jiangxiensis is described as a new species characterized by its small basidiomata, yellowish brown pileal and stipe surface, pallid to pinkish hymenophore, smooth stipe surface and white context without color change when bruised. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on five gene makers (ITS, nrLSU, tef1-α, rpb1 and rpb2) confirmed it as a novel member of the genus Tylopilus s. str. Its morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided.

Fuscoporia (Hymenochaetaceae) is characterized by annual to perennial, resupinate to pileate basidiocarps, a dimitic hyphal system, presence of hymenial setae, and hyaline, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores. Phylogenetic analyses based on the nLSU and a combined ITS, nLSU and RPB2 datasets of 18 species of Fuscoporia revealed two new lineages that are equated to two new species; Fuscoporia ramulicolasp. nov. grouped together with F. ferrea, F. punctatiformis, F. subferrea and F. yunnanensis with a strong support; Fuscoporia acutimarginatasp. nov. formed a strongly supported lineage distinct from other species. The individual morphological characters of the new species and their related species are discussed. A key to Chinese species of Fuscoporia is provided.

Pluteus lauracearum, a new species of Pluteus sect. Hispidoderma, is described and illustrated based on macro- and micromorphological data and phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear rDNA sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. Morphologically, this novel species is characterized by small basidiomata having whitish to dark brown pileus colour, with finely to distinctly granulose surface, a white and translucently striate pileus margin, and mostly narrowly fusiform to lageniform pleurocystidia with long narrow necks and a distinctly subcapitate to capitate apex. This new species is described based on collections made in Turkey (Kuşadası) and Portugal (Madeira), where they were growing on well-rotten wood in thermophilic Laurus forests. Pluteus lauracearum is compared with taxa in Pluteus sect. Hispidoderma that are morphologically similar and/or phylogenetically related.

Cortinarius subsalor and C. tibeticisalor, belonging to the section Delibuti, are described from China as new to science. Cortinarius subsalor has been found to be associated with Lithocarpus trees in subtropical China and resembling C. salor, but it differs from the later by having slender basidiomata and the narrower basidiospores. Cortinarius tibeticisalor was collected from eastern Tibetan Plateau, associated with Abies. It differs from other species within sect. Delibuti by having olive tinge of mature or dried basidiomata and bigger basidiospores. The molecular data also support C. subsalor and C. tibeticisalor as new species. The phylogenetic analyses and biogeography of sect. Delibuti are discussed and a key to the species of this section currently known in the world is provided.

Amanita submelleialba sp. nov. in section Amanita, is described from northern Thailand based on both multi-gene phylogenetic analysis and morphological evidences. It is characterized by having small to medium-sized basidiomata; a yellow to yellowish pale pileus covering pyramidal to subconical, white to yellow white volval remnants; globose stipe base covered conical, white to yellow white volval remnants; fugacious subapical annulus; and absent clamps. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses based on partial nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), partial nuclear rDNA larger subunit region (nrLSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) and beta-tubulin gene (TUB) indicated that A. submelleialba clustered together with A. elata and A. mira, but represented as a distinct lineage from other extant species in section Amanita. The detailed morphological characteristics, line-drawing illustration and comparisons with morphologically similar taxa are provided.

Leucogaster solidus sp. nov. from southern China is described and illustrated. This species is characterized by the brown to reddish brown and verrucose basidiome, non-gelatinous gleba, thin peridium and trama, and large, globose to subglobose basidiospores with alveolate ornamentation. Phylogenetic analysis supports its taxonomic position in the genus Leucogaster.

Fomitopsis is an important, cosmopolitan brown-rot genus. Recent phylogenetic analyses showed that Fomitopsis was polyphyletic. During the taxonomic studies of Fomitopsis, three new species were discovered. Phylogenetic analyses carried out based on sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), the small subunit of mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF), confirmed the affinities of three new species within Fomitopsis sensu stricto. Fomitopsis caribensis sp. nov. was discovered from Puerto Rico and is characterized by pileate, fragile basidiomata, becoming hard corky upon drying, a white to cream pore surface when fresh, pinkish buff when dry, round to angular and small pores (6–9 per mm), and cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores (6–7.5 × 2.3–3.1 μm). Fomitopsis eucalypticola sp. nov. was collected from Australia. It is characterized by effused-reflexed to pileate basidiomata, cream to salmon pileal surface, cream to yellow pore surface when fresh, becoming buff to clay-buff when dry, occasionally simple-septate skeletal hyphae, long cystidioles (15–36 × 2–5.3 μm), cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores (5.8–9.1 × 2.7–5 μm), and growth on Eucalyptus. Fomitopsis ginkgonis sp. nov. was found from China. It is characterized by its pileate, imbricate, hard corky basidiomata, pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff pore surface, cylindrical basidiospores (7.2–9 × 2.2–3 μm), and growth on living Ginkgo biloba.