Search

2. Euplotes rariseta Curds, West and Dorahy, 1974 (Figs. 1 e-h, 4a-f) Material examined. Korea: Masan Bay (35°10 ʹ 08 ʺ N, 128°35 ʹ 58 ʺ E), 31 May 2016 and Jongdal-ri Beach, Jeju Island (33°30 ʹ 47 ʺ N, 126°53 ʹ 56 ʺ E), 14 July 2018, from marine intertidal sediments, collected by Won Je Lee. Type strains, live cells are kept with the Korean Culture Collection of Protists, Kyungnam University, Korea, reference ‘ KM401 ’ and ‘ KM444 ’. Description. Cells are 32-44 × 23-35 μm in vivo and 23- 30 × 17-20 μm in protargol, ovoid and dorso-ventrally flattened. The peristome is wide, spindle-shaped and surrounded by 18-22 adoral membranelles, which extend for about 72% of the cell length (Figs. 1e, 1f, 4a, 4 d-f). Cytoplasm colorless. Few food vacuoles and single contractile vacuole located in the middle of the cell (Fig. 4a, 4b). Cirri usually strong; 10 fronto-ventral, 5 transverse, and 2 caudal cirri (Fig. 4b, 4c). Caudal cirrus below AZM is slightly stout. Ventral surface heavily sculptured with 6 longitudinal ridges (Fig. 4b, 4c, arrowheads). Dorsal surface with 6 double-edged longitudinal ridges (Fig. 4a, arrowheads). Dorsal bristles sparse; 6 kinetics (Figs. 1g, 4e). The macronucleus (Ma) is horseshoe-shaped, and the micronucleus (Mi) is small and situated anteriorly (Figs. 1 f-h, 4e). The cells are capable of encystment. Move by crawling on substrate. This species was found at Masan Bay (Korea; Strain KM401) and Jongdal-ri Beach (Jeju, Korea; Strain KM444). Remarks. Euplotes rariseta was originally reported by Curds et al. (1974) from Aberystwyth, Wales (UK). Our observations are in good agreement with those of Curds et al. (1974), Ma et al. (2007) and Song and Packoff (1997). Euplotes rariseta is similar to E. parabalteatus and E. trisulcatus in cell length, but can be distinguished because E. parabalteatus has 8-11 dikinetids in mid-DK (vs 5-7) and inconspicuous dorsal ridges, and E. trisulcatus has 25-36 AM (vs 18-22) and 7-11 dikinetids in mid-DK, and (Tables 1, 2). This species is mostly similar to E. orientalis in cell length and in the numbers of AM, DK and dikinetids in mid-DK, but they can be distinguished because E. rariseta has 10 FVC (vs 8) and 1 MC (vs 2) (Tables 1, 2). In addition, the 18S rRNA sequences of E. rariseta and E. orientalis have 93% similarity. NCBI BLASTN search result shows that the closest strains to our strains (KM401, KM444) are E. rariseta stains (GenBank Accession No. AJ305248, FJ423449; Identity 99%). The 18S rRNA sequences of stain KM401 and KM444 are 1,742 bp and 1,738 bp in length, respectively. Habitat. Marine Distribution. Korea (Inchon, Park et al., 2017; Masan Bay and Jeju Island, this study), Antarctica (Ross Sea, Valbonesi and Luporini, 1990; Albergoni et al., 2000), Bellings-hausen Sea (Thompson, 1972), China (Song and Packroff, 1997; Jiang et al., 2010b), Indian Ocean (Dallai et al., 1987), Red Sea (Solar lake; Wilbert and Kahan, 1981), Somalia (Gesira; Dallai et al., 1987), UK (Aberystwyth, Wales, Curds et al., 1974), Weddell Sea (Agatha et al., 1990; Petz et al., 1995). Deposition. National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea (NIBRPR0000107971) for KM401 strain. NCBI GenBank Accession Numbers: Strain KM 401: MK028833, Strain KM444: MK050525, Published as part of Kim, Eun-Hee & Lee, Won Je, 2019, Redescriptions of Euplotes encysticus and E. rariseta (Protist: Ciliophora: Euplotida), pp. 128-135 in Journal of Species Research 8 (1) on pages 132-134, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2019.8.1.128, http://zenodo.org/record/8120462, {"references":["Curds, C. R., B. J. West and J. E. Dorahy. 1974. Euplotes rariseta sp. n. (Protozoa Ciliatea), a new small marine hypotrich. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zool. 27: 95 - 102.","Yonezawa, F. 1985. New hypotrichous ciliate Euplotes encysticus sp. nov. Journal of Science of Hiroshima University 32: 35 - 45.","Fan, X., J. Huang, X. Lin, J. Li, K. A. S. Al-Rasheid and X. Hu. 2010. Morphological and molecular characterization of Euplotes encysticus (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Euplotida). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90: 1411 - 1416.","Jiang, J., Q. Zhang, A. Warren, K. A. S. Al-Rasheid and W. Song. 2010 b. Morphology and SSU rRNA gene-based phylogeny of two marine Euplotes species, E. orientalis nov. spec. and E. raikovi Agamaliev, 1966 (Ciliophora, Euplotida). Eur. J. Protistol. 46: 121 - 132.","Jiang, J., Q. Zhang, X. Hu, C. Shao, K. A. S. Al-Rasheid and W. Song. 2010 a. Two new marine ciliates, Euplotes sinicus sp. nov., and Euplotes parabalteatus sp. nov., and new small subunit rRNA gene sequence of Euplotes rariseta (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60: 1241 - 1251.","Dragesco, J. 1966. Observations sur quelques Cilies libres. Arch. Protistenkd. 109: 155 - 206.","Carter, H. P. 1972. Infraciliature of eleven species of the genus Euplotes. Trans Am. Microsc. Soc. 91: 466 - 492.","Park, M. - H., Y. - D. Han, C. B. Kwon, E. S. Lee, J. H. Kim, Y. S. Kang, S. - J. Kim, H. - M. Yang, T. Park, J. - S. Yoo, H. - J. Kil, E. Nam, M. K. Shin and G. - S. Min. 2017. Unrecorded species of Korean ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) discovered through the project of \" Discovery of Korean indigenous species \" (2006 - 2010). Journal of Species Research 6 (Special Edition): 172 - 176","Valbonesi, A. and P. Luporini. 1990. Description of two new species of Euplotes and Eupiotes rariseta from Antarctica. Polar Biol. 11: 47 - 53.","Albergoni, V., A. Cassini, O. Coppellotti, N. Favero, P. Irato, E. Piccinni and G. Santovito. 2000. Physiological responses to heavy metals and adaptation to increased oxygen partial pressure in Antarctic fish and protozoa. Ital. J. Zool., sup- plement 1: 1 - 11.","Thompson, J. C. Jr. 1972. Ciliated protozoa of the Antarctic Peninsula. In: Llano GA (ed) Antarctic terrestrial biology. Antarct. Res. Ser. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 20: 261 - 288.","Song, W. B. and G. Packroff. 1997. Taxonomy and morphology of marine ciliates from China with description of two new species, Strombidium globosaneum nov. spec. and S. platum nov. spec. (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Arch. Protistenkd. 147: 331 - 360.","Dallai, R., C. Miceli and P. Luporini. 1987. Euplotes rariseta Curds et al. (Ciliophora Hypotrichida) from the Somalian coast: Description and preliminary observation on cyst induction and ultrastructure. Monitore Zoologico Italiano. Suppl. 15: 263 - 280.","Wilbert, N. and D. Kahan. 1981. Ciliates of solar lake on the Red Sea shore. Arch. Protistenkd. 24: 70 - 95.","Agatha, N., N. Wilbert, M. Spindler and M. Elbrachter. 1990. Euplotide ciliates in sea ice of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Acta Protozool. 29: 221 - 228.","Petz, W., W. B. Song and N. Wilbert. 1995. Taxonomy and ecology of the ciliate fauna (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in the endopagial and pelagial of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Stapfia 40: 1 - 223."]}

1. Euplotes encysticus Yonezawa, 1985 (Figs. 1 a-d, 2, 3) Material examined. Korea: Dokdo (37°14 ʹ 22 ʺ N, 131° 52 ʹ 08 ʺ E), 27 September 2017, from a freshwater pond (Mulgol), collected by Jong Soo Park. Type strain, live cells are kept with the Korean Culture Collection of Protists, Kyungnam University, Korea, reference ‘KF403’. Description. Cells are 63-79 × 41-61 μm in vivo and 44-56 × 28-38 μm in protargol, asymmetrically oval with posterior portion slightly wider than anterior, and dorso-ventrally flattened. The peristome is narrow and extremely long, extending approximately 72% of cell length and surrounded by 31-36 adoral membranelles. Adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) curved (Figs. 1a, 1b, 2a, 2d, 2f). Cytoplasm colourless, often filled with many light reflecting granules and few food vacuoles (Fig. 2a). Single contractile vacuole located to right of transverse cirri (TC) (Fig. 2a). Seven dorso-lateral ridges (Figs. 2b, arrowheads; 2e). Dorsal kineties (DK) inserted in concaves down the ridges (Figs. 1c, 2e). The kinetosome number of the mid-dorsal kinety is 19- 22. Cirri usually strong; 9 fronto-ventral, 5 transverse, 2-3 (mostly 2) caudal and 2 left marginal cirri. Paroral membrane (PM) about 10 μm long. Macronucleus (Ma) usually C-shaped, with the anterior and posterior ends sometimes curving (Figs. 1d, 2d, 2f). Micronucleus (Mi) small, nearly spherical and located in the upper right half of the macronucleus (Figs. 1b, 1d, 2d). The cells are capable of encystment and excystment (Fig. 3). Move by crawling on crumb or substrate. Remarks. Euplotes encysticus was originally reported by Yonezawa (1985) as a freshwater form. We performed the inoculation of our strain KF403 into well plates containing seawater (15 and 30 psu) with barley grains. The strain grew well in the seawater, thus this species is adaptable to both seawater and freshwater. Our observations are in accord with those of Yonezawa (1985) and Fan et al. (2010). Euplotes encysticus is very similar to E. muscorum in general appearance, but according to several researchers (e.g., Dragesco, 1970; Dragesco and Dragesco Kernéis, 1986; Jo and Shin, 2003) they can be distinguished from each other because (1) no cyst has been observed so far in E. muscorum, (2) the obvious dorsal-lateral ridges and the granules surrounding the dorsal cirri have not observed in E. muscorum, (3) the AZM of E. encysticus outspreads more broadly than that of E. muscorum, and (4) the AZM covers 3/4 body length in E. encysticus, and 2/ 3 in E. muscorum. Our strain has all of these characters specific to E. encysticus. Additionally, these two species are clearly distinguished by the differences in their 18S rRNA gene sequences, of which E. encysticus differs from E. muscorum by 2.04% (Fan et al., 2010). Euplotes encysticus is similar to E. petzi, E. roscoffensis and E. sinicus in cell length, but the numbers of AM, DK and dikinetids in mid-DK in E. encysticus are higher than those in E. petzi. Euplotes roscoffensis and E. sinicus have higher number of AM than that of E. encysticus (Tables 1, 2). Euplotes sinicus has 11-16 dikinetids in mid-DK (vs 5-7) (Tables 1, 2). NCBI BLASTN search result shows that the closest strains to our strain KF403 are E. encysticus stains [GenBank Accession Nos. FJ346569, EF535728, LN864512; Identity 99%]. The 18S rRNA sequence of our stain is 1,663 bp in length. Habitat. Marine and Freshwater Distribution. Freshwater habitats: Korea (Dokdo, this study), Japan (Yonezawa, 1985) Marine habitats: China (Daya Bay, Fan et al., 2010) Deposition. National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea (NIBRPR0000109440) NCBI GenBank Accession Number: MK026950, Published as part of Kim, Eun-Hee & Lee, Won Je, 2019, Redescriptions of Euplotes encysticus and E. rariseta (Protist: Ciliophora: Euplotida), pp. 128-135 in Journal of Species Research 8 (1) on pages 130-132, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2019.8.1.128, http://zenodo.org/record/8120462, {"references":["Yonezawa, F. 1985. New hypotrichous ciliate Euplotes encysticus sp. nov. Journal of Science of Hiroshima University 32: 35 - 45.","Fan, X., J. Huang, X. Lin, J. Li, K. A. S. Al-Rasheid and X. Hu. 2010. Morphological and molecular characterization of Euplotes encysticus (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Euplotida). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90: 1411 - 1416.","Dragesco, J. 1970. Cilies fibres du Cameroun. Yaound: Feder- al University of Cameroon Press.","Jo, J. O. and M. K. Shin. 2003. Redescription of newly record- ed ciliate, Euplotes muscorum (Ciliophora: Polyhymenophora: Hypotrichida) and comparison with related species from Korea. Korean J. Syst. Zool. 19: 227 - 235."]}

Kim, Eun-Hee, Lee, Won Je (2019): Redescriptions of Euplotes encysticus and E. rariseta (Protist: Ciliophora: Euplotida). Journal of Species Research 8 (1): 128-135, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2019.8.1.128

Petalomonas poosilla Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (fi gures 14g, h, 16e -g) Description. We describe two populations of cells. Population 1: small cells; ovate, 5-9 Mm long, 3-5 Mm wide, dorso-ventrally fl attened. This species may or may not have up to three dorsal ridges and the ridges may or may not be well developed. The organism may also have two fi ne ventral ridges which are di ffi cult to observe. The right ventral ridge runs beneath the reservoir along the cell. With one fl agellum as long as the cell. The reservoir is in the right side of the cell and the nucleus is in the left side. Moves by gliding. Common. Population 2: Larger cells; cell outline oblong-oval, 10-12 Mm long and 5-6 Mm wide, dorso-ventrally fl attened. It has four ridges extending along the cell: two indistinct dorsal ridges located at the lateral margins of the cell; two fi ne ventral ridges, the right one of which runs beneath the reservoir. One fl agellum is about as long as the cell or slightly longer. The ovate reservoir is anteriorly situated in the right-hand side of the cell and the nucleus in the left-hand side of the cell. Often co-occurs with the smaller cell. Remarks. Larsen and Patterson (1990) provided a new name for P. pusilla Skuja, 1948 (P. poosilla) because under the principle of co-ordination of the ICZN, P. pusilla Skuja, 1948 is a homonym of P. mediocanellata var. pusilla Klebs, 1893 (Lemmermann, 1913)—which we refer to as P. minuta (see P. minuta above). Petalomonas poosilla and P. minuta resemble each other in shape and appearance, but can be distinguised by the presence of what we regard as a longitudinal groove in P. minuta. Petalomonas poosilla was originally described under the name P. pusilla (5-12 Mm long) from freshwater sites (Skuja, 1948) and has since been found in marine sites in Australia, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, Fiji, Gulf of Finland; Hawaii and NE Canada (Lackey and Lackey, 1970; Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong et al., 1998). We observed cells (in the small population) which are similar in size and outline to P. poosilla as described by Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species has been described without ridges or grooves (Skuja, 1948; Larsen and Patterson, 1990). Cells assigned to this species have been described more recently as having ridges (Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Schroeckh and Patterson, unpubl.). We suspect that this species has previously been under-described and regard the latter descriptions as more accurate than the former. The ventral face of this species is very similar to that of P. minor, described here, in having two fi ne ventral ridges and in the position of the ridges, but the two species can be distinguished by cell shape and the dorsal fl ange in P. minor. Petalomonas poosilla and P. minuta resemble each other in shape and appearance, but can be distinguised by the presence of what we regard as a longitudinal groove in P. minuta. This species resembles P. cantuscygni (see Cann and Pennick, 1986) from which it can be distinguished by never having fewer than six dorsal ridges. We have observed larger cells about 10-12 Mm long, but they consistently had four discrete ridges on both sides of the cell. The two populations often co-occur. Although these may represent a separate species, we have been unable to establish morphological discontinuities by which single cells could be easily identi fi ed when comparisons are made. Further studies are required to establish the status of the two populations.

Bodo designis Skuja, 1948 (fi gures 1h, 2m) Description. Cell outline usually elliptical, 4-7 Mm long, 2-4 Mm wide. With two unequal fl agella emerging from a subapical pocket. Cells are fl exible. The anterior fl agellum is about the length of the cell or slightly shorter and curves back over the rostrum. The anterior fl agellum wraps around the anterior part of the cell and the mouth is pressed against food particles when the cell is feeding. The acronematic posterior fl agellum is about 2-4 times the length of the cell and has a sinuous pro fi le in swimming cells. Cells rotate around their longitudinal axes when swimming. The nucleus is located near the middle of the cell. Common. Remarks. Cell length was previously reported to be from 7 to 15 Mm. This species has been reported from marine sites in Antarctica, North Atlantic, subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Fiji, Gulf of Finland, Greenland, Hawaii, and Panama (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Patterson et al., 1993; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997a; Tong et al., 1997, 1998). Generally, our observations are consistent with those of previous authors. Bodo designis has also been found in several freshwater sites. It appears to be cosmopolitan. Sometimes, this species occurs in large numbers. It has been characterized by the rotating behaviour of swimming cells, but B. cygnus reported by Patterson and Simpson (1996) and B. platyrhynchu s also have a rotating swimming movement. Bodo designis sometimes co-occurs with B. cygnus, but B. cygnus can be distinguished because it has a spiral groove.

Bodo saliens Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (®gures 1j, 2p, q) Description. Cell usually elongate elliptical and somewhat inēxible, 4±10 Mm long (mostly 6±9 Mm), 2±5 Mm wide. Two ¯agella unequal in length emerge subapically from a shallow pocket. The anterior ¯agellum appears inactive, is as long as or slightly shorter than the cell and is held forwards with a single anterior curve held perpendicular to the substratum. The acronematic posterior ¯agellum is typically directed straight behind the cell and is about 2.2±3.5 times the cell length. Cells swim in rapid darts in straight lines. Frequently observed. Description based on observations of 21 cells. Remarks. This species has been found in North Atlantic, subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Arctic Canada, Denmark, West Greenland, Hawaii, Gulf of Finland and Panama, and previously reported size ranges are 5±15 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vùrs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Patterson et al., 1993; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong et al., 1998). Generally, our observations are in accordance with those of previous observers. Bodo saliens is distinguished from other species of the genus Bodo by its rapid darting movement and the posterior ¯agellum which is directed in a straight line. This species is similar in shape to B. curvi ®lus Griessmann, 1913, but it is distinguished because B. curvi ®lus has a paddling anterior ¯agellum which is curved along its entire length. Hemistasia phaeocysticola (ScherOEel, 1900) ElbraÈchter et al., 1996 (®gures 1k, 4a±e) Description. Cell outline pyriform, about 13±15 Mm long, metabolic, with a ¯exible apical papillum and with an indistinct spiral groove. Two ¯agella insert subapically in a pocket, are unequal in length and wrap around the body during feeding. The posterior ¯agellum is slightly longer than the anterior ¯agellum and the cell. During swimming cells rotate. The cells often contain one large food vacuole up to 6 Mm in the posterior part of the cell. Observed eating the cytoplasm of diatoms. The nucleus was not seen. Rarely observed. Remarks. According to ElbraÈchter et al. (1996), this species is identical with Hemistasia klebsii Griessmann, 1913 and Pronoctiluca phaeocysticola (ScherOEel, 1900) Pavillard, 1922. They observed this species inside the shells of diatoms, dinoāgellates and copepods, and in cultures the species attacked diatoms, dinoāgellates and prymnesiophytes. This species was found in marine sites by ScherOEel (1900), Griessmann (1913), ElbraÈchter et al. (1996) and Tong et al. (1998). Previous reported cell lengths range from 10 to 25 Mm. The genus Hemistasia resembles Entomosigma, Rhynchobodo and Cryptaulax. The latter two genera have recently been synonymized (Bernard et al., 1999). Hemistasia can be distinguished from Rhynchobodo by its anterior papillum. Hemistasia may be the same as the genus Entomosigma Schiller, 1925 (Patterson, 1994). Figure 3 of ElbraÈchter et al. (1996) is similar to ®gure 21 (I±II) of H. klebsii by Griessmann (1913) and the ®gures of Entomosigma peridinioides Schiller, 1925, and ®gures 5, 6 of ElbraÈchter et al. (1996) are also similar to the ®gure 3 of C. marina of Throndsen (1969). Cryptaulax marina sensu Throndsen, 1969 is believed to be H. phaeocysticola (Bernard et al., 1999)., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 492, {"references":["LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","PATTERSON, D. J., NYGAARD, K., STEINBERG, G. and TURLEY, C., 1993, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 73, 67 ± 95.","EKEBOM, J., PATTERSON, D. J. and VORS, N., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 146, 251 ± 272.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448.","TONG, S. M., NYGAARD, K., BERNARD, C., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1998, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 34, 162 ± 194.","GRIESSMANN, K., 1913, U E ber marine Flagellaten, Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 32 (year 1914), 1 ± 78.","BERNARD, C., SIMPSON, A. G. B. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1999, Some free-living ¯ agellates from anoxic sediments, Ophelia, (in press).","PATTERSON, D. J., 1994, Protozoa: evolution and systematics, in K. Hausmann and N. HuElsmann (eds) Progress in Protozoology (Stuttgart), pp. 1 ± 14.","THRONDSEN, J., 1969, Flagellates of Norwegian coastal waters, Nytt Magasin for Botanik, 16, 161 ± 216."]}

Heteronema larseni Lee and Patterson, n. sp. (®gures 6c, 7f, h, i. Type micrograph: ®gure 7h) Diagnosis. Heteronema, ovate, 35±45 Mm long, with a posterior point and about 36 well-developed pellicular striations. With or without globular pellicular granules. Description. Cell ovate, 35±45 Mm long, ¯attened, with a posterior point to the cell. Approximately 36 pellicular striations follow a S-helix. The striations of the ventral face are more distinct than the dorsal ones. The striations appear to overlap each other, with raised ridges being separated by ¯at regions. Some but not all cells have globular granules located along the grooves. This species is capable of squirming movements, but not vigorously so. The anterior ¯agellum is about the length of the cell and bends to the right while the cell is swimming. The posterior ¯agellum bends to the left while swimming, is slightly longer than the cell and is stronger than the anterior ¯agellum. The posterior ¯agellum is swollen near its base. The ingestion organelle has two conspicuous thick rods and extends to two-thirds of the length of the cell. Consumes diatoms, one cell containing diatoms up to 17 Mm long. The reservoir is pear-shaped and in the left half of the cell. The nucleus is about 15 Mm long and located in the left side of the cell near the midline. About 2 Mm size refractile bodies lie around the reservoir, ingestion organelle and nucleus. Cells move by skidding in close contact with the substratum. Four cells observed. Remarks. This species was ®rst described under the name H. ovale by Larsen (1987) and was redescribed by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and Ekebom et al. (1996). Larsen (1987) noted that the cells observed by him diOEered in cell length from H. ovale as described originally by Kahl (1928) (H. ovale sensu Kahl measured 25 Mm, those of Larsen measured 35±42 Mm). The cells described by Ekebom et al. (1996) diOEer from the cells reported here and those described by Larsen because they are smaller (16±24 Mm), have no posterior point to the cell and may have vigorous squirming movements. We have found cells which are consistent with H. ovale sensu KahlÐsee below. We conclude that the organisms described by Larsen (1987), Larsen and Patterson (1990) and here are not H. ovale. Heteronema larseni Lee and Patterson, n. sp. is erected for them. This species has been found in tropical Australia, Danish Wadden Sea and Fiji. Previously reported lengths are 20±42 Mm (Larsen 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990) although it is possible that the small cells observed by Larsen and Patterson (1990) may be H. ovale. This species has strong pellicular striations and may have small bodies alongside the striations. Heteronema ovale also has pellicular bodies (see H. ovale below). We do not regard the refractile inclusions (small bodies) as a good diagnostic character of H. larseni. Heteronema larseni can be distinguished from H. exaratum and H. ovale by its larger size, pointed posterior end, and well-developed ingestion organelle., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on pages 501-502, {"references":["LARSEN, J., 1987, Algal studies of the interstitial euglenoid ¯ agellates, Nordic Journal of Botany, 7, 589 ± 607.","LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","EKEBOM, J., PATTERSON, D. J. and VORS, N., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 146, 251 ± 272.","KAHL, A., 1928, Die Infusorien (Ciliata) der Oldesloer Salzwasserstellen, Archiv fuEr Hydrobiology, 19, 189 ± 246."]}

Pendulomonas adriperis Tong, 1997 (®gures 20j, 21f, g) Description. Cell ovoid or droplet-shaped, about 4±9 Mm long, 2.5±5 Mm wide, somewhat ¯exible and not ¯attened, with two ¯agella similar in length emerging subapically (about one-third of the way down). The ¯agella are slightly longer than the cell and not acronematic. The anterior ¯agellum projects in front of the body and beats with an asymmetric pattern, and the posterior ¯agellum trails behind the body and may be held in a curve or obliquely. Sometimes, the posterior ¯agellum beats sti‚y and rapidly in non-swimming cells. Cells usually swim by slow rotating movements and the cell bodies wag. When cells swim rapidly, the anterior ¯agellum beats quickly and cells do not wag. Cells may attach to the substratum by the tip of the trailing ¯agellum. In attached cells, cells may wag or tremble rapidly. Commonly observed in enrichment cultures. Remarks. This species has been found in marine sites in subtropical Australia and England, cell length range is reported to be 5±8.5 Mm (Tong, 1997 a, 1997b). Like naked bicosoecids (Cafeteria and Pseudobodo) this species attaches to the substratum by the tip of the posterior ¯agellum. This species can be distinguished from all species of the genus Cafeteria by the orientation and beat pattern of the ¯agella. It is similar to Phyllomitus in general shape, but is easily distinguished because the two ¯agella of Phyllomitus insert together to an anterior pocket, while those of Pendulomonas insert separately in a subapical groove., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 539, {"references":["TONG, S. M., 1997 a, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Shark Bay, Western Australia, Marine Biology, 128, 517 ± 536.","SIMPSON, A. G. B., HOFF, J., BERNARD, C., BURTON, H. R. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1997 b, The ultrastructure and systematic position of the euglenozoan Postgaardi mariagerensis Fenchel et al., Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 147, 213 ± 225."]}

Protaspis tegere Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (®gures 22k, 25a±d) Description. Cell oblong, ovate or obovate, slightly ¯attened, 14±25 Mm long and 8±14 Mm wide. The ratio of length to width is 1 to 0.7. In some cells the cell surface is warty. A longitudinal median ventral groove extends from the site of ¯agellar insertion to the posterior end of the cell. Two ¯agella, unequal in length; the anterior ¯agellum inserts subapically in the slight depression and is as long as the cell. The posterior ¯agellum inserts posterior to the anterior ¯agellum and is about 1.5±2.5 times the cell length. The large nucleus is disc-shaped with anterior caps and is located anteriorly on the right-hand side or near the midline of the cell. Pseudopodia may be produced from the groove. Moves by gliding. Sometimes common. Description based on observations of 32 cells. Remarks. Cells described here are in agreement with the original description by Larsen and Patterson (1990) although we have extended the size range from the previously reported 14±20 Mm. This species has been reported from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Fiji and Hawaii (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Tong et al., 1998). Protaspis tegere resembles P. glans in general appearance but is distinguished by the nuclear caps in P. tegere (Larsen and Patterson, 1990) and by the position of nucleus. The position of the nucleus in Protaspis metarhiza Skuja, 1939 may change with the age of cells (Skuja, 1939) and this may also be in the case of P. glans (Larsen, 1985b). Assuming that nuclear caps in P. glans have been overlooked in previous studies, P. tegere may prove to be a junior synonym of P. glans because they are distinguished only by the nuclear caps. Tong et al. (1998) described P. tegere without nuclear caps, but in their ®gure 9r the nuclear caps are shown. We note that in respect of nuclear caps the illustration is correct and the text is in error. Protaspis major Skuja, 1939 is distinguished from P. tegere due to it being larger (24±40 Mm) with an oblique ventral groove., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 546, {"references":["LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","EKEBOM, J., PATTERSON, D. J. and VORS, N., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 146, 251 ± 272.","TONG, S. M., NYGAARD, K., BERNARD, C., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1998, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 34, 162 ± 194.","SKUJA, H., 1939, Beitrag zur Algenora Lettlands II, Acta Horti botanici Universitatis latviensis, 11 ± 12, 41 ± 169.","LARSEN, J., 1985 b, Algal studies of the Danish Wadden Sea. II. A taxonomic study of psammobious dinoagellates, Opera Botanica, 79, 14 ± 37."]}

Clautriavia cavus Lee and Patterson, n. sp. (fi gures 24f, 25j, k. Type micrograph: fi gure 25j) Diagnosis. Clautriavia, cell oval about 8 Mm long, fl attened, with subapically a shallow ventral groove and one trailing fl agellum emerging from a ventral depression. Description. Cell outline oval, 8-10 Mm long, fl attened and rigid. One fl agellum directed posteriorly, emerges from a ventral subapical depression, is about 1.5-2 times the length of the cell and makes close contact with the substratum when the cell is gliding. Cells have a shallow, wide ventral groove which is easy to overlook. The ventral face of the cell appears to be slightly concave. The cell surface may be rather warty and food particles are seen in the posterior part of the cell. Cells glide slowly and smoothly with the posterior part slightly raised above the substratum. Often observed, but not in large numbers. Description based on the observations of eight cells. Remarks. We assign this organism to the genus Clautriavia because it has general features of the genus: it is a gliding fl agellate with one trailing fl agellum and a midventral groove. Clautriavia is reminiscent of Protaspis and Allantion, but can be recognized from Protaspis by having only one fl agellum. This species is less easy to distinguish from Allantion because Clautriavia lacks a rostral prominence at the anterior end of the cell and has a concave ventral face. The genus Clautriavia to date contains two nominal species, C. mobilis (see Massart, 1900) and C. parva (see Schouteden, 1907). Clautriavia cavus differs from C. mobilis because C. mobilis is twice as large, has a relatively short fl agellum and has a nucleus at the right posterior of the cell. According to Patterson and Zölffel (1991), Clautriavia parva may be the gliding stage of Metromonas. This species may be the same as`Glissander’ by Tong (1994).

Cafeteria roenbergensis Fenchel and Patterson, 1988 (®gures 20g, 21d, e) Description. Cells are D-shaped, 3.5±5 Mm long, and laterally compressed. There is a shallow groove on the left side of the cell. Two ¯agella of similar length emerge subapically and are slightly longer than the cell. The anterior ¯agellum is directed perpendicular to the ventral face of the cell of attached cells. The posterior ¯agellum is reēxed, passing over one face of the cell and then attaching to the substratum by the tip. In swimming cells, the anterior ¯agellum is directed forwards and beats with a sine-wave, and the posterior ¯agellum is directed backwards and trails. Usually moves fast following a spiral path, but sometimes moves slowly. Food particles (bacteria) may be ingested near the posterior part of the ventral groove. Not common. Remarks. Generally, our observations are consistent with descriptions of Fenchel and Patterson (1988) and Larsen and Patterson (1990). Previous studies reported the size range to be 1.5±10 Mm (Fenchel and Patterson, 1988; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vùrs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a, 1993b; Patterson et al., 1993; Vùrs et al., 1995; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997 a, 1997b; Tong et al., 1997, 1998; Bernard et al., 1999). This species has been widely found from marine sites in Antarctica, subtropical and tropical Australia, North Atlantic, Baltic, Denmark, England, Gulf of Finland, Greenland and equatorial Paci®c. This species resembles Cafeteria minuta (Ruinen, 1938) Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance, but is distinguished because C. minuta has a longer anterior ¯agellum. Cafeteria roenbergensis resembles C. marsupialis Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance and in having a short anterior ¯agellum, but C. marsupialis is larger and has a ventral groove with a posterior channel leading into the cell. It may not be clearly distinguished from Acronema sippewissettensis (Teal et al., 1998), the ¯agella of which are said to be acronematic. Cafeteria roenbergensis may occasionally occupy about 6±20% of the heterotrophic ¯agellate population (Fenchel, 1982; Tong, 1997b) and is cosmopolitan., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 538, {"references":["FENCHEL, T. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1988, Cafeteria roenbergensis nov. gen., nov. sp., a heterotrophic microagellate from marine plankton, Marine Microbial Food Webs, 3, 9 ± 19.","LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","PATTERSON, D. J., NYGAARD, K., STEINBERG, G. and TURLEY, C., 1993, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 73, 67 ± 95.","EKEBOM, J., PATTERSON, D. J. and VORS, N., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 146, 251 ± 272.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448.","TONG, S. M., 1997 a, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Shark Bay, Western Australia, Marine Biology, 128, 517 ± 536.","SIMPSON, A. G. B., HOFF, J., BERNARD, C., BURTON, H. R. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1997 b, The ultrastructure and systematic position of the euglenozoan Postgaardi mariagerensis Fenchel et al., Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 147, 213 ± 225.","TONG, S. M., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1997, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates, centrohelid heliozoa and ® lose amoebae from marine and freshwater sites in the Antarctic, Polar Biology, 18, 91 ± 106.","TONG, S. M., NYGAARD, K., BERNARD, C., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1998, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 34, 162 ± 194.","BERNARD, C., SIMPSON, A. G. B. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1999, Some free-living ¯ agellates from anoxic sediments, Ophelia, (in press).","RUINEN, J., 1938, Notizen uEber Salzagellaten. II. U E ber die Verbereitung der Salzagellaten, Archiv fuEr Protoistenkunde, 90, 210 ± 258.","TEAL, T. H., GUILLEMETTE, T., CHAPMAN, M. and MARGULIS, L., 1998, Acronema sippewissettensis gen. nov. sp. nov., microbial mat bicosoecid (Bicosoecales = Bicosoecida), European Journal of Protistology, 34, 402 ± 414.","FENCHEL, T., 1982, Ecology of heterotrophic microagellates. IV. Quantitative occurrence and importance as bacterial consumers, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 9, 35 ± 42.","TONG, S. M., 1997 b, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates and other protists from Southampton water, U. K., Ophelia, 47, 71 ± 131."]}

Bodo designis Skuja, 1948 (®gures 1h, 2m) Description. Cell outline usually elliptical, 4±7 Mm long, 2±4 Mm wide. With two unequal ¯agella emerging from a subapical pocket. Cells are ¯exible. The anterior ¯agellum is about the length of the cell or slightly shorter and curves back over the rostrum. The anterior ¯agellum wraps around the anterior part of the cell and the mouth is pressed against food particles when the cell is feeding. The acronematic posterior ¯agellum is about 2±4 times the length of the cell and has a sinuous pro®le in swimming cells. Cells rotate around their longitudinal axes when swimming. The nucleus is located near the middle of the cell. Common. Remarks. Cell length was previously reported to be from 7 to 15 Mm. This species has been reported from marine sites in Antarctica, North Atlantic, subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Fiji, Gulf of Finland, Greenland, Hawaii, and Panama (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vùrs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Patterson et al., 1993; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997a; Tong et al., 1997, 1998). Generally, our observations are consistent with those of previous authors. Bodo designis has also been found in several freshwater sites. It appears to be cosmopolitan. Sometimes, this species occurs in large numbers. It has been characterized by the rotating behaviour of swimming cells, but B. cygnus reported by Patterson and Simpson (1996) and B. platyrhynchu s also have a rotating swimming movement. Bodo designis sometimes co-occurs with B. cygnus, but B. cygnus can be distinguished because it has a spiral groove., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 491, {"references":["SKUJA, H., 1948, Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 9, 5 ± 399.","LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","PATTERSON, D. J., NYGAARD, K., STEINBERG, G. and TURLEY, C., 1993, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 73, 67 ± 95.","EKEBOM, J., PATTERSON, D. J. and VORS, N., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 146, 251 ± 272.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448.","TONG, S. M., 1997 a, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Shark Bay, Western Australia, Marine Biology, 128, 517 ± 536.","TONG, S. M., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1997, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates, centrohelid heliozoa and ® lose amoebae from marine and freshwater sites in the Antarctic, Polar Biology, 18, 91 ± 106.","TONG, S. M., NYGAARD, K., BERNARD, C., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1998, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 34, 162 ± 194."]}

Heteronema ovale Kahl, 1928 (®gures 6d, 8a±e) Description. Cell outline ovate, cell length 15±30 Mm, ¯attened. The pellicular striations follow a S-helix on the ventral and dorsal faces of the cell and may or may not have associated refractile bodies. This species is capable of vigorous squirming movements. Two ¯agella are of almost equal length and are slightly longer than the cell. The posterior ¯agellum has a knob at its base and is stronger than the anterior ¯agellum. The ingestion organelle has two rods, eats diatoms. The reservoir and nucleus are located in the left side of the cell. Cells move by skidding or by vigorous squirming in contact with substratum. Sometimes common. Description based on the observation of 20 cells. Remarks. Generally, our observations are in good agreement with the original description of Kahl (1928). As noted above under comments to H. larseni, the organism described by Larsen (1987) and by Larsen and Patterson (1990) as H. ovale is not, in our view, the same species as described by Kahl. Heteronema ovale described by Ekebom et al. (1996) may be the same species. Heteronema ovale can be confused with H. exaratum Larsen and Patterson, 1990 and H. larseni Lee and Patterson, n. sp. because they have a similar general appearance. However, H. ovale can be distinguished from H. exaratum because H. exaratum has diOEering dorsal and ventral pellicular striations and more vigorous squirming movements, but is not distinguished by size because there is considerable overlap. Heteronema ovale is distinguished from H. larseni by the vigorous squirming movements of H. ovale, and the pointed posterior end of H. larseni. Heteronema ovale is likely to be smaller. Jenningsia fusiforme (Larsen, 1987) Lee et al., 1999 (®gures 12c, 13g, h) Description. Cell usually elongate, 30±35 Mm long, with a narrowed anterior end and a rounded posterior end. With delicate pellicular striations following an S-helix. One ¯agellum emerges from a slit opening of the ¯agellar canal, is 40±50 Mm long and beats mostly at anterior end. A refractile arc-like structure is located close to the slit-like opening of the ¯agellar canal. The ¯agellar pocket is located in the ®rst third of the cell on the left-hand side. The ingestion organelle with two ®ne rods is obvious. The nucleus is situated in the posterior of the cell. Moves by gliding or squirming movement. Relatively common. Description based on observations of nine cells. Remarks. Previously reported cell length ranges from 25 to 45 Mm. This species was reported from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, and Fiji as Peranema fusiforme (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Evidence has now been presented that the`short recurrent ¯agellum’ is now part of the internal architecture of the mouth region and this species has since been assigned to the genus Jenningsia (Lee et al., 1999). Our observations on this species are broadly in agreement with those of previous observers. This species is similar to Jenningsia macrostoma (see below), but it can be recognized by its smaller size and less developed ingestion organelle. Jenningsia macrostoma (Ekebom et al., 1996) Lee et al., 1999 (®gures 12e, 13j, k) Description. Cell length about 80 Mm, anteriorly narrowed or pointed and posteriorly rounded, very metabolic. With about 50 ®ne pellicular striations following a S-helix. Ventral striations are more distinct than the dorsal ones. The ¯agellar pocket is situated on the left ventral face of the cell and is up to 24 Mm long. The ¯agellum is as long as the cell and beats freely. The ingestion organelle with two well-marked rods is strongly developed and up to 20 Mm long. The rods appear hollow. There is a refractile arc-like structure associated with the slit-like opening of the ¯agellar canal. The nucleus is situated in the posterior end of the cell. Refractile granules are randomly distributed inside the cell. This species ingested eukaryotic cells as long as 16 Mm. Glides with a squirming movement. Two cells observed. In addition we observed three cells measuring 100±114 Mm and with a narrow aspect. The ingestion organelle seems less developed than the cells described above and the nucleus is situated in the mid-position of the cell. Remarks. This species was ®rst described from a marine site in tropical Australia by Ekebom et al. (1996) with lengths of 64±87 Mm as Peranema macrostoma. As with Jenningsia fusiforme (above) we note that the arc structure associated with the ¯agellar canal is not a ¯agellum but part of the architecture of the mouth, and for this reason this species was transferred to the genus Jenningsia (Lee et al., 1999). We note that the Peranema measuring 70 Mm long found in Brazil by Larsen and Patterson (1990) may belong to this species. The smaller cells observed by us comply well with the description of Ekebom et al. (1996). Ekebom et al. (1996) observed one cell measuring 114 Mm from One Tree Island (Patterson, unpubl. notes) and which probably corresponds with the larger cells observed here. These can be tentatively assigned to J. macrostoma. This species resembles J. fusiforme in general appearance but J. macrostoma is bigger and has larger rods in the ingestion organelle., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on pages 502-507, {"references":["KAHL, A., 1928, Die Infusorien (Ciliata) der Oldesloer Salzwasserstellen, Archiv fuEr Hydrobiology, 19, 189 ± 246.","LARSEN, J., 1987, Algal studies of the interstitial euglenoid ¯ agellates, Nordic Journal of Botany, 7, 589 ± 607.","LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","EKEBOM, J., PATTERSON, D. J. and VORS, N., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 146, 251 ± 272.","LEE, W. J., BLACKMORE, R. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1999, Australian records of two lesser known genera of heterotrophic euglenidsD Chasmostoma Massart, 1920 and Jenningsia SchaeOEer, 1918, Protistology, in press.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448."]}

Protaspis obliqua Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (®gures 22j, 23i, j) Description. Cell slightly oval or roundish, 12±32 Mm long, 10±27 Mm wide, dorsoventrally ¯attened, with thickened cortex. With a ventral median groove; cell indented anteriorly and posteriorly where groove meets margin. Subapically, the right margin of the groove forms a protrusion. With two ¯agella inserting under the protrusion; the anterior ¯agellum is about 0.5 times the length of the cell and the posterior ¯agellum is about 0.5 ±1.5 times the length of the cell. The nucleus is without nuclear caps, is located subapically in a median position, is rounded and is 5±13 Mm in diameter. Contained many food particles up to 5 Mm long. Commonly observed. Descriptions based on observations of 16 cells. Remarks. This species was described from marine sites in tropical Australia, Fiji and England by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and Tong (1997b). Cell length was reported to be 8.5±20 Mm by previous authors. Generally, our observations are in accordance with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990) although our length range extends the previous range. Although the identities of most species within the genus are di cult to establish, the protrusion near the ¯agellar insertions makes this species easy to identify., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 545, {"references":["LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","TONG, S. M., 1997 b, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates and other protists from Southampton water, U. K., Ophelia, 47, 71 ± 131."]}

Protaspis gemmifera Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (®gures 22i, 23f±h) Description. Cell outline oval or roundish, 9±16 Mm long and 9±11 Mm wide, dorso-ventrally ¯attened. Cell surface is rather warty. Two ¯agella insert subapically in an indistinct ventral furrow. The anterior ¯agellum is as long as the cell and the posterior ¯agellum is about 1.3±3 times the cell length. The posterior ¯agellum inserts in an antero-posterio r line of the anterior ¯agellum and trails behind the cell. The nucleus is situated anteriorly below the ¯agellar insertion, has caps and is roundish. Reserve material may be present as oval or rod shaped bodies. Glides very fast with the anterior ¯agellum. Produces pseudopodia from the ventral furrow. Sometimes commonly observed. Description based on observations of 33 cells. Remarks. Generally, our observations agree with the original description of Larsen and Patterson (1990) although they did not refer to the warty surface. Protaspis gemmifera was recorded from Brazil and North Atlantic by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and Patterson et al. (1993), respectively. Cell lengths were previously reported as 10±17 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Patterson et al., 1993). Nuclear caps were not seen in any of the cells described by Patterson et al. (1993) but this character may have been overlooked because the nuclear caps may be di cult to see in fast moving cells. Some cells did not have reserve materials in the posterior end of the cell, and reserve materials may not be useful as a diagnostic character although we have not seen the distinctive rod-shaped reserve materials in any species other than this one. Protaspis gemmifera resembles P. verrucosa Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance and length, but it has been distinguished by the longitudinal ventral furrow in P. verrucosa and the presence of nuclear caps in P. gemmifera. Figure 60b in Larsen and Patterson (1990), which is the type micrograph for P. verrucosa, shows some similarity to our cells in ®gure 23h. We are not sure whether these two species are clearly distinguishable. Protaspis gemmifera is probably detritivorous (Patterson et al., 1993). The organism referred to as P. simplex by Tong et al. (1998) has probably been illustrated by pictures of P. gemmifera, but having consulted original records, we can con®rm that both species were present. The genus contains nine species: P. gemmifera Larsen and Patterson, 1990, P. glans Skuja, 1939, P. major Skuja, 1939, P. metarhiza Skuja, 1939, P. obovata Skuja, 1948, P. obliqua Larsen and Patterson, 1990, P. simplex Vùrs, 1992, P. tegere Larsen and Patterson, 1990 and P. verrucosa Larsen and Patterson, 1990. The boundaries among many species are not clear (table 2), and this genus needs more attention., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 544, {"references":["LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","PATTERSON, D. J., NYGAARD, K., STEINBERG, G. and TURLEY, C., 1993, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 73, 67 ± 95.","TONG, S. M., NYGAARD, K., BERNARD, C., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1998, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 34, 162 ± 194.","SKUJA, H., 1939, Beitrag zur Algenora Lettlands II, Acta Horti botanici Universitatis latviensis, 11 ± 12, 41 ± 169.","SKUJA, H., 1948, Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 9, 5 ± 399."]}

Pendulomonas adriperis Tong, 1997 (fi gures 20j, 21f, g) Description. Cell ovoid or droplet-shaped, about 4-9 Mm long, 2.5-5 Mm wide, somewhat fl exible and not fl attened, with two fl agella similar in length emerging subapically (about one-third of the way down). The fl agella are slightly longer than the cell and not acronematic. The anterior fl agellum projects in front of the body and beats with an asymmetric pattern, and the posterior fl agellum trails behind the body and may be held in a curve or obliquely. Sometimes, the posterior fl agellum beats sti ffl y and rapidly in non-swimming cells. Cells usually swim by slow rotating movements and the cell bodies wag. When cells swim rapidly, the anterior fl agellum beats quickly and cells do not wag. Cells may attach to the substratum by the tip of the trailing fl agellum. In attached cells, cells may wag or tremble rapidly. Commonly observed in enrichment cultures. Remarks. This species has been found in marine sites in subtropical Australia and England, cell length range is reported to be 5-8.5 Mm (Tong, 1997 a, 1997b). Like naked bicosoecids (Cafeteria and Pseudobodo) this species attaches to the substratum by the tip of the posterior fl agellum. This species can be distinguished from all species of the genus Cafeteria by the orientation and beat pattern of the fl agella. It is similar to Phyllomitus in general shape, but is easily distinguished because the two fl agella of Phyllomitus insert together to an anterior pocket, while those of Pendulomonas insert separately in a subapical groove.

Ploeotia plumosa Ekebom et al., 1996 (®gures 17d, 18h, k) Description. One cell observed, measuring about 20 Mm long and 10 Mm wide, slightly ¯attened. Cell outline oblong-ovate, with widely spaced grooves dorsally and ventrally. The dorsal grooves are more widely spaced than those of the ventral face. Often with a large hyaline inclusion reaching from the middle of the cell to the posterior end. Many slightly curved inclusions abut on the pellicular grooves. The two ¯agella are unequal in length; the anterior ¯agellum moves with sweeping motions and is about 1.5 times the cell length. The trailing posterior ¯agellum is about 3.5 times the cell length, is thicker than the anterior ¯agellum and emerges as a hook. The ingestion organelle has two prominent rods and extends almost to the posterior end of the cell. The reservoir is situated in the left-hand side of the cell. Glides smoothly in straight lines. Remarks. This species was described from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia by Ekebom et al. (1996) and Patterson and Simpson (1996). Cell length was previously reported to be from 17 to 36 Mm by previous authors. The individual described here was in the lower part of the size range reported by previous observers but otherwise our observations are in accord with the observations by previous authors. Ploeotia plumosa is easily distinguished from other species in the genus Ploeotia by the distinctive surface inclusions., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on pages 529-530, {"references":["EKEBOM, J., PATTERSON, D. J. and VORS, N., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 146, 251 ± 272.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448."]}

Notosolenus scutulum Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (®gures 9h, 11i±l) Description. Cell measuring about 9±15 Mm long and 6.5±12 Mm wide, ¯attened. Cells are anteriorly acute and posteriorly wide with a posterior prominence. The anterior ¯agellum is about 1.5±2.0 times the cell length and the trailing posterior ¯agellum is about 0.3±0.5 times the cell length. There is a deep narrow longitudinal dorsal groove which widens posteriorly and a ventral groove which also widens posteriorly. The reservoir is in the right-hand side of the cell and the nucleus is in the left side. Cells contained lots of food materials. Moves slowly by gliding. Rarely observed. Remarks. Notosolenus scutulum was recorded from marine sites in Brazil by Larsen and Patterson (1990). Cells observed by us have a deep longitudinal dorsal groove, a ventral groove which widens out posteriorly and a posterior prominence, and one of three subtly diOEerent pro®les (®gures 11j±l)Ðwhich we regard here as conspeci®c. Notosolenus scutulum is characterized by a deep longitudinal dorsal groove, a ventral groove which widens out posteriorly, and a posterior point. It is similar in size, shape, dorsal groove and posterior point to N. skujai described by Suxena (1955). There are minor diOEerences: N. skujai has a broad dorsal groove and its nucleus is posterior to the middle of the cell, while N. scutulum has a narrow dorsal groove which is more visible than suggested by Suxena’s drawings, and a ventral groove, and the nucleus is more central. We have seen no marginal gutters as are suggested by Suxena’ s drawings but not mentioned in the text. Notosolenus scutulum is similar to N. orbicularis in having a dorsal groove, but N. orbicularis Stokes, 1884 has no posterior prominence and has a very wide dorsal groove. This species looks like N. triangularis Larsen and Patterson, 1990, but N. triangularis is double the size (28 Mm), has a small visible mouth and a triangular reservoir. Notosolenus scutulum is similar in size to N. rhombicus (Skuja, 1939) Larsen, 1987, but N. rhombicus has a smooth pellicle, a tiny collar surrounding the canal opening and no posterior point (see Larsen, 1987). This species is also similar to N. ostium Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in having a deep longitudinal groove and a ventral groove, but is distinguished because N. ostium has ventrally four ®ne pellicular stripes, has a visible mouth, is larger (20±56 Mm), and has a short posterior ¯agellum relative to the cell length. Notosolenus cfr. tamanduensis Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (®gures 12a, 13a, b) Description. Cell outline ovate, about 15 Mm long and 11 Mm wide, dorso-ventrall y ¯attened, with a short neck around the ¯agellar canal. With a thin lateral ¯ange in the left margin of the cell. This species has in total four ridges: two broad shallow ridges on both the ventral and dorsal faces of the cell and two ®ne ridges on the broad ventral ridge. The posterior end has a wedge-shaped protrusion, which is extended from the broad ridges. The anterior ¯agellum is as long as the cell and the posterior ¯agellum is about 0.8 times the cell length. The reservoir is rounded and situated in the right side of the cell, and the nucleus is in the left side of the cell and adjacent to the centre of the cell. Moves slowly by gliding. Rare. Remarks. One cell observed. This species is similar to N. tamanduensi s described by Larsen and Patterson (1990) from a marine site in Brazil. There are minor diOEerences between our cell and N. tamanduensi s: our cell was about half the size (29 Mm) reported by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and we also have not seen an ingestion organelle, but that may be because of lack of material., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on pages 513-514, {"references":["LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","SUXENA, M. R., 1955, Fresh-water Euglenineae from Hyderabad, IndiaDI, The Journal of the Indian Botanical Society, 34, 429 ± 450.","STOKES, A. C., 1884, Fresh water Infusoria, American Journal of Science, 3 rd series, 28, 38 ± 49.","SKUJA, H., 1939, Beitrag zur Algenora Lettlands II, Acta Horti botanici Universitatis latviensis, 11 ± 12, 41 ± 169.","LARSEN, J., 1987, Algal studies of the interstitial euglenoid ¯ agellates, Nordic Journal of Botany, 7, 589 ± 607."]}

Ploeotia plumosa Ekebom et al., 1996 (fi gures 17d, 18h, k) Description. One cell observed, measuring about 20 Mm long and 10 Mm wide, slightly fl attened. Cell outline oblong-ovate, with widely spaced grooves dorsally and ventrally. The dorsal grooves are more widely spaced than those of the ventral face. Often with a large hyaline inclusion reaching from the middle of the cell to the posterior end. Many slightly curved inclusions abut on the pellicular grooves. The two fl agella are unequal in length; the anterior fl agellum moves with sweeping motions and is about 1.5 times the cell length. The trailing posterior fl agellum is about 3.5 times the cell length, is thicker than the anterior fl agellum and emerges as a hook. The ingestion organelle has two prominent rods and extends almost to the posterior end of the cell. The reservoir is situated in the left-hand side of the cell. Glides smoothly in straight lines. Remarks. This species was described from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia by Ekebom et al. (1996) and Patterson and Simpson (1996). Cell length was previously reported to be from 17 to 36 Mm by previous authors. The individual described here was in the lower part of the size range reported by previous observers but otherwise our observations are in accord with the observations by previous authors. Ploeotia plumosa is easily distinguished from other species in the genus Ploeotia by the distinctive surface inclusions.

Notosolenus urceolatus Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (®gures 12b, 13c±f) Description. Cell outline broad posteriorly, narrow anteriorly, with a small neck around the ¯agellar canal, 11±17 Mm (mostly 13±15 Mm), 7±11 Mm wide. This species has three dorsal keels, two lateral ridges and three ®ne ventral ridges. The right and left ventral ridges extend from the ¯agellar canal. The left one curves slightly from the anterior to the posterior and in some cells it forms an arc. The median ridge extends from the small protrusion near the anterior end of the cell. This species has an asymmetric posterior end with a small protrusion. With two ¯agella of unequal length; the anterior ¯agellum is slightly longer than the cell, and the posterior ¯agellum about 0.6±0.8 times the cell length, is recurrent and inserts to the left of the ventral protrusion in the neck. The reservoir lies in the right-hand side of the cell and the nucleus in the left. Glides slowly with the anterior ¯agellum directed anteriorly. Common. Description based on observations of 43 cells. Remarks. Previously reported cell lengths are from 15 to 22 Mm; this species was reported from tropical Australia and Brazil by Larsen and Patterson (1990). Our cells are very similar in general appearance, in cell length, in having three dorsal keels and ®ne ventral ridges. Larsen and Patterson (1990) described a shallow median ventral groove. We have not seen a groove, but this may reēct feeding history. This species is characterized by its shape, longitudinal dorsal keels and ®ne ventral ridges. Notosolenus urceolatus is similar, in having dorsal ridges or keels, to N. chelonides Skuja, 1939 and N. esulcis Larsen, 1987. Notosolenus chelonides diOEers because it is twice the size and has several dorsal keels; N. esulcis has four shallow dorsal ridges. This species resembles N. papilio Skuja, 1939 in having dorsal keels and ventral ridges, and in cell length, but N. urceolatus is pitcher-shaped while N. papilio is slightly rhombic. There is some similarity with N. canellatus Skuja, 1948, but N. canellatus has one dorsal and one ventral groove. Notosolenu s urceolatus is distinguished from N. hemicircularis Lee and Patterson, n. sp. by its larger size, the absence of a collar and in having three not ®ve dorsal keels. We note that our cells described here had two diOEerent shapes.`Urceolate’ cells which are broader and have more developed neck than the other`ovate’ cells. The urceolate cells are 11±17 Mm long, 7±14 Mm wide and the ovate cells are 13±16 Mm long, 7±9 Mm wide. Lengths of the forms overlap and in both the left ventral ridges curve to form an arc towards the posterior end of the cell., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on pages 514-516, {"references":["LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","SKUJA, H., 1939, Beitrag zur Algenora Lettlands II, Acta Horti botanici Universitatis latviensis, 11 ± 12, 41 ± 169.","LARSEN, J., 1987, Algal studies of the interstitial euglenoid ¯ agellates, Nordic Journal of Botany, 7, 589 ± 607.","SKUJA, H., 1948, Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 9, 5 ± 399."]}

Notosolenus hemicircularis Lee and Patterson, n. sp. (®gures 9d, 10i±l. Type micrograph: ®gure 10i) Diagnosis. Notosolenus, 9±10 Mm long, 6±7 Mm wide, ventrally ¯attened, with a semicircular hyaline collar around a short neck and with ®ve dorsal keels and three ®ne ventral ridges. Description. Colourless, 9±10 Mm long and 6±7 Mm wide, ventrally ¯attened and dorsally convex. Both ends of the cell are pointed but there is a hyaline semicircular collar around the short anterior neck. This species has ®ve dorsal keels running along the cell. Ventrally there are three ®ne ridges. The right and left ventral ridges arise at the neck. The left ventral ridge curves slightly from the anterior to the posterior forming an arc. The mid-ventral ridge arises from a small protrusion near the anterior end of the cell. Two are unequal in length and are slightly thickened. The anterior ¯agellum is about 1.2±1.4 times the length of the cell and the recurrent posterior ¯agellum is about 0.5±1.0 times the cell length. The reservoir lies anteriorly in the right-hand side of the cell and the nucleus in the left-hand side. Moves by gliding. Rarely observed. Remarks. This species has the characteristics of the genus Notosolenus in that it is a heterotrophic euglenid with a rigid, ¯attened body, two emergent ¯agella and no visible mouth, and moves by gliding. This species can be distinguished from other small species of Notosolenus such as N. apocamptus Stokes, 1884 and N. rhombicus Larsen, 1987 by the semicircular hyaline collar and the ®ve dorsal keels (see Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Larsen, 1987). Notosolenu s hemicircularis is similar in general shape to N. papilio Skuja, 1939 and N. urceolatus Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (see Skuja, 1939; Larsen and Patterson, 1990), but it can be distinguished from both species by its smaller size and its strongly developed semicircular hyaline collar. Notosolenus papilio also has a ventral groove and lateral wings., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on pages 509-510, {"references":["STOKES, A. C., 1884, Fresh water Infusoria, American Journal of Science, 3 rd series, 28, 38 ± 49.","LARSEN, J., 1987, Algal studies of the interstitial euglenoid ¯ agellates, Nordic Journal of Botany, 7, 589 ± 607.","HUBER-PESTALOZZI, G., 1955, Das Phytoplankto n des SuEsswassers. 4. Euglenophyceen. (Stuttgart: Schweizerbartsche), 606 pp.","SKUJA, H., 1939, Beitrag zur Algenora Lettlands II, Acta Horti botanici Universitatis latviensis, 11 ± 12, 41 ± 169.","LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937."]}

Bodo saliens Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (fi gures 1j, 2p, q) Description. Cell usually elongate elliptical and somewhat inflexible, 4-10 Mm long (mostly 6-9 Mm), 2-5 Mm wide. Two fl agella unequal in length emerge subapically from a shallow pocket. The anterior fl agellum appears inactive, is as long as or slightly shorter than the cell and is held forwards with a single anterior curve held perpendicular to the substratum. The acronematic posterior fl agellum is typically directed straight behind the cell and is about 2.2-3.5 times the cell length. Cells swim in rapid darts in straight lines. Frequently observed. Description based on observations of 21 cells. Remarks. This species has been found in North Atlantic, subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Arctic Canada, Denmark, West Greenland, Hawaii, Gulf of Finland and Panama, and previously reported size ranges are 5-15 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Patterson et al., 1993; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong et al., 1998). Generally, our observations are in accordance with those of previous observers. Bodo saliens is distinguished from other species of the genus Bodo by its rapid darting movement and the posterior fl agellum which is directed in a straight line. This species is similar in shape to B. curvi ®lus Griessmann, 1913, but it is distinguished because B. curvi ®lus has a paddling anterior fl agellum which is curved along its entire length. Hemistasia phaeocysticola (Scherffel, 1900) Elbrächter et al., 1996 (fi gures 1k, 4a -e) Description. Cell outline pyriform, about 13-15 Mm long, metabolic, with a fl exible apical papillum and with an indistinct spiral groove. Two fl agella insert subapically in a pocket, are unequal in length and wrap around the body during feeding. The posterior fl agellum is slightly longer than the anterior fl agellum and the cell. During swimming cells rotate. The cells often contain one large food vacuole up to 6 Mm in the posterior part of the cell. Observed eating the cytoplasm of diatoms. The nucleus was not seen. Rarely observed. Remarks. According to Elbrächter et al. (1996), this species is identical with Hemistasia klebsii Griessmann, 1913 and Pronoctiluca phaeocysticola (Scherffel, 1900) Pavillard, 1922. They observed this species inside the shells of diatoms, dinoflagellates and copepods, and in cultures the species attacked diatoms, dinoflagellates and prymnesiophytes. This species was found in marine sites by Scherffel (1900), Griessmann (1913), Elbrächter et al. (1996) and Tong et al. (1998). Previous reported cell lengths range from 10 to 25 Mm. The genus Hemistasia resembles Entomosigma, Rhynchobodo and Cryptaulax. The latter two genera have recently been synonymized (Bernard et al., 1999). Hemistasia can be distinguished from Rhynchobodo by its anterior papillum. Hemistasia may be the same as the genus Entomosigma Schiller, 1925 (Patterson, 1994). Figure 3 of Elbrächter et al. (1996) is similar to fi gure 21 (I -II) of H. klebsii by Griessmann (1913) and the fi gures of Entomosigma peridinioides Schiller, 1925, and fi gures 5, 6 of Elbrächter et al. (1996) are also similar to the fi gure 3 of C. marina of Throndsen (1969). Cryptaulax marina sensu Throndsen, 1969 is believed to be H. phaeocysticola (Bernard et al., 1999).

Cafeteria roenbergensis Fenchel and Patterson, 1988 (fi gures 20g, 21d, e) Description. Cells are D-shaped, 3.5-5 Mm long, and laterally compressed. There is a shallow groove on the left side of the cell. Two fl agella of similar length emerge subapically and are slightly longer than the cell. The anterior fl agellum is directed perpendicular to the ventral face of the cell of attached cells. The posterior fl agellum is reflexed, passing over one face of the cell and then attaching to the substratum by the tip. In swimming cells, the anterior fl agellum is directed forwards and beats with a sine-wave, and the posterior fl agellum is directed backwards and trails. Usually moves fast following a spiral path, but sometimes moves slowly. Food particles (bacteria) may be ingested near the posterior part of the ventral groove. Not common. Remarks. Generally, our observations are consistent with descriptions of Fenchel and Patterson (1988) and Larsen and Patterson (1990). Previous studies reported the size range to be 1.5-10 Mm (Fenchel and Patterson, 1988; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a, 1993b; Patterson et al., 1993; Vørs et al., 1995; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997 a, 1997b; Tong et al., 1997, 1998; Bernard et al., 1999). This species has been widely found from marine sites in Antarctica, subtropical and tropical Australia, North Atlantic, Baltic, Denmark, England, Gulf of Finland, Greenland and equatorial Paci fi c. This species resembles Cafeteria minuta (Ruinen, 1938) Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance, but is distinguished because C. minuta has a longer anterior fl agellum. Cafeteria roenbergensis resembles C. marsupialis Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance and in having a short anterior fl agellum, but C. marsupialis is larger and has a ventral groove with a posterior channel leading into the cell. It may not be clearly distinguished from Acronema sippewissettensis (Teal et al., 1998), the fl agella of which are said to be acronematic. Cafeteria roenbergensis may occasionally occupy about 6-20% of the heterotrophic fl agellate population (Fenchel, 1982; Tong, 1997b) and is cosmopolitan.

Notosolenus apocamptus Stokes, 1884 (fi gures 9b, 10c, d) Description. Cell outline oval or ovate, 7-12 Mm long (mostly 8-11 Mm), 4-7 Mm wide, about 2 Mm thick, fl attened. The anterior end is slightly narrowed, the posterior end is roundish. A deep longitudinal dorsal groove runs along the entire cell. Both sides of the groove are slightly rounded. Two fl agella of unequal length emerge from an ovate reservoir in the right-hand side of the cell. The anterior fl agellum is approximately 1.5-1.8 times the cell length and the posterior fl agellum is approximately 0.4-0.6 times the cell length. The nucleus is located on the left of the cell. Cells move by smooth gliding with anterior fl agellum extended. Common. Remarks. This species was fi rst described by Stokes (1884) from freshwater sites. Previously reported with lengths from 6.5 to 18 Mm (Stokes, 1884; Skuja, 1939; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). This species was described from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil and Fiji (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Generally, cells described here are consistent with those described by Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species is distinguished from others of the genus Notosolenus by its small size and deep dorsal groove. This species resembles Petalomonas minuta Hollande, 1942 in general appearance, but it is distinguished by the presence of a recurrent posterior fl agellum and a dorsal groove. Notosolenus apocamptus is similar to N. stenoschismus Skuja, 1939 in general cell shape and in having a groove, but N. stenoschismus is slightly larger, has indistinct pellicular striations and has a ventral groove. This species can be confused with N. similis because of similar general appearance and length range (see N. simili s, below).

Ploeotia oblonga Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (fi gures 17c, 18i, j) Description. Cell about 27 Mm long and 12 Mm wide, slightly fl attened; oblong, with two major grooves dorsally and three major grooves ventrally. The ridged median ventral groove is more prominent than the two lateral ones. Two fl agella of unequal length emerge from the fl agellar reservoir situated in the left-hand side of the cell. The anterior fl agellum is about the length of the cell and sweeps sideways with irregular waves. The posterior fl agellum is about twice the cell length and is thicker than the anterior fl agellum. The ingestion organelle has two rods, is well developed and extends almost to the posterior end. Moves by gliding. The nucleus is in the right-hand side of the cell and near the centre. One cell observed. Remarks. Previous reported cell length is from 16 to 36 Mm; this species was found in marine sites in tropical Australia and Fiji (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Generally, our observations are in agreement with the original description of Larsen and Patterson (1990). We include records of one cell (fi gure 18j) which, although similar to P. oblonga, differs because the cell does not have lateral grooves and has lateral ridges. Further study is required to establish the identities of these taxa. Ploeotia oblonga is distinguished from other species of the genus by its size and by the strong rigid median ventral groove.

Petalomonas minor Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (fi gures 14d, 16a -d) Description. Cell outline ovate-rhomboid, 6-11 Mm long, 4-8 Mm wide. A distinct, longitudinal dorsal keel lies to the right of the midline. Two fi ne ventral ridges may be seen towards the posterior end. The dorsal face is slightly concave between the longitudinal dorsal keel and the lateral margin of the cell. With one fl agellum about the same length as the cell inserting in a reservoir located in the right side of the cell. The nucleus is in the left side. Glides with the fl agellum directed forwards. Commonly observed. Descriptions based on observations of 28 cells. Remarks. Larsen and Patterson (1990) fi rst described this species from marine sites in tropical Australia and Fiji. They reported lengths ranging from 7 to 9 Mm. Generally, our observations are in accordance with observations of Larsen and Patterson (1990), but the species described here has two fi ne ventral ridges not reported by Larsen and Patterson (1990). They could easily have been overlooked. The species resembles P. poosilla (see below) in having two fi ne ventral ridges and in length, but it can be distinguished by its dorsal keel and cell shape. In having one distinct dorsal keel, the species is similar to a few other species in the genus Petalomonas such as P. lata Christen, 1962, P. steinii Klebs, 1893 and P. variablilis Christen, 1962 (see Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Christen, 1962b). It can be recognized from all of these by its small size.

Petalomonas labrum Lee and Patterson, n. sp. (fi gures 14c, 15n -p. Type micrograph: fi gure 15p) Diagnosis. Petalomonas, 11-17 Mm long, with a raised rim around a wide opening of the fl agellar canal. Description. Cell ovate and elliptical, 11-17 Mm long, 6-10 Mm wide, dorsoventrally fl attened, with a rim surrounding a wide apical opening of the fl agellar canal. Cells have very indistinct or smooth pellicle and the ventral face of the cell is slightly concave. The cell tapers slightly towards the wedge-shaped posterior end. One fl agellum emerges from the long narrow canal and is about as long as the cell or slightly longer. The fl agellum only moves a little when the cell glides forwards. The reservoir is situated equatorially in the right-hand side of the cell. The nucleus is located in the left-hand side of the cell. Rare. Description based on observations of fi ve cells. Remarks. This species is assigned to Petalomonas because it is rigid, fl attened, has an apical canal opening, one emergent fl agellum and no visible mouth. This species can be clearly distinguished from all other species of the genus Petalomonas by the wide opening of the fl agellar canal and by the raised rim around the opening. It is most similar in size and outline to P. gibbera (see Christen, 1962b), but can be distinguished by the raised margin of the opening, by the smooth pellicle and by the smaller size (P. gibbera is 20-22 Mm long). Petalomonas ventritracta (see Skuja, 1939) is similar to P. labrum in having a canal with a wide opening, but is distinguished by its shape, its ventral groove and its larger size (24-27 Mm). Some species, such as P. mediocanellata var. pleurosigma Stokes, 1888, have a wide anterior end, which may indicate a canal with a wide opening.

Notosolenus lashue Lee and Patterson, n. sp. (®gures 9e, 11a±e. Type micrograph: ®gure 11b) Diagnosis. Notosolenus, mostly 14±15 Mm long, with a longitudinal dorsal ridged groove to the left side, ventrally with a groove and one median ridge. Description. Colourless ¯attened euglenid, about 13±16 Mm long (mostly 14±15 Mm) and 8±10 Mm wide, the ratio of length to width is 1.4 to 2.1. Cell ovate or pear-shaped, anteriorly acute, posteriorly blunt or rounded. A distinct ventral groove running along the cell becomes broader towards the posterior. There is one ®ne median longitudinal ventral ridge which could easily be overlooked and which extends from the apex. A well-developed longitudinal dorsal groove runs along the left side of the cell. Two ¯agella of unequal length emerge from the ¯agellar canal. The anterior ¯agellum is about 1.0±1.3 times the cell length, it beats slowly when the cell is stopped but during normal gliding motion, the ¯agellum is extended and the front part is most active. The recurrent posterior ¯agellum inserts into the cell at the anterior end of the ventral groove. It is about 0.5±1.0 times the length of the cell and usually lies in the ventral groove when the cell is gliding. The ovate reservoir is situated anteriorly near the right ventral face of the cell. A large long nucleus lies in the left side of the cell. This species contains numerous refractile granules. Glides with the anterior ¯agellum directed anteriorly. Commonly observed. Remarks. We assign this species to Notosolenus because it is a rigid colourless euglenid with a ¯attened body, no visible mouth and two emergent ¯agella. This species is the same length as N. esulcis Larsen, 1987, but it can be distinguished because N. esulcis has four shallow ridges on the dorsal face of the cell (Larsen, 1987). Notosolenus lashue resembles N. canellatus (see Skuja, 1948) and N. pyriforme Lee and Patterson n. sp. in having a dorsal groove, but this species can be distinguished because N. canellatus and N. pyriforme have lateral ¯anges and N. lashue has a well-marked ridge in the dorsal groove. The dorsal face of N. lashue i s similar to that of N. similis (see below) in having one longitudinal groove with a ridge, but N. lashue can be distinguished from N. similis because there is a ventral groove and ridge running along the entire cell. The ventral groove of N. lashue resembles that of N. scutulum (see Larsen and Patterson, 1990) in that the groove becomes gradually broader towards the posterior end of the cell, but the species can be distinguished by its round posterior end, the distinct ventral ridge and the central location of the dorsal groove., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 510, {"references":["LARSEN, J., 1987, Algal studies of the interstitial euglenoid ¯ agellates, Nordic Journal of Botany, 7, 589 ± 607.","SKUJA, H., 1948, Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 9, 5 ± 399.","LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937."]}

Ciliophrys infusionum Cienkowski, 1876 (®gure 20h) Description. Helioāgellate, in the heliozoan stage the cell measures about 5 Mm across, with a central nucleus and one ¯agellum held in a ®gure of eight. The cell is spherical with delicate pseudopodia extending radially from the body and bearing extrusomes. The cell may change from the heliozoan stage with pseudopodia and a slow beating ¯agellum to a swimming ¯agellate without pseudopodia and with the ¯agellum beating rapidly. Observed to consume suspended bacteria. When feeding, bacteria adhere to the pseudopodia and then are drawn to the body. One cell observed in enrichment culture. Remarks. Ciliophrys marina Caullery, 1909 and Dimorpha monomastix Penard, 1921 are synonyms of this species. Ciliophrys infusionum has been found in marine sites in SE North America, subtropical and tropical Australia, Denmark, England, English Channel, Fiji, Gulf of Finland, Hawaii, Mediterranean, Norway and equatorial Paci®c, and lengths of 3.5±20 Mm have been reported (Caullery, 1909; Griessmann, 1913; Throndsen, 1969; Davidson, 1982; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vùrs, 1992a, 1992b; Vùrs et al., 1995; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997 a, 1997b; Tong et al., 1998). Generally, the cell described here is in agreement with observations by Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species is similar to Massisteria marina Larsen and Patterson, 1990, but can be distinguished by its regular symmetry, its stiOE pseudopodia, by not being adpressed to the substratum and in having one ¯agellum. It resembles small heliozoa in having pseudopodia extending radially from the body, but is distinguished by having a ¯agellum., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on pages 538-539, {"references":["CAULLERY, M., 1909, Sur un protozoaire marine du genre Ciliophrys Cienkowsky (C. marina N. S. P.), Association Francaise pour l'avancement des Sciences Congres de Lille, 708 ± 709.","GRIESSMANN, K., 1913, U E ber marine Flagellaten, Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 32 (year 1914), 1 ± 78.","THRONDSEN, J., 1969, Flagellates of Norwegian coastal waters, Nytt Magasin for Botanik, 16, 161 ± 216.","DAVIDSON, L. A., 1982, Ultrastructure, behavior, and algal ¯ agellate a nities of the helioagellate Ciliophrys marina, and the classi ® cation of the helioagellates (Protista, Actinopoda, Heliozoea), Journal of Protozoology, 29, 19 ± 29.","LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448.","TONG, S. M., 1997 a, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Shark Bay, Western Australia, Marine Biology, 128, 517 ± 536.","SIMPSON, A. G. B., HOFF, J., BERNARD, C., BURTON, H. R. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1997 b, The ultrastructure and systematic position of the euglenozoan Postgaardi mariagerensis Fenchel et al., Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 147, 213 ± 225.","TONG, S. M., NYGAARD, K., BERNARD, C., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1998, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 34, 162 ± 194."]}

Notosolenus ostium Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (fi gures 9i, 10o, 11m) Description. Cell outline elongate ovate, 27 -56 Mm long, 15-24 Mm wide, the ratio of length to width is 1.5 to 3.2. Dorso-ventrally fl attened, dorsally with a median longitudinal groove, and ventrally a wide groove and four fi ne stripes. With a small obliquely oriented ingestion organelle with two fi ne rods near the anterior. The majority of the cells have a rounded posterior end but some cells have a slightly pointed posterior end. The reservoir is anteriorly situated in the right side of the cell and the nucleus in the left side. Two fl agella of unequal length; the anterior fl agellum is as long as the cell, held forward in gliding cells. The posterior fl agellum is about 0.2-0.6 times the length of the cell. The organism contained eukaryotic algal material up to 8 Mm long. Moves by smooth gliding with the anterior fl agellum. Common in late culture. Description based on observations of 30 cells. Remarks. Previously reported lengths of cells from marine sites (subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Fiji, Hawaii and Panama) range from 24 to 40 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Our observations extend the size range. We observed two cells measuring 43 and 56 Mm which may be assignable to N. ostium. Notosolenus ostium is easily distinguished from other species of Notosolenus by its deep dorsal groove and visible ingestion organelle, which has not been seen in other species of the genus except N. triangularis Larsen and Patterson, 1990. Notosolenus ostium is similar to N. lagenos Skuja, 1948 in length and general appearance and in having a very short recurrent fl agellum, but N. ostium can be distinguished by its wide grooves on both faces of the cell.

Discocelis punctata Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (fi gures 23l -m, 24g) Description. Cell about 6 Mm long, disc-shaped, dorso-ventrally fl attened, anteriorly concave and posteriorly convex. Two fl agella emerge from a depression on the anterior end of the cell. The recurrent fl agellum trails behind the gliding cell and is slightly longer than the cell. The shorter fl agellum is less than 1 Mm long, is hard to see and is inactive. The nucleus is located anteriorly in the right half of the cell. There is a line of bodies around the margin of the cell. Glides smoothly in closely contact with the substratum. Rare. One cell observed. Remarks. Discocelis punctata has been described by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and Tong et al. (1998) from marine sites in Brazil and Fiji, and our observations are in accord with their description except our cell is smaller than the previously reported cell dimensions of 6.5-9 Mm. The size of the cell observed here is between that of D. saleuta and D. punctata. Discocelis saleuta may have peripheral bodies (Vørs, 1988; Larsen and Patterson, 1990) but these are not visible by light microscopy. We assign this individual to D. punctata because the peripheral granules were easy to see. Future work may indicate that we need to combine these two species. This species can be confused with the genus Metromonas in having one long recurrent fl agellum and one short, inactive fl agellum, but it is distinguished by the fl atness of the cell, the pattern of movement, and the peripheral bodies.

Heteronema ovale Kahl, 1928 (fi gures 6d, 8a -e) Description. Cell outline ovate, cell length 15-30 Mm, fl attened. The pellicular striations follow a S-helix on the ventral and dorsal faces of the cell and may or may not have associated refractile bodies. This species is capable of vigorous squirming movements. Two fl agella are of almost equal length and are slightly longer than the cell. The posterior fl agellum has a knob at its base and is stronger than the anterior fl agellum. The ingestion organelle has two rods, eats diatoms. The reservoir and nucleus are located in the left side of the cell. Cells move by skidding or by vigorous squirming in contact with substratum. Sometimes common. Description based on the observation of 20 cells. Remarks. Generally, our observations are in good agreement with the original description of Kahl (1928). As noted above under comments to H. larseni, the organism described by Larsen (1987) and by Larsen and Patterson (1990) as H. ovale is not, in our view, the same species as described by Kahl. Heteronema ovale described by Ekebom et al. (1996) may be the same species. Heteronema ovale can be confused with H. exaratum Larsen and Patterson, 1990 and H. larseni Lee and Patterson, n. sp. because they have a similar general appearance. However, H. ovale can be distinguished from H. exaratum because H. exaratum has differing dorsal and ventral pellicular striations and more vigorous squirming movements, but is not distinguished by size because there is considerable overlap. Heteronema ovale is distinguished from H. larseni by the vigorous squirming movements of H. ovale, and the pointed posterior end of H. larseni. Heteronema ovale is likely to be smaller. Jenningsia fusiforme (Larsen, 1987) Lee et al., 1999 (fi gures 12c, 13g, h) Description. Cell usually elongate, 30-35 Mm long, with a narrowed anterior end and a rounded posterior end. With delicate pellicular striations following an S-helix. One fl agellum emerges from a slit opening of the fl agellar canal, is 40-50 Mm long and beats mostly at anterior end. A refractile arc-like structure is located close to the slit-like opening of the fl agellar canal. The fl agellar pocket is located in the fi rst third of the cell on the left-hand side. The ingestion organelle with two fi ne rods is obvious. The nucleus is situated in the posterior of the cell. Moves by gliding or squirming movement. Relatively common. Description based on observations of nine cells. Remarks. Previously reported cell length ranges from 25 to 45 Mm. This species was reported from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, and Fiji as Peranema fusiforme (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Evidence has now been presented that the`short recurrent fl agellum’ is now part of the internal architecture of the mouth region and this species has since been assigned to the genus Jenningsia (Lee et al., 1999). Our observations on this species are broadly in agreement with those of previous observers. This species is similar to Jenningsia macrostoma (see below), but it can be recognized by its smaller size and less developed ingestion organelle. Jenningsia macrostoma (Ekebom et al., 1996) Lee et al., 1999 (fi gures 12e, 13j, k) Description. Cell length about 80 Mm, anteriorly narrowed or pointed and posteriorly rounded, very metabolic. With about 50 fi ne pellicular striations following a S-helix. Ventral striations are more distinct than the dorsal ones. The fl agellar pocket is situated on the left ventral face of the cell and is up to 24 Mm long. The fl agellum is as long as the cell and beats freely. The ingestion organelle with two well-marked rods is strongly developed and up to 20 Mm long. The rods appear hollow. There is a refractile arc-like structure associated with the slit-like opening of the fl agellar canal. The nucleus is situated in the posterior end of the cell. Refractile granules are randomly distributed inside the cell. This species ingested eukaryotic cells as long as 16 Mm. Glides with a squirming movement. Two cells observed. In addition we observed three cells measuring 100-114 Mm and with a narrow aspect. The ingestion organelle seems less developed than the cells described above and the nucleus is situated in the mid-position of the cell. Remarks. This species was fi rst described from a marine site in tropical Australia by Ekebom et al. (1996) with lengths of 64-87 Mm as Peranema macrostoma. As with Jenningsia fusiforme (above) we note that the arc structure associated with the fl agellar canal is not a fl agellum but part of the architecture of the mouth, and for this reason this species was transferred to the genus Jenningsia (Lee et al., 1999). We note that the Peranema measuring 70 Mm long found in Brazil by Larsen and Patterson (1990) may belong to this species. The smaller cells observed by us comply well with the description of Ekebom et al. (1996). Ekebom et al. (1996) observed one cell measuring 114 Mm from One Tree Island (Patterson, unpubl. notes) and which probably corresponds with the larger cells observed here. These can be tentatively assigned to J. macrostoma. This species resembles J. fusiforme in general appearance but J. macrostoma is bigger and has larger rods in the ingestion organelle.

Rhynchomonas nasuta Klebs, 1893 (®gures 1l, 2r) Description. Gliding cells with a bulbous motile snout. Cell 3.5±6 Mm long, 2.5±4 Mm wide, ¯attened, ¯exible. The snout, which contains a mouth, beats slowly. The anterior ¯agellum lies alongside the snout and is hard to see, and the trailing ¯agellum is about 2±2.7 times the cell length, and is acronematic. Cells consume attached bacteria. Commonly observed. Remarks. The length of R. nasuta has previously been reported to be from 3 to 11 Mm. This species has been found in marine sites in Antarctica, North Atlantic, subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Fiji, Gulf of Finland, Greenland, Hawaii, Norway and Equatorial Paci®c (Griessmann, 1913; Throndsen, 1969, 1970; Burzell, 1973; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vùrs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Patterson et al., 1993; Vùrs et al., 1995; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong et al., 1997, 1998; Bernard et al., 1999). Rhynchomona s nasuta is common and widespread, but usually does not occur in large numbers. Our observations are in good agreement with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species can be distinguished from small species of Amastigomonas by the bulbous snout., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 493, {"references":["KLEBS, G., 1893, Flagellatenstudien, Zeitschrift fuEr Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 55, 265 ± 445.","GRIESSMANN, K., 1913, U E ber marine Flagellaten, Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 32 (year 1914), 1 ± 78.","THRONDSEN, J., 1969, Flagellates of Norwegian coastal waters, Nytt Magasin for Botanik, 16, 161 ± 216.","THRONDSEN, J., 1970, Flagellates from Arctic waters, Nytt Magasin for Botanik, 19, 49 ± 57.","BURZELL, L. A., 1973, Observations on the proboscis-cytopharynx complex and ¯ agella of Rhynchomona s metabolita Pshenin, 1964 (Zoomastigophorea: Bodonidae), Journal of Protozoology, 20, 385 ± 393.","LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","PATTERSON, D. J., NYGAARD, K., STEINBERG, G. and TURLEY, C., 1993, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 73, 67 ± 95.","EKEBOM, J., PATTERSON, D. J. and VORS, N., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 146, 251 ± 272.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448.","TONG, S. M., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1997, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates, centrohelid heliozoa and ® lose amoebae from marine and freshwater sites in the Antarctic, Polar Biology, 18, 91 ± 106.","TONG, S. M., NYGAARD, K., BERNARD, C., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1998, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 34, 162 ± 194.","BERNARD, C., SIMPSON, A. G. B. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1999, Some free-living ¯ agellates from anoxic sediments, Ophelia, (in press)."]}

Rhynchomonas nasuta Klebs, 1893 (fi gures 1l, 2r) Description. Gliding cells with a bulbous motile snout. Cell 3.5-6 Mm long, 2.5-4 Mm wide, fl attened, fl exible. The snout, which contains a mouth, beats slowly. The anterior fl agellum lies alongside the snout and is hard to see, and the trailing fl agellum is about 2-2.7 times the cell length, and is acronematic. Cells consume attached bacteria. Commonly observed. Remarks. The length of R. nasuta has previously been reported to be from 3 to 11 Mm. This species has been found in marine sites in Antarctica, North Atlantic, subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Fiji, Gulf of Finland, Greenland, Hawaii, Norway and Equatorial Paci fi c (Griessmann, 1913; Throndsen, 1969, 1970; Burzell, 1973; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Patterson et al., 1993; Vørs et al., 1995; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong et al., 1997, 1998; Bernard et al., 1999). Rhynchomona s nasuta is common and widespread, but usually does not occur in large numbers. Our observations are in good agreement with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species can be distinguished from small species of Amastigomonas by the bulbous snout.

Anisonema trepidum Larsen, 1987 (fi gures 3b, 4h, i) Description. Cell pro fi le oblong, 13-19 Mm long, 6.5-10 Mm wide, fl attened. With three distinct grooves on the dorsal and ventral faces. Two emergent fl agella are of unequal length. The anterior fl agellum is approximately 1.5 times the cell length, and the trailing posterior fl agellum is stronger than the anterior fl agellum, is approximately 3.5-5 times the cell length and tapers distally. The fl agellar pocket and nucleus are in the left side of the cell. Cells contained small granules. The cells glide quickly and jerk when changing direction. Rarely observed. Remarks. Cell length was previously reported to be 9-20 Mm and this species was found in marine sites in tropical Australia, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, Fiji and Hawaii (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996). Generally, our observations of the appearance of this species agree with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990), but we did not observe the arrests which Larsen and Patterson felt helped to distinguish this species. Anisonema trepidum is distinguished from A. acinus Dujardin, 1841 by its smaller size, cell shape and its behaviour. Anisonema glaciale Larsen and Patterson, 1990 has the same movement as A. trepidium, but can be distinguished by its larger size.

Kathablepharidae Vørs, 1992 Kathablepharis remigera (Vørs, 1992) Clay and Kugrens, 1999 (fi gures 22g, 23a -c) Description. Cell measuring 12-18 Mm long, not fl attened, with two rows of extrusomes located ventrally. Cells are oblong or cylindrical with two fl agella inserting subapically. The fl agella are thick, longer than the cell, unequal in length and may coil around the body during swimming. The anterior fl agellum is about twice the length of the cell and may coil up during resting, and the posterior fl agellum is about three times the cell length. The nucleus lies in the middle of the cell. Cells rotate while swimming. Rarely observed. Remarks. This species was recently transferred from Leucocryptos to the genus Kathablepharis by Clay and Kugrens (1999). It has been found from marine sites in Canada, Denmark, England, Gulf of Finland and Greenland, and the length was reported to be 7-25 Mm under the name Leucocryptos remigera (Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Vørs et al., 1995; Tong, 1997b). We observed one very large cell (40 Mm) which bore the general characteristic s of Kathablepharis (fi gure 23c), but the posterior fl agellum coiled up in the resting cell like Platychilomona s psammobi a. The cell has pellicular striations. This species resembles Leucocryptos marina (Braarud, 1953) Butcher, 1967, but L. marina may be distinguishe d by the droplet-shape d body, two fl agella of similar length, fl agellar beat patterns, and different swimming pattern (see Vørs, 1992c). Platychilomonas psammobia Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (fi gures 22h, 23d, e) Description. Cell outline oval, 18-20 Mm long, 11-13 Mm wide, laterally compressed, with two rows of extrusomes lying at the margin of the cell. Two fl agella insert laterally and subapically in a depression in the right ventral side of the cell and are longer than the cell. In resting cells, the anterior fl agellum is held to the left margin of the cell and the posterior fl agellum is coiled up. The nucleus is located in the posterior part of the cell. Cells move rapidly by swimming and contained other algae as food. Rarely observed. Description based on observations of six cells. Remarks. Larsen and Patterson (1990) described this species from marine sites in Danish Wadden Sea, England and Fiji, and cell length was reported to be 15- 20 Mm. Platychilomona s psammobia can be easily distinguished from other colourless fl agellates by being fl attened, by its two rows of extrusomes and its coiled posterior fl agellum. This species is like Kathablepharis remigera in having two rows of extrusomes and in swimming patterns, but when the cell rests it can be distinguished by the coiled posterior fl agellum and its fl atness.

Petalomonas abscissa (Dujardin 1841) Stein 1859 (fi gures 14a, 15c -e) Description. Cell 12-22 Mm long, 8-19 Mm wide, narrow anteriorly, widest slightly posterior to midline. With lateral hyaline fl anges. This species has two dorsal keels which run along the entire cell; the right one is well developed. One narrow ventral groove with marginal ridges forming a double keel extends from the collar around the canal. One fl agellum emerges from the canal and is about 1.0-1.2 times the cell length. The reservoir is situated in the right anterior side of the cell and the nucleus lies near the midline and adjacent to the left margin of the cell. Moves by gliding. Commonly observed, but not abundant. Remarks. This species has been recently reported with lengths from 10 to 25 Mm from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil and in the temperate Danish Wadden Sea (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Generally, our observations are in accord with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990) although in contrast to most authors (Klebs, 1893; Lemmermann, 1914; Shawhan and Jahn, 1947; Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Larsen, 1987; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996), Larsen and Patterson (1990) described P. abscissa as having one dorsal keel. We found one cell with one dorsal keel and included the cell here, and surmise that the number of dorsal keels may not be a good diagnostic characteristic. This organism resembles a few species of the genus Petalomonas, such as P. spinifera Lee and Patterson, n. comb. (see below), P. mira var. bicarinata Skuja, 1939 and P. raiula Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in having a ventral ridged groove. Petalomonas abscissa can be distinguished by its elliptical, regular cell shape and the indented posterior end (P. spinifera, P. mira var. bicarinata and P. raiula have posterior protrusions). It resembles P. applanata Skuja, 1939 in general appearance, but it has a posterior indentation and is smaller than P. applanat a (30-36 Mm).

Heteronema larseni Lee and Patterson, n. sp. (fi gures 6c, 7f, h, i. Type micrograph: fi gure 7h) Diagnosis. Heteronema, ovate, 35-45 Mm long, with a posterior point and about 36 well-developed pellicular striations. With or without globular pellicular granules. Description. Cell ovate, 35-45 Mm long, fl attened, with a posterior point to the cell. Approximately 36 pellicular striations follow a S-helix. The striations of the ventral face are more distinct than the dorsal ones. The striations appear to overlap each other, with raised ridges being separated by fl at regions. Some but not all cells have globular granules located along the grooves. This species is capable of squirming movements, but not vigorously so. The anterior fl agellum is about the length of the cell and bends to the right while the cell is swimming. The posterior fl agellum bends to the left while swimming, is slightly longer than the cell and is stronger than the anterior fl agellum. The posterior fl agellum is swollen near its base. The ingestion organelle has two conspicuous thick rods and extends to two-thirds of the length of the cell. Consumes diatoms, one cell containing diatoms up to 17 Mm long. The reservoir is pear-shaped and in the left half of the cell. The nucleus is about 15 Mm long and located in the left side of the cell near the midline. About 2 Mm size refractile bodies lie around the reservoir, ingestion organelle and nucleus. Cells move by skidding in close contact with the substratum. Four cells observed. Remarks. This species was fi rst described under the name H. ovale by Larsen (1987) and was redescribed by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and Ekebom et al. (1996). Larsen (1987) noted that the cells observed by him differed in cell length from H. ovale as described originally by Kahl (1928) (H. ovale sensu Kahl measured 25 Mm, those of Larsen measured 35-42 Mm). The cells described by Ekebom et al. (1996) differ from the cells reported here and those described by Larsen because they are smaller (16-24 Mm), have no posterior point to the cell and may have vigorous squirming movements. We have found cells which are consistent with H. ovale sensu Kahl—see below. We conclude that the organisms described by Larsen (1987), Larsen and Patterson (1990) and here are not H. ovale. Heteronema larseni Lee and Patterson, n. sp. is erected for them. This species has been found in tropical Australia, Danish Wadden Sea and Fiji. Previously reported lengths are 20-42 Mm (Larsen 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990) although it is possible that the small cells observed by Larsen and Patterson (1990) may be H. ovale. This species has strong pellicular striations and may have small bodies alongside the striations. Heteronema ovale also has pellicular bodies (see H. ovale below). We do not regard the refractile inclusions (small bodies) as a good diagnostic character of H. larseni. Heteronema larseni can be distinguished from H. exaratum and H. ovale by its larger size, pointed posterior end, and well-developed ingestion organelle.

Petalomonas minuta Hollande, 1942 (®gures 14e, 15m) Description. Cell outline ovate, 6±10 Mm long (mostly 6±7 Mm), 4±6 Mm wide, ¯attened, with a deep longitudinal groove on the dorsal face. One cell had two indistinct ventral ridges which were hard to see, and two cells had a narrow ventral groove-like slit. With one ¯agellum inserting into a reservoir in the right-hand side of the cell, ¯agellum about same length as the cell. The nucleus is in the left-hand side of the cell. Glides. Often common. Description based on observations of 16 cells. Remarks. This species was ®rst described as P. mediocanellata var. pusilla by Klebs in 1893. This is not the same as P. pusilla Skuja, 1948 which diOEers in the absence of a surface groove. Because of the principle of co-ordination of the ICZN (Article 46) P. pusilla Skuja 1948 is a junior homonym. The same organism as observed by Klebs was described by Hollande (1942) as P. minuta. Although the correct name for this species under the provisions of the the ICZN is P. pusilla Klebs 1893, we believe that such usage would be confusing and given that P. pusilla Skuja 1948 is the legitimate use of this homonym under the regulations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al., 1994), we adopt the approach of Larsen and Patterson (1990) and refer to this species as P. minuta Hollande, 1942. Like Larsen and Patterson (1990), we regard P. minutula Christen, 1962 as a junior synonym. Petalomonas mediocanellata var. pusilla Klebs, 1893 and P. minutula Christen, 1962 were described from freshwater sites. The drawing in Klebs shows the surface discontinuity by which this species is distinguished. Previously reported cell length for this species is 6±12 Mm. This species has been found in marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, Denmark, Fiji, Gulf of Finland and North Atlantic (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson 1990; Vùrs, 1992a, 1992b; Patterson et al., 1993; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Since the description of Hollande (1942), P. minuta has been described as having a deep ventral groove, but Patterson and Simpson (1996) showed that the groove was dorsal. We con®rm our cells have a deep dorsal groove. Our observations included one cell with two indistinct ventral ridges which could easily be overlooked and two cells having a narrow ventral groove-like slit. This species is otherwise in agreement with observations of Patterson and Simpson (1996). This species resembles P. poosilla Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general cell shape, cell length and ¯agellum length, but it can be distinguished by its deep dorsal groove. It resembles P. minor in length, but it does not have a dorsal keel. This species resembles P. ventritracta Skuja, 1939 in general appearance, but P. ventritracta has a ventral groove and is bigger. It is similar to Notosolenus apocamptus Stokes, 1884 in general appearance, cell length and in having a deep longitudinal dorsal groove, but it can be distinguished by the lack of a posterior ¯agellum and by its short anterior ¯agellum., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on pages 521-523, {"references":["HOLLANDE, A., 1942, Etude cytologique et biologique de quelques ¯ agelleAs libres. Volvocales, Cryptomonadines, EugleAniens, Promastigines, Archives de Zoologie expeArimentale et geAneArale, 83, 1 ± 268.","SKUJA, H., 1948, Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 9, 5 ± 399.","KLEBS, G., 1893, Flagellatenstudien, Zeitschrift fuEr Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 55, 265 ± 445.","GREUTER, W., BARRIE, F. R., BURDET, H. M., CHALONER, W. G., DEMOULIN, V., HAWKSWORTH, D. L., JuRGENSEN, P. M., NICOLSON, D. H., SILVA, P. C., TREHANE, P. and MCNEILL, J. (eds), 1994, International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code). Regnum Vegetabile, 131, 1 ± 389.","LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","LARSEN, J., 1987, Algal studies of the interstitial euglenoid ¯ agellates, Nordic Journal of Botany, 7, 589 ± 607.","PATTERSON, D. J., NYGAARD, K., STEINBERG, G. and TURLEY, C., 1993, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 73, 67 ± 95.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448.","SKUJA, H., 1939, Beitrag zur Algenora Lettlands II, Acta Horti botanici Universitatis latviensis, 11 ± 12, 41 ± 169.","STOKES, A. C., 1884, Fresh water Infusoria, American Journal of Science, 3 rd series, 28, 38 ± 49."]}

Metanema strenuum (Skuja, 1948) Larsen, 1987 (®gures 6e, 8f, i) Description. Biāgellate euglenid, ovate, about 22±27 Mm long, ¯exible, ¯attened, with a knob at ¯agellar base. With a small posterior protruberance. There are about 24 very distinct striations on each face of the cell. Moves with a skidding action with the anterior ¯agellum directed towards the right and the posterior one to the left. Both ¯agella are slightly longer than the cell. The nucleus and reservoir are in the left-hand side of the cell. Ingestion organelle not visible. Rarely observed. Remarks. This species was ®rst described as Anisonema strenuum by Skuja (1948) and transferre d to Metanema by Larsen (1987). Metanema strenuum from the Danish Wadden Sea measures 19±30 Mm (Larsen, 1987). Our observations are generally in accordance with those of Larsen. This genus resembles some species of the genus Heteronema, the only diOEerence being the presence of an ingestion organelle in Heteronema. This species resembles Heteronema larseni Lee and Patterson, n. sp. in general appearance and in having a posterior point, but it lacks an ingestion organelle and most cells are smaller. This species is similar to Metanema dexiotaxum (Skuja, 1939) Larsen, 1987 in having a posterior point which was mentioned in the text and was shown in drawings of Skuja (1939), but M. dexiotaxum is slightly smaller (15±19 Mm) and has a shallow ventral groove. If further work shows that the sizes overlap, then these species should be regarded as conspeci®c., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 507, {"references":["SKUJA, H., 1948, Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 9, 5 ± 399.","LARSEN, J., 1987, Algal studies of the interstitial euglenoid ¯ agellates, Nordic Journal of Botany, 7, 589 ± 607.","SKUJA, H., 1939, Beitrag zur Algenora Lettlands II, Acta Horti botanici Universitatis latviensis, 11 ± 12, 41 ± 169."]}

Ploeotia corrugata Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (®gures 17a, 18a±d) Description. Cell measuring 8±20 Mm long (mostly 13±15 Mm) and 6±12 Mm wide. Cell outline elliptical to rhomboid, dorsally convex and ventrally ¯attened. Seven ridges on the dorsal side; two of which appear as a marginal rim. The right half of the cell is slightly thicker than the left, with a slight ridge down the middle of the ventral side against which the recurrent ¯agellum lies. The posterior end of the cell is indented. With two ¯agella of unequal length; the anterior ¯agellum is about the same length as the cell, beats rapidly from side to side with an irregular wave motion when the cell glides. The posterior ¯agellum is about 1.5±2.2 times the length of the cell and tapers slightly towards the posterior end of the cell. The reservoir is on the left ventral side of the cell and the ingestion organelle with two rods extends from right anterior of cell to left posterior. Moves by smooth gliding. Common, description based on observations of 15 cells. Remarks. This species was ®rst described by Larsen and Patterson (1990) from subtropical and tropical Australia, North Atlantic, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, Denmark, England, Fiji, Hawaii, Panama and has also been reported from the USA, and previous reported cell length ranges from 7 to 15 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Patterson et al., 1993; Farmer and Triemer, 1994; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong et al., 1998). It is widespread and often common, but not in the winter season. The cells described here are generally in agreement with the observations of Ekebom et al. (1996) and of Farmer and Triemer (1994) under the name Lentomonas applanatum (basionym Entosiphon applanatum Preisig, 1979). We suspect that L. applanatum is synonymous with P. corrugata (Ekebom et al., 1996) because the size ranges of the two species overlap; L. applanatum, about 10 Mm, P. corrugata, 7±15 Mm, and both species have seven ridges on the dorsal side of the cell. However, the species cannot be synonymized until the uncertainty with respect to protrusion of the ingestion apparatus of L. applanatum sensu Farmer and Triemer is clari®ed. Ploeotia corrugata resembles P. decipiens Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance, but it is distinguished by the number and prominence of the dorsal ridges, slightly smaller size and indented posterior end., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 526, {"references":["LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","PATTERSON, D. J., NYGAARD, K., STEINBERG, G. and TURLEY, C., 1993, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 73, 67 ± 95.","FARMER, M. and TRIEMER, R. E., 1994, An ultrastructural study of Lentomonas applanatum (Preisig) n. g. (Euglenida), Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 41, 112 ± 119.","EKEBOM, J., PATTERSON, D. J. and VORS, N., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 146, 251 ± 272.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448.","TONG, S. M., NYGAARD, K., BERNARD, C., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1998, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 34, 162 ± 194.","PREISIG, H. R., 1979, Zwei neue Vertreter der farblosen Euglenophyta, Schweizenrische Zeitschrift fuEr Hydrologie, 41, 155 ± 160."]}

Petalomonas intortus Lee and Patterson, n. sp. (fi gures 14b, 15f, g. Type micrograph: fi gure 15g) Diagnosis. Petalomonas, 5-11 Mm long, rounded body, fl attened, with small particles adhering externally and with about 10 curving striations on the ventral face. Description. Cell outline rounded, 5-11 Mm long, very fl attened. With tiny bodies adhering to the cell surface and with about 10 striations following a counterclockwise path on the ventral face of the cell. No structures visible on the dorsal face. One fl agellum emerges from the fl agellar canal, is slightly thickened and is about 1.5-1.7 times the cell length. Cells move slowly with the emergent fl agellum directed forwards and with most movement in the distal part of the fl agellum in contact with the substratum. The ovate reservoir is situated in the left-hand side but adjacent to the antero-posterior axis of the cell. The nucleus is in the right anterior side of the cell. Not metabolic. Rare, description based on observations of seven cells. Remarks. We assign this species to Petalomonas because it is rigid, fl attened, and has one emergent fl agellum and no visible mouth. Petalomonas intortus is characterized by its striations on the ventral face of the cell and the particles adhering to the cell surface. This species is distinguished from most other species in Petalomonas because of the adhering particles. Of those species with reported adhering elements, P. intortus is distinguished from P. prototheca Skuja, 1948 by its smaller size, its round shape and the lack of a short neck, from P. punctatostriat a Skuja, 1939 by its fi ner spiral striations, and from P. boadicea which has rhomboid excrescences and a shorter fl agellum. Petalomonas intortus is similar in general appearance to Jenningsia granuliferum (Penard, 1890) Lee et al., 1999 (basionym, Peranema granulifera), but it is round whereas J. granuliferum is oval; and J. granuliferum has spiral striations. Jenningsia granuliferum may have to be transferred to Petalomonas because it lacks a mouth and no reference has been made to metaboly. Petalomonas ornata Skvortzov, 1957 has a reservoir and nucleus at the same position as P. intortus but lacks the adhering particles; it is about 11-15 Mm long and has no striations (see Skvortzov, 1957; Larsen and Patterson, 1990).

Petalomonas minuta Hollande, 1942 (fi gures 14e, 15m) Description. Cell outline ovate, 6-10 Mm long (mostly 6-7 Mm), 4-6 Mm wide, fl attened, with a deep longitudinal groove on the dorsal face. One cell had two indistinct ventral ridges which were hard to see, and two cells had a narrow ventral groove-like slit. With one fl agellum inserting into a reservoir in the right-hand side of the cell, fl agellum about same length as the cell. The nucleus is in the left-hand side of the cell. Glides. Often common. Description based on observations of 16 cells. Remarks. This species was fi rst described as P. mediocanellata var. pusilla by Klebs in 1893. This is not the same as P. pusilla Skuja, 1948 which differs in the absence of a surface groove. Because of the principle of co-ordination of the ICZN (Article 46) P. pusilla Skuja 1948 is a junior homonym. The same organism as observed by Klebs was described by Hollande (1942) as P. minuta. Although the correct name for this species under the provisions of the the ICZN is P. pusilla Klebs 1893, we believe that such usage would be confusing and given that P. pusilla Skuja 1948 is the legitimate use of this homonym under the regulations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al., 1994), we adopt the approach of Larsen and Patterson (1990) and refer to this species as P. minuta Hollande, 1942. Like Larsen and Patterson (1990), we regard P. minutula Christen, 1962 as a junior synonym. Petalomonas mediocanellata var. pusilla Klebs, 1893 and P. minutula Christen, 1962 were described from freshwater sites. The drawing in Klebs shows the surface discontinuity by which this species is distinguished. Previously reported cell length for this species is 6-12 Mm. This species has been found in marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, Denmark, Fiji, Gulf of Finland and North Atlantic (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b; Patterson et al., 1993; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Since the description of Hollande (1942), P. minuta has been described as having a deep ventral groove, but Patterson and Simpson (1996) showed that the groove was dorsal. We con fi rm our cells have a deep dorsal groove. Our observations included one cell with two indistinct ventral ridges which could easily be overlooked and two cells having a narrow ventral groove-like slit. This species is otherwise in agreement with observations of Patterson and Simpson (1996). This species resembles P. poosilla Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general cell shape, cell length and fl agellum length, but it can be distinguished by its deep dorsal groove. It resembles P. minor in length, but it does not have a dorsal keel. This species resembles P. ventritracta Skuja, 1939 in general appearance, but P. ventritracta has a ventral groove and is bigger. It is similar to Notosolenus apocamptus Stokes, 1884 in general appearance, cell length and in having a deep longitudinal dorsal groove, but it can be distinguished by the lack of a posterior fl agellum and by its short anterior fl agellum.

Massisteria marina Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (®gures 21q, 22f) Description. Cells measuring 3±6.5 Mm, dorso-ventrally ¯attened irregular body. Cells produce delicate pseudopodia with extrusomes, which extend radially from the cell and normally adhere to the substratum. Two short curved ¯agella arise from the dorsal side of the cell and are relatively inactive. Rarely observed. Remarks. Generally, our observations are in good agreement with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990). Previously reported size ranges are 2.5±5 Mm (Patterson and Fenchel, 1990), 3±9 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vùrs, 1992a, 1992b), 4.2±7 Mm (Ekebom et al., 1996), 2.5±4 Mm (Tong, 1997a) and 2±9.5 Mm (Tong et al., 1998). This species was found in marine sites in subtropica l and tropical Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Gulf of Finland, equatorial Paci®c and Panama (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vùrs, 1992a, 1992b; Vùrs et al., 1995; Ekebom et al., 1996; Tong, 1997a; Tong et al., 1998)., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 543, {"references":["LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","PATTERSON, D. J. and FENCHEL, T., 1990, Massisteria marina Larsen and Patterson 1990, a widespread and abundant bacterivorous protist associated with marine detritus, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 62, 11 ± 19.","EKEBOM, J., PATTERSON, D. J. and VORS, N., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 146, 251 ± 272.","TONG, S. M., 1997 a, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Shark Bay, Western Australia, Marine Biology, 128, 517 ± 536.","TONG, S. M., NYGAARD, K., BERNARD, C., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1998, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 34, 162 ± 194."]}

Ploeotia vitrea Dujardin, 1841 (fi gures 17f, 19c -e) Description. Cell oval, about 16-22 Mm long and 10-14 Mm wide, not fl attened. This species has 10 longitudinal double raised ridges; four dorsally, two laterally, four ventrally. The anterior part of the cell is slightly obtuse and the posterior part of the cell is pointed. The anterior fl agellum is as long as the cell, and the posterior fl agellum is thick and twice as long as the cell. The ingestion organelle is well developed with a tiny protrusion at the top of the right-hand rod and tapers posteriorly. The nucleus is located in the right-hand side of the cell and the reservoir is in the left side. Rarely observed. Remarks. This species has been found in marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Fiji, Hawaii and USA, and the reported length range is from 16 to 25 Mm (Farmer and Triemer, 1988; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Ultrastructural studies of Ploeotia vitrea were conducted by Farmer and Triemer (1988), and Larsen and Patterson (1990). Our observations are in agreement with Larsen and Patterson (1990). Ploeotia vitrea can be easily distinguished from other species in the genus by its 10 prominent ridges.

Notosolenus pyriforme Lee and Patterson, n. sp. (®gures 9f, 11f±h. Type micrograph: ®gure 11f) Diagnosis. Notosolenus, cell pear-shaped, 15±18 Mm long, 9±13 Mm wide, with a longitudinal dorsal groove in left side, a ventral groove and a ventral ridge. Description. Cell 15±18 Mm long and 9±13 Mm wide. Ventrally ¯attened and dorsally convex, cell outline pear-shaped. This species is anteriorly pointed or with a small collar at the anterior end of the cell and posteriorly rounded, but the raised central dorsal region may have a posterior point. The posterior lateral edges of the cell are thin and hyaline. This species has a median longitudinal groove, a ventral groove widening out towards the posterior end of the cell, and a ®ne median longitudinal ventral ridge parallel to the right margin of the ventral groove. The ®ne ventral ridge is hard to see but runs along the entire cell. The anterior ¯agellum is slightly longer than the cell and longer than the posterior ¯agellum. The recurrent posterior ¯agellum inserts into the anterior end of the ventral groove and varies from 0.5 to 1.2 times the cell length. It may lie in the ventral groove when the cell is gliding. The reservoir and the nucleus are in the right and left sides, respectively. Small globular granules occur beneath the cell surface. Rarely observed. Remarks. This species is assigned to genus Notosolenus because it is a rigid, ¯attened euglenid with two ¯agella emerging from a subapical canal opening and no visible mouth. Notosolenus pyriforme is similar to N. canellatus (see Skuja, 1948) in general appearance, but can be distinguished because N. canellatus has three dorsal grooves, not one, and also has an anterior protrusion. It is similar to N. lashue Lee and Patterson, n. sp. in having one dorsal groove and in size, but is distinguished because N. pyriforme has hyaline lateral ¯anges and pear-shaped body and because N. lashue has a dorsal groove with a well-marked central ridge, and is ovate. Notosolenus pyriforme may be the same as N. canellatus sensu Patterson and Simpson, 1996 described from Western Australia., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on pages 511-512, {"references":["SKUJA, H., 1948, Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 9, 5 ± 399.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448."]}

Ploeotia pseudanisonema Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (®gures 17e, 19a, b) Description. Cell outline oblong or elliptical, about 20 Mm long and 10 Mm wide, ¯attened. With several longitudinal narrow grooves extending along the cell. The left half of the cell is thicker than the right half. The anterior ¯agellum is about 1.5 times the cell length, and the posterior ¯agellum is about 4 times the cell length, emerges as a hook from the ¯agellar canal and is stronger than the anterior ¯agellum. The posterior ¯agellum lies in a ventral groove and tapers towards the tip of the ¯agellum. The nucleus is located near the middle of the cell and the reservoir is in the left ventral side. The ingestion organelle is well developed. Cell glides quickly and may jerk backwardsÐlike Anisonema. One cell observed. Remarks. Larsen and Patterson (1990) ®rst described this species from marine sites in Australia, Brazil, Fiji and Hawaii, and this species has also been reported from other locations in Australia by Ekebom et al. (1996), Patterson and Simpson (1996) and Tong et al. (1998). Previously reported lengths range from 10 to 19 Mm. Generally, our observations agree with the description by Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species is similar to P. longi ®lum Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in having a long trailing ¯agellum and in size, but is distinguished by general appearance and one ventral groove in P. longi ®lum. Also, P. pseudanisonema resembles P. punctata Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance and in having a long posterior ¯agellum, but it is distinguished because small internal bodies in P. punctata line the dorsal ridges. Ploeotia pseudanisonem a is similar to Anisonema obliquum Roskin, 1931 and A. trepidum Larsen, 1987 in general appearance and length (Roskin, 1931; see Larsen, 1987), but is distinguished by the presence of an ingestion organelle., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 530, {"references":["LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","EKEBOM, J., PATTERSON, D. J. and VORS, N., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 146, 251 ± 272.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448.","TONG, S. M., NYGAARD, K., BERNARD, C., VORS, N. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1998, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from the water column in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 34, 162 ± 194.","ROSKIN, G., 1931, Neue Flagellatenarten, Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 73, 204 ± 205.","LARSEN, J., 1987, Algal studies of the interstitial euglenoid ¯ agellates, Nordic Journal of Botany, 7, 589 ± 607."]}

Ploeotia vitrea Dujardin, 1841 (®gures 17f, 19c±e) Description. Cell oval, about 16±22 Mm long and 10±14 Mm wide, not ¯attened. This species has 10 longitudinal double raised ridges; four dorsally, two laterally, four ventrally. The anterior part of the cell is slightly obtuse and the posterior part of the cell is pointed. The anterior ¯agellum is as long as the cell, and the posterior ¯agellum is thick and twice as long as the cell. The ingestion organelle is well developed with a tiny protrusion at the top of the right-hand rod and tapers posteriorly. The nucleus is located in the right-hand side of the cell and the reservoir is in the left side. Rarely observed. Remarks. This species has been found in marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Fiji, Hawaii and USA, and the reported length range is from 16 to 25 Mm (Farmer and Triemer, 1988; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Ultrastructural studies of Ploeotia vitrea were conducted by Farmer and Triemer (1988), and Larsen and Patterson (1990). Our observations are in agreement with Larsen and Patterson (1990). Ploeotia vitrea can be easily distinguished from other species in the genus by its 10 prominent ridges., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 530, {"references":["FARMER, M. and TRIEMER, R. E., 1988, A redescription of the genus Ploeotia Duj. (Euglenophyceae), Taxon, 37, 319 ± 325.","LARSEN, J. and PATTERSON, D. J., 1990, Some ¯ agellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments, Journal of Natural History, 24, 801 ± 937.","PATTERSON, D. J. and SIMPSON, A. G. B., 1996, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia, European Journal of Protistology, 32, 423 ± 448."]}

Heterochromonas opaca Skuja, 1948 (®gures 24i, 25n±p) Description. Cell outline oval, about 18 Mm long and 11 Mm wide, somewhat dorso-ventrally ¯attened, rigid, with an anterior protrusion and a central nucleus. Cells have a deep ventral depression and are somewhat warty. Two ¯agella insert subapically into the depression; the anterior ¯agellum is about 0.5 times the cell length, and the posterior ¯agellum is slightly longer than the cell and inserts below the anterior ¯agellum. Moves by gliding with the anterior ¯agellum directed forwards and the posterior ¯agellum trailing. Three cells observed. Remarks. The organisms observed are very similar to Heterochromonas opaca Skuja, 1948 in cell length and the position of nucleus, in having two ¯agella which diOEer in length, and having a ventral depression and the anterior protrusion. In the original description of Skuja (1948) the anterior ¯agellum is longer than the posterior ¯agellum. Heteronema opaca is similar to Diplonema papillatum (Porter, 1973) Triemer and Ott, 1990 in general appearance and cell length, but it can be distinguished because D. papillatum is ¯exible. Also, H. opaca resembles Abollifer prolabens Vùrs, 1992; A. prolabens has one ¯agellum, but sometimes the second shorter ¯agellum may appear before cell division (Vùrs, 1992a). Heterochromonas opaca resembles Cruzella marina (see de Faria et al., 1922), but can be distinguished because C. marina is ¯exible and has a long anterior ¯agellum. It is distinguished from other species of Heterochromonas by the anterior protrusion. This genus includes about 13 species; Heterochromonas bodoides Skuja, 1948, H. chlorophaga Skuja, 1956, H. cryptostigma Skuja, 1939, H. globosa Skuja, 1948, H. gotlandica Skuja, 1956, H. hovassei Fiatte and Joyon, 1965, H. nobilis Skuja, 1956, H. ovaca Skuja, 1948, H. polysticta Skuja, 1948, H. rotundata Skuja, 1956, H. spaerophora Skuja, 1956, H. vivipara (Ehrenberg, 1838) Pascher, 1912 and H. vulgaris (Cienkowsky, 1870) Pascher, 1912 (see Pascher, 1912; Skuja 1939, 1948, 1956)., Published as part of Patterson, Won Je Lee David J., 2000, Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia, pp. 483-562 in Journal of Natural History 34 on page 551, {"references":["SKUJA, H., 1948, Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 9, 5 ± 399.","PORTER, D., 1973, Isonema papillatum sp. n., a new colorless marine ¯ agellate: a light- and electronmicroscopic study, Journal of Protozoology, 20, 351 ± 356.","DE FARIA, G., DA CUNHA, A. M. and PINTO, C., 1922, Estudos sobre Protozoarios do mar, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, 15, 186 ± 208.","SKUJA, H., 1956, Taxonomische und Biologische Studien das Phytoplankton Schwedischer Binnengewasser, Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Uppsaliensis, 4 th series, 16, 1 ± 403.","SKUJA, H., 1939, Beitrag zur Algenora Lettlands II, Acta Horti botanici Universitatis latviensis, 11 ± 12, 41 ± 169.","PASCHER, A., 1912, U E ber Rhizopoden- und Palmellastadien bei Flagellaten (Chrysomonaden), nebst einer U E bersicht uEber die braunen Flagllaten, Archiv fuEr Protistenkunde, 25, 153 ± 200."]}