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The systematic and somewhat controversial history of Risa Becker is presented, and its relationship with Diasemocera Bezzi (tribe Psilopini, Ephydridae) is documented by morphological evidence and an association with host plants in the family Amaranthaceae. The tribe Risini Papp (as Risidae) is synonymized with Psilopini Cresson. Notorisa gen. nov., from Australia, is described (type species: Notorisa mcalpinei sp. nov.; Australia. Victoria: Big Desert National Park, near Lake Hindmarsh; 36°03.7'S 141°54.8'E). Achaetorisa Papp is retained as a subgenus within Risa and includes five species, including two new combinations: Risa brevicornis (Papp) comb. nov., Risa salsolae (Mathis & Zatwarnicki) comb. nov., and two new species: R. brevirostris sp. nov. (Israel. Ẕomet Zohar; 31°08.5'N 35°21.6'E) and R. nettae sp. nov. (Israel. Ẕomet Zohar; 31°08.5'N 35°21.6'E). A fourth new species is described in the subgenus Risa: R. (Risa) kotrbae sp. nov. (Israel. Ẕomet Zohar; 31°08.5'N 35°21.6'E).

Genus Diastata Meigen Diastata Meigen, 1830: 94. Type species: Geomyza obscurella of Meigen, not Fallén, by designation of Thon (1833: 487) [misidentification = Diastata vagans Loew; formally fixed as the type species by Mathis and Barraclough 2011: 243 as authorized by ICZN (Art. 70.3)]. Westwood 1840: 152 [type designation].─ Loew 1864: 356-368 [revision].─ Hennig 1956: 150 [Neotropical fauna].─ McAlpine 1965: 772 [Nearctic catalog].─ Cole 1969: 411 [fauna, western North America].─ Prado 1984: 1 [Neotropical catalog].─ Chandler 1987: 10-41 [revision].─ Sabrosky 1999: 112 [discussion of nomenclature, “True obscurella Fallén is a Trixoscelis, and it is agreed that Meigen’s identification of obscurella Fallén was an error for D. vagans Loew. [Thon’s and] Westwood’s designation confused the nomenclature of two families for years. However, for some years, authors have recognized vagans as the type of Diastata, thus accepting what Meigen had before him rather than his identification of it. Thus the genera Diastata and Trixoscelis and the family-group taxa based on them, family or subfamily, have coexisted for over a half century without formal action by the Commission.”].─ Mathis and Barraclough 2011: 242-251 [world catalog, fixation of type species]. Trichoptera Lioy, 1864: 1109. Preoccupied Meigen 1803. Type species: Diastata adusta Meigen, by subsequent designation [Coquillett 1910: 616]. Calopterella Coquillett, 1910: 517. Type species: Diastata vagans Loew, by original designation [as first revisers, we select this nomenclatural act (a new genus) over the replacement name on page 616 (ICZN Article 24)]. Calopterella Coquillett, 1910: 616. Replacement name for Trichoptera Lioy, not Meigen. Type species: Diastata adusta Meigen, automatic. Diagnosis. Head: frons yellow, dull; fronto-orbits, vertex, and occiput gray microtomentose; large reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted close to anterior margin of fronto-orbital plate, lacking shorter reclinate fronto-orbital seta anterior to it, but usually with much smaller, posterior setula; length of large proclinate fronto-orbital seta slightly less than reclinate seta. Postpedicel with length greater than height, parallel sided, rounded apically; arista longer than length of other antennal segments, plumose with longer branches dorsally. Face and gena with silvery white to grayish sheen; gena short, ca half height of postpedicel. Eye oval, higher than wide; palpus yellow, often with dusting of whitish microtomentum. Thorax: apical scutellar setae distinctly dorsoclinate and cruciate; anepisternum setulose, setulae stronger along posterior margin; katepisternum with 2 setae, posterior seta more strongly developed than anterodorsal seta. Wing membrane hyaline to conspicuously patterned; costa with humeral and subcostal breaks; costa bearing several longer, erect, more or less evenly spaced, setae; subcostal vein attenuated apically, closely approximate to vein R 1 ; crossvein r–m near or before mid length of cell dm; crossvein dm–m subequal to length of apical section of vein M4; cell cup small, angular apically; vein CuA+CuP short, not extended to posterior margin. Abdomen: tergites varying from yellowish orange at base to mostly or entirely brownish black to black; usually subshiny to mostly shiny. Male: 7 pregenital tergites; segments 1–5 well-developed, each represented by an entire tergite and sternite; tergite 6 narrow, band-like, sometimes weakened medially or divided; sternite 6 developed as 2 elongate, triangular-shaped, lateral sclerites; tergite 7 wider than tergite 6 dorsally, but still much narrower than tergites 1–5; sternite 7 absent. Male terminalia: epandrium well-developed, bulbous, often somewhat projected; cercus lobe-like, small, setulose; 2 surstyli present; posterior surstylus more robustly developed than anterior surstylus, shape usually diagnostic of species; anterior surstylus usually simple, narrow, often clavate or spatulate, apically bearing moderately long to long setulae; pre and postgonites evident, pregonite usually with apical setulae; phallapodeme usually elongate, apical portion straight; phallus aedeagus usually entire, not divided into a basiphallus and distiphallus; ejaculatory apodeme evident, ovate, sclerotized medial portion linear, apically angled; internally a bacilliform sclerite or subepandrial plate or sclerite over the phallus; hypandrium developed as large, ventral sclerite, articulated with dorsal epandrium, often bearing paired lobes. Female: 8 segments plus epiproct, hypoproct, and cerci; segments 1–5 with separate tergites and sternites; segments 6–7 entire, as an annulus; segment 8 with sternite as paired egg guides and a sclerotized tergite; spermathecae atrophied; female ventral receptacle sclerotized, shape as a compressed hook or uneven and flattened U, associated with segment 6. Higher elevational and cool-climate species of Diastata There are few known species of Diastatidae (all Diastata) from tropical regions. In South America, these species are essentially cool-climate species that usually occur at higher elevations. For example, D. dimidiata (Hendel 1913) was collected from two high elevation sites: Sorata, Bolívia (2300 m) and Cuzco, Peru (3700 m) (Mathis & Barraclough 2011). The specimens of Diastata fachini sp. nov. were collected from two cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The first city, Campos do Jordão, is considered the highest city in Brazil, with an elevation of 1662 m and an average temperature of the 14.8°C. Campos do Jordão is constantly visited by tourists who go there to enjoy the winter weather. The second city, Salesópolis, is where the Estação Biológica de Boraceia is located. This conservation station belongs to the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) and has an average temperature of the 18°C and an elevation of 850 m (INMET 2023; PMS 2023). Salesópolis and Campos do Jordão share similar temperature regimes, despite the former being lower in elevation., Published as part of Costa, Sávio Cunha, Pirani, Gabriela & Mathis, Wayne N., 2023, First record of Diastatidae (Diptera: Ephydroidea) from Brazil, with the description of a new species, pp. 378-386 in Zootaxa 5278 (2) on pages 379-385, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7906039, {"references":["Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweifl ¸ geligen Insekten. Sechster Theil. Schulz, Hamm, 401 pp.","Thon, D. (1833) Diastata. In: Ersch, J. S. & Gruber, J. G. (Eds.), Allgemeine Encyclopadie der Wissenschaften und K ¸ nste in alphabetischer Folge von genannten Schriftstellern bearbeitet und herausgegeben. Vol. 24. F. Brockhaus, Leipzig, pp. 554.","Mathis, W. N. & Barraclough, D. A. (2011) World catalog and conspectus on the family Diastatidae (Diptera: Schizophora). Myia, 12, 235 - 266.","Westwood, J. O. (1840) Order XIII. Diptera Aristotle. (Antliata Fabricius. Halteriptera Clairv.). In: Westwood, J. O. (Ed.), An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Synopsis of the genera of British insects. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, London, pp. 125 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12455","Loew, H. (1864) Uber die europaischen Arten der Gattung Diastata. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 8, 357 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18640080314","Hennig, W. (1956) Neue neotropische Acalyptrata im Deutschen Entomologischen Institut. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 6, 146 - 154.","McAlpine, J. F. (1965) Family Diastatidae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, pp. 772 - 773.","Cole, F. R. (1969) The Flies of Western North America. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 693 pp.","Prado, A. P. (1984) Family Diastatidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Vol. 1. Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 1.","Chandler, P. J. (1987) The families Diastatidae and Campichoetidae (Diptera, Drosophiloidea) with a revision of Palaearctic and Nepalese species of Diastata Meigen. Scandinavian Entomology, 18, 1 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631287 X 00016","Sabrosky, C. W. (1999) Family-group names in Diptera. An annotated catalog. Myia, 10, 1 - 360.","Lioy, A. (1864) I ditteri distribuiti secondo un nuovo metodo di classificazione naturale. Atti dell'Imperial Regio Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 9, 1087 - 1126.","Meigen, J. W. (1803) Versuch einer neuen Gattungseintheilung der europaischen zweiflugeligen insekten. Magazin f ¸ r Insektenkunde, 2, 259 - 281.","Coquillett, D. W. (1910) The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37, 499 - 647. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.37 - 1719.499","Hendel, F. (1913) Neue amerikanische Diptera. 1. Beitrag. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1913, 17 - 636.","INMET - Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (2023) Dados meteorologicos. Available from: https: // portal. inmet. gov. br / (accessed 27 March 2023)","PMS - Prefeitura Municipal de Salesopolis. (2023) Aspectos Geograficos. Available from: https: // www. salesopolis. sp. gov. br / salesopolis / aspectos-geograficos / (accessed 27 March 2023)"]}

The ephydroid family Diastatidae is recorded for the first time from Brazil. A new species, Diastata fachini Costa, Pirani & Mathis, sp. nov. which was collected from the Atlantic Forest, is described. The description is based on an adult male and female and includes photographs and detailed illustrations.

Diastata fachini sp. nov. Costa, Pirani & Mathis (Figs 1A–B) Type material examined. Holotype ♁ “ BR, SP, Campos do Jordão / Malaise, perto do lago / 05–09.xii.2019 / Carlos Martinez, Renan Kobal cols”; Paratype ♀ “ BR, SP, Salesópolis / Estação Biológica de Boraceia, base / 23°39’10”S / 43°53’27”W / 26.xi.2016 / Malaise 1+2 / Amorim eq. cols”. Specimens in good condition, with terminalia cleared and stored in a microvial pinned below the specimen. Both deposited at MZUSP. Diagnosis. Wing mostly brown, with 8 transparent marks as follows: 1 in basal portion of cells r 1 , r 2+3 , br and dm; 1 in distal portion of cell r 2+3 ; 3 in cell r 4+5 (proximal, middle, and distal), 1 in r 2+3 cell, 1 in middle of cell dm; 1 in middle of cell m 1 and 1 in cell m 4 . Description. Head (Figs 1C–D) with eye dark red, bare and large, higher than thorax. Antennal scape yellow with 10 setae; pedicel yellow with 4 setae and postpedicel setulose. Arista plumose with ca 16 dorsal and ventral branches. Frons very narrow, with few interfrontal setulae and carina restricted to dorsal portion of head (between antennae). Two well-developed fronto-orbitals setae, one proclinate and one reclinate, proclinate seta lateral in position to reclinate seta, equal length. Dark brown ocellar triangle with 2 proclinate ocellar setae of equal length. Postocellar setae cruciate, slightly shorter than ocellar setae. Inner vertical setae slightly longer than other vertical setae other. Lunule with 2 minute setae laterally. Thorax with anepisternum setulose; basal scutellar seta longer than apical scutellar seta; apical scutellar setae convergent; katepisternum with 2 setae and ca 8 setulae; postpronotal lobe with 1 setae and few setulae; anterior notopleural setae and anterior postpronotal present. Fore coxa with length 2X larger than fore femur, with small setae around, a row of 3 longer setae apically; fore femur slightly longer than the fore tibia with 3 setae laterally; fore tibia with 10 setae; fore tarsus with 4 tarsomeres almost indistinguishable, first tarsomere 3X longer than other tarsomeres; mid coxa slightly shorter than hind coxa, with 2 preapical setae. Halter shiny yellow. Wing (Fig. 4) extensively maculate, predominantly light brown, with transparent maculae, costal vein (C) extended to vein M 1 , humeral and subcostal breaks present, subcostal vein (Sc) incomplete, not reaching costal vein, fused with vein R 1 distally; vein R 1 bare; both veins CuA+CuP and A 1 present; cell cua closed, crossvein bm–m present. Abdomen with tergites shiny brown (Figs 1A–B). Tergites 1–5 unmodified (1 and 2 fused), 3 narrower than other tergites laterally, tergite 4 longer in medial portion. Male terminalia (Figs 2A–B) with epandrium well-developed, rectangular shaped, with anterior margin narrow and, with ca 4 long apical setulae; small setose lobe-like cercus, bilobed surstylus, posterior one more robust, rectangular shaped with ca 12 well-developed thick setae (similar to “peg-prensisetae” in Drosophilidae), pre and postgonites evident, with apical setulae, phallapodeme elongate with teeth apically, phallus undivided, longer than phallapodeme; ejaculatory apodeme present (Fig. 2B), longer than wide, that is ovoid. Female. Similar to male, except as follows: female terminalia (Figs 3A–B) with 8 segments plus epiproct, hypoproct, cerci and ventral receptacle well-sclerotized, hypoproct and epiproct with setae present, sternites 6–7 with setae, tergite 8 with short setae around sclerite. Etymology. The specific epithet honors the Brazilian dipterist and our friend, Dr. Diego Aguilar Fachin, who discovered specimens while sorting Malaise trap material. His observant eyes and skill in identifying interesting and different flies made this study and publication possible. Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (State of São Paulo).

Subgenus Risa Becker Risa Becker, 1907:404. Type species: Risa longirostris Becker, 1907:404 [monotypy].—Hennig, 1937:75 [redescription].— Papp, 1984: 178 [Palearctic catalog, as a genus]. Diagnosis. The subgenus Risa is distinguished from the subgenus Achaetorisa by the following combination of characters: Head: Face usually with a conspicuous, medial carina, in lateral view carina pointed (carina inconspicuous in R. kotrbae). Thorax: Prescutellar acrostichal setae usually well developed (absent in R. kotrbae); scutellar disc bearing a few, scattered setulae. Costal section III (between R 2+3 and R 4+5) bearing approximately 70–80, densely spaced setulae. Abdomen: Male terminalia: Cercus fused ventrally with epandrium; gonostylus either lacking or more likely fused indistinguishably with ventral margin of epandrial arm; hypandrium wider than long, almost band-like, transverse. Female terminalia: Subanal plate present; sternite 8 interrupted or thin dorsomedially, often with a sclerotized, protrusion (Fig. 33); posterior portion of sternite 8 bearing (1) numerous, mostly straight setae (R. asiatica), (2) numerous straight and some hooked setae (R. flavipalpis), or (3) numerous, long, hooked setae (R. longirostris, R. longicornuta, R. kotrbae); anterior margin of sternite 8 bearing numerous long setulae; cerci short and rounded; stalk of ventral receptacle lacking paired, tubular processes (Fig. 15). Discussion. We recognize the following five species in the nominate subgenus Risa: R. (R.) asiatica Ozerov, R. (R.) flavipalpis Ozerov, R. (R.) kotrbae sp. nov., R. (R.) longicornuta Papp, R. (R.) longirostris Becker (R. mongolica Papp is possibly conspecific)., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, 2023, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia, pp. 1-23 in Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, http://zenodo.org/record/7946210, {"references":["Papp, L. 1984. Family Risidae. In Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, ed. A. Soos and L. Papp, pp 177 - 178. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, vol. 10."]}

Risa (Achaetorisa) salsolae Mathis & Zatwarnicki comb. nov. Fig. 37 Achaetorisa salsolae Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 2017: 646 [United Arab Emirates. Ajman (N; 25°25.7'N 55°30.1'E; salt marsh); HT ♂, NMWC]. Distribution. Afrotropical: United Arab Emirates (Ajman). Natural history. This shore-fly species is associated with Seidlitzia rosmarinus Bunge ex Boiss (Amaranthaceae)., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, 2023, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia, pp. 1-23 in Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, http://zenodo.org/record/7946210

Subgenus Achaetorisa Papp Achaetorisa Papp, 1980: 420, 421 [as a genus]. Type species: Achaetorisa brevicornis Papp, 1980: 421 [monotypy]; 1984: 178 [Palearctic catalog]. Diagnosis. The subgenus Achaetorisa is distinguished from the nominate subgenus Risa by the following combination of characters: Head: Face with a medial carina, in lateral view carina rounded. Thorax: Prescutellar acrostichal setae absent, only setulae present; scutellar disc lacking setulae. Costal section III (between R 2+3 and R 4+5) bearing approximately 10–35 setulae along anterior margin. Abdomen: Male terminalia: Cercus elongate, separate from epandrium; gonostylus evident as distinct lobe at ventral margin of epandrial arm (Figs 42, 55); hypandrium in ventral view plate like, longer than wide, shallowly pocket-like. Female terminalia: subanal plate absent (Fig. 34); sternite 8 entire but lacking a sclerotized, protrusion, posterior portion lacking hooked setulae, but bearing 12–22 short, straight setae along anterior margin; cerci short and rounded; stalk of ventral receptacle with paired, tubular processes (Figs 47, 48). Discussion. Achaetorisa is given status here as a wellcorroborated, monophyletic subgenus. As a terminal clade, however, its recognition as a subgenus leaves the nominate subgenus as a paraphyletic group that includes, among other lineages, Achaetorisa. Papp (1980) described Achaetorisa and distinguished it from Risa using several characters. The discovery of additional species of Risa, and thus an enhanced opportunity to study critically characters for this group, revealed that Achaetorisa brevicornis is congeneric with other species of Risa and that Achaetorisa should therefore be consigned to subgeneric status within Risa. Papp (1980), however, did not emphasize the distinctive and paired ventral appendages of the female ventral receptacle in R. brevicornis. These appendages appear to be unique to the Achaetorisa group. We recognize the following five species in the subgenus Achaetorisa: Risa (Achaetorisa) brevicornis (Papp) comb. nov., R. (A.) brevirostris sp. nov., R. (A.) flavicoxa Krivosheina & Ozerov, R. (A.) nettae sp. nov., and R. (A.) salsolae (Mathis & Zatwarnicki) comb. nov., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, 2023, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia, pp. 1-23 in Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, http://zenodo.org/record/7946210, {"references":["Papp, L. 1980. New taxa of the acalyptrate flies (Diptera: Tunisimyiidae fam. n., Risidae, Ephydridae: Nannodastiinae subfam. n.). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 26: 415 - 431."]}

Risa (Achaetorisa) brevicornis Papp comb. nov. Figs 24, 35 Achaetorisa brevicornis Papp, 1980: 421 [Morocco. Marrakech: Ouirgane (31°11.7'N 08°4.4'W); HT ♂, USNM]; 1984: 178 [Palearctic catalog]. Achaetorisa salsolae Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 2017: 646 [United Arab Emirates. Ajman (N; 25°25.7'N 55°30.1'E; salt marsh); HT]. Distribution. Palearctic: Israel / Jordan, Morocco, Spain. Natural history. This species is associated with Halogeton sativus (L.) Moq. (Amaranthaceae)., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, 2023, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia, pp. 1-23 in Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, http://zenodo.org/record/7946210, {"references":["Papp, L. 1980. New taxa of the acalyptrate flies (Diptera: Tunisimyiidae fam. n., Risidae, Ephydridae: Nannodastiinae subfam. n.). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 26: 415 - 431."]}

The ongoing usefulness of Table 1 in the Zootaxa paper Comprehensive taxonomic, faunistic, biological, and geographic inventory and analysis of the Sciomyzidae (Diptera: Acalyptratae) of the Delmarva region and nearby states in eastern North America (Murphy et al. 2018) is compromised by impermanent literature-citation numbering. To secure Table 1 as a permanent resource for the study of Sciomyzidae, provided herein are bibliographic data for the 59 works cited in that paper by Bibliography of Sciomyzidae (“ScioBiblio”) number only. Details are provided regarding the history of the ScioBiblio and plans to reorganize and publish it.

We describe Neozealides to accommodate two endemic species from New Zealand that were previously placed in the shore-fly genus Hyadina Haliday. Although similar to Hyadina, both species are more closely related to the Hyadina and Philygria groups of genera (Zatwarnicki & Ryczko 2014) than they are to species within Hyadina. To document these discoveries, we revise both species, placing them in Neozealides. Emphasis is given to structures of the male terminalia, which are fully illustrated. Detailed locality data and distribution maps for both species are provided. For perspective and to facilitate recognition of genera, the tribe Hyadinini is diagnosed and a key to genera from New Zealand is provided.

Key to Species of Neozealides 1. Color of scutellar disc a continuation of scutal coloration, densely microtomentose; mesofrons with lateral gray stripe adjacent to golden brown ocellar triangle. Mesonotum (Fig. 5) lacking dark brown longitudinal vittae but with 4 short, linear whitish gray marks, 3 medial of dorsocentral track and 1 laterad of dorsocentral track just anterior of level of postalar seta; 1 row of very short acrostichal setulae; wing (Fig. 3) with 1 hyaline spot in cell R 1, 2 spots in cell R 2+3, cell R 4+5 with 2 spots, smaller spot basal, larger spot apical.............................................. N. irroratus (Tonnoir & Malloch), n. comb. - Color of scutellar disc distinctly darker brown than scutal coloration, often subshiny; mesofrons unicolorous, completely brown, with some faint golden brown microtomentum, lacking gray stripes laterad of ocellar triangle; mesonotum (Fig. 6) with 3 longitudinal dark brown vittae, lacking gray marks adjacent to dorsocentral track; lacking row of acrostichal setulae; wing (Fig. 16) with cell R 1 completely infuscate, 1 hyaline spot in cell R 2+3, cell R 4+5 with 3 spots, 2 small more basal spots and 1 larger apical spot................................................. N. obscurifrons (Tonnoir & Malloch), n. comb., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, 2019, New taxonomic twists in shore flies as revealed in discovery of Neozealides, a new genus from New Zealand (Diptera: Ephydridae), pp. 487-500 in Zootaxa 4656 (3) on page 491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3369043

Parahyadina latistylis, sp. nov. (Figs. 53���58, Map 11) Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Adults. Small shore flies, body length 1.23���1.77 mm. Head (Figs. 53���54): Lateroclinate fronto-orbital seta well developed, basal diameter comparable or only slightly reduced compared to basal diameters of vertical setae. Thorax (Figs. 53���54): Postsutural scutum with distinct, longitudinal vittae in rows between acrostichal setae and dorsocentral setae; 2 pairs of posterior dorsocentral setae, anterior seta shorter than posterior seta. Wing hyaline; costal section II shorter in length than costal section III; costal vein ratio 1.12���1.27; M vein ratio 0.30���0.32. Abdomen: Tergites 3���5 with ventrolateral margin shallowly rounded; male tergite 5 extended posteriorly in same plane as tergite 4. Male terminalia. (Figs. 55���58) Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 55) an oval to almost diamond-shaped, lateral margins somewhat angulate, each surstylus subrectangular, ventral margin emarginated medially, bearing 4 longer setulae on ventral portion and with an apical, prominent setula, in lateral view (Fig. 56) with epandrium very narrow and straight, surstylus expanded, irregularly and broadly lanceolate, apical setulae prominent; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 55) irregularly oblanceolate, pointed tapered to narrowly rounded point dorsally, ventral margin broadly rounded, in lateral view (Fig. 56) irregularly semihemispherical, height almost twice width, dorsal margin rounded, posterior margin tapered to rounded point, generally covered with small setulae; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 58) comparatively small, length about half that of phallapodeme, L-shaped, with extended, basal arm much narrower, digitiform, than length of aedeagal body, main structure, thumb-like apex broadly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. 57) only slightly longer than basal width, truncate basally and apically, lateral margin tapered toward apex; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 58) elongate, moderately narrow, base with short, anteriorly directed projection, just beyond midlength with a robust, large projection, thereafter tapered slightly to narrowly truncate apex, in ventral view (Fig. 57) elongate, narrow with 2 cross bars, one at base, the other sub-basally, thereafter parallel sided, narrow; gonite and hypandrium broadly fused, in lateral view (Fig. 58) robustly L-shaped, gonal portion shorter than hypandrial portion, margins sinuous and tapered to narrowly rounded apex, hypandrial portion, narrow, somewhat elongate, in ventral view (Fig. 57) wider than long, robust with large, tapered posterolateral extension, apex bearing 2 minute, dentate setulae, anterolateral angle also extended as a process that is parallel sided at base then tapered to pointed apex. Type Specimen. The holotype male is labeled ��� NEW ZEALAND. N. Isl. TO: Tokaanu (37��58.2���S, 175��46.2���E), 3���5 January 2004 [,] W. N. Mathis / USNM ENT 00026320 [plastic bar code label]/ HOLOTYPE ♂ Parahyadina latistylis Mathis & Zatwarnicki NZAC [red].��� The holotype is double mounted (minuten in a plastic block), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the NZAC. Forty paratypes (15♂, 25♀; NZAC, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. Type locality. New Zealand. North Island. TO: Tokaanu (37��58.2���S, 175��46.2���E). Other specimens examined. NORTH ISLAND. NORTH ISLAND. BP: Paradise Valley (38��07.9���S, 176��09.9���E), 7 Feb 1998, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). ND: Hailes Road (quarry; 35��31.1���S, 174��25.8���E), 19 Feb 1998, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). TO: Ikawhenua Range (E of Te Whaiti; 38��28.3���S, 176��59.4���E; 350 m), 4 Nov 1977, E. I. Schlinger (1♂; NZAC). WI: Mangawhero River (39��34.5���S, 175��15.7���E; 275 m), 9 Nov 1977, E. I. Schlinger (1♂; NZAC). SOUTH ISLAND. CO: Danseys Pass (2.2 km NE; 44��56.9���S, 170��24.2���E; 586 m), 11 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (3♂; USNM). KA: Hapuku Stream (42��13���S, 173��45.3���E; 420 m), 8 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Seddon (Awatere River; 41��39.6���S, 174��04.6���E), 14 Feb 1998, W. N. Mathis (5♂; USNM). FD: Monowai River (45��46.7���S, 167��35.7���E; 171 m); 17���18 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (2♂; USNM). MC: Acheron River (43��19.7���S, 171��40.5���E; 772 m), 10 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Lake Lyndon (43��17.6���S, 171��42.5���E), 15 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann, W. N. Mathis (10♂, 5♀; NZAC, USNM); Lake Pearson (43��05.6���S, 171��46.8���E; 612 m); 3 Feb 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Simois Stream (43��17.8���S, 171��32.9���E; 130 m), 10 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (2♂; USNM). OL: Kingston (45��19.8���S, 168��42.7���E; 319 m); 26 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Moke Lake (3.5 km S; 45��02.2���S, 168��34.7���E; 616 m); 28 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). SL: Cascade River (46��15.6���S, 167��54.6���E; 73 m); 15 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Orepuki (46��17���S, 167��44.3���E), 8 Feb 1976, L. L. Deitz (1♂; NZAC); Te Waewae Lagoon (46��12.3���S, 167��38.1���E); 19 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). Distribution (Map 11). Australasian/Oceanian: New Zealand. North Island (BP, TO, WI), South Island (CO, KA, FD, MC, OL, SL). Etymology. The species epithet, latistylis, is of Latin derivation and means broad or wide style, referring to the shape of the surstylar apex. Remarks. External structures of the male terminalia of this species are similar to those of P. debilis, especially the robustly developed, apical extension of the surstylus. The shape of the gonites, however, differ considerably and distinguish this species, especially the anterior extensions that are tapered and flared laterally (Figs. 57���58), not bifurcated and oriented anteriorly, as in P. debilis., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, 2019, Revision of the Shore-fly Genera Parahyadina Tonnoir and Malloch and New Zealand Hyadina Haliday (Diptera: Ephydridae), pp. 401-440 in Zootaxa 4623 (3) on pages 434-437, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4623.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3258532

Parahyadina irwini, sp. nov. (Figs. 43, 45���48, Map 9) Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Adults. Small shore flies, body length 1.35���1.85 mm. Head (Fig. 43): Lateroclinate fronto-orbital seta well developed, basal diameter comparable or only slightly reduced in comparison to basal diameters of vertical setae. Thorax (Fig. 43): Postsutural scutum without distinct, longitudinal vittae between acrostichal setae and dorsocentral setae. Wing hyaline; costal vein ratio 1.10���1.19; M vein ratio 0.23���0.38. Abdomen. Tergites 3���5 with ventrolateral margin shallowly rounded; male sternite 4 weakly sclerotized, as 2 relatively approximate, lateral, longitudinal bars; male tergite 5 extended posteriorly in same plane as tergite 4; male sternite 5 Y-shaped, arms flared anterolaterally, moderately well developed. Male terminalia (Figs. 45���48): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 45) broadly oval with ventromedial projections tapered to narrowly rounded apex, bearing 4 setulae near midlength and a prominent apical setulae, in lateral view (Fig. 46) with dorsal 2/3 narrow, linear, more or less parallel sided; surstylar length (from rounded, medial bump) about �� height of cercus, angled slightly posteromedially, in lateral view (Fig. 46) with a medial, short, hook-like protrusion, tapered from wider base to narrowly rounded apex, apex bearing a single, short seta, also bearing 4 setulae in a vertical line along anterior margin at midlength; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 45) irregularly obovate, tapered to point dorsally, ventral margin broadly rounded, generally covered with small setulae, in lateral view (Fig. 46) height almost twice width with anterior margin somewhat straight, posterior margin irregularly arched; aedeagus heavily sclerotized, in lateral view (Fig. 48) tubular, elongate, with 2 basal prongs, dorsal protrusion about 3 times length of basal one, apically as an abruptly narrowed, acutely pointed projection, length slightly less than aedeagal width at midlength, in ventral view (Fig. 47) about as wide as long, base broadly rounded, apical third narrowed, short, parallel sided with a short, medial projection; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 48) irregularly triangular with 2 moderately narrowed angles and truncate, wide, keel as third angle, in ventral view (Fig. 47) narrowly hour-glass shaped, base narrowly Y-shaped with short arms, apex tapered to point, widest subapically; gonite and hypandrium broadly fused, in lateral view (Fig. 48) robustly L-shaped, gonal portion bearing a digitiform, shallowly curved projection, hypandrial portion longer than wide, narrowly rectangular, in ventral view (Fig. 47) generally irregularly rectangular, convexly truncate basally, becoming slightly wider posteriorly, posterior margin abruptly narrowed as digitiform, medially curved projections. Type Specimen. The holotype male is labeled ��� NEW ZEALAND. S. ISL. NN: Flora Saddle (41��11.4���S, 172��44.2���E), 12Feb 1998 [,] Wayne N. Mathis/ USNM ENT 00085386 [plastic bar code label]/ HOLOTYPE ♂ Parahyadina irwini Mathis & Zatwarnicki NZAC [red].��� The holotype is double mounted (minuten in block of plastic elastomer), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in NZAC. Seven paratypes (4♂, 3♀; NZAC, USNM) bears the same label data as the holotype except for one male for which V. Hollmann was the collector. Type locality. New Zealand. South Island. NN: Flora Saddle (41��11.4���S, 172��44.2���E). Other specimens examined. NORTH ISLAND. ND: Whananaki (7 km SW; freshwater creek; 35��32.9���S, 174��24.6���E), 6 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). SOUTH ISLAND. CO: Danseys Pass (1.2 km SW; 44��57.2���S, 170��22.0���E; 856 m), 11 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 2♀; USNM); Danseys Pass (2.2 km NE; 44��56.9���S, 170��24.2���E; 586 m), 11 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 2♀; USNM). FD: Borland Saddle (22 km W Monowai; 45��44.8���S, 167��23.2���E; 945���988 m); 18 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 2♀; USNM); Lake Monowai (45��48.7���S, 167��31.3���E; 225 m); 17���20 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Monowai River (45��46.7���S, 167��35.7���E; 171 m); 17���18 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (4♂, 3♀; USNM). MC: Acheron River (43��19.7���S, 171��40.5���E; 772 m), 10 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (3♂, 3♀; USNM); Lake Pearson (43��05.6���S, 171��46.8���E; 612 m); 3 Feb 2004, W. N. Mathis (4♂, 3♀; USNM). NN: Graham Valley (41��12.1���S, 172��50.8���E), 12 Feb 1998, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). SL: Orepuki (46��16.9���S, 167��44.3���E), 8 Feb 1976, L. L. Deitz (1♀; NZAC). Distribution (Map 9). Australasian/Oceanian: New Zealand. North Island (ND), South Island (CO, FD, MC, NN, SL). Etymology. The species epithet, irwini, is a Latinized genitive patronym to honor the contributions of Anthony G. Irwin to our study of shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae), especially his editing skills and knowledge of the literature. Remarks. Externally, this species is very similar to P. edmistoni, P. latistylis, and P. debilis but is distinguished from these by the following combination of characters: Male tergites three through five with ventrolateral margins shallowly and bluntly rounded, not acutely developed, as in P. edmistoni; and male tergite five extends posteriorly in the same plane as tergite four. Structures of the male terminalia distinguish this species, especially the moderately short and thin surstylus and the robust and L-shaped gonite (Fig. 48). The length of the gonite in lateral view (Fig. 48) is about twice its basal width, the apex is irregularly and bluntly rounded, and there is a lateral, digitiform prominence., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, 2019, Revision of the Shore-fly Genera Parahyadina Tonnoir and Malloch and New Zealand Hyadina Haliday (Diptera: Ephydridae), pp. 401-440 in Zootaxa 4623 (3) on pages 429-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4623.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3258532

Parahyadina debilis, sp. nov. (Figs. 27, 29���32, Map 6) Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Adults. Small shore flies, body length 1.45���1.75 mm. Head (Fig. 27): Lateroclinate fronto-orbital seta well developed, basal diameter comparable or only slightly reduced in comparison to basal diameters of vertical setae. Thorax (Fig. 27): Postsutural scutum with distinct, longitudinal vittae in rows between acrostichal setae and dorsocentral setae; 2 pairs of posterior dorsocentral setae, anterior seta shorter than posterior seta. Wing hyaline; costal section II shorter in length than costal section III; costal vein ratio 1.00���1.20; M vein ratio 0.28���0.31. Abdomen: Tergites 3���5 with ventrolateral margin shallowly and bluntly rounded; male tergite 5 extended posteriorly in same plane as tergite 4. Male terminalia (Figs. 29���32): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 29) an inverted U-shaped structure, lateral margins only slightly oriented medially, surstylus in posterior view (Fig. 29) subrectangular, ventral margin emarginated medially, shallowly bifurcate, lateral extension of bifurcation longer than medial extension or bump, surstylus bearing 7���8 longer setulae on ventral portion and with an apical, prominent setula, in lateral view (Fig. 30) with epandrium very narrow and straight, surstyli expanded, irregularly, row of 7���8 subapical setulae and an apical setulae; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 29) irregularly oblanceolate, pointed tapered to narrowly rounded point dorsally, ventral margin broadly rounded, in lateral view (Fig. 30) irregularly semihemispherical, height almost twice width, dorsal margin rounded, posterior margin tapered to rounded point, generally covered with small setulae; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 32) comparatively small, length more than half that of phallapodeme, anterior margin broadly rounded, posterior margin with a medial, narrow, process, in ventral view (Fig. 31) with large base somewhat rectangular, basal margin concave and apical margin abruptly narrowed to medial, pointed process; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 32) elongate, moderately narrow, base with short, anteriorly directed projection, just beyond midlength with a robust, large projection, thereafter tapered slightly to narrowly truncate apex, in ventral view (Fig. 31) as an inverted Y with bifurcate base and narrow, elongate extension to pointed apex; gonite and hypandrium broadly fused, in lateral view (Fig. 32) robustly L-shaped, gonal portion shorter than hypandrial portion and deeply bifurcate medially, margins nearly straight, hypandrial portion, narrow, somewhat elongate, in ventral view (Fig. 31) longer than wide, robust with large, basal margin of hypandrium deeply emarginate, forming 2 posterolateral, digitiform processes, gonal portion extended apically as 2 deeply bifurcate processes, lateral prong of gonal apex more robust than shorter, medial process. Type Specimen. The holotype male is labeled ��� NEW ZEALAND. S. Isl. OL: Mararoa River (25 km E Te Anau; 45��32.5���S, 167��53.2���E; 295 m), 25 Jan 2004, Wayne N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; USNM)/ USNM ENT 00285069 [plastic bar code label]/ HOLOTYPE ♂ Parahyadina debilis Mathis & Zatwarnicki NZAC [red].��� The holotype is double mounted (minuten in a plastic block), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the NZAC. Two paratypes (1♂, 1♀; USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. Type locality. New Zealand. South Island. OL: Mararoa River (25 km E Te Anau; 45��32.5���S, 167��53.2���E; 295 m). Other specimens examined. SOUTH ISLAND. DN: Otago Peninsula, Hoopers Inlet (45��51.1���S, 170��39.7���E); 13 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). Distribution (Map 6). Australasian/Oceanian: New Zealand. South Island (DN, OL). Etymology. The species epithet, debilis, is of Latin derivation and means weak, referring to the weakly developed fronto-orbital seta of this species. Remarks. This species is similar to P. latistylis in having shortened and apically developed surstyli. Details of the apical portion of the surstylus differ as seen by comparing Figs. 29���30 (this species) with Figs. 55���56 (P. latistylis). The gonites differ considerably and readily distinguish this species, especially the anterior extensions, which are conspicuously bifurcated and each process is oriented anteriorly. This homologous structure in P. latistylis is flared laterally, tapered, and projected as a single process., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, 2019, Revision of the Shore-fly Genera Parahyadina Tonnoir and Malloch and New Zealand Hyadina Haliday (Diptera: Ephydridae), pp. 401-440 in Zootaxa 4623 (3) on pages 420-421, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4623.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3258532

Genus Parahyadina Tonnoir and Malloch Parahyadina Tonnoir and Malloch 1926: 17. Type species: Parahyadina lacustris Tonnoir and Malloch 1926, original designation.��� Harrison 1959: 232���233 [fauna of New Zealand].��� Mathis 1989: 646 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].��� Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 209 [world catalog].��� Zatwarnicki & Ryczko 2014: 502, 510���513 [description, phylogeny]. Diagnosis. Parahyadina is distinguished from other genera of the tribe Hyadinini by the following combination of characters: Adults, small to moderately small flies, body length 1.35���2.40 mm. Head. Mesofrons and vertex with circular very sparse microtomentose area with denser microtomentum around ocelli; anterolateral frons with dense microtomentose triangle, darker in coloration than mesofrons; fronto-orbital plate dark colored, bare or with dense pale microtomentum; frons bare or with sparse to dense microtomentum. Arista bare or with short hairs, hairs no longer than basal aristal width. Face moderately produced medially; facial background generally similar to frons but with lighter colored silvery white microtomentum extended to gena; medially along parafacial, a band with sparse or no microtomentum extending lateroventrally below gena; marginal facial setulae in 2 rows. Gena concolorous with ventral parafacial plate; postgena and occiput concolorous with gena, sometimes with sparse microtomentum, and sometimes stripes of denser microtomentum across postgena and occiput, contiguous with lateral thoracic stripe pattern. Chaetotaxy: ocellar seta well developed, divergent, proclinate; pesudopostocellar seta minute, divergent, proclinate; usually 1 well-developed, lateroclinate fronto-orbital seta; both medial and lateral vertical setae well developed; facial setae minute, in 2 rows, medial row; genal setae minute, numerous along ventral genal margin. Antenna brown to dark yellowish brown; scape brown, pedicel brown, basal flagellomere darker in color dorsally; scape with row of setulae along distal ventral margin; arista filamentous with very minute dorsal branches distally. Proboscis with 2 pseudotracheae; cibarium with dispersed medial sensillae, posterior sensillae lacking, lacinia bar-like, sinuous in lateral view, tapered distally; maxillary palpus dark brown; prementum dark brown. Thorax. Mesonotum bare or with sparse to dense microtomentum, often marked with distinct vittae, background pale brown to dark brown, microtomentum yellowish silver or silvery white. Scutellum trapezoidal with posterior margin slightly rounded, dorsally concolorous with posterior margin of mesonotum, lateral margin sometimes with denser microtomentum; postpronotum with silvery gray microtomentum; pleura often paler than mesonotum, with striped pattern of silvery gray microtomentum contiguous with microtomentum pattern of gena and occiput; anepisternum brown with sparse to dense microtomentum, often striped; katepisternum brown with sparse to dense microtomentum; subscutellum brown covered with sparse to dense microtomentum; anatergite brown covered with sparse to dense microtomentum. Chaetotaxy: acrostichal setulae minute, in single row; 1���2 prominent postsutural dorsocentral setae; 1 prominent supra-alar seta; only posterior notopleural seta present, inserted dorsomedially from notopleural suture; 1 anepisternal seta much reduced, hair-like, inserted along posterior margin at midheight; katepisternal setulae minute inserted dorsomedially; 2 scutellar setae. Wing: Costa long, extended to the vein M; costal section II less than twice length of section III; costal ratio variable but usually about 1.0; M vein ratio 0.23���0.39. Legs dark brown, shiny with sparse yellowish silver microtomentum. Halter knob yellowish white. Abdomen. Tergites brown to dark brown; partially bare, and with anteriormost tergites more densely covered with microtomentum, with setal rows along margins; usually tergites 3 and 4 elongate. Male terminalia: Epandrium with surstyli fused at ventral margin, bearing setulae; cerci usually densely setulose; ventral margin of surstylus sometimes with distinctive setal patterns; gonites fused with hypandrium, often bearing 2 tiny, spine-like setulae; hypandrium narrow, U-shaped. Remarks. Tonnoir and Malloch (1926) accorded generic status to Parahyadina based on the moderate to welldeveloped, lateroclinate, fronto-orbital seta. Otherwise, the overall habitus of the included species is similar to typical species of Hyadina with the exception, ironically, of species of Hyadina from New Zealand. As noted previously, only a single species, P. lacustris Tonnoir and Malloch, was described before this study. Herein, we add ten more species. In general, the species of Parahyadina are very similar to each other, and determination of species can often only be accurately done by observing structures of the male terminalia. These structures, fortunately, are distinctive and not only enable identification of species but are a primary source of character data for determining phylogenetic relationships. These structures are fully illustrated to facilitate identification., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, 2019, Revision of the Shore-fly Genera Parahyadina Tonnoir and Malloch and New Zealand Hyadina Haliday (Diptera: Ephydridae), pp. 401-440 in Zootaxa 4623 (3) on pages 406-409, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4623.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3258532, {"references":["Tonnoir, A. L. & Malloch, J. R. (1926) New Zealand Muscidae Acalyptratae. Part I. Ephydridae. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 3, 1 - 18.","Harrison, R. A. (1959) Acalypterate Diptera of New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin, 128, 1 - 382.","Mathis, W. N. (1989) 66. Family Ephydridae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions, B. P. Bishop Museum special publication 86. E. J. Brill, Honolulu and Leiden, pp. 639 - 649.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki T. (1995) A World Catalog of the Shore Flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, 1 - 423.","Zatwarnicki, T. & Ryczko, I. (2014) Phylogeny of Hyadinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) with an emphasis on structures of the proboscis. Annales Zoologici, 64 (3), 495 - 515. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 000345414 X 684821"]}

Two genera of the shore-fly tribe Hyadinini, Hyadina Haliday and Parahyadina Tonnoir & Malloch, are revised, and all species treated, save P. lacustris Tonnoir & Malloch, are described for the first time. The phylogenetic position of both genera within Hyadinini is presented along with confirming, morphological evidence. The New Zealand fauna of Hyadina is now limited to the single new species H. breva, and Parahyadina is expanded from being a monotypic genus based on P. lacustris to also include the following 9 endemic new species: P. angusta, P. atra, P. bifurcata, P. bulla, P. debilis, P. edmistoni, P. hennigi, P. irwini, and P. latistylis. For both genera, emphasis is given to structures of the male terminalia, which are fully illustrated. Detailed locality data and distribution maps for all species are provided, and structures of the male terminalia are fully illustrated. For perspective and to facilitate recognition of genera, the tribe Hyadinini is diagnosed and a key to genera from New Zealand is provided.

Pelignellus is resurrected from synonymy with Atissa and is revised. The genus and both included species—P. subnudus Sturtevant & Wheeler from the USA (California) and P. freidbergi n. sp. from Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panama)—are described with an emphasis on structures of the male terminalia, which are fully illustrated. The species are keyed and their distribution data are provided. For perspective and to facilitate recognition of genera and species, the tribe Atissini is diagnosed and a key to genera is provided., Pelignellus es recuperado de la sinonimia con Atissa y se revisa. El género y sus dos especies, P. subnudus Sturtevant & Wheeler de los Estados Unidos (California) y P. freidbergi n. sp. de América Central (Costa Rica, El Salvador y Panamá), se describen con un énfasis en las estructuras de los genitales masculinos, que están completamente ilustradas. Las especies se distinguen en la clave de iden­tificación y se proporcionan sus datos de distribución. Para facilitar el reco­no­cimiento de géneros y especies, se diagnostica la tribu Atissini y se proporciona una clave de identificación para los géneros.

Key to Subgenera, species groups, and species of Neotropical Ephydra 1. Cruciate interfrontal setae weak or lacking; crossvein dm-cu forming acute angle with vein CuA 1; palpus small; coloration of mesonotum strongly whitish gray (subgenus Halephydra Wirth).................................. E. gracilis Packard - One pair of well-developed, cruciate, interfrontal setae; crossvein dm-cu forming nearly right angle with vein CuA 1; palpus well developed; coloration of mesonotum shiny to moderately grayish (subgenus Ephydra Fall��n)..................... 2 2. Anterior acrostichal setae in 2 distinct rows; coloration generally grayish, microtomentose; tarsal claws generally nearly as long as tarsomere 5; male aedeagus nearly straight, lacking recurved, basal process (The glauca Group)...................................................................................................... E. mexicana Cresson - Anterior acrostichal setae unseriated or in 4���5 irregular rows; coloration generally olive green, microtomentose; tarsal claws generally not more than half as long as tarsomere 5; male aedeagus with strongly recurved basal process (The riparia Group).................................................................................................... 3 3. Aedeagal apex distinctly pointed, curved, hook-like, becoming much stouter toward base; sternal plate with strong transverse ridges on strongly convex midportion; surstylus stout, thumb-like, rounded distally.................... E. millbrae Jones Aedeagal apex rounded, not hook-like, tapered to apex; sternal plate not strongly convex; surstylus moderately expanded apicolaterally, yellowish..................................................................... E. packardi Wirth, Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on page 88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322

The paniculata Group Diagnosis. Although similar to the pollinosa group, specimens of this species-group may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: Head: Frons wider, width at level of medial ocellus about 3 times distance between ptilinal suture and medial ocellus; arrangement of ocelli in nearly equilateral triangle, distance between posterior pair only slightly longer than between either posterior ocellus and anterior ocellus; lateral vertical seta lacking; 1 pair of smaller proclinate fronto-orbital setae inserted anterior of larger lateroclinate setae, size about 1 / 3 larger setae; arista pectinate with dorsal branches along basal 2 / 3, longest rays subequal to 1 / 2 width of basal flagellomere; interfoveal hump with distinct dorsal crease; face from oral margin to dorsum of interfoveal hump higher, length much longer than longest facial seta along oral margin; coloration of face grayish brown to brown, not contrasted distinctly with coloration of frons. Thorax: Vestiture of mesonotum appearing duller, more densely microtomentose, disc of scutellum much shinier; row of larger acrostichal setae extended posteriorly beyond level of transverse suture; postpronotum bare; scutellum slightly convex, bare dorsally; dorsocentral setae 4 (1 + 3), anterior seta weaker; postsutural, supra-alar seta subequal to postalar seta; coloration of pleural areas with contrasting brown and slightly brownish gray areas, especially evident on anepisternum; wing appearing shiny, mostly hyaline but with slight brownish infuscation, crossvein dm-cu with darker brown infuscation; coloration of legs mostly rufous but variable; femora mostly subequal in size, slender. Abdomen: Darker brown, with some bluish coloration, subshiny to shiny, abdominal tergite 5 short, approximately 1 / 3 length of tergite 4. Male terminalia: Surstylus either lost or more likely fused indistinguishably with ventral margin of epandrium; ventral margin of epandrium (= surstylus) truncate; aedeagus a long, slender, tapered process, apex slightly corniform. Female ventral receptacle with small operculum and large roughly C-shaped extended process in lateral view. Natural history. We have collected specimens of both described species of this species group from the Lake District of southern Chile (Osorno Province). Although an occasional specimen was encountered in other habitats, most were collected at one site near Termas de Aguas Calientes, Parque National Puyehue. This site was a densely shaded seepage area, approximately 2 by 10 m, alongside a narrow path used by grazing stock. A densely vegetated, steep bank paralleled its length to the south; the path marked its northern limit. The seepage area was muddy, highly organic, and relatively undisturbed. A dense overhang of brush from the adjacent bank shaded the area at all times and probably provided most of the organic debris. The brush also protected the area, acting as a barrier to stock animals. Most specimens were collected by sweeping under the overhang and just over the muddy seepage area. The surrounding vegetation was typical of a Southern Beech (Nothofagus) forest. Both species occur sympatrically at this locality., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322

5. Paracoenia (Paracoenia) wirthi Mathis Figs. 27���34, Map 5 Paracoenia (Paracoenia) wirthi Mathis 1975: 78 [United States. California. Inyo: Tecopa Hot Springs (1.6 km N); HT ♂, CAS (12033)].��� Mathis 1980: 9 ���11 [revision].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 251 [world catalog]. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners, especially P. bisetosa, by the following combination of characters: Medium-sized shore flies, body length 3.12���3.65 mm; subshiny dorsally, bluish green to green metallic luster. Head (Figs. 27���28): Mesofrons greenish blue, shiny; fronto-orbital areas dark brown, microtomentose to subshiny. Face densely microtomentose, grayish tank, dorsum of facial hump slightly darker than face, grayer; paravertical setae shorter than their distance apart; gena-to-eye ratio 0.30; eye ratio 0.64, height-to-length ratio 0.91; eye-width-to-face-length ratio 0.44. Thorax: Mesonotum (Fig. 29) with anterior area slightly microtomentose, becoming subshiny to shiny posteriorly; acrostichal setulae in 3���4 rows anteriorly, becoming irregular, 5���6 rows posteriorly. Mesopleuron with more subdued coloration than mesonotum, mostly olivaceous gray. Wing nearly transparent to faintly brown. Abdomen: Concolorous with mesonotum; digitiform lateral process of male tergite 5 elongate, acutely pointed apically; male sternite 5 (Fig. 34) broadly U-shaped with posteriorly extended arms oriented posteriorly, acutely pointed, anterior margin somewhat truncate, posterior margin moderately deeply emarginate. Male terminalia (Figs. 30���32): Surstylus in posterior view with base robustly developed, width 3 X apical width, thereafter abruptly narrowed with apical extension narrowly digitiform; medial triangular process less than half length of surstylar arm, not cleft apicomedially; gonite more or less triangular, sider basally, apical half tapered, apex digitiform, apex rounded. Female ventral receptacle as in Fig. 33 with large, mushroom-like operculum. MAP 5. Distribution map for Paracoenia wirthi Mathis. Type material. The holotype male is labeled ��� USA. CALIF. Inyo Co 1 mi N Tecopa Hot Spg 24 June 1974 [,] Wayne N. Mathis/ HOLOTYPE Paracoenia wirthi Mathis [red; 12033].��� Allotype and 21 paratypes (7 ♂, 14 ♀; CAS, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. Other paratypes as listed in Mathis (1975: 78). The holotype male is double mounted (minute nadel), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the CAS (12033). Type locality. United States. California. Inyo: Tecopa Hot Springs (1.6 km N; 35 �� 52.7 'N, 116 �� 13.9 'W); HT ♂, CAS (12033). Other specimens examined. MEXICO. Baja California: Guadalupe Canyon (32 ��09.3'N, 115 �� 47.4 'W), 19 May 1957, F. X. Williams (1 ♂, 3 ♀; CAS). Distrito Federal: Mixquic, Chalco Lake (9 km NW; 19 �� 15.5 'N, 98 �� 58.6 'W), 1 Aug 1965, K. R. Valley (4 ♂, 16 ♀; CAS, USNM). Distribution (Map 5). Nearctic: United States (California). Neotropical: Mexico (Baja California, Distrito Federal). Remarks. This species is similar to P. bi s pi no s a but is slightly smaller in body length and less setulose. The ventral margin of the male sternite five is broadly U-shaped, and the connecting bridge is wide; the male tergite five is produced into an acutely pointed process; and the surstylus is more robustly developed basally, and the distal surstylar extensions are narrowly digitiform; the gonite is narrowed toward the apex, and the apex is digitiform, apically rounded., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 24-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Mathis, W. N. (1975) A systematic study of Coenia and Paracoenia (Diptera: Ephydridae). Great Basin Naturalist, 35 (1), 65 - 85.","Mathis, W. N. (1980) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), III: Revision of some Neotropical genera and species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 303, 1 - 50 + i - iv.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423."]}

9. Neoephydra dasycephala sp. nov. Figs. 50���52, Map 9 Diagnosis. Specimens of this species could easily be confused with those of either congener of this species group but may be distinguished by the following characters: larger, body length up to 5.00 mm; legs mostly grayish green, densely microtomentose, but with ventral surface of at least hindtibia somewhat rufous; medial portion of scutum brown, mostly microtomentose, subshiny vittae less distinct, as in specimens of N. mallonota; and male terminalia with distinctive conformation. Moderately large shore flies, body length 4.30 ���5.00 mm (averaging 4.63 mm); grayish blue or grayish green to brown dorsally, progressively paler, grayer toward ventral surface. Head: Head ratio 0.57���0.60; frontal ratio 0.47���0.52; mesofrons with dark greenish blue, metallic luster, more or less densely pilose; ocellar triangle and lateral margins of frons mostly concolorous, microtomentose, brownish gray to charcoal gray, more charcoal colored toward anterior margins; area between fronto-orbital seta insertions and eye less microtomentose, grayish green, slightly subshiny, bare. Antenna unicolorous, microtomentose, blackish brown to black; aristal length equal to combined length of pedicel and basal flagellomere. Facial ratio 0.76-0.81; face densely microtomentose, dark brown dorsally, gradually paler ventrally, grayish tan to nearly white. Eye ratio 0.96���0.99; gena-to-eye ratio 0.62���0.66; gena very high, coloration pale tannish white anteriorly, darker posteriorly with some faint grayish green or grayish blue tinges. Thorax: Mostly microtomentose; scutum brown medially with paler, grayish blue margins, but with some faint, subshiny vittae. Anterior margin with 2 distinct, subshiny brown vittae which become grayer and duller from transverse suture backward; area laterad and mediad of subshiny anterior vittae darker brown, subshiny, and fused posteriorly; gray microtomentose lateral margins particularly evident from humeral callus posteriorly through notopleural region, more bluish and slightly subshiny posteriorly; dorsum of scutellum concolorous with posteriormost portion of scutum, subshiny with metallic brownish blue luster; lateral and apical margins grayish blue, duller; anepisternum brown along dorsal margin, gradually grayer toward ventral margin; other pleural areas mostly grayish tan, unicolorous. Wing mostly hyaline or with faint, grayish brown coloration; costal vein ratio 0.39���0.41; M vein ratio 0.89���0.92. Coxae grayish white to silvery; femora generally grayish green, densely microtomentose, concolorous; tibiae concolorous with femora but some specimens with rufous coloration on ventral surface, especially on hindleg; tarsi grayish black in freshly emerged specimens, paler, rufous in older specimens. MAP 9. Distribution map for Neoephydra dasycephala sp. nov. Abdomen: Unicolorous, microtomentose to subshiny, grayish green or grayish blue, often with some faint golden, metallic luster when viewed from posteroblique angle. Tergite 5 (Fig. 50) of male forming equilateral triangle. Male terminalia (Figs. 50���51): margins of epandrium from posterior view enlarged toward middle, with lateral prominences at juncture of surstyli with ventral margin of epandrium; posterior surstylar processes closely opposed basally, divergent apically; 2 other pairs of lateral, surstylar processes, basal pair with convergent orientation; aedeagus long, slender, crescent-shaped, tapered gradually to apex; phallapodeme well developed, almost as wide as long. Type material. The holotype male is labeled ��� 18 X 1965 [18 Oct 1965] Pusi [15 �� 26 'S, 69 �� 56 'W], PUNO PERU 250 Coll. J. C. Hitchcock, Jr./♂/ HOLOTYPE ♂ Neoephydra dasycephala Mathis USNM [red].��� The holotype is directly pinned, is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM. The allotype female and 10 paratypes (7 ♂, 3 ♀; USNM) bear the same locality label data as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: ARGENTINA. Jujuy: Cangrejillos (S La Quiaca; 22 �� 25 'S, 65 �� 34 'W; 3500 m), 28 Oct 1968, L. E. Pe��a (1 ♂; CNC); Santa Catalina (22 ��05'S, 66 �� 18 'W; 3700 m), 25 Oct 1968, L. E. Pe��a (1 ♂; CNC). Type locality. Peru. Puno: Pusi (15 �� 26 'S, 69 �� 56 'W). Distribution (Map 9). Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy), Peru (Puno), between 15 ����� 23 ��S and 65 ����� 70 ��W. Etymology. The specific epithet, dasycephala, is of Greek derivation and is the combination of the adjective dasy, meaning hairy or shaggy, and the noun cephala, meaning head, in allusion to the dense pilosity over much of the body, particularly the head. Remarks. Although we used colorational characters in the key to distinguish this species from N. mallonota, they may be difficult to interpret without reference to accurately determined material. As a further complication, facial coloration often varies considerably intraspecifically, although trends are evident for each species, as indicated in the key and descriptions. When identification of a specimen is doubtful, structures of the male terminalia should be examined. Unassociated female specimens will perhaps not be identifiable in some cases. 10. Neoephydra mallonota sp. nov. Figs. 53���57, Map 10 Diagnosis. Specimens of N. mallonota may be distinguished from those of similar congeners of this species group by their generally darker appearance, especially the darker scutum and legs, and by the distinctive conformation of the male terminalia. Moderately large shore flies, body length 4.00��� 4.30 mm (averaging 4.16 mm); with brown to dull greenish blue coloration dorsally, becoming paler and grayer ventrally. Head (Fig. 53): Head ratio 0.59���0.61; frontal ratio 0.43���0.46; mesofrons with dark greenish blue to blackish blue metallic luster, densely pilose (best seen in profile); ocellar triangle and parafrons mostly concolorous, microtomentose; parafrons generally duller and more charcoal colored toward anterior margin but with a slightly subshiny, greenish blue vitta just mesad of larger fronto-orbital setae. Antenna microtomentose, mostly unicolorous, dark brown to black or with basal segments grayer. Facial ratio 0.81���0.83; face mostly dull, microtomentose, unicolorous, yellowish gray to grayish brown, frequently slightly paler in color ventrally. Eye ratio 0.98���1.02; gena-to-eye ratio 0.61���0.67; gena very wide, grayish white to silvery anteriorly, darker, more olivaceous to brown posteriorly, with some metallic although faint bluish green tinges. Thorax (Fig. 54): Microtomentose to subshiny; scutum mostly brownish to brownish blue but with faint, subshiny, darker vittae, 1 medial and 2 lateral pairs; anterior portion of scutum and lateral margins more microtomentose, becoming distinctly shiny posteriorly; lateral margins from postpronotum posteriorly through notopleural area duller, grayish blue to blue, darker, shinier posteriorly; dorsum of scutellum shiny, nearly concolorous with shiny mesofrons. Pleural areas mostly olivaceous gray, paler and grayer ventrally; anepisternum more brownish. Wing hyaline to very slightly infumate, pale brown; costal vein ratio 0.35���0.39; M vein ratio 0.85��� 0.88. Legs mostly unicolorous, densely microtomentose, greenish gray, gradually more charcoal colored apically; tibiae and tarsi unicolorous, charcoal gray. Abdomen: Dorsal surface mostly unicolorous, grayish blue to bluish brown, subshiny to shiny with some metallic, bluish green to greenish blue luster; anteromedial portion of each segment tinged with some brownish coloration, duller; tergite 5 of male wider basally than long. Male terminalia (Figs. 55���57): lateral margins of epandrium more or less parallel, lacking any widening where surstyli attach; posterior surstylar processes closely opposed basally, continued parallel to each other to apex; 1 additional pair of lateral processes, each with apical setae; internal genitalic structures generally reduced in size; aedeagus very slender, much longer than wide. Type material. The holotype male is labeled ��� Bolivia, La Paz, 2 May 1969, P & P Spangler [handwritten]/ HOLOTYPE ♂ Neoephydra mallonota Mathis USNM [red].��� The holotype is double mounted (minuten in a block of polyporus), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM (100212). Four paratypes (2 ♂, 2 ♀; USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: ARGENTINA. Jujuy: Cangrejillos (S La Quiaca; 22 �� 25 'S, 65 �� 34 'W; 3500 m), 28 Oct 1968, L. E. Pe��a (1 ♂, CNC). MAP 10. Distribution map for Neoephydra mallonota sp. nov. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Japo (18 km W; 17 �� 35 'S, 66 �� 56.2 'W; 4060 m), 23 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (15 ♂, 6 ♀; USNM); Lequepalca (1 km E; 1737.7 'S, 66 �� 57 'W; 3970 m), 26 Mar 2001, A. Freidberg, W. N. Mathis (22 ♂, 15 ♀; USNM). La Paz: El Alto (de La Paz; 16 �� 27.'S, 68 ��05.8'W; 45���4600 m), 28 Oct 1968, L. E. Pe��a (3 ♂, 2 ♀; CNC, USNM); El Alto (23 km S; 16 �� 42.7 'S, 68 �� 11.2 'W; 3860 m), 21 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (1 ♀; USNM). CHILE. Antofagasta: Mucar (23 �� 20 'S on Argentine border; 4000���4100 m), 12���16 Dec 1965, L. E. Pe��a (30 ♂, 37 ♀; CNC); Tumbre (E of Atacama Salt Lake; 23 �� 21 'S, 67 �� 48 'W; 3600���3800 m), 6���9 Dec 1965, L. E. Pe��a (1 ♀; CNC). Type locality. Argentina. Jujuy: Cangrejillos (S La Quiaca; 22 �� 25 'S, 65 �� 34 'W). Distribution (Map 10). Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy), Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz), and Chile (Antofagasta), between 17 ����� 27 ��S and 65 ����� 68 ��W. Etymology. The specific epithet, mallonota, is of Greek derivation and is a combination of mallo, meaning wool, and nota, meaning the back, in allusion to the abundant pilosity on the scutum. Remarks. Our comments concerning the identification of N. dasycephala apply here also. 11. Neoephydra shewelli sp. nov. Figs. 58���60, Map 11 Diagnosis. This is the most distinctive species of the dasycephala group and specimens are easily distinguished from those of related congeners by the following characters: general coloration paler, especially the tibiae and tarsi; size smaller; structures of the male terminalia very distinctive. Medium-sized shore flies, body length 3.50���3.80 mm (averaging 3.66 mm); generally microtomentose, dull, pale greenish gray to slightly orange tan, abdomen less microtomentose, subshiny. Head: Head ratio 0.56���0.58; frontal ratio 0.49���0.53, mesofrons with metallic bronzish green luster; ocellar triangle and posterior portion of a parafrons microtomentose, concolorous, orangish tan, becoming gray to charcoal gray anteriorly; thin strip of parafrons adjacent to dorsal margin of eye tannish gray to white. Antenna microtomentose, mostly unicolorous, grayish brown to grayish black, sometimes becoming paler, grayer basally. Facial ratio 0.83���0.87; face, including antennal groove mostly dull, microtomentose, unicolorous, brown to pale yellowish tan but frequently becoming paler in color ventrally. Eye ratio 0.89���0.93; gena-to-eye ratio 0.57���0.60; gena very high, mostly grayish white to silvery anteriorly, becoming darker, tinged with pale greenish gray to tan coloration posteriorly. Thorax: Generally microtomentose, brown to brownish gray; scutum mostly pale bronzish tan, more microtomentose and grayer anteriorly and laterally, subshiny and darker posteriorly, with very faint metallic vittae, 1 medial and 2 lateral pairs, vittae more evident posteriorly; dorsum of scutellum shiny anteromedially, with metallic bronze luster nearly concolorous with shiny mesofrons. Pleural areas more or less unicolorous but with dorsal portion, especially anepisternum nearly concolorous with scutum, ventrally paler and grayer. Wing mostly infumate, pale brown; length 3.14���3.49 mm (averaging 3.31 mm); costal vein ratio 0.61���0.64; M vein ratio 0.85��� 0.88. Forecoxa pale brownish white to grayish white; femora microtomentose, very palely tinged with some green color but mostly gray; tibiae mostly concolorous, mostly pale orange but with some grayer and darker areas toward apices; tarsi with basal tarsomeres concolorous with apex of tibiae, other tarsomeres apically dark brown. Abdomen: Visible segments mostly concolorous, subshiny to shiny dorsally with metallic green to bronzish green luster, more microtomentose, grayer toward lateral and posterior margins. Male terminalia (Figs. 58���60): epandrium parallel sided; basal portion of fused surstyli wide, narrowed more or less abruptly; posterior surstylar processes more widely separated basally, becoming slightly divergent apically; 1 pair of lateral processes, each bearing rather stout setae apically; phallapodeme evenly rounded along outer margin, wide; aedeagus thick over most of length, medial margin sinuate. Type material. The holotype male is labeled ��� PERU. Cuzco: Quispicamchis [sic, Quispicanchi], Huarcapay, 2900m, 1 Sep 1988, WNMathis/ HOLOTYPE ♂ Neoephydra shewelli Mathis USNM [red].��� The holotype is double mounted (minuten in a plastic elastomer block), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM. A male paratype (USNM) bears the same locality label data as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: ARGENTINA. Jujuy: Cangrejillos (S La Quiaca; 22 �� 25 'S, 65 �� 34 'W; 3500 m), 28 Oct 1968, L. E. Pe��a (1 ♂, 1 ♀; CNC, USNM); Cerrillos (22 �� 19 'S, 65 �� 49 'W; 3600 m), 31 Oct 1968, L. E. Pe��a (1 ♀; CNC); Coyaguayma (7 km S Mina Periquitas; 22 �� 46.7 'S, 66 �� 33.5 'W; 4100 m), 4 Nov 1968, L. E. Pe��a (6 ♂; CNC); Santa Catalina (22 ��05'S, 66 �� 18 'W; 3700 m), 25 Oct 1968, L. E. Pe��a (2 ♂, 1 ♀; CNC). BOLIVIA. Oruro: Paz��a (S of town; 18 �� 36.2 'S, 66 �� 54.7 'W; 3750 m), 22 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (2 ♂, 1 ♀; USNM). CHILE. Antofagasta: Mucar (on Argentina border; 23 �� 22 'S, 67 ��07'W; 4000���4100 m), 12���16 Dec 1965, L. E. Pe��a (2 ♂, 1 ♀; CNC). Type locality. Peru. Cuzco: Quispicanchi, Huarcapay (13 �� 38 'S, 71 �� 40 'W; 2900 m). Distribution (Map 11). Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy), Bolivia (Oruro), Chile (Antofagasta), and Peru (Cuzco), between 13 ����� 24 ��S and 65 ����� 72 ��W. Etymology. The specific epithet, shewelli, is a Latin genitive patronym, honoring Guy E. Shewell (deceased), who graciously loaned the specimens of the type series and who has contributed so much to our knowledge of the Diptera of the New World. MAP 11. Distribution map for Neoephydra shewelli sp. nov., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 37-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322

23. Neoephydra zurcheri (Hendel) Figs. 100���103, Map 23 Dimecoenia zurcheri Hendel 1933: 233.��� Oliveira 1954 a: 188 [list].��� Wirth 1968: 23 [Neotropical catalog].���Lizarralde de Grosso 1989: 58 [list, Argentina].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 240 [world catalog]. Neoephydra zurcheri.��� Mathis 2008: 10 [generic combination]. Dimecoenia coltaensis Cresson 1935: 353.��� Oliveira 1954 a: 188 [list].��� Wirth 1968: 23 [Neotropical catalog].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 239 [world catalog]. New synonym Neoephydra coltaensis.��� Mathis 2008: 10 [generic combination]. Dimecoenia carrerai Oliveira 1957: 305.��� Wirth 1968: 23 [Neotropical catalog].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 239 [world catalog]. New synonym Neoephydra carrerai.��� Mathis 2008: 10 [generic combination]. Diagnosis. Specimens of N. zurcheri are distinguished from similar congeners of the araucaria group by the following characters: appearance generally dark, particularly the legs; face moderately setose; gena moderately high to high; and structures of male terminalia with distinctive conformation. Moderately large shore flies, body length 4.30���4.60 mm; generally dull, grayish blue brown to gray, somewhat subshiny dorsally. Head: Head ratio 0.66���0.70; frontal ratio 0.42���0.47; mesofrons with dark, blackish blue, metallic luster, pilose laterally; ocellar triangle and parafrons nearly concolorous, microtomentose, brownish gray to charcoal gray; parafrons becoming more charcoal colored anteriorly; fronto-orbits with narrow strip through insertions of frontoorbital setae subshiny, with slight metallic luster, concolorous with mesofrons; number of fronto-orbital setae usually 2, sometimes with a 3 rd pair of large setae posterior to other setae. Antenna mostly concolorous, dark, blackish brown. Facial ratio 1.00��� 1.05; mostly moderately to densely setulose, particularly along oral margin and toward posteroventral portions of face; dorsum of interfoveal hump with subshiny area more or less concolorous with mesofrons, otherwise face densely microtomentose, grayish yellow to grayish brown, slightly brownish dorsally, becoming gradually paler ventrally. Eye ratio 0.91���0.96; gena-to-eye ratio 0.50���0.53; gena high, coloration gray to whitish gray, but with faint tinges of olivaceous green. Thorax: Mostly microtomentose; scutum mostly brown, darker, subshiny to shiny posteriorly, anterior margin microtomentose, gray to bluish gray, subshiny luster, lateral margins of scutum microtomentose, grayish brown; pleural areas paler, more gray colored ventrally; anepisternum with central area and dorsal margin brownish; otherwise mostly gray; other pleural areas including coxae whitish gray, mostly concolorous. Wing length averaging 4.32���4.40 mm; mostly infuscate, brown; costal vein ratio 0.27���0.29; M vein ratio 0.76���0.78. Legs dark generally; femora dark bluish gray to gray, microtomentose, only slightly darker than ventral pleural areas; tibiae and tarsi darker than femora, more blackish, tarsi also dark, reddish yellow to blackish, nearly concolorous with tibiae. Abdomen: Generally microtomentose and unicolorous, grayish olivaceous green to gray, becoming paler toward lateral margins, some specimens with faint bluish tinges of metallic luster; ventral surface of tergites frequently whitish gray. Tergite 5 of male somewhat trapezoidal, truncate apically. Male terminalia (Figs. 100��� 103): margins of epandrium in posterior view shallowly pedunculate, slightly emarginate at ventral margin of cerci, rounded dorsally; surstyli in posterior view roughly forming isosceles triangle although posterior processes forming ventral angle narrowly separated, apices tapered to point; surstylus in lateral view with posterior process long, anterior margin irregular, posterior margin nearly straight, apex abruptly curved anteriorly at nearly a right angle, bluntly rounded apically, lateral process or prong short, about 1 / 3 length of posterior process, tapered, rounded apically, with several moderately long setulae at apex. Type material. The lectotype male of Dimecoenia zurcheri Hendel, here designated to stabilize and make more universal the use of this name, is labeled ��� Paraguay Sa[nta]. Trinidad X. 1914 [Oct 1914]/ 124 [red on white, handwritten]/Hendel det./ Typus [red]/ Dimecoenia zurcheri Hendel / LECTOTYPE Dimecoenia zurcheri Hendel ♂ [red, handwritten].��� Two male and three female paralectotypes (here designated) are labeled with the same locality and date data as the lectotype. The lectotype male and three paralectotypes (1 ♂, 2 ♀) are deposited in the DEI; a male and female paralectotype are in the NMW. Hendel's original description does not state how many specimens were in the syntype series. We have examined the six specimens listed above, each of which was reared. Four have their puparium pinned below the adult, and all of the adults are teneral. The abdomen of one of the paralectotypes was removed and dissected; the structures are in an attached microvial. The holotype male of Dimecoenia coltaensis is labeled ���Colta Ecua[dor. Chimborazo: Colta (1 �� 43.6 'S, 78 �� 46 'W)] 3280 ft./F Campos Collector/♂/ Type No. 51100 U.S. N.M. [red]/ TYPE No. Dimecoenia coltaensis E. T. Cresson, Jr, [red].��� The holotype, allotype, and one female paratype are deposited in the USNM (51100). The holotype is directly pinned and appears to have a pale coating of precipitate, which probably resulted from being collected or stored in alcohol before being mounted on the pin. Cresson's original description also lists two male and three female paratopotypes. Cresson labeled one of the latter females with a pink allotype label. The presumed holotype male of Dimecoenia carrerai is labeled ���SAO PAULO, (de) Guaruja, M. Carrera I- 942 / 60.294.��� We are assuming that the specimen indicated here is the holotype despite a discrepancy in the collection number. Oliveira (1957) cited the collection number to be ��� 60 293 ��� and the female to be ��� 60 295.��� Either the original citation is in error or the specimen sent for study is not the holotype. We have inquired regarding the latter possibility and have been assured that the specimen sent to us is the only one in their collection. The holotype is in the IOC. Type locality. Paraguay. Itap��a: Trinidad (27 ��07'S, 55 �� 47 'W). Additional specimens examined. ARGENTINA. Catamarca: Yunka Suma (5 km N Aconquija; 27 �� 13 'S, 66 ��08'W), 2 Oct 1968, L. E. Pe��a (7 ♂, 20 ♀; CNC). Tucum��n: El Tala (14 km S; 28 �� 30 'S, 65 �� 48 'W; 700 m), 13���14 Oct 1968, L. E. Pe��a (1 ♀; CNC); Finca La Cavera (Taf�� Viejo; 26 �� 45 'S, 65 �� 16 'W), 23���28 Nov 1951, M. L. Aczel, R. Golbach (17 ♂, 29 ♀; USNM); San Pedro de Colalao (26 �� 14 'S, 65 �� 29 'W), 14 Oct 1968, L. E. Pe��a (1 ♂, 2 ♀; CNC). BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Cochabamba (16 �� 23.3 'S, 66 ��07'W; 2610 m), 25 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (13 ♂, 1 ♀; USNM). La Paz: La Paz (near museum; 16 �� 32.5 'S, 68 ��04.3'W; 3360 m), 20 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (30 ♂, 11 ♀; USNM). BRAZIL. Paran��: Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paran��, Reserva Biol��gica (25 �� 26.9 'S, 49 �� 14 'W; 915 m), 4 Jan 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 ♂, 4 ♀; UFPR, USNM); Prainha (5 km S Matinhos; 25 �� 51.2 'S, 48 �� 33.6 'W; beach), 15 Nov 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (2 ♂, 3 ♀; DZUP, USNM). Rio Grande do Sul: Torres (29 �� 21 'S, 49 �� 44 'W), Jun 1965, N. Papavero (35 ♂, 24 ♀; MZUSP, USNM). Santa Catarina: Imbituba, praia de Itapirub�� (), Feb 2010, J. C. Almeida (16 ♂, 2 ♀; MZUSP). Distribution (Map 23). Neotropical: Argentina (Catamarca, Tucum��n), Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz), Brazil (Paran��, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, S��o Paulo), Ecuador (Chimborazo), Paraguay (Itap��a). Remarks. This species is closely related to N. ciligena but is distinguished from the latter by the external characters and features of the male terminalia as noted in the description. MAP 23. Distribution map for Neoephydra zurcheri (Hendel)., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 72-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Hendel, F. (1933) Von Dr. Zurcher in den Jahren 1913 - 1918 in Paraguay gesammelte acalyptrate Dipteren. Revista de Entomologia, 3 (2), 213 - 224.","Oliveira, S. J. de (1954 a) Contribuicao para o conhecimento do genero \" Dimecoenia \" Cresson, 1916. I. \" Dimecoenia lenti \" sp. nov. encontrada no Chile (Diptera, Ephydridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14 (2), 187 - 194.","Wirth, W. W. (1968) 77. Family Ephydridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 43.","Lizarralde de Grosso, M. S. (1989) Ephydridae de la Republica de Argentina (Insecta - Diptera). Serie Monografica y Didactica No. 3. Faculdad de Ciencias Naturales y Instituto Miguel Lillo Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, San Miguel de Tucuman, 93 pp.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423.","Mathis, W. N. (2008) Two new neotropical genera of the shore-fly tribe Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa, 1874, 1 - 15.","Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1935) Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 61, 345 - 372.","Oliveira, S. J. de (1957) Contribuicao para o conhecimento do genero \" Dimecoenia \" Cresson, (1916. III. Sobre uma especie nova do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil (Diptera, Ephydridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 17 (3), 305 - 308."]}

Genus Paraephydra Mathis Paraephydra Mathis 2008: 4 [type species: Ephydrella freitasi Oliveira 1954, original designation]. Diagnosis. Paraephydra is distinguished from other genera of Ephydrini by the following combination of characters: Moderately small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 2.40���3.80 mm; setation normally developed, not generally appearing pilose. Head: Mesofrons shiny, with metallic luster, differentiated from microtomentose parafrons; cruciate interfrontal setae l; lateroclinate, fronto-orbital setae 2; antennal groove distinct but not deeply impressed; basal flagellomere lacking large seta inserted on lateral surface; arista as long or slightly longer than combined length of 1 st 3 antennal segments, gradually tapered from base to apex, with subpectinate, dorsally branching rays on basal 2 / 3; postocular setae normally developed, not conspicuous; larger facial setae extended from interfoveal hump with 1���2, distinctly porrect to anaclinate. Thorax: Females with 1 prescutellar, acrostichal setae; dorsocentral setae 4 (1 + 3), all well developed; supraalar seta present; presutural supra-alar seta lacking; intrapostalar seta either weakly developed or lacking; disc of scutellum concolorous with posterior portion of scutum; females lacking dense patch of setae between posterior 2 dorsocentral setae. Hindtibia with apical, anteroventral seta, length equal to or larger than width of tibia at widest point. Abdomen: Female ventral receptacle with operculum flat, disc-like. Male terminalia: symmetrical; epandrium longer than wide, narrowed ventrally, fused almost imperceptibly with base of united surstyli; surstyli fused medially except at near apex; posterior surstylar process only slightly longer than lateral process; both processes apical; gonite, hypandrium, and apparently aedeagus fused to form 1 compact structure, curved anteriorly, wide basally, tapered to rounded apex. Distribution. Neotropical; widespread but scarce, from Puerto Rico south through Brazil to Chile. None of the congeners is known to be sympatric. Natural history. Like other ephydrines, Paraephydra occurs in wetlands. In southern Chile (Osorno Province), we collected specimens of P. stauros in a sedge meadow near the margins of small but apparently permanent ponds. Nothing is known about the immature stages or the microhabitat of the genus. Discussion. Paraephydra is proposed to accommodate two closely related species, P. freitasi (Oliveira) and P. stauros Mathis. See ���Remarks��� section under P. f re i t as i for further comments on the classificatory history and placement of that species. Sexual dimorphism is evident in the chaetotaxy of Paraephydra. Females, unlike males, have a prescutellar acrostichal seta that is larger than other acrostichal setulae. Based on this character, Oliveira (1954 c) described P. freitasi in the genus Ephydrella, as that genus, unlike Dimecoenia, sensu Neotropical species, lacks these setae., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Mathis, W. N. (2008) Two new neotropical genera of the shore-fly tribe Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa, 1874, 1 - 15.","Oliveira, S. J. de (1954 c) Sobre a presenca do genero \" Ephydrella \" Tonnoir and Malloch, (1926, na regiao neotropica, com descricao de uma nova especie (Diptera: Ephydridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14 (3), 291 - 294."]}

The riparia group Species Included: Ephydra packardi Wirth. Diagnosis. This species group is distinguished from others of the genus Ephydra by the following characters: General coloration more or less shiny, greenish to olive brown. Thorax: Acrostichal setae in 4���5 irregular rows; tarsal claws generally not much over half length of tarsomere 5. Abdomen: Aedeagus with a well developed, recurved basal process and with a wrinkled, membranous gland attached to anterior side of straight distal portion; gonite short, broad, and with a distinctive distal hook or pointed process; surstyli generally with a distinctive longitudinal carina. Distribution. Old World. Northern Europe (Sweden) to northern Africa (Canary Islands, Algeria) eastward through Russia and southern Asia (Turkey, Iran) to Japan and China. New World. North America from Alaska (Fairbanks) to Nova Scotia (Baddeck), south to Baja California, northern Mexico, Louisiana, and North Carolina. Remarks. In North America this species group comprises six species (Wirth 1971), with only E. packardi being represented below the Mexican-United States border., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on page 90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1971) The brine flies of the genus Ephydra in North America (Diptera: Ephydridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64 (2), 357 - 377. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 64.2.357"]}

Genus Paracoenia Cresson Paracoenia Cresson 1935: 356. Type species: Coenia bisetosa Coquillett 1902, original designation.��� Wirth 1965: 755 ���756 [Nearctic catalog].��� Mathis 1975: 65 ���85 [revision of Nearctic species].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 250 ���252 [world catalog]. Diagnosis. Paracoenia is distinguished from other genera of the tribe Ephydrini by the following combination of characters: Small to large shore flies, body length 2.10���4.40 mm; dark colored and often with subshiny, metallic reflections. Head: Face projected, transversely arched; paravertical setae large, subequal to vertical setae. Thorax: Postpronotal seta distinct, at least 1 / 2 as long as posterior notopleural seta; dorsocentral setae 5 (1 + 4); scutellum with dorsum convex; prosternite bare. R stem vein bearing 1���2 setulae above, inserted beyond transverse septum. Pulvilli well developed; hindcoxa with row of setae posteriorly along ventral margin; tarsal claws short and distinctly curved. Abdomen: Male terminalia: Surstyli distinct as elongate, narrow, arm-like projections, projections oriented ventrally; a medial, triangular process between surstylar arms; gonite (sometimes called hypandrial process) well developed, sheathing aedeagus. Discussion. The lineage comprising Paracoenia and related genera is probably the sister group to the remaining taxa of Ephydrini. This lineage plus the remaining taxa of Ephydrini, as here delimited, is characterized by the following character states (some have become modified secondarily): 1. Number of dorsocentral setae: Although other genera of the subfamily Ephydrinae sometimes have five pairs of dorsocentral setae (e.g. Notiocoenia Mathis and Austrocoenia Wirth), the anterior pair (or pairs) is weakly developed. There are five welldeveloped pairs only in members of Ephydrini (the anterior pair is presutural; specimens of Cirrula gigantea have the anterior four pairs of dorsocentral setae weakly developed, a condition we interpret to be secondary). 2. Development of intrapostalar seta: In most species of the family, the intrapostalar seta is either lacking or is very much reduced, less than one-half the length of the postalar seta. In members of this lineage, the intrapostalar seta is frequently as long. 3. Setal vestiture of proepisternum: Throughout most of the family the proepisternum is bare of setae (although frequently it is thinly to densely microtomentose). In members of this lineage, there are numerous setulae that are generally conspicuously evident., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1935) Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 61, 345 - 372.","Coquillett, D. W. (1902) New Acalyptratae Diptera from North America. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 10 (4), 177 - 191.","Wirth, W. W. (1965) Ephydridae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Handbook 276. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 734 - 759.","Mathis, W. N. (1975) A systematic study of Coenia and Paracoenia (Diptera: Ephydridae). Great Basin Naturalist, 35 (1), 65 - 85.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423."]}

Key to species groups and species of Notiocoenia 1. Lateral vertical seta present, length subequal to medial vertical seta; postsutural, supra-alar seta either lacking or much reduced; arista at most macropubescent; postpronotum bearing 2–3 setulae; wing appearing dull, palely infuscate, 2 white spots on either side of crossvein dm-cu (the pollinosa group).................................... N. pollinosa Mathis - Lateral vertical seta lacking; postsutural, supra-alar seta present, length subequal to postalar seta; arista micropectinate, hair length about 1 / 2 height of basal flagellomere; postpronotum bare; wing appearing shiny, mostly hyaline, lacking white spots as above (the paniculata group)............................................................................ 2 2. Male 4 th abdominal sternite subrectangular, posterior margin truncate, setae at posterior margin slightly larger but not clumped; ventral margin of epandrium with conspicuous U-shaped medial emargination in posterior view; aedeagus more slender and with more distinct taper toward apex: gonite with acutely pointed process posteriorly........ N. acutella Mathis - Male 4 th abdominal sternite pentagonal, posterior margin shallowly pointed, with distinct clump of 15 or more larger setae near apex; ventral margin of epandrium lacking U-shaped medial emargination in posterior view; aedeagus with gradual taper throughout its length; gonite lacking pointed process along posterior margin....................... N. paniculata Mathis

Genus Ephydra Fall��n Ephydra Fall��n 1810: 22 [type species: Ephydra riparia Fall��n, by subsequent designation (Curtis 1832: plate 413)].��� Wirth 1968: 22 [catalog of South American species]; 1971: 357-377 [review of New World species, Figs. of male terminalia].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 240 ���247 [world catalog]. Diagnosis. Ephydra is distinguished from other genera of Ephydrini by the following characters: Head: Lateroclinate, fronto-orbital setae 3, well developed, subequal; development of cruciate, interfrontal setae variable, either with 1 well-developed pair or weak to lacking; basal flagellomere simple, lacking secondary seta inserted below arista on lateral surface; arista variable, subpectinate to macropubescent, if subpectinate, basal thickening extended about 1 / 3 of aristal length, if macropubescent, basal thickening extended over 1 / 2 of aristal length; antennal groove distinct but not deeply impressed. Thorax: Presutural supra-alar seta present, well developed; dorsocentral setae 5 (1 + 4); intrapostalar seta present; supra-alar seta present; disc of scutellum generally concolorous with posterior portion of scutum. Abdomen: Structures of male terminalia considerably modified depending on subgenus and species group (see appropriate diagnosis of subtaxon for further details). Female ventral receptacle with operculum small, trapezoidal in shape; extended process relatively large, C-shaped, length 2��� 3 X width of operculum. Distribution. Occurring primarily in temperate regions of the world as follows. New World. Widespread mostly in the Nearctic Region but extended into the northern Neotropical Region (12 ����� 65 ��N): Canada (just south of the Great Bear Lake), southward into Mexico (Oaxaca) and the West Indies (Dutch West Indies). Old World. Widespread, mostly in the Palearctic and Afrotropical (temperate) regions but extended into the northern Oriental Region: Norway to Japan, southward to the Canary Islands, South Africa, across southern Asia (Afghanistan, Iran, and Tibet) to Japan and China. Discussion. Wirth (1971, 1975) has provided an excellent revision of Ephydra on a worldwide basis, and his papers should be consulted for a more detailed discussion of the natural history and for identification of extralimital species. Our treatment is essentially a synopsis of Wirth's valuable study, although with some modification. Because Wirth borrowed and examined specimens from most major museums, we have not deemed it necessary to repeat that process. Consequently the ���Specimens Examined��� sections are omitted, and the reader is referred to Wirth's treatment for these data., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on page 87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Fallen, C. F. (1810) Specimen entomologicum novam Diptera disponendi methodum exhibens. Berlingianis, Lundae [= Lund], 26 pp.","Curtis, J. (1832) British Entomology; Being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured Figs. from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found. Vol. 9. E. Ellis and Company, Simpkin and Marshall, J. B. Bailliere, London, 44 pp.","Wirth, W. W. (1968) 77. Family Ephydridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 43.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423.","Wirth, W. W. (1971) The brine flies of the genus Ephydra in North America (Diptera: Ephydridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64 (2), 357 - 377. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 64.2.357","Wirth, W. W. (1975) A revision of the brine flies of the genus Ephydra of the Old World (Diptera: Ephydridae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 6 (1), 11 - 44. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631275 X 00325"]}

Key to Neotropical Genera and Subgenera of Scatellini Wirth and Stone 1. Lateroclinate fronto-orbital seta 0–1....................................................................... 2 - Lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae 2........................................................................ 3 2. Costa short, extended to vein R4+5........................................................... Scatophila Becker - Costa long, extended to vein M............................................................. Limnellia Malloch 3. Genal seta large, conspicuous. Wing usually with distinct to obscure pale spots (Scatella Robineau-Desvoidy)............ 4 - Genal seta greatly reduced or lacking. Wing without pale spots.................................. Haloscatella Mathis 4. Postsutural supra-alar seta subequal in length to postalar seta.......................... Scatella (Parascatella Cresson) - Postsutural supra-alar seta reduced, 1/2 length of postalar seta.................................................. 5 5. Dorsocentral setae 2 (0+2), anterior seta postsutural.......................................................... 6 - Dorsocentral setae 2–3 (1+1, 1+2), anterior seta presutural..................................................... 7 6. Wing generally darkly infuscate, with evident pattern of white spots; dorsum of scutellum bare; setae of midcoxa short; male midfemur lacking row of setae...................................... Scatella (Scatella Robineau-Desvoidy), in part - Wing lightly infuscate, faintly brown, but lacking pattern of white spots; dorsum of scutellum setose, more so toward lateral margins; midcoxa with row of long setae along anteroventral surface; male midfemur with row of 7–10 long, stout setae near middle of posteroventral surface, setae longer than width of femur...................... Scatella (Teichomyza Macquart) 7. Wing micropterous, subequal to length of hindbasitarsus; pedicel with spine-like, dorsal seta subequal to length of arista.................................................................................... Scatella (Synhoplos Lamb) - Wing stenopterous to macropterous, if reduced, much longer than length of hindbasitarsus; seta of pedicel if present much shorter, not more than 1/2 length of arista................................................................... 8 8. Only 1 well-developed acrostichal seta present, inserted at suture........................ Scatella (Neoscatella Malloch) - Acrostichal setae generally weak, short, continuing in a postsutural row to base of scutellum.......................................................................................... Scatella (Scatella Robineau-Desvoidy), in part

33. Setacera trichoscelis Mathis Figs. 146���150, Map 33 Setacera trichoscelis Mathis 1982 b: 53.��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 254 [world catalog]. Diagnosis. This species closely resembles S. pacifica (Cresson) and S. needhami Johannsen. The latter two, however, are known only from the Nearctic Region. Specimens of S. trichoscelis may be distinguished from those of either congener by the following characters: supraspiracular convexity shallowly rounded; tufts of hair near the apex of the mid- and hindtibiae well developed, as in members of S. needhami; and conformation of structures of male terminalia distinctive, particularly the shape of the fused surstyli. Medium-sized to moderately large shore flies, body length 3.20���4.20 mm; mostly subdued, microtomentose, pale brown to grayish green except for subshiny to shiny dorsum. Head (Fig. 146): Head ratio 0.70; frontal ratio 0.49; frons and fronto-orbits distinctly shiny with metallic blue to greenish blue luster; frons with sparsely scattered, hairs, appearing pilose; ocelli in isosceles triangle, distance between posterior pair shorter than between medial ocellus and either posterior ocellus. Antenna unicolorous, blackish brown, dull, microtomentose with grayish vestiture; basal flagellomere slightly longer than combined length of scape and pedicel; pedicel with some greenish color ventrally. Face mostly silvery white except dorsal shelf; antennal groove and interfoveal space with metallic luster similar in color to mesofrons; area immediately surrounding base of antenna with golden brown microtomentum; lower portion of face receding; facial angle approximately 90 �� from profile view; length of lower portion longer than distance between base of antenna to facial angle. Eye width-to-height ratio 0.92, oval, orientated at oblique angle to plane of epistoma. Gena wide, gena-to-eye ratio 0.43; concolorous with face, becoming duller posteriorly and with some grayish green to olivaceous coloration. Thorax (Fig. 147): Mesonotum mostly brown to greenish brown; anterior portion more subdued, microtomentose, grayish brown, darker posteriorly, shinier, metallic green; scutellum with mostly greenish to bronzish blue metallic luster shiny through darker brown vestiture. Anepisternum, anepimeron, and katepisternum mostly concolorous, grayish golden brown to olivaceous; forecoxa shiny gray; meron mostly gray to palely olivaceous in color. Femora mostly gray but with some bluish or pale brown coloration, becoming darker apically; tibiae mostly concolorous with femora but with less grayish coloration; tarsi yellowish orange but with some blackish coloration; legs of males with tufts of long hairs near apices of mid- and hindtibiae; posteroventral surface of midfemur with distinct row of setae which become larger toward base. Costal vein ratio 0.30; M vein ratio 0.83. MAP 33. Distribution map for Setacera trichoscelis Mathis. Abdomen: Dorsum mostly unicolorous, brown with metallic bluish green to green luster; tergite 1 more microtomentose, grayish, other tergites becoming darker and shinier posteriorly but not as dark as dorsum of scutellum. Tergite 5 of male longer than wide, nearly as long as combined length of tergites 3 and 4; lateral margins tapered gradually to subtruncate apex. Epandrium of male terminalia triangular, becoming wider toward venter; surstyli attached to ventral margin of epandrium, broadly fused to form subrectangular plate with ventrolateral, rounded processes; sternite 5 loosely attached to posteroventral corners of epandrium, anterior ends produced into gently-curved, well-sclerotized, sickle-like processes; see Figs. of terminalia for further details (Figs. 148���150). Type material. The holotype male is labeled ���Yaguarcocha, 3 km N. Ibarra, 1950 m, Imbabura, Ecuad[or], 8��� 9. VI. 65 [8���9 Jun 1965], L. Pena/ Holotype Setacera trichoscelis Mathis [red].��� Female allotype and 36 paratypes (10 ♂, 26 ♀) are labeled with same label data as the holotype. The holotype, allotype, and most of the paratypes are in the CNC (15239). Two pairs of male and female paratypes are in the USNM. Type locality. Ecuador. Imbabura. Yaguarcocha (3 km N Ibarra; 0�� 22 'S, 78 ��06'W). Additional specimens examined. ECUADOR. Imbabura: Laguna San Pablo (0�� 12.1 'S, 78 �� 14.1 'W), 28 Aug 1999, W. N. Mathis (7 ♂, 2 ♀; USNM). PERU. Lima: Lima, Laguna de Villa (12 ��00.2'S, 76 �� 38.3 'W), 14 Feb 1984, W. N. Mathis (9 ♂, 5 ♀; USNM). Distribution (Map 33): Neotropical: Ecuador (Imbabura). Peru (Lima). Remarks. This species is similar and apparently closely related to S. pilicornis and reference to structures of the male terminalia may be needed to distinguish between them., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 105-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Mathis, W. N. (1982 b) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), VII: Revision of the genus Setacera Cresson. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 350, 1 - 57 + i - iv.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423."]}

19. Neoephydra penai sp. nov. Figs. 85–87, Map 19 Diagnosis. Specimens of N. penai are distinguished from similar congeners of the araucaria group by the following characters: appearance generally dark, particularly the legs; face moderately setose; gena moderately short; and structures of male terminalia with distinctive conformation. Medium-sized to moderately large shore flies, body length 3.90–4.10 mm; generally dull, grayish brown to gray with some subshiny areas dorsally. Head: Head ratio 0.65–0.71; frontal ratio 0.52–0.55; mesofrons with dark brownish green, metallic luster, generally pilose; ocellar triangle and parafrons nearly concolorous, microtomentose, brownish gray to charcoal gray; parafrons becoming more charcoal colored anteriorly; fronto-orbits with narrow strip through insertions of fronto-orbital setae subshiny, with some faint metallic reflections; number of fronto-orbital setae 2. Antenna mostly concolorous, blackish brown. Facial ratio 1.0; mostly moderately setulose particularly along oral margin and toward posteroventral portions of face; dorsum of interfoveal hump with subshiny area more or less concolorous with mesofrons, otherwise face densely microtomentose, yellowish gray, gradually paler ventrally. Eye ratio 0.95– 0.97; gena-to-eye ratio 0.31–0.35; gena moderately short, coloration gray to whitish gray but with faint tinges of olivaceous green posteriorly. Thorax: Mostly microtomentose; mesonotum mostly brownish green, darker and subshiny posteriorly; anterior margin microtomentose, gray to bluish gray; pleural areas paler, more gray to faintly bluish or greenish gray ventrally; anepisternum with dorsal margin faintly brownish, otherwise faintly bluish gray; other pleural areas including coxae mostly whitish to bluish gray, concolorous. Wing length averaging 3.10–3.21 mm; mostly faintly infuscate, palely grayish brown; costal vein ratio 0.27–0.29; M vein ratio 0.74–0.77. Legs dark generally; femora gray, microtomentose, only slightly darker than ventral pleural areas; tibiae and tarsi, mostly reddish yellow, thinly microtomentose. Abdomen: Generally microtomentose and unicolorous, grayish olivaceous green to gray, becoming paler toward lateral margins, some specimens with faint bluish tinges of metallic luster; ventral surface of tergites frequently whitish gray. Fifth tergite of male somewhat trapezoidal, truncate apically. Male terminalia (Figs. 85– 87): margins of epandrium in posterior view very gradually narrowed posteriorly, rounded dorsally; surstyli in posterior view as 2 moderately robust, digitiform processes, with narrow but distinct gap between, lateral margins slightly concave; surstylus in lateral view with short, blunt, lateral prong at basal 1 / 3, lateral prong bearing robust tuft of long setulae, extended surstylar process robustly elongate, curved subapically, generally digitiform process. Type material. The holotype male is labeled “Vegas del Flaco Talca, CHILE. 29. XI. 1957 [29 Nov 1957] L. E. Peña./ HOLOTYPE Neoephydra penai Mathis [red, handwritten].” The holotype is glued to the side of a pin, is in good condition (several setae are missing or are partially displaced), and is deposited in the CNC. The allotype female and one paratype (♂) are labeled with the same label data as the holotype. Type locality. Chile. Talca: Vegas del Flaco (34 ° 56 'S, 70 °02'W). Distribution (Map 19): Neotropical: Chile (Talca), Neoephydra penai is known only from the type locality. Etymology. The specific epithet, penai, is a genitive patronym to honor Mr. Luis E. Peña G., collector par excellence, facilitator and enthusiast of Chilean entomology, and friend. MAP 19. Distribution map for Neoephydra penai sp. nov.

30. Ephydra (Halephydra) gracilis Packard Figs. 130���132, Map 30 Ephydra gracilis Packard 1871: 105.��� Aldrich 1912: 78 [biology, description].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1990 b: 903 [revised status]; 1995: 243 [world catalog]. Ephydra cinerea Jones 1906: 159.��� Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954: 168 [distribution, notes, synonymy].���Wirth 1956: 19 [distribution in Bahamas]; 1968: 22 [Neotropical catalog]. Ephydra (Halephydra) cinerea.��� Wirth 1971: 371 ���374 [revision].��� Simpson 1976: 264 [description and Figs. of larva and puparium]. Diagnosis. This is the only known species of the subgenus Halephydra that is known to occur in the Caribbean basin and is distinguished by the following combination of characters: cruciate interfrontal setae weak or lacking; crossvein dm-cu forming acute angle with vein CuA 1; palpus relatively small; mesonotum strongly microtomentose, whitish gray. Medium-sized to moderately large shore flies, body length 3.00��� 4.60 mm; general coloration gray, often with some faint greenish or bluish gray. Head: Head ratio 0.71���0.75; frontal ratio 0.60���0.63; mesofrons with luster. Facial ratio 0.95 ���1.00. Eye ratio 0.93���0.96; gena-to-eye ratio 0.39���0.43; gena relatively high, concolorous with face. Thorax: Scutum (vestiture and coloration); scutellum (shape). Acrostichal setae; prescutellar area of female; anepisternum (setae along posterior margin). Wing length 2.10���3.20 mm; costal vein ratio 0.34���0.36; M vein ratio 0.65���0.69. Abdomen: Male terminalia (Figs. 130���132): As described under the subgenus. Type material. This species was originally described from puparia, and these have apparently been lost. Dr. Norman D. Woodley (personal communication) conducted a thorough search of the alcoholic collections at the Museum of Comparative Zoology and could not find the specimens of E. gracilis that Packard had studied. Specimens of E. gracilis were found that were collected in 1871 by a J. A. Allen, and Packard could have studied these. But as Mr. Allen is not one of the collectors Packard mentioned in the original description, these specimens cannot be considered as part of the type series. The lectotype male of Ephydra cinerea Jones (designated by Arnaud 1979: 349) is labeled ���♂/Redondo Los Angeles Co V- 23-98 [23 May 1898]/ 1169 / LectoTYPE Ephydra CINEREA Jones / 6 Ephydra [a manuscript name] n. sp./ Ephydra var gracilis Pack. det. Cresson 1919 / LECTOTYPE ♂ Ephydra cinerea Jones det 1974 PHArnaud & VFLee.��� The lectotype, allolectotype, and two paralectotypes are deposited in the CAS (4108). Type locality. United States. Utah. Salt Lake: Great Salt Lake (40 �� 45 'N, 112 �� 12.9 'W). Additional specimens examined. ANGUILLA. Prickly Pear Island (18 �� 20.5 'N, 63 �� 74.8 'W), 28 Mar 1958, J. F. G. Clarke (9 ♂, 15 ♀; USNM). Rendezvous Salt Pond (18 �� 10.8 'N, 63 ��06.7'W), 26 Mar 1992, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (17 ♂, 23 ♀; USNM). BAHAMAS. Exuma Cays: Staniel Cay (Staniard Cay; 24 �� 14 'N, 76 �� 26 'W), 13 Jan 1953, E. B. Hayden (50 ♂, 50 ♀; AMNH). CURA��AO. Koraal [Coral] Specht (3 km E Willemstad; 12 ��04.9'N, 68 �� 52.9 'W), 8���15 Feb 1987, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (3 ♂, 13 ♀; USNM). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Monte Cristi: Monte Cristi (19 �� 51.5 'N, 71 �� 31.5 'W; salt works), 18 May 1995, W. N. Mathis (3 ♂, 4 ♀; USNM). JAMAICA. Clarendon: Rocky Point (2 km S; near Jackson Bay Cave; black pale; 17 �� 44 'N, 77 �� 14 'W), 10 Dec 1975, G. F. Hevel (1 ♂; USNM). St. Thomas: Yallahs salt ponds (17 �� 51.8 'N, 76 �� 31 'W), 14 May 1996, D. and W. N. Mathis, H. Williams (9 ♂, 6 ♀; USNM). MEXICO. Baja California: Tijuana (72 km S; 30 �� 24 'N, 116 ��W), P. H. Arnaud, Jr. (ex; CAS). Baja California Sur: Isla del Carmen, Gulf of California (26 ��N, 111 ��08.6'W), 18���19 Jul 1984, S. E. Miller (1 ♂; USNM); Puerto Refugio (29 �� 39.9 'N, 11333.9 'W), Isla Angel de la Guardia, M. C. Van Duzee (ex; CAS); San Jos�� del Cabo (23 ��03'N, 109 �� 41 'W), A. E. Michelbacher, E. S. Ross (ex; CAS); Todos Santos (29 �� 30 'N, 114 �� 45 'W), C. Ewart, R. C. Dickson (ex; UCR). Guerrero: Acapulco (16 �� 50 'N, 99 �� 53 'W), J. Chillcott (ex; CNC). Nayarit: San Blas (22 �� 52 'N, 105 ��06'W), 3 Jul 1964, P. J. Spangler (1 ♂; USNM). Oaxaca: Tehuantepec (16 �� 20 'N, 95 �� 14 'W; at light trap), 15���23 Jul 1964, P. J. Spangler (1 ♂; USNM). Sinaloa: Mazatl��n (23 �� 13 'N, 106 �� 25 'W), 1���23 Jul 1963, 1964, P. J. Spangler (19 ♂, 27 ♀; USNM). Sonora: ��lamos (27 ��01.6'N, 10856.4 'W), P. H. Arnaud, Jr. (ex; CAS); Bah��a Kino (28 �� 47 'N, 111 �� 58 'W), P. H. Arnaud, E. S. Ross, D. Rentz (ex; CAS); Ciudad Obreg��n (27 �� 29 'N, 110 ��W; San Jose beach), H. Howden, Martin (; CNC); El Desemboque (29 �� 30 'N, 112 �� 23 'W), B. Malkin (ex; CAS); Rocky Point (Puerto Pe��asco; 31 �� 19.1 'N, 113 �� 32.2 'W), A. L. Melander (ex; CAS). NAVASSA ISLAND. ruins near Lulu Bay (18 �� 23.75 'N, 75 ��01.07'W; 22 m), 29 Jul 1998, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (1 ♂, 2 ♀; USNM). PUERTO RICO. Bah��a Salinas (beach; 17 �� 57.5 'N, 67 �� 12 'W), 20 Sep 1995, D. and W. N. Mathis (2 ♂; USNM). Ensenada (17 �� 58.2 'N, 66 �� 55.7 'W), Nov 1936, Martoreli, G. Wollcott (43 ♂, 51 ♀; USNM). Guanica (17 �� 59.3 'N, 66 �� 54.4 'W), 22 Jul 1952, F. S. Blanton (1 ♂, 2 ♀; USNM). R��o Grande (18 �� 21.1 'N, 65 �� 48.4 'W), 11���12 Mar 1964, S. M. Gaud, G. Rivera (2 ♂, 1 ♀; USNM). TRINIDAD. St. George: Chacachacare Island (10 �� 41 'N, 61 �� 46 'W), 29 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (17 ♂, 9 ♀; USNM). TURKS and CAICOS. Providenciales: Crystal Bay (near North West Point; 21 �� 50 'N, 72 �� 19 'W; sandy scrub forest), 31 Jan 1998, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (1 ♀; USNM). VIRGIN ISLANDS. St. John: Coral Bay (18 �� 20.9 'N, 64 �� 43 'W), 22 Jan 1963, P. J. Spangler, Muller (17 ♂, 20 ♀; USNM). Distribution (Map 30): Australasian/Oceanian: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu). Nearctic: United States (Arizona, California, Kansas, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Texas, Utah). Neotropical: Bahamas, Cura��ao, Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Guerrero, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Sonora), Trinidad, Turks and Caicos, West Indies (Anguilla, Dominican Republic, Dutch West Indies, Jamaica, Navassa Island, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands). Remarks. Our usage of the name E. gracilis, as the senior synonym for this species, reverses a trend established by Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) when they gave precedence to E. cinerea Jones and listed E. gracilis as a questionable synonym. Sturtevant and Wheeler argued, incorrectly paraphrasing Aldrich (1912), that Packard's description of the ���larva [sic, Packard described the puparium] does not agree with the present species--a point that we can confirm.��� we have reexamined the available data and have concluded that E. gracilis can indeed be recognized, and as this name has age priority we have recognized it as the senior synonym. Our argument is as follows. Packard's description of the puparium, although brief, does mention a few salient characters that are unique to this species. The respiratory tube is much longer than that of any other species, ���being as long as the body.��� The body is generally smaller and more slender, and the ���feet��� (prolegs) are more prominent. In addition, as Packard also noted, this species occurs abundantly around the Great Salt Lake. This combination of characters does describe this species adequately, and it is the most abundant species known to occur around the Great Salt Lake. Aldrich (1912: 79), contrary to Sturtevant and Wheeler's incorrect paraphrasing of his work, did not say that Packard's description ���does not agree with the present species.��� Instead, Aldrich noted the brevity of Packard's description and that the description was ���scarcely��� recognizable and unsatisfactory by the omission of a striking distinction (the basal filaments of the ���anal��� tube). Nevertheless, Aldrich concluded that ���it is certain that Packard was describing a strikingly small Ephydra common in Great Salt Lake, and there is but one species [E. gracilis], whether he [Packard] described it well or not.��� As we believe that the puparia Packard described can be recognized, and as E. gracilis has distinct age priority by over thirty years, we can only conclude that this species is recognized by the name its original describer gave, i.e., E. gracilis. MAP 30. Distribution map for Ephydra gracilis Packard., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 95-97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Packard, A. S. Jr. (1871) On insects inhabiting salt water. No. 2. American Journal of Science and Arts, 3 rd series, 1 (1 - 6), 100 - 110. [whole number 101] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 1.2.100","Aldrich, J. M. (1912) The biology of some western species of the dipterous genus Ephydra. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 20 (2), 77 - 99.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1990 b) Taxonomic notes on Ephydridae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 103 (4), 891 - 906.","Jones, B. J. (1906) Catalogue of the Ephydridae, with bibliography and description of new species. University of California Publications in Entomology, 1 (2), 153 - 198.","Sturtevant, A. H. & Wheeler, M. R. (1954) Synopses of Nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 79, 151 - 257.","Wirth, W. W. (1971) The brine flies of the genus Ephydra in North America (Diptera: Ephydridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64 (2), 357 - 377. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 64.2.357","Simpson, K. W. (1976) The mature larvae and puparia of Ephydra (Halephydra) cinerea Jones and Ephydra (Hydropyrus) hians Say (Diptera: Ephydridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78 (3), 263 - 269.","Arnaud, P. H. Jr. (1979) A catalog of the types of Diptera in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Myia, 1, 1 - 505 + i - v."]}

3. Notiocoenia paniculata Mathis Figs. 12���20, Map 3 Notiocoenia paniculata Mathis 1980: 15.��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 50 [world catalog]. Diagnosis. Specimens of this species very closely resemble those of N. acutella, and we can distinguish them confidently only by comparing structures of the male terminalia. The latter differ as follows: 4 th abdominal sternum pentagonal, posterior margin shallowly pointed and with distinct clump of 15 or more larger setae near apex; ventral margin of epandrium lacking U-shaped medial emargination in posterior view; aedeagus with gradual taper throughout its length; gonite lacking pointed process along posterior margin. Moderately small to moderately large shore flies, body length 2.91���4.17 mm; appearing dull, microtomentose; coloration mostly pale brown to brown; wing hyaline. Head (Figs. 12���13): Frons width-to-length ratio 0.31���0.34; coloration of frons uniform, slightly charcoalish brown. Antenna mostly brownish black to black, basal flagellomere of some specimens with rufous coloration posteroventrally along medial surface. Coloration of face nearly concolorous with mesonotum, slightly paler brown than frons; antennal fovea more grayish and with some greenish tinges. Eye height-to-width ratio 0.92���0.96; gena-to-eye ratio 0.18���0.20. Gena unicolorous, whitish gray. Thorax (Fig. 14): Mesonotum dull, rather densely microtomentose, pale brown anteriorly, becoming darker and shinier posteriorly, with a pair of whitish brown vittae laterad of acrostichal setae, extended posteriorly no farther than transverse suture, distinctiveness of vittae variable. Scutellum subshiny to shiny, darker colored than mesonotum, more blackish. Pleural areas paler brown than mesonotum, becoming generally paler ventrally; postpronotum, proepisternum, part of anepisternum, forecoxa, and katepisternum distinctly paler colored, brownish gray to whitish gray, otherwise pleural areas mostly unicolorous, brown to pale brown. Wing mostly hyaline, shiny; slight infuscation anteriorly and around crossvein dm-cu; costal vein ratio 0.13���0.15; M vein ratio 0.65���0.68. Legs rufous to orange, frequently with some infuscation; tarsi becoming blackish, toward apical tarsomere. Halter yellowish to yellowish orange, unicolorous. Abdomen (Fig. 15): Coloration nearly unicolorous, brownish black with some bluish hues, subshiny to shiny. Male sternite 4 pentagonal, posterior margin shallowly pointed and with distinct clump of 15 or more larger setae near apex. Male terminalia (Figs. 16���18): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 16) as an inverted U, more thinly developed dorsally, in lateral view (Fig. 17) dorsal arch of inverted U more thinly developed, thereafter ventrally in lateral view gradually becoming wider, widest at ventral 1 / 3, ventral 1 / 3 tapered to a rather bluntly rounded point, posterior margin shallowly arched, anterior margin nearly straight; ventral epandrial margin, which is probably the fused surstylus, truncate with a very shallow, wide emargination ventrally; cerci free in cercal cavity, not fused with epandrium, semihemispherical, wider ventrally; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 18) with gradual taper throughout length, very shallowly curved; gonite lacking pointed process along posterior margin. Female ventral receptacle as in Figs. 19���20. Type material. The holotype male is labeled ��� CHILE: Osorno Prov. [Termas de] Aguas Calientes (1 km SE) 530 m. elev. 7���8 Feb. 1978 WNMathis/ HOLOTYPE Notiocoenia paniculata Mathis [handwritten, red].��� The holotype specimen is double mounted (minute nadel), is in good condition, and the holotype, allotype, and paratypes from the type locality are in the USNM (76068). The allotype female and 16 paratypes (4 ♂, 12 ♀; USNM) bear the same locality label data as the holotype. Other paratypes as follows: CHILE: Antofagasta: Rinc��n El Arbol (24 �� 11.3 'S, 69 �� 31.3 'W), Oct. 1969, L. E. Pe��a (1 ♀; MZUSP). Concepci��n: Concepci��n (Parque Bot��nico Hualpen; 36 �� 48.9 'S, 73 �� 11 'W), Jan 1970, L. E. Pe��a (1 ♀; MZUSP). Coquimbo: Tilama, El Naranjo (32 ��05'S, 71 �� 10 'W), Oct 1967, L. E. Pe��a (16 ♂, 22 ♀; MZUSP). Palena: Camping Arrayanes (5 km NW Chait��n; 42 �� 53.8 'S, 72 �� 40.1 'W; Malaise trap), 21 Jan 1987, C. M. and O. S. Flint (1 ♂; USNM). Type locality. Chile. Osorno: Termas de Aguas Calientes (1 km SE; 40 �� 41 'S, 72 �� 21 'W; 530 m). Distribution (Map 3). Neotropical: Chile (Antofagasta, Concepci��n, Coquimbo, Osorno, Palena), foothills, between 24 ����� 42 ��S. MAP 3. Distribution map for Notiocoenia paniculata Mathis., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 17-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Mathis, W. N. (1980) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), III: Revision of some Neotropical genera and species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 303, 1 - 50 + i - iv.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423."]}

14. Neoephydra caesia (Wulp) Figs. 69���71, Map 14 Ephydra caesia Wulp 1883: 58. Dimecoenia caesia.��� Cresson 1931: 104 [generic combination; review]; 1935: 352 [review].��� Wirth 1968: 23 [Neotropical catalog].���Lizarralde de Grosso 1989: 58 [list, Argentina].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 238 ���239 [world catalog]. Neoephydra caesia.��� Mathis 2008: 10 [generic combination]. Diagnosis. Specimens of N. caesia are distinguished from similar congeners of the araucaria group by the following characters: appearance generally pale, particularly the legs; face moderately setose; gena moderately high; and structures of male terminalia with distinctive conformation. Moderately large to large shore flies, body length 4.20���5.50 mm; generally dull, grayish brown to gray with some subshiny areas dorsally. Head: Head ratio 0.65���0.68; frontal ratio 0.52���0.55; mesofrons with dark, blackish blue, metallic luster; ocellar triangle and parafrons nearly concolorous, microtomentose, brownish gray to charcoal gray; parafrons becoming more charcoal colored anteriorly; fronto-orbits with narrow strip through insertions of fronto-orbital setae subshiny, with some faint metallic luster; number of fronto-orbital setae 2. Antenna mostly concolorous, blackish brown. Facial ratio 0.86; mostly moderately setulose particularly along oral margin and toward posteroventral portions of face; dorsum of interfoveal hump with subshiny area more or less concolorous with mesofrons, otherwise face densely microtomentose, yellowish to palely brownish gray, gradually paler ventrally. Eye ratio 0.89���0.92; gena-to-eye ratio 0.39���0.41; gena moderately high, coloration gray to whitish gray but with faint tinges of olivaceous green posteriorly. Thorax: Mostly microtomentose; mesonotum mostly blackish blue, darker and subshinier posteriorly; anterior margin more microtomentose, especially postpronotum, gray to bluish gray; pleural areas paler, more gray to grayish white ventrally; anepisternum with dorsal and posterior margins faintly brownish, otherwise faintly bluish gray; other pleural areas including coxae mostly whitish gray, concolorous. Wing length averaging 3.95���4.30 mm; mostly very faintly infuscate, palely grayish brown; costal vein ratio 0.25���0.29; M vein ratio 0.75���0.79. Legs generally pale colored; femora mostly bare, reddish yellow, hindfemur thinly microtomentose, faintly bluish to olivaceous gray; tibiae and tarsi mostly concolorous, reddish yellow. Abdomen: Generally microtomentose and unicolorous, grayish olivaceous green to gray, becoming paler toward lateral margins, some specimens with faint bluish tinges of metallic luster; ventral surface of tergites frequently whitish gray. Tergite 5 of male somewhat trapezoidal, truncate apically. Male terminalia (Figs. 69���71): margins of epandrium in posterior view narrowed below level of cerci, rounded dorsally; surstyli in posterior view roughly forming isosceles triangle, longer than wide; surstylus in lateral view with posterior process tapered gradually to narrowly rounded apex; lateral process less than 1 / 2 length of posterior process, more or less parallel sided, narrow, with medioapical patch of long setulae. Type material. The neotype male of Ephydra caesia Wulp here designated is labeled ���Carhue, Buenos Aires/ Argentina Dec 16 1920 /A Wetmore Collector/♂/ NEOTYPE ♂ Ephydra caesia van der Wulp by W. N. Mathis USNM [red].��� The neotype is double mounted (glued to a paper point), is in good condition, and is deposited in the USNM. Nineteen paraneotypes (10 ♂, 9 ♀; USNM) bear the same locality label data as the neotype. Type locality. Argentina. Buenos Aires: Carhu�� (37 �� 11 'S, 62 �� 44 'W). MAP 14. Distribution map for Neoephydra caesia (Wulp). Additional specimens examined. ARGENTINA. Mendoza: R��o Desaguadero (33 �� 25 'S, 67 �� 11 'W), Nov 1972, M. L. de Grosso (4 ♂, 9 ♀; FML). Distribution (Map 14). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires, Mendoza). Remarks. Van der Wulp described this species from a single female specimen, which is automatically the holotype, but he also studied a topotypical male. That male, according to van der Wulp, was a paler variety of the species, being smaller, more metallic green, and with legs that are entirely brownish yellow. Because van der Wulp accorded this specimen varietal status, it cannot be considered as part of the type series. In the original description, van der Wulp stated that the holotype was collected in Argentina by Professor H. Weyenbergh, Jr. The unique specimen was apparently returned to Professor Weyenbergh in Argentina, and according to Horn and Kahle (1937: 301) all of Weyenbergh's collection was destroyed. Other holotypes apparently suffered a similar fate (Thompson 1974: 28). Thus, it seems likely that the holotype of Ephydra caesia was destroyed. When we began this study, we requested the holotype from the Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Amsterdam, through Dr. Theowald van Leeuwen. We were sent a ��� syntype ��� which was missing its abdomen. This specimen cannot be a syntype, as already noted, and although we cannot determine the sex of the specimen, it does match the brief description of the male ���variety,��� especially in the coloration of the legs, which are entirely brownish yellow rather than red to dark brown, the leg color of the female holotype. The specimen does bear a handwritten label, which reads ���Argenta Weyenb[ergh] [handwritten, pale yellow]/ Ephydra caesia [handwritten]/ SYNTYPE [red with black border near margin].��� Based on this evidence, we believe this specimen is the topotypical male variety that van der Wulp mentioned in the original description. It has no nomenclatural status, however. As no holotype is apparently extant and as the so-called male variety is neither identifiable nor has any nomenclatural status, we have designated a neotype (see ��� Type Material���)., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 50-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Wulp, F. M. van der (1883) Amerikaansche Diptera. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 26, 1 - 60.","Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1931) Ephydridae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. 6 (2). British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 85 - 116.","Wirth, W. W. (1968) 77. Family Ephydridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 43.","Lizarralde de Grosso, M. S. (1989) Ephydridae de la Republica de Argentina (Insecta - Diptera). Serie Monografica y Didactica No. 3. Faculdad de Ciencias Naturales y Instituto Miguel Lillo Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, San Miguel de Tucuman, 93 pp.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423.","Mathis, W. N. (2008) Two new neotropical genera of the shore-fly tribe Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa, 1874, 1 - 15.","Horn, W. & Kahle, I. (1937) Uber entomologische Sammlungen, Entomologen und Entomo-Museologie. Entomologische Beihefte aus Berlin-Dahlem, 4, 297 - 536.","Thompson, F. C. (1974) The genus Pterallastes Loew (Diptera: Syrphidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 82 (1), 15 - 29."]}

17. Neoephydra inca sp. nov. Figs. 79–81, Map 17 Diagnosis. Specimens of N. inca are distinguished from similar congeners of the araucaria group by the following characters: appearance generally dark, particularly the legs; face moderately setose; gena high; and structures of male terminalia with distinctive conformation. Medium-sized to moderately large shore flies, body length 3.30– 4.60 mm; generally dull, grayish brown to gray with some subshiny areas dorsally. Head: Head ratio 0.72–0.74; frontal ratio 0.49–0.53; mesofrons with dark bluish green to greenish metallic luster, generally pilose laterally; ocellar triangle and parafrons nearly concolorous, microtomentose, brownish gray to charcoal gray; parafrons becoming more charcoal colored anteriorly; fronto-orbits with narrow strip through insertions of fronto-orbital setae subshiny, with some faint metallic luster, number of fronto-orbital setae usually 2. Antenna mostly concolorous, blackish brown. Facial ratio 0.97–1.03; mostly moderately setulose particularly along oral margin and toward posteroventral portions of face; dorsum of interfoveal hump with subshiny area more or less concolorous with mesofrons, otherwise face densely microtomentose, grayish brown to gray, paler along oral margin. Eye ratio 0.97–0.98; gena-to-eye ratio 0.51–0.53; gena high, coloration gray to whitish gray but with faint tinges of olivaceous green to brown posteriorly. Thorax: Mostly microtomentose; scutum mostly brown, darker and subshinier posteriorly; anterior margin microtomentose, especially postpronotum, gray to brownish gray; pleural areas paler, more gray colored especially ventrally; anepisternum with central area, dorsal and sometimes posterior margins brownish, otherwise mostly gray; other pleural areas including coxae whitish gray, although lighter, whitish ventrally. Wing length averaging 3.83–3.96 mm; mostly palely infuscate, faintly brown; costal vein ratio 0.26–0.29; M vein ratio 0.76–0.80. Legs dark generally; femora gray, microtomentose, only slightly darker than ventral pleural areas; tibiae and tarsi mostly concolorous, reddish yellow. Abdomen: Generally microtomentose and unicolorous, grayish olivaceous green to gray, becoming paler toward lateral margins, some specimens with faint bluish tinges of metallic luster; ventral surface of tergites frequently whitish gray. Tergite 5 of male somewhat trapezoidal, truncate apically. Male terminalia (Figs. 79–81): margins of epandrium in posterior view parallel, rounded dorsally; surstyli in posterior view roughly forming isosceles triangle with an apical process; surstylus in lateral view basically rectangular with an apical, digitiform, short process and a longer lateral prong, length of lateral prong about equal to width of surstylus at base, lateral prong with sub-basal tuft of setulae, anterior margin between apical process and lateral prong shallowly produced, shallowly triangular. Type material. The holotype male is labeled “ PERU. Cuzco: Quispicamchis [sic, Quispicanchi], Huarcapay, 2900m, 1 Sep 1988, WNMathis/ HOLOTYPE ♂ Neoephydra inca Mathis USNM [red].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten in a plastic elastomer block), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM. The allotype female and 36 paratypes (36 ♂, 3 ♀) bear the same locality label as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: ARGENTINA. Jujuy: Abra Laite (85 km S Abra Pampa; 23 ° 12 'S, 65 ° 47 'W), 29 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (13 ♂, 5 ♀; CNC); Barrios (S La Quiaca; 22 ° 15 'S, 65 ° 32 'W; 3500 m), 31 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (1 ♀; CNC); Cajas (35 Km E La Quiaca; 22 ° 15 'S, 65 ° 18 'W; 3800 m), 24 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (10 ♂, 19 ♀; CNC, USNM); Cangrejillos (S La Quiaca; 22 ° 25 'S, 65 ° 34 'W; 3500 m), 28–29 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (44 ♂, 77 ♀; CNC, USNM); Cerrillos (22 ° 19 'S, 65 ° 49 'W; 3600 m), 31 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (34 ♂, 40 ♀; CNC, USNM); Cienagas (2 km SW; road to Pirquitas; 22 ° 41 'S, 66 ° 31 'W), 3 Nov 1968, L. E. Peña (1 ♀; CNC); Cienaguillas (22 °05'S, 65 ° 53 'W; 3650 m), 28 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (16 ♂, 13 ♀; CNC); La Quiaca (22 °06'S, 65 ° 37 'W; 3500 m), 23 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (1 ♂, 2 ♀; CNC); Lecho (32 km E La Quiaca; 22 ° 13 'S, 65 ° 27 'W), 4 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (11 ♂, 19 ♀; CNC, USNM); Río Cincel, S. L. Pozuelos (22 ° 22 'S, 66 °01'W; 3800 m), 3 Nov 1968, L. E. Peña (1 ♀; CNC); Río Seco (5 km S Santa Catalina; 22 °06'S, 66 ° 18 'W; 3500 m), 25 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (6 ♂, 5 ♀; CNC); Santa Catalina (22 °05'S, 66 ° 18 'W; 3700 m), 25 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (1 ♂, 1 ♀; CNC); Suripugio (22 ° 10 'S, 65 ° 22 'W), Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (4 ♂; CNC); Tilcara (12 km S; 22 ° 35 'S, 65 ° 22 'W; 2000 m), 23 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (8 ♂, 5 ♀; CNC); Yavi (2 km W; 22 °08'S, 65 ° 28 'W; 3400 m), 31 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (1 ♂, 2 ♀; CNC); Yavi Chico (22 km E La Quiaca; 22 °06'S, 65 ° 28 'W; 3500 m), 24 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (9 ♂, 19 ♀; CNC). Tucumán: San Miguel de Tucumán (30 km N; 26 ° 50 'S, 65 ° 13 'W; 700 m), 15 Oct 1968, L. E. Peña (1 ♀; CNC). BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Colomi (5 km E; 17 ° 17.9 'S, 65 ° 52.2 'W; 3370 m), 24 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (2 ♂; USNM); Japo (18 km W; 17 ° 35 'S, 66 ° 56.2 'W; 4060 m), 23 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (6 ♂, 1 ♀; USNM); Lequepalca (1 km E; 17 ° 37.7 'S, 66 ° 57 'W; 3970 m), 26 Mar 2001, A. Freidberg, W. N. Mathis (14 ♂, 3 ♀; USNM); Lequepalca (2 km W; 17 ° 37.7 'S, 66 ° 57 'W; 3970 m), 23 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (17 ♂, 5 ♀; USNM); Sacaba (20 km E; 17 ° 25.1 'S, 65 ° 53.9 'W; 3450 m), 24 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (1 ♂, 1 ♀; USNM). La Paz: El Alto (14 km S; 16 ° 40.1 'S, 68 ° 11 'W; 3900 m), 20 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (1 ♂; USNM); El Alto (23 km S; 16 ° 42.7 'S, 68 ° 11.2 'W; 3860 m), 21 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (1 ♀; USNM); Guaqui (Lake Titicaca; 16 ° 35.6 'S, 68 ° 51.2 'W; 3840 m), 28 Mar 2001, A. Freidberg, S. D. Gaimari, W. N. Mathis (17 ♂, 4 ♀; USNM); Guaqui (Lake Titicaca; 16 ° 35.6 'S, 68 ° 53.5 'W), 19 Apr 2001, A. L. Norrbom (2 ♀; USNM); Patacamaya (17 km NE; 17 °09.5'S, 67 ° 56.7 'W; 3800 m), 21 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (3 ♀; USNM); Tiahuanaco Ruins (16 ° 33.7 'S, 68 ° 40.7 'W; 3870 m), 28 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (4 ♂, 5 ♀; USNM). Oruro: Pazña (S of town; 18 ° 36.2 'S, 66 ° 54.7 'W; 3750 m), 22 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (17 ♂, 8 ♀; USNM). PERU. Puno: Pusi (15 ° 26 'S, 69 ° 56 'W), 18 Oct 1965, J. C. Hitchcock (2 ♂, 1 ♀; USNM). Type locality. Peru. Cuzco: Quispicanchi, Huarcapay (13 ° 38 'S, 71 ° 40 'W; 2900 m). Distribution (Map 17). Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy), Bolivia (Cochabama, La Paz, Oruro), and Peru (Cuzco, Puno), between 13 °– 26 °S and 65 °– 71 °W. MAP 17. Distribution map for Neoephydra inca sp. nov. Etymology. The specific epithet, inca, is taken from the general name of the Native Americans who frequent the area where this species is found and is a noun in apposition to the generic name.

Mathis, Wayne N., Marinoni, Luciane (2016): Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States. Zootaxa 4116 (1): 1-110, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1

24. Cirrula austrina (Coquillett) Figs. 104���110, Map 24 Ephydra austrina Coquillett 1900: 36.��� Aldrich 1905: 629 [Nearctic catalog]. Caenia [sic] virida Hine 1904: 65 [description].��� Cresson 1916: 152 [synonymy]. Ephydra viridis.��� Aldrich 1912: 101. Dimecoenia austrina.��� Cresson 1916: 152.��� Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954: 166 [review].��� Wirth and Stone 1956: 472 [review].��� Wirth 1965: 755 [Nearctic catalog].��� Steyskal 1970: 463 [review, Figs. of male and female terminalia]. Cirrula austrina.��� Mathis and Simpson 1981: 9 ���21 [revision, generic combination, Figs. of adult and immatures, natural history].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 236 [world catalog].��� Mathis 1997: 64 ���65 [review, Belize]. Diagnosis. This species is related and similar to C. gigantea Cresson but is distinguished by the following combination of characters: Moderately large to large shore flies, body length 4.80���6.80 mm; mostly dull, olivaceous to grayish brown, with subshiny to shiny areas on dorsum. Head: Lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae 2, well developed; cruciate interfrontal setae 1, long, over 2 / 3 length of arista, overlapping apically; parafrons brownish to brownish gray, microtomentose but not velvety; aristal rays slightly longer than aristal width at base; interfoveal hump distinctly projecting anteriorly; dorsum of face lacking patche(s) of long setae. Thorax: Dorsocentral setae 5 (1 + 4) well developed, subequal; presutural seta well developed, equal to or longer than anterior notopleural seta; lacking distinct prescutellar, acrostichal setae and presutural supra-alar setae. Hindfemur of male enlarged, swollen; hindtarsi of male shortened and bearing tufts of long hairs; legs generally dark; tarsi of foreleg normal, cylindrical, similar to those of midleg. Abdomen: Hypandrium evident as a well-sclerotized process; setae of epandrium around cercal cavity similar to other epandrial setae. Head (Figs. 104���105): Head ratio 0.58; frontal ratio 0.51; subquadrate mesofrons shiny with metallic olivaceous to greenish blue luster; cruciate interfrontal setae 1 pair, remainder of mesofrons with small inconspicuous setae; ocellar triangle and parafrons mostly concolorous, brownish gray, the latter becoming slightly darker anteriorly; ocelli in isosceles triangle, distance between posterior pair much less than between either posterior ocellus and medial ocellus; medial ocellus marking posterior extension of shallow depression; lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae 2 pairs; postocellar setae only moderately well developed; postocular setae more or the uniform in size. Antenna more or less unicolorous, brownish gray to charcoal gray; arista longer than combined length of 1 st 3 antennal segments gradually tapered to style-like apex; subpectinate dorsally just apicad of midpoint to near base. Facial ratio 0.73; interfoveal hump prominent, dorsum shiny, nearly concolorous with shiny mesofrons; antennal groove deeply impressed, more or less concolorous with remainder of face but less microtomentose and tending to be somewhat subshiny with very pale greenish blue luster; face olivaceous to argentous, darker dorsally; marginal facial setae larger, extended from interfoveal hump to posteroventral corner of face more or less uniformly, gently curved posteriorly; oral margin weakly emarginate toward midpoint. Eye ratio 1.2; gena-to-eye ratio 0.29; gena only moderately wide, mostly bare except for small setae paralleling parafacial suture, mostly concolorous with face, becoming darker and setulose posteriorly. Thorax (Fig. 106): Mesonotum generally subshiny, slightly darker and shinier posteriorly, with linear, microtomentose vittae between shiny ones, particularly evident anteriorly, color varying from grayish blue to metallic olivaceous green; acrostichal setae unseriated; dorsocentral setae 5. Pleural areas paler, more microtomentose than mesonotum, becoming paler, grayer toward venter. Legs generally dark colored, dull, microtomentose, mostly unicolorous, apices generally tawny; legs of males differing as follows (Fig. 107): hindfemur enlarged, swollen, particularly basal half; hindtibia with several long hairs on ventral surface near apex; hindtarsomeres generally shorter, slightly more swollen, bearing tufts if long on ventral surfaces, more pronounced on basal segments. Wing length averaging 4.76 mm; generally hyaline or very slightly infumate, grayish brown; costal vein ratio 0.19; M vein ratio 1.1; wing length-to-width ratio 0.40. Abdomen: Generally microtomentose, grayish blue to grayish brown, tergites darker anteriorly and along median, becoming more grayish blue toward posterior and lateral margins. Tergite 5 of male slightly longer than tergite 4, as wide as long. Male terminalia as follows (Figs. 109���110): epandrium more or less parallel sided in posterior view, somewhat flattened in profile, with anteroventral margin distinctly angulate; surstylus simple, long, slender process with apex slightly recurved; gonite almost as wide as long, narrowed apically to curved point; phallapodeme long, pointed ventrally, dorsal portion broad, curved posteriorly; aedeagus short, posteroventral corner acutely pointed; hypandrium with long anterior process, anterior portion broadly bifurcate and folded back on itself. Female ventral receptacle (Fig. 108) with operculum very large, as high as wide; extended process with small curved process on medial margin. MAP 24. Distribution map for Cirrula austrina (Coquillett). Type material. The lectotype male of Ephydra austrina (designated by Mathis and Simpson 1981: 9) is labeled ���Fl[orid]a./Collection, C. V. Riley/ Type No 4299 USNM [red].��� The lectotype is pinned directly, is in good condition (some setae of the head and thorax are missing, mesonotum cracked where pinned), and is deposited in the USNM (4299). Type locality. United States. Florida. Brevard: Georgiana (28 �� 17 'N, 80 �� 40.5 'W). The lectotype female of Caenia [sic] virida (designated by Mathis and Simpson 1981: 9) is labeled ���Brownsville, Texas, apr 12 may 20 / TYPE [red].��� The lectotype is deposited in the Ohio State University (Columbus); apparently it is the only extant specimen of the original syntype series. Hine's original description also indicated that Charles Dury collected the syntype series in 1903. Additional specimens examined. ANGUILLA. Sombrero Island (18 �� 35.2 'N, 63 �� 25.6 'W; freshwater pool), 9��� 13 Nov 1999, M. A. Ivie, J. B. Runyon (1 ♂, 1 ♀; USNM). BELIZE. Stann Creek District: Carrie Bow Cay (16 �� 47 'S, 88 ��04'W), Mar 1988, W. N. Mathis (1 ♂, 2 ♀; USNM); Stewart Cay (16 �� 46 'S, 88 ��09'W), Mar 1988, W. N. Mathis (1 ♀; USNM); Twin Cays (16 �� 49.8 'S, 88 ��06.1'W; Aanderaa Flats, West Pond), Mar 1988, W. N. Mathis (2 ♂, 19 ♀; USNM). CUBA. Hanana: Puerto Escondido (22 �� 57 'S, 82 �� 24 'W), 26 Apr 1983, W. N. Mathis (1 ♂; USNM). CAYMAN ISLANDS. Grand Cayman. Bodden Town (1.6 km E; 19 �� 17.5 'N, 81 �� 13.3 'W; Meagre Bay Pond), 29 Apr 1993, W. N. Mathis (11 ♂, 9 ♀; USNM); Hutland (1 km W; 19 �� 21 'N, 81 �� 13.3 'W), 29 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (1 ♀; USNM); Spotts (19 �� 16.5 'N, 81 �� 19.1 'W), 25 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (4 ♂, 8 ♀; USNM); North Sound, Bobby Cay (19 �� 18 'N, 81 �� 18 'W; light trap), 6 May 1938, C. B. Lewis, G. H. Thompson (2 ♂, 1 ♀; BMNH). Little Cayman. South Town (S coast; 19 �� 40 'N, 80 ��05.1'W), 30 May 1938, C. B. Lewis, G. H. Thompson (3 ♂, 7 ♀; BMNH). MEXICO. Nayarit: Isabel Island (21 �� 51 'N, 105 �� 53 'W), 24 May 1925, H. H. Keifer (7 ♂; USNM). Sonora: San Carlos Bay (27 �� 56 'N, 111 ��03'W), 8 Jul 1921, E. P. Van Duzee (1 ♀; USNM); San Jose Beach (40 mi SE Obregon; 27 �� 28 'N, 109 �� 56 'W), 18 May 1961, H. Howden, J. Martin (3 ♀; CNC). Distribution (Map 24): Nearctic: Bermuda, United States (California, Florida, Maryland, Texas Virginia). Neotropical: Belize, Mexico (Nayarit, Sonora), West Indies (Cuba, Cayman Islands, Sombrero). Natural history. Mathis and Simpson (1981) published a detailed report on the natural history of this species, and their study should be consulted for more complete details. They successfully reared specimens from several localities along the coast of Virginia and noted that immatures and adults reached their highest densities where the habitat was partially dried, leaving algal mats on firm ground. Adults were collected commonly by sweeping over these mats. Unlike the larvae of Dimecoenia spinosa, those of C. austrina have eight pairs of well-developed prolegs and the third-instar larva also has a dark transverse strap at the anteroventral margin of segment three., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 76-80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Coquillett, D. W. (1900) New genera and species of Ephydridae. The Canadian Entomologist, 32 (2), 33 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 3233 - 2","Aldrich, J. M. (1905) A catalogue of North American Diptera (or two-winged flies). Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 46 (1444), 1 - 680.","Hine, J. S. (1904) On Diptera of the family Ephydridae. The Ohio Naturalist, 4 (3), 63 - 65. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 19903","Cresson, E. T, Jr. (1916) Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. - III. Entomological News, 27 (4), 147 - 152.","Aldrich, J. M. (1912) The biology of some western species of the dipterous genus Ephydra. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 20 (2), 77 - 99.","Sturtevant, A. H. & Wheeler, M. R. (1954) Synopses of Nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 79, 151 - 257.","Wirth, W. W. & Stone, A. (1956) Chapter 14. Aquatic Diptera. In: Usinger, R. L. (Ed.), Aquatic Insects of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 372 - 482.","Wirth, W. W. (1965) Ephydridae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Handbook 276. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 734 - 759.","Steyskal, G. C. (1970) The species of the genus Dimecoenia (Diptera: Ephydridae) in America north of Panama, with the description of a new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63 (2), 462 - 465. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 63.2.462","Mathis, W. N. & Simpson, K. W. (1981) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), V: The genera Cirrula Cresson and Dimecoenia Cresson in North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 329, 1 - 51 + i - iv.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423.","Mathis, W. N. (1997) The shore flies of the Belizean Cays (Diptera: Ephydridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 592, i - vi + 1 - 77. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.592"]}

20. Neoephydra pravoneura (Hendel), New Combination Figs. 88���91, Map 20 Ephydra pravoneura Hendel 1930: 150. Dimecoenia pravoneura.��� Hendel 1933: 223 [generic combination].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 138 ���239 [world catalog, as a synonym of D. caesia]. Dimecoenia caesia in part of authors [misidentification], not van der Wulp 1883: 58.��� Cresson 1935: 352 [review].��� Oliveira 1954 a: 188 [list].��� Wirth 1968: 23 [Neotropical catalog].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 238 ���239 [world catalog]. Diagnosis. Specimens of N. pravoneura are distinguished from similar congeners of the araucaria group by the following characters: appearance generally dark, particularly the legs; face moderately setose; gena moderately short; and structures of male terminalia with distinctive conformation. Medium-sized to moderately large shore flies, body length 3.50���4.30 mm; generally dull, grayish brown to gray with some subshiny areas dorsally. Head: Head ratio 0.71���0.75; frontal ratio 0.52���0.55; mesofrons with dark, brassy, blackish blue to green, metallic luster; ocellar triangle and parafrons nearly concolorous, microtomentose, brownish gray to charcoal gray; parafrons becoming more charcoal colored anteriorly; fronto-orbits with narrow strip through insertions of frontoorbital setae subshiny, with some faint metallic luster; number of fronto-orbital setae 2. Antenna mostly concolorous, blackish brown. Facial ratio 0.89���0.92; mostly moderately setulose particularly along oral margin and toward posteroventral portions of face; dorsum of interfoveal hump with subshiny area more or less concolorous with mesofrons, otherwise face densely microtomentose, brownish gray to gray, gradually paler ventrally. Eye ratio 0.89���0.93; gena-to-eye ratio 0.28���0.32; gena moderately short, coloration gray to whitish gray but with faint tinges of olivaceous green. Thorax: Mostly microtomentose; mesonotum darker, mostly brassy brown, darker and subshinier posteriorly; anterior margin microtomentose, gray to bluish gray, subshiny luster concolorous with mesofrons; pleural areas paler, more gray colored ventrally; anepisternum either with central area and dorsal margin brownish and otherwise olivaceous to faintly bluish gray or mostly olivaceous to bluish gray; other pleural areas including coxae mostly whitish gray, concolorous. Wing length averaging 3.85���3.93 mm; mostly very palely infuscate, faintly grayish brown; costal vein ratio 0.20���0.25; M vein ratio 0.73���0.77. Legs dark generally; femora mostly gray, microtomentose, only slightly darker than ventral pleural areas; tibiae and tarsi reddish yellow, sometimes thinly microtomentose. Abdomen: Generally microtomentose and unicolorous, grayish olivaceous green to gray, becoming paler toward lateral margins, some specimens with faint bluish tinges of metallic luster; ventral surface of tergites frequently whitish gray. Tergite 5 of male somewhat trapezoidal, truncate apically. Male terminalia (Figs. 88���91): margins of epandrium in posterior view roughly parallel, tapered medially just before merger with surstyli, rounded dorsally; surstyli in posterior view roughly forming isosceles triangle, longer than wide, with apical half as 2, narrow, elongate processes with a narrow gap between; surstylus in lateral view twice as long as wide, robustly elongate, curved apically, tapered to a point, lateral prong elongate, length equal to width of base of surstylus, curved, bearing an apical, long tuft of setulae, wide gap from by lateral prong with setulae; lateral margin between lateral prong and apex of surstylus with shallowly produced and bearing short setulae. Type material. The lectotype male of Ephydra pravoneura Hendel, here designated to stabilize and make more universal the use of this name, is labeled ���Sierra Cordoba Arg[entina]. VII 25. Lind. D[eutschen]. Chaco- Exped [black border white label]/ Ephydra pravoneura Hend. ♂ [handwritten]/Coll. Hendel/ LECTOTYPE Ephydra pravoneura Hendel ♂ [red, handwritten].��� Both the lectotype and paralectotype are deposited in the NMW and are in excellent condition. One female paralectotype, here designated, bears the same label data as the lectotype except for the ♀ sex symbol and the paralectotype label. Both specimens are double mounted (minute nadel); the abdomen of the lectotype has been removed and dissected (total length before dissection 3.48 mm), the structures are in an attached microvial. MAP 20. Distribution map for Neoephydra pravoneura (Hendel). Type locality. Argentina. C��rdoba: C��rdoba (31 �� 24 'S, 64 �� 11 'W). Additional specimens examined. ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires: Bahia Blanca (38 �� 43 'S, 62 �� 17 'W), 12 Nov 1970, M. L. de Grosso (4 ♂, 3 ♀; FML); Baradero, Balneario Municipal (33 �� 47.8 'S, 59 �� 31.2 'W), 15 Dec 1979, C. M. and O. S. Flint, Jr. (1 ♀; USNM); Berisso (34 �� 52 'S, 57 �� 53 'W), 3 Feb 1970, M. L. de Grosso (9 ♂, 8 ♀; FML); Buenos Aires (34 �� 40 'S, 58 �� 24 'W), 11 Nov 1946, K. Hayward (3 ♂, 3 ♀; USNM); Chascom��s (1 km S; Cabeza de Vaca; 35 �� 35 'S, 58 ��01'W), 28 Nov 1979, C. M. and O. S. Flint, Jr. (6 ♂, 8 ♀; USNM); Chascom��s (N Arroyo Vitel; 35 �� 34 'S, 58 ��01'W), 27���28 Nov 1979, C. M. and O. S. Flint, Jr. (3 ♂, 1 ♀; USNM); General Gelly (3 km S Arroyo del Medio; 33 �� 36 'S, 60 �� 36 'W), 14 Dec 1979, C. M. and O. S. Flint, Jr. (1 ♀; USNM); Manuel J. Cobo (17 km NW Arroyo Las Encadenadas; 35 �� 51.9 'S, 57 �� 54 'W), 29 Nov 1979, C. M. and O. S. Flint, Jr. (3 ♀; USNM); M��danos (38 �� 50 'S, 62 �� 41 'W), 11 Nov 1946, K. Hayward (3 ♂, 11 ♀; USNM). Cordoba: INTA Experimental Station near Manfredi (31 �� 50 'S, 63 �� 45 'W), 7 Dec 1967, C. R. Ward (4 ♂, 4 ♀; USNM). Corrientes: Manantiales (27 �� 57 'S, 58 ��08'W), 7 Nov 1949, M. L. Aczel (1 ♂; USNM). Neuquen: Zapala (38 �� 54 'S, 70 ��04'W), 19���22 Dec 1946 (3 ♂, 1 ♀; USNM). Rio Negro: Pichi Mahiuda, R��o Colorado (39 �� 50 'S, 22 ��08'W), 14 Dec 1946, K. Hayward (3 ♂, 6 ♀; USNM). BRAZIL. Paran��: Bocai��va do Sul (ca. 10 km NW; 25 �� 14.9 'S, 49 ��08.9'W; 890 m), 2���4 Nov 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 ♀; USNM); Prainha (5 km S Matinhos; 25 �� 51.2 'S, 48 �� 33.6 'W; beach), 15 Nov 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (2 ♂, 2 ♀; DZUP, USNM); Rio Mae Catira, Serra do Mar (25 �� 21.8 'S, 48 �� 52.6 'W), 29 Aug 2000, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 ♂; USNM). Rio Grande do Sul: Pelotas (31 �� 40 'S, 52 �� 20 'W), C. Biezanko (1 ♂, AMNH). BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Cochabamba (16 �� 23.3 'S, 66 ��07'W), Apr 1965, T. Steinbach (11 ♂, 16 ♀; USNM); Cochabamba (17 �� 23.3 'S, 66 ��07'W; 2610 m), 25 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (1 ♂, 1 ♀; USNM); Parotani (17 �� 34 'S, 66 �� 21 'W), 25 May 1990, A. Visinoni (1 ♂, 2 ♀; ROSSI). CHILE. O'Higgins: Rancaqua (23 km N; 33 �� 50 'S, 70 �� 44.5 'W), 21 Dec 1950, E. S. Ross, A. E. Michelbacher (6 ♂, 2 ♀; USNM). PARAGUAY. Distrito Federal: Asunci��n (25 �� 15.9 'S, 57 �� 40 'W), 23���25 Mar 1986, M. Pogue, A. Solis (2 ♂, 2 ♀; USNM). URUGUAY. Maldonado: Maldonado (34 �� 54 'S, 54 �� 57 'W; on sandy beach), 11 Oct 1941, H. L. Parker (2 ♂, 3 ♀; USNM). Distribution (Map 20): Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires, C��rdoba, Corrientes, Rio Negro), Brazil (Paran��, Rio Grande do Sul), Bolivia (Cochabamba), Chile (O'Higgins), Paraguay (Distrito Federal), Uruguay (Maldonado). Widespread in southern South America between 17���39 ��S and 52 ����� 72 ��W. Remarks. Considerable color variation is evident for this species, which is widespread, and we have generally had to rely on characters of the male terminalia for specific determinations. Hendel (1930) first described this species in the genus Ephydra then transferred it to Dimecoenia (Hendel 1933), and here we transfer it to Neoephydra., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 64-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Hendel, F. (1930) Die Ausbeute der deutschen Chaco-Expedition 1925 / 26. Diptera. XIX. Ephydridae. Konowia, 9 (2), 127 - 155.","Hendel, F. (1933) Von Dr. Zurcher in den Jahren 1913 - 1918 in Paraguay gesammelte acalyptrate Dipteren. Revista de Entomologia, 3 (2), 213 - 224.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423.","Wulp, F. M. van der (1883) Amerikaansche Diptera. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 26, 1 - 60.","Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1935) Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 61, 345 - 372.","Oliveira, S. J. de (1954 a) Contribuicao para o conhecimento do genero \" Dimecoenia \" Cresson, 1916. I. \" Dimecoenia lenti \" sp. nov. encontrada no Chile (Diptera, Ephydridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14 (2), 187 - 194.","Wirth, W. W. (1968) 77. Family Ephydridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 43."]}

Costa, Daniel N. R., Savaris, Marcoandre, Marinoni, Luciane, Mathis, Wayne N. (2016): Two new, brachypterous Limnellia species from the Venezuelan Andes (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa 4144 (3): 301-315, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4144.3.1

Genus Dimecoenia Cresson Dimecoenia Cresson 1916: 152 [type species: Coenia spinosa Loew, by original designation].��� Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954: 166 [review, in part].��� Wirth and Stone 1956: 472 [review in part, species of California].��� Wirth 1965: 755 [Nearctic catalog].��� Steyskal 1970: 462 -465 [review in part, Figs. of male and female terminalia].��� Mathis and Simpson 1981: 29 [revision of North American species, natural history].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 238 -240 [world catalog]. Diagnosis. Dimecoenia is distinguished from other genera of the tribe Ephydrini by the following combination of characters: Moderately large to large shore flies, body length 4.25���6.25 mm; mostly dull, olivaceous brown to grayish brown, dorsum with some subshiny to shiny areas dorsally. Head: Cruciate interfrontal setae 1 pair, well developed; lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae 2, slightly divergent. Basal flagellomere simple, lacking secondary seta inserted laterally just below arista; arista tapered gradually from thickened base to style-like apex, approximately basal 2 / 3 with dorsal rays, thereafter bare, aristal rays nearly as long as width of pedicel. Facial hump poorly developed, little evident; ventral margin of antennal grooves nearly horizontal, not sloping ventrally at conspicuous angle. Thorax: Postpronotum bare of setae; dorsocentral setae 5 (1 + 4). Dorsal costagial seta subequal in length to anteroventral costagial seta; costa with numerous, conspicuous, spine-like setulae; legs of both sexes similar. Abdomen: Male terminalia: Aedeagus a simple tube or bifurcate. Female ventral receptacle variously shaped. Larva: larvae lacking well-developed prolegs on segments other than 12. Distribution. As characterized here, Dimecoenia now includes just two species, D. fuscifemur Steyskal and D. spinosa (Loew). The monophyly of the genus is established by the following apotypic characters: 1. The anterior margin bears conspicuous, spine-like setae; 2. Margin of ventral margin of antennal groves rounded, nearly horizontal and not steeply angled. Larvae of Dimecoenia represent an apparent reversal in the generalized adaptive scheme of Ephydrini by inhabiting mud substrates of salt marshes. This has apparently resulted in the atrophy of the prominent, ventral prolegs, including the crochets, which are functionally adapted to movement within algal mats., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 83-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Cresson, E. T, Jr. (1916) Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. - III. Entomological News, 27 (4), 147 - 152.","Sturtevant, A. H. & Wheeler, M. R. (1954) Synopses of Nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 79, 151 - 257.","Wirth, W. W. & Stone, A. (1956) Chapter 14. Aquatic Diptera. In: Usinger, R. L. (Ed.), Aquatic Insects of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 372 - 482.","Wirth, W. W. (1965) Ephydridae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Handbook 276. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 734 - 759.","Steyskal, G. C. (1970) The species of the genus Dimecoenia (Diptera: Ephydridae) in America north of Panama, with the description of a new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63 (2), 462 - 465. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 63.2.462","Mathis, W. N. & Simpson, K. W. (1981) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), V: The genera Cirrula Cresson and Dimecoenia Cresson in North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 329, 1 - 51 + i - iv.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423."]}

28. Ephydra (Ephydra) millbrae Jones Figs. 124���126, Map 28 Ephydra millbrae Jones 1906: 155 [United States. California. San Mateo: Millbrae; LT ♂ (designated by Arnaud 1979: 349), CAS (4483)].��� Aldrich 1912: 96 ���98 [biology].��� Wirth 1971: 364 ���365 [revision].��� Arnaud 1979: 349 [lectotype designation].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 243 [world catalog]. Ephydra riparia of authors, not Fall��n (misidentification).��� Hardy 1952: 467 (list, Hawaii).��� Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954: 170 [review]. Diagnosis. This species closely resembles other subcongeners but may be distinguished by the short, fairly blunt scutellum and sparsely setose anepisternum of females and by characters of the male terminalia. Moderately large shore flies, body length 4.25���4.90 mm; generally microtomentose, olivaceous to brownish with coppery and bluish vittae. Head: Mesofrons shiny with bluish green metallic luster. Facial coloration variable, usually whitish but sometimes golden brown dorsally, paler ventrally. Eye nearly round, eye ratio 1.06; gena-to-eye ratio 0.43���0.49. Thorax: Scutum microtomentose, subshiny, especially posteriorly, grayish green with some metallic bronzish tinges; scutellum of female moderately long, bluntly rounded. Acrostichal setae generally fine; both males and females with distinct, large pair of prescutellar acrostichal setae, prescutellar area of female shallowly swollen, generally inconspicuous, but with several setae; anepisternum, especially of female, with sparse setae along posterior margin. Pleural region olivaceous to dark brown. Wing length 3.80���4.25 mm; costal vein ratio 0.25���0.31; M vein ratio 0.84���0.86. Legs mostly yellowish to reddish, some specimens with femora slightly microtomentose, grayish green; tarsal claws about equal to length of tarsomere 4. Abdomen: Tergite 5 of male about 1.5 X length of tergite 4. Male terminalia (Figs. 124���126): Surstyli expanded and rounded apically in posterior view, pale colored, usually yellowish, generally setose except at apex and is distal concavity on posterior surface; gonite generally broad, apex with well-developed pointed hook; sternal plate transverse with narrow anterior process forming bifurcate sclerite, transversely ridged midportion not strongly convex ventrally; aedeagus with apex rounded in lateral view, with a sharp medial flange on posterior side distally, membranous anterodistal lobe with very well-developed apical spicules and proximal ridges, recurved basal process short, about 1 / 3 length of straight portion. Type material. The lectotype male of Ephydra millbrae Jones, designated by Arnaud (1979: 349), is labeled ���♂/ Millbrae, San Mateo Co., Cal./Holo- [scratched off] TYPE Ephydra MILLBRAE Jones / 7 Ephydra milbrae n. sp. / LECTOTYPE ♂ Ephydra Millbrae Jones det 1974 PHArnaud & VFLee.��� The lectotype is pinned directly mounted, is in good condition and is deposited in the CAS (4483). When Arnaud (1979: 349) designated this lectotype, he commented as follows: ���Jones described Ephydra millbrae from an unspecified number of males and females, and the type-locality was given as ���very abundant along the southwest shore of San Francisco Bay between the small towns of San Mateo and San Bruno, the center of the colony seeming to be about Millbrae, where the floating puparia and adults often cover the entire surface of the small salt-water ponds.��� Three paralectotypes were also designated. Type locality. United States. California. San Mateo: Millbrae (37 �� 35.9 'N, 122 �� 23.6 'W). Additional specimens examined. MEXICO. Baja California: Gulf of California, Bah��a de Los ��ngeles (Gulf of California; 28 �� 55 'N, 113 �� 30 'W), M. C. Van Duzee (ex; CAS). Distribution (Map 28): Australasian/Oceanian: Hawaiian Islands (Maui, Oahu). Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia), United States (California, Oregon, Washington). Neotropical: Mexico (Baja California). MAP 28. Distribution map for Ephydra millbrae Jones., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 90-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Jones, B. J. (1906) Catalogue of the Ephydridae, with bibliography and description of new species. University of California Publications in Entomology, 1 (2), 153 - 198.","Arnaud, P. H. Jr. (1979) A catalog of the types of Diptera in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Myia, 1, 1 - 505 + i - v.","Aldrich, J. M. (1912) The biology of some western species of the dipterous genus Ephydra. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 20 (2), 77 - 99.","Wirth, W. W. (1971) The brine flies of the genus Ephydra in North America (Diptera: Ephydridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64 (2), 357 - 377. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 64.2.357","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423.","Hardy, D. E. (1952) Additions and corrections to Bryan's check list of Hawaiian Diptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 14 (3), 443 - 482.","Sturtevant, A. H. & Wheeler, M. R. (1954) Synopses of Nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 79, 151 - 257."]}

1. Austrocoenia aczeli Wirth Figs. 2���8, Map 1 Austrocoenia aczeli Wirth 1970: 8.��� Mathis 1980: 5 ���7 [revision].���Lizarralde de Grosso 1989: 59 [list, Argentina].��� Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 235 [world catalog]. Diagnosis. Generally microtomentose, whitish gray to gray but with some brown coloration dorsally; ocelli arranged in equilateral triangle; tarsi with venter yellowish, hindbasitarsus mostly yellowish except for thin, linear, dorsal, gray stripe; wing mostly hyaline, veins brown except for yellowish costa, subcosta, and basal portions of other veins; structures of male terminalia as in Figs. 6���7. Medium-sized to large shore flies, body length 3.65���5.10 mm; generally gray. Head (Figs. 3���4): Head width-to-height ratio 0.73. Frons mostly dull, microtomentose, mostly flat; mesofrons subtriangular, anterior angle produced anteriorly, rounded, and broadly reaching ptilinal suture, lateral margins bearing scattered but conspicuous setulae, approximately 8���10 on each side, but lacking large setae, cruciate or otherwise; mesofrons generally tan, but frequently with some bluish, greenish, or charcoalish coloration, especially around ocelli; parafrons generally darker in coloration than mesofrons, more grayish but with some bluish to charcoal color; ocellar triangle and fronto-orbits slightly raised in relief from parafrons; fronto-orbits nearly concolorous with mesofrons but more grayish; well-developed, lateroclinate, fronto-orbital setae 2, plus 8���11 setulae, frequently 1 proclinate to lateroclinate setula anterior of larger seta; ocellar seta 1, divergent, 3���4 smaller setulae posterior of larger seta; ocelli arranged in equilateral triangle; postocular setae becoming slightly larger toward vertex. Antenna mostly gray but with small patches blackish gray or whitish gray; arista shorter than combined length of 1 st 3 segments, thickened along basal 3 / 4, apical 1 / 4 style-like; pedicel bearing small setae, generally inconspicuous, except for 1 larger, erect seta inserted dorsally. Facial unicolorous, whitish gray, becoming slightly darker dorsally. Eye nearly round, bare. Parafacials bearing 3���5 prominent setae. Gena high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.65, concolorous with face. Maxillary palpus blackish gray. Thorax (Fig. 5): Relatively long and narrow; rather densely microtomentose, appearing dull. Mesonotum dark bluish gray to whitish gray but mostly grayish brown to brown; 2 darker stripes on either side of acrostichal setae extended posteriorly no further than level of transverse suture; acrostichal track mostly brownish, frequently with whitish stripe between; scutellum with disc mostly grayish brown to brown; pleural areas distinctly paler in color than mesonotum, becoming whitish gray to white ventrally. Chaetotaxy as follows: Acrostichal setae becoming larger and rows slightly more divergent posteriorly, 1 pair of larger prescutellar setae, these slightly displaced laterally from track of other acrostichal setae; well-developed dorsocentral setae 2���5, but only posterior 1���2 obviously larger, posteriormost seta distinctly larger and slightly displaced laterally from alignment of other setae; interalar setae in a row, posteriormost seta largest; postpronotal setae 2���4, usually 1 seta largest; presutural, supraalar seta 1, this not much larger than surrounding setae; a row of supra-alar setae, 2 posterior setae larger but neither greater than 1 / 2 length of postalar seta, which is well developed; lateral scutellar setae 2, otherwise scutellum bare except for an apical pair of setae, these frequently cruciate; notopleural setae 2, each near ventral angle, remainder of notopleuron bare; anepisternal seta 1, inserted near middle along posterior margin, several scattered setulae, particularly toward dorsal and posterior margins; katepisternal seta 1, and a small row of setae just anterior of larger seta; prosternum bare. Wing (Fig. 2) veins yellowish brown to yellowish anterobasally, otherwise brownish; membrane mostly hyaline, occasionally palely infuscate, brownish, or slightly milky; costal vein ratio 0.18; M vein ratio 0.88. Halter yellowish. Femora and tibiae concolorous, whitish gray; basal 2 tarsomeres pale, rufous to yellowish orange; apical tarsomeres becoming darker, grayer. MAP 1. Distribution map for Austrocoenia aczeli Wirth. Abdomen: Generally unicolorous, gray. Male terminalia (Figs. 6���7): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 6) as an inverted U, dorsal arch of U, less well developed, thinner, in lateral view (Fig. 7) dorsal 2 / 3 nearly parallel sided although dorsal portion thinner, ventral 1 / 3 becoming wider, with anteriorly oriented, short projection; cercus elongate, in posterior view with dorsal hald triangular, fused ventrolaterally with epandrium; surstylus evidently fused with ventral margin of epandrium, in posterior view (Fig. 6) oriented ventromedially, somewhat pointed apically; gonite plate-like; aedeagus greatly reduced. Female ventral receptacle (Fig. 8) with operculum subtrapezoidal, asymmetrical, extended process more or less C-shaped. Type material. The holotype male is labeled ���R[epublica] A[rgentina]. SANTA CRUZ Cabo Buen Tiempo Gallegos 29 -II- [1] 953 Coll: Biraben [handwritten; black border].��� The holotype specimen is double mounted (minute nadel in cork base), is in good condition, and is deposited in FML. Allotype female and 31 paratypes (7 ♂, 24 ♀; BMNH, FML, USNM) bear the same locality label data as the holotype. Type locality. Argentina. Santa Cruz: Cabo Buen Tiempo Gallegos (51 �� 34 'S, 69 ��05'W). Other specimens examined. ARGENTINA: Santa Cruz: Piedrabuena (5 km NW; 49 �� 59 'S, 68 �� 54 'W; 130 m), 25 Nov 1966, M. E. Irwin, E. I. Schlinger (11 ♂, 4 ♀; USNM). CHILE: Magallanes: Laguna Amarga (4 km W; 51 ��S, 72 �� 48 'W; 300 m), 7 Dec 1966, M. E. Irwin, E. I. Schlinger (1 ♀; USNM). Distribution (Map 1): Neotropical: Argentina (Santa Cruz), Chile (Magallanes)., Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on pages 10-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1970) A new genus and species of shore fly (Diptera, Ephydridae) from southern Patagonia. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 26 (1), 1 - 8.","Mathis, W. N. (1980) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), III: Revision of some Neotropical genera and species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 303, 1 - 50 + i - iv.","Lizarralde de Grosso, M. S. (1989) Ephydridae de la Republica de Argentina (Insecta - Diptera). Serie Monografica y Didactica No. 3. Faculdad de Ciencias Naturales y Instituto Miguel Lillo Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, San Miguel de Tucuman, 93 pp.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423."]}

Key to Neotropical species of Cirrula 1. Dorsocentral setae 6 (2 + 4); cruciate interfrontal setae 2 pairs; arista short, subequal to combined length of antennal segments 1���3; prescutellar setae 1 pair; forebasitarsus of male with ventral tuft of long hairs near apex............ 24. C. hians (Say) - Dorsocentral setae 5 (1 + 4); cruciate interfrontal setae 1 pair; arista long, much longer than combined length of antennal segments 1���3; lacking prescutellar setae; hindtarsomeres of male bearing tufts of long hairs........ 23. C. austrina (Coquillett), Published as part of Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane, 2016, Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 4116 (1) on page 76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/257322

Limnellia vounitis Costa, Savaris, Marinoni & Mathis n.sp. (Figs. 1���4, 7, 9���12, 15���29, 38���42, 47) Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from related congeners by the following combination of characters: Very small shore flies, body length 1.00 mm (Figs. 1���4, 16, 24); general coloration shiny black. Head: (Figs. 9���12, 32) Frons generally black, shiny; mesofrons without any setae or setulae, except for very small pseudopostocellar setae; ocellar triangle and ocellar setae absent (Fig. 27); 1 pair of medial vertical setae present, lateral vertical seta absent (Fig. 25); very narrow parafrons and fronto-orbital plate; 2 pairs of very small lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae (Fig. 26). Antenna light brown, pedicel slightly darker; arista long, about 4 times length of basal flagellomere, with very small, sparse dorsal rays (Fig. 19). Face shiny black, with transverse sculpturing; medial facial area and ventral facial margin with small and sparse setae; two vertical rows of setae approximate to parafacials (Fig. 17). Gena narrow, covered with setulae; gena-to-eye ratio 0.25. Genal seta absent or indistinguishable from setulae. Sclerotized mouth parts black, membranous parts brown. Thorax: Black, short, as long as head; pleural sclerites broadly fused and difficult to discern. Mesonotum bare of microtomentum, with transverse rugosity; 2 very small acrostichal setae; 2 very small dorsocentral setae; prescutellar acrostichal setae present (Fig. 25). Scutellum very small, without setae; one notopleural seta. Pleurae covered with microtomentum. Postsutural supra-alar seta present, same length as notopleural seta. One seta on posterior margin of anepisternum. Wing (Figs. 7, 28) brachypterous; wing length 0.32 mm; dark brown, with leather-like texture, veins not visible, reduced or absent. Halter very small, near wing base (Figs. 13, 18). Legs dark brown, except for light brown tarsi; femora distinctly larger than tibiae; femora and tibiae bare of microtomentum, with sparse setulae; tarsi covered with setulae. Tarsal claws curved and pulvilli normally developed (Fig. 20). Abdomen: Tergites shiny black, bare of microtomentum; with very sparse, small setulae (Figs. 16, 21, 24). Tergite 1 not visible or absent; tergite 2 larger than subsequent tergites. Male terminalia (Figs. 29, 38���42): Epandrium in posterior view (Figs. 29, 38) wider than high, more or less rectangular with corners rounded, narrowly connected dorsally above cercal cavity, ventral margin shallowly emarginated, setulae uniform in size, evenly distributed except extreme lateral margins, in lateral view (Fig. 39) broadly bar-like, dorsal third tapered to anterodorsal corner, ventral margin truncate; cercal cavity elliptical, cerci in posterior view (Fig. 38) semihemispherical, in lateral view (Fig. 39) narrowly oval, with dorsal and ventral apices rounded; surstylar plate (fused surstyli) in posterior view (Fig. 38) wider than high, octagonal, ventromedially with narrow, deep cleft, in lateral view (Fig. 39) robustly bar-like, elongate, apices truncate, very slightly tapered from base to apex; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 42) robustly L-shaped, base wide, basal margin truncate, with a narrow projection from posterior corner, apical arm of L tapered to point, in ventral view (Fig. 41) more or less U-shaped, basal portion deeply developed, width of gap between extended arms subequal to length of base, extended arms shallowly sinuous; phallapodeme generally reduced, in lateral view (Fig. 42) L-shaped with one arm of L much wider than other arm, in ventral view (Fig. 41) shallowly arched, with a medial, short, parallel-sided truncate projection; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 42) irregularly triangular, with narrow, dorsally oriented projection, a shorter anterior, narrow, tapered projection, and a short, wide, truncate posterior projection, in ventral view (Fig. 41) longer than wide, curved basally toward phallapodeme; sternite 5 in lateral view (Fig. 42) irregularly bar-like and one corner projected perpendicular to plane, in ventral view (Fig. 40) wider than long, pentagonal, anterior and lateral margins irregularly quadrate, posterior margin with deep, wide, V-shaped emargination. Type material. The holotype male of Limnellia vounitis is labeled ��� VENEZUELA. Bocon, Ande, La Cristalina, 2500 m., Subparanamo, M.G. Paoletti Feb 1987 ex: rotten wood [,] HOLOTYPE ♂ / Limnellia vounitis Costa, Savaris, Marinoni & Mathis USNM [red]���. The holotype is glued in a paper triangle, is in average condition (some fungi on this specimen; abdomen removed and dissected, parts in an attached microvial), and is deposited in the USNM. The single female paratype (USNM) has the same date and locality label as the holotype. Type locality. Venezuela. Trujillo: Bocon, La Cristalina (Andes; 0 9 �� 14.7���N, 70 �� 19.1���W; 2500 m). Distribution. Neotropical: Venezuela (Trujillo, Fig. 48). Etymology. The species epithet, vounitis, is a Latinized, masculine noun from the modern Greek word, ���voyn��t��s��� (����υ��������ς), and means ���dweller on the hills���, referring to the Andes Mountains of Venezuela where the type series was collected. Remarks. Unlike other brachypterous species of Limnellia, this species has several modifications that are apparently related with its brachyptery, such as the compact thorax and reduced size of the halters. There is also the complete loss of ocelli and ocellar setae, which may also be related with brachyptery and is a synapomorphy that is shared with the other new species being described in this paper. Some external features of this species, such as the shape of the head, especially the widely arched, vertically elongated, and protrudent face, led us to initially associate this species with the tribe Dagini, perhaps related to the wheeleri species group within the genus Physemops Cresson. Structures of the male terminalia, however, reveal this species to be in the genus Limnellia, which belongs in the tribe Scatellini. Even within Limnellia, this is an anomalous species, given its very compact body, reduced halters, a general reduction of setae and setulae, the conspicuous brachyptery, and the complete loss of ocelli and ocellar setae. The indication of the structure showed in Figs. 40���42 as sternite 5 is also tentative. This sternite is in close proximity to internal structures of the male terminalia and is apparently located within the abdomen. In our specimen, we cannot determine for sure the presence of a sternite 5 in addiction of this structure. Thus we hesitate to suggest that this is another structure since in Limnellia species the hypandrium and gonites are usually fused as a single, united structure. According to the collector, the type series was found on rotting wood. This niche, combined with the site being at a high elevation, is typical for some flies with reduced wings and it has apparently exerted evolutionary pressure for such. Other aspects of the life history, such as the immature stages, are unknown, although the collection site suggests that this species may be saprophytic., Published as part of Costa, Daniel N. R., Savaris, Marcoandre, Marinoni, Luciane & Mathis, Wayne N., 2016, Two new, brachypterous Limnellia species from the Venezuelan Andes (Diptera: Ephydridae), pp. 301-315 in Zootaxa 4144 (3) on pages 304-310, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4144.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255192

Genus Limnellia Malloch Limnellia Malloch 1925: 331 (feminine). Type species: Limnellia maculipennis Malloch 1925, original designation.─ Andersson 1971: 53 ���59 [review, European species].─ Mathis 1978: 250 ���293 [revision of Nearctic species].─ Mathis 1980 [review, Neotropical fauna].─ Zhang and Yang 2009: 558 ���64 [review, Chinese fauna].─ Krivosheina 2012: 1 ���7 [review, Russian species].─ Mathis et al. 2014: 563 ���564 [review, Brazilian species]. Eustigoptera Cresson 1930: 126 (feminine). Type species: Notiphila quadrata Fall��n 1813, original designation.─ Cresson 1935: 362 [synonymy]. Stictoscatella Collin 1930: 133 (feminine). Type species: Notiphila quadrata Fall��n 1813, original designation.─ Cresson 1935: 362 [synonymy]. Stranditella Duda 1942: 30 (as a subgenus of Lamproscatella; feminine). Type species: Notiphila quadrata Fall��n 1813, original designation.─ Dahl 1959: 126 [synonymy]. Diagnosis. Limnellia is distinguished from other genera of the tribe Scatellini by the following characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.00��� 2.50 mm; mostly dark brown to black, microtomentose to bare, shiny, frequently with cinereous guttate and vittate maculae; wing maculate, generally dark with white spots. Head: Mesofrons distinct from duller parafrons, sometimes subshiny; lateroclinate fronto-orbital seta 1 (rarely 2); inner and outer vertical setae both well developed; paravertical setae either reduced or absent; ocelli arranged in isosceles or equilateral triangle or absent. Arista at most macropubescent. Face with shallow antennal grooves; interfoveal carina not projected or creased dorsally; facial setae mostly small, hair-like. Eye nearly round. Gena relatively short, bearing 1 well-developed seta. Thorax: Acrostichal setae uniform in size, small, arranged in 2 rows that extend to base of scutellum; dorsocentral setae 2 (0+2); supra-alar seta either reduced or lacking; disc of scutellum bare; lateral scutellar setae usually 2, sometimes 1 or lacking. Wing maculate, mostly dark brown with white, generally guttate markings. Abdomen: Tergites black, becoming shiny and polished posteriorly. Male terminalia: Epandrium a closed plate around cercal cavity, bearing articulated surstyli on anterior margin; gonites elongate with broad base, bearing setae on ventral portion; phallapodeme in lateral view nearly straight or deflected medially; dorsal aedeagal opening with a fold along ventral margin; aedeagus without distiphallus; ejaculatory apodeme usually present, small. Discussion. With description of the two new species below, Limnellia now includes 24 species worldwide (Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995 and electronic updates) that occur in most temperate regions or at higher elevations in subtropical and tropical zones. Only two species were known previously from Neotropical Region, L. huachuca Mathis (Colombia, Jamaica, Mexico, and Porto Rico) and L. itatiaia Mathis (Brazil) (Mathis 1980, Mathis et al. 2014). Two species in the genus exhibit brachyptery of two different types: L. helmuti Hollmann-Schirrmacher and Zatwarnicki has a short and broad wing, and L. abbreviata, has a narrow wing. Both species are incapable of flight. The two new species described herein are closely related (see ���Remarks��� sections below) and form a lineage within Limnellia that seems to have arisen and diversified due to evolutionary pressures within the Paramo or during the development of this ecosystem., Published as part of Costa, Daniel N. R., Savaris, Marcoandre, Marinoni, Luciane & Mathis, Wayne N., 2016, Two new, brachypterous Limnellia species from the Venezuelan Andes (Diptera: Ephydridae), pp. 301-315 in Zootaxa 4144 (3) on page 304, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4144.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255192, {"references":["Malloch, J. R. (1925) Notes on Australian Diptera. No. vii. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 50 (4), 311 - 340.","Andersson, H. (1971) The European species of Limnellia (Dipt., Ephydridae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 2 (1), 53 - 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631271 X 00059","Mathis, W. N. (1978) A revision of the Nearctic species of Limnellia Malloch (Diptera: Ephydridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 91 (1), 250 - 293.","Mathis, W. N. (1980) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), III: Revision of some Neotropical genera and species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 303, 50 + iv pp.","Zhang, J. & Yang, D. (2009) Species of the genus Limnellia from China (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa, 2308, 58 - 64.","Krivosheina, M. G. (2012) Review of the shore-fly genus Limnellia Malloch, 1925 (Diptera, Ephydridae) of Russia. Far Eastern Entomologist, 246, 1 - 7.","Mathis, W. N., Marinoni, L. & Costa, D. N. R. (2014) A review of Scatellini Wirth and Stone (Diptera: Ephydridae) from Brazil. Zoologia. An International Journal of Zoology, 28, 1 - 16. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702014000600005","Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1930) Studies in the dipterous family Ephydridae. Paper III. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 56, 93 - 131.","Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1935) Descriptions of genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 61, 345 - 372.","Collin, J. E. (1930) Some new species of the dipterous genus Scatella Dsv. and the differentiation of Stictoscatella gen. nov. (Ephydridae). The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 66, 133 - 39.","Duda, O. (1942) Neue oder ungenugend bekannte Zweiflugler der palaarktischen Region aus meiner Sammlung. 2. Fortsetzung. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1942 (1 - 4), 1 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 194219420102","Dahl, R. G. (1959) Studies on Scandinavian Ephydridae (Diptera Brachycera). Opuscula Entomologica, 15 (Supplementum), 1 - 224.","Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 4, vi + 423 pp."]}