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Ingcainyenzane irhiniensis n. gen., n. sp. Sanborn and Villet (Fig. 1) Type material. Holotype. “GRAHAMSTOWN / EC RSA / 33º17ʹ44ʺS 26º31ʹ36ʺE / 17 DEC 2002 / M.H. VILLET” (AMGS). Paratypes. “ SOUTH AFRICA E. Cape Prov. / Grahamstown / 33º 17.74S 26º 31.60 E / 17 Dec 2002 / P. Phillips, coll.” one male (AFSC); “GRAHAMSTOWN / EC RSA / 33º17ʹ44ʺS 26º31ʹ36ʺE / 17 DEC 2002 / M.H. VILLET” two males (AMGS). Etymology. The name is a combination of irhini- for the type locality and –ensis (L. suffix denoting place). Remarks. The type locality, Grahamstown, originally named Irhini by the local Xhosa people, was renamed Makhanda more than a decade after the type series was collected so the type locality should be considered Makhanda, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Description. Piceous marked with testaceous. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, piceous with testaceous mark in posterior epicranial suture and between median ocellus and frontoclypeal suture, and lateral margin of supra-antennal plate. Covered with short golden pile on vertex, short silvery pile on posterior vertex, long silvery pile radiating from entire dorsal surface, extremely long posterior to eye almost reaching middle of prothorax. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark castaneous. Ventral head piceous, anterior lorum testaceous, anteromedial gena margin along postclypeus and posterior gena along lorum testaceous, covered with thick silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus piceous with testaceous lateral third and posteroventral margin, testaceous fascia on dorsal surface widened posteriorly before constricting near frontoclypeal suture, elongated testaceous spot on apex. Postclypeus with ten transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus. Anteclypeus piceous, covered with long silvery pile. Mentum ochraceous proximally striped with castaneous, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to center of middle trochanters. Antennal segments piceous except ochraceous distal scape and distal half of terminal flagellar segment. Thorax. Dorsal thorax piceous. Pronotum with testaceous fascia along anterior midline extending to medial terminus of paramedian fissure, short transverse fascia along anterior margin posterior to posterior cranial depression connected to midline fascia by castaneous fascia anterior to and parallel to paramedian fascia, triangular marks anterior to pronotal collar on either side of piceous posterior midline, castaneous mark on posterior lateral fissure, irregular castaneous spots on lateral disk. Pronotal collar testaceous except transverse piceous mark across anterior midline and piceous lateral portion of pronotal collar lateral angle. Pronotum covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mesonotum piceous, testaceous fascia along parapsidal suture expanding medially posterior to submedian sigilla and extending posteriorly to terminus of anterior arm of cruciform elevation where it recurves medially producing an inverted heart shape on central disk anterior to cruciform elevation, anterior half of lateral mesonotum testaceous, posterior wing groove light testaceous, cruciform elevation with lateral X and lateral and posterior arms testaceous, piceous between anterior arms, all but distal anterior arms piceous, castaneous fascia along midline expanding posteriorly. Metanotum dark castaneous on midline with ochraceous posterior margin, with anterolateral piceous spot. Dorsum radiating long silvery pile, denser laterally, posteriorly, between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, in wing groove, and on posterior metanotum. Ventral thoracic segments ochraceous marked with castaneous marks on basisternum 2, trochantin 2, medial anepisternum 2, katepisternum 2, medial katepimeron 2, medial meron 2, lateral epimeral lobe, basisternum 3, medial half of episternum 3, and medial trochantin 3, covered with long, dense white and silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and five apical cells respectively. Venation ochraceous at base becoming testaceous distally, piceous on proximal radius & subcostal vein along basal cell, arculus, spot on proximal anal vein 2 + 3, spot on node and leading edge of subcostal vein distal to node, leading edge of subcostal vein past node with radiating bristles. Pterostigma absent. Basal membrane of fore wing white with gray posterior margin. Hind wing venation ochraceous, darkening distally, except castaneous proximal anal vein 3. Anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 along anal vein 3 gray, anal cell 3 gray along medial margin. Small V-shaped infuscation on plaga between gray regions. Legs. Legs greenish testaceous, coxae, trochanters, femora, and tibiae striped with piceous and castaneous, Fore femora with four oblique spines, primary spine longest, secondary intermediate in length, tertiary spine smallest with very small apical spine extending from distal base of tertiary spine, all piceous, angle between spine and femur decreasing in distal spines. Fore tarsi castaneous, middle and hind tarsi lighter in the middle, tibial spurs and comb ground color with darker tips. Pretarsal claws castaneous with lighter middle region. Legs radiating long silvery pile. Operculum. Male operculum with smoothly curved lateral and posterior margins, domed near base, lateral side bent dorsally at approximate right angle, reaching to middle of sternite II, ochraceous with piceous lateral margin, long silvery pile radiating from operculum, denser at base. Medial margins reaching to lateral hind trochanter, separated by ventral extension of sternite I, curved with straight anterior margins forming an acute angle. Meracanthus triangular with curved apex, ochraceous with piceous base, extending over anterior margin of operculum. Abdomen. Abdominal tergites 1 and 2 piceous, tergites 3–8 piceous with castaneous mark on posterior dorsolateral and lateral areas and ochraceous posterior margins, amount of castaneous area in tergites 5–7 greater than in tergites 3–4, tergite 8 with greatest amount of castaneous and additional piceous spot next to lateral margin, tergites covered with long and short silvery pile. Timbal cover absent, slight arching in middle opening to timbal cavity of tergite 2, timbal completely exposed, timbal with six ribs, not extending below wing base. Male sternites partly translucent, sternites and epipleurites ochraceous except piceous sternite I, medial and lateral sternite II. transverse fascia on anterior midline of sternite III, sternites III–VII testaceous anteriorly and ochraceous posteriorly with castaneous lateral suture, castaneous spot on anteromedial epipleurites, castaneous surrounded by reddish in some epipleurites, sternite VII an elongated triangle with semicircular apex, sternite VIII elongated, testaceous radiating castaneous pile, denser posteriorly, U-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile, sternite I with dense, long silvery pile along midline. Genitalia. Male pygofer piceous dorsally with testaceous lateral surfaces, distal shoulder undeveloped, dorsal beak absent, pygofer rounded on dorsal terminus. Upper pygofer lobe lobate, wider at base, with long silvery pile radiating, denser at posterior base, connection to dorsal pygofer straight, pygofer basal lobes elongated, flattened, adpressed to pygofer, with rectangular apex. Anal styles dark castaneous, anal tube ochraceous dorsally, dark castaneous ventrally. Median uncus lobe dark castaneous, very short, flattened, roughly semicircular when viewed from above. Claspers well developed, castaneous, base with parallel sides meeting along midline under median uncus lobe, bent at obtuse angle at distal uncus, tapering and diverging to separate points, recurving towards base at apex. Aedeagus tubular, castaneous, restrained by claspers. Female currently unknown. Measurements (mm). N = 1 male. Length of body: 13.4; length of fore wing: 12.8; width of fore wing: 5.5; length of head: 2.6; width of head including eyes: 4.4; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 4.6; width of mesonotum: 4.2. Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from I. nolukhanyoensis n. gen., n. sp. by the medial operculum margin being roughly square and the lack of a triangular mark on midline of the pronotum near the anterior margin in that species. Ingcainyenzane umgeniensis n. gen., n. sp. can be distinguished by the timbal extending below the wing base, male sternite VIII is longer than the pygofer, and the short pygofer upper lobe of this new species. Distribution. The new species was collected in the Grahamstown grassland thicket (AT38) (Dayaram et al. 2019) in Makhanda (Grahamstown). Notes on the biology of the species. We collected the species in the Grahamstown grassland thicket (AT38) (Dayaram et al. 2019) with males calling from various grasses. We also collected Xosopsaltria thunbergi Metcalf, 1955 and Stagira simplex (Germar, 1834) in the same habitat.

Ingcainyenzane umgeniensis n. gen., n. sp. Sanborn and Villet (Fig. 3) Type material. Holotype. “ SOUTH AFRICA: Kwazulu Natal / Umgeni Valley Nat. Res., nr. / Howick, trib. To Umgeni R. along / Dwarfs Dwadle tr., 29º 28.667’S / 30º 15.701’ E, el. 3498 ft., blacklight / 10–11.i.2000, K. Kjer & R. Blahnik” male (UCDC). Etymology. The name is a combination of umgeni- for the type locality and –ensis (L. suffix denoting place). Description. Piceous marked with tawny, castaneous and ochraceous. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, piceous with tawny mark in posterior epicranial suture, castane-ous mark on medial supra-antennal plate. Covered with short silvery pile on vertex, long silvery pile posterior to eye reaching, some reaching to middle of prothorax. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark castaneous. Ventral head piceous, anteromedial lorum dark castaneous, covered with thick silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus piceous with dark ochraceous lateral and margins extending into lateral transverse grooves, tawny fasciae on midline ventral to apex, and dark castaneous ventroposterior margin. Postclypeus with nine transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from within transverse grooves and lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous, with dark castaneous on anterior carina, covered with long silvery pile. Mentum dark tawny, labium dark castaneous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle coxae. Antennal segments piceous except dark tawny distal scape. Thorax. Dorsal thorax piceous. Pronotum with dark castaneous lateral posterior pronotal collar between posterior terminus of lateral fissure and lateral angle of pronotal collar, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mesonotum piceous, dark castaneous fasciae along anterior parapsidal suture and extending posteriorly from posterior parapsidal suture to anterior terminus of anterior arm of cruciform elevation, ochraceous spot on anterolateral mesonotum, anterior wing groove ochraceous, posterior margin of posterior wing groove tawny, cruciform elevation castaneous, piceous between anterior arms, distal posterior anterior arms ochraceous. Metanotum piceous with visible region posterior to cruciform elevation dark tawny on either side of piceous midline. Dorsum with long silvery pile, laterally, posteriorly, between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, in wing groove, and on posterior metanotum. Ventral thoracic segments piceous medially, ochraceous laterally, covered with long, dense silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and five apical cells respectively. Venation piceous except ochraceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein, cubitus posterior + anal vein 1, subcostal vein and radius anterior 1 to proximal apical cell 1. Pterostigma absent. Basal membrane of fore wing white with gray posterior margin. Basal cell infuscated in anterior half. Hind wing venation piceous with ochraceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein to separation with costal margin, median vein, proximal median vein 1, proximal median vein 2, radiomedial and mediocubital crossveins. All but distal anal cell 3 and proximal half of anal cell 2 infuscated, anal vein 3 light gray in anal cell 2 and anal cell 3. Legs. Legs dark castaneous, coxae, trochanters, and femora, striped with piceous, fore femur with ochraceous posterior fascia and spot on distal terminus, red mark on posterior fascia and terminal spot, middle and hind tibiae with ochraceous distal terminus. Fore femora with four oblique spines, proximal longest, secondary intermediate in length and slightly curving, tertiary spine smaller and more angled than secondary spine, with very small apical spine extending from distal to base of tertiary spine, all dark castaneous. Fore tibiae dark castaneous with annular ochraceous mark about one third distance from base and posterior ochraceous fascia on proximal half of tibia, middle and hid tibiae ochraceous except for dark castaneous spot on proximal base and distal annular mark. Fore tarsi dark castaneous, middle and hind tarsi with red mesotarsus and proximal two thirds of pretarsus, tibial spurs and comb castaneous, proximal spines with ochraceous base. Pretarsal claws dark castaneous. Legs radiating long silvery pile. Operculum. Male operculum with smoothly curved lateral and posterior margins, domed near base, lateral side bent dorsally at an acute angle, not covering tympanal cavity or reaching to anterior of sternite II, ochraceous with piceous spot on lateral base and piceous anterior area medial to medial base extending to anteromedial margin, ochraceous along margin with meracanthus, long silvery pile radiating from operculum, denser at base. Medial margins reaching to middle of hind trochanter, separated by ventral extension of sternite I, smoothly curving to base. Meracanthus small, triangular, piceous with ochraceous tip, not reaching anterior margin of operculum. Abdomen. Abdominal tergites piceous, tergite 1 with dark castaneous posterior margin, tergites 3–7 piceous with ochraceous hind margin and ochraceous mark on lateral margins, tergite 8 piceous with dark castaneous posterior margin and ochraceous lateral margins, tergites covered with long and short silvery pile. Timbal cover absent, timbal completely exposed, timbal with five ribs, extending below wing base. Male sternites and epipleurites ochraceous except piceous sternite I, midline and lateral spot of sternite II, transverse piceous fascia on anterior midline of sternite III, sternites III–VI with dark castaneous mark on midline, longitudinal castaneous fascia on medial epipleurites III–VII, sternite VIII elongated, ochraceous, radiating castaneous pile posteriorly, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Lateral sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile. Genitalia. Male pygofer piceous with ochraceous ventral margins of upper pygofer lobe, distal shoulder undeveloped, dorsal beak small, pointed, continuing curve of pygofer when viewed from the side. Upper pygofer lobe curved adpressed to pygofer, radiating long silvery pile, connection to dorsal beak straight, pygofer basal lobes elongated, flattened, adpressed to pygofer, terminating at base of upper pygofer lobe with short golden pile radiating medially from margin. Anal styles red with dark castaneous lateral surfaces, anal tube red. Median uncus lobe red, short, flattened, straight at base to semicircular terminus when viewed from above. Claspers well developed, dark castaneous except for piceous regions along midline when meeting, base angled mediad and radiating short castaneous pile, claspers meeting along midline separated from median uncus lobe, curving anterolaterad to terminate at approximate right angle to base, tapering and diverging laterally to separate points, recurving towards base at apex when viewed from the side. Aedeagus tubular with bifurcated terminus formed from pseudoparameres, castaneous, restrained by claspers. Female currently unknown. Measurements (mm). Male. N = 1. Length of body: 13.8; length of fore wing: 11.8; width of fore wing: 5.5; length of head: 1.7; width of head including eyes: 3.7; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 3.9; width of mesonotum: 3.4. Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from both I. irhiniensis n. gen., n. sp. and Ingcainyenzane nolukhanyoensis n. gen., n. sp. by the timbal that extends below wing base, male sternite VIII being longer than the pygofer, and the short extension of the pygofer upper lobe in the new species. Distribution. The species is known only from the type locality on the Umgeni (Mngeni) River catchment, South Africa. This species expands significantly the range of the genus eastward. Notes on the biology of the species. The species is known from a specimen provided to the authors. No specific information on the biology of the species is known but images of the area where it was collected shows a grassy habitat similar to where the other species of the genus were collected.

Ingcainyenzane nolukhanyoensis n. gen., n. sp. Sanborn and Villet (Fig. 2) Cicadettini sp. b Phillips, Sanborn & Villet 2002: 31. Cicadettini sp. b Sanborn, Phillips & Villet 2003: 348-349, Table 1. Cicadettini sp. b Sanborn 2013: 613. Type material. Holotype. ���nr BATHURST / EC RSA / 33��21��01��S 26��41��57��E / 16 DEC 2002 / A.F. SANBORN��� one male (AMGS). Paratypes. ��� SOUTH AFRICA E. Cape Prov. / R67 N of Bathurst / 33�� 23.63S 26�� 42.59 E / 23 Dec 2001 / M. Villet, coll.��� male (AFSC). ��� SOUTH AFRICA E. Cape Prov. / R67 N of Bathurst / 33�� 23.63S 26�� 42.59 E / 23 Dec 2001 / M. Villet, coll.��� four males (AFSC); ��� SOUTH AFRICA E. Cape Prov. / R67 N of Bathurst / 33�� 23.63S 26�� 42.59 E / 23 Dec 2001 / A. Sanborn, coll.��� five males (AFSC); ��� SOUTH AFRICA E. Cape Prov. / R67 N of Bathurst / 33�� 23.63S 26�� 42.59 E / 23 Dec 2001 / P. Phillips, coll.��� one male (AFSC); ��� SOUTH AF-RICA E. Cape Prov. / N of Bathurst / 33�� 21.01S 26�� 41.95 E / 16 Dec 2002 / M. Villet, A. Sanborn coll.��� two males (AFSC); ��� SOUTH AFRICA E. Cape Prov. / N of Bathurst / 33�� 21.01S 26�� 41.95 E / 16 Dec 2002 / A. Sanborn, M. Villet coll.��� three males (AFSC). Etymology. The name is a combination of nolukhanyo���, the Xhosa name for the village of Bathurst, for the type locality and ���ensis (L. suffix denoting place). Description. Piceous marked with ferruginous. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, piceous with ferruginous mark in posterior epicranial suture, between median ocellus and frontoclypeal suture, and on lateral supra-antennal plate. Covered with short golden pile on vertex, short silvery pile on posterior vertex, long silvery pile radiating from entire dorsal surface, extremely long posterior to eye reaching beyond middle of prothorax, almost to pronotal collar in some paratypes. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark castaneous. Ventral head piceous, anteromedial lorum, anteromedial gena margin along postclypeus and posterior gena along lorum ferruginous, coloration expanded or reduced in paratypes, covered with thick silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus piceous with ferruginous lateral and posteroventral margins, middle of ventrolateral margin marked with ochraceous, lateral transverse grooves ferruginous, ferruginous fasciae on dorsal surface and extending from apex along anteroventral side, fasciae fused or ochraceous in some paratypes. Postclypeus with ten transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, denser laterally. Anteclypeus piceous, ferruginous on posterior carina, ferruginous expanding on either side of carina and posterior margin or anterior margin ferruginous in some paratypes, covered with long silvery pile. Mentum ochraceous with castaneous lateral surfaces, labium castaneous with piceous tip, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle trochanters. Antennal segments piceous except ochraceous distal scape, terminal flagellar segment ochraceous in some paratypes. Thorax. Dorsal thorax piceous. Pronotum with ferruginous marks along anterior margin posterior to posterior cranial depression, in ambient fissure on either side of midline, marks reduced or absent in some paratypes, ferruginous fascia along midline in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ferruginous except piceous across across midline and piceous lateral portion of pronotal collar lateral angle, lateral mark reduced or extending to ambient fissure in some paratypes. Pronotum covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mesonotum piceous, ferruginous fascia along posterior parapsidal suture extending posteriorly onto disk, reduced to small spot or triangular mark posterior to submedian sigilla on disk in some paratypes, extending to anterior arms of cruciform elevation in other paratypes, ochraceous spot on anterolateral mesonotum, posterior wing groove ochraceous, cruciform elevation piceous, posterior anterior arms, lateral area and posterior arms reddish ochraceous, piceous between anterior arms, piceous fascia along midline. Metanotum piceous with ochraceous posterior margin, visible region posterior to cruciform elevation ochraceous on either side of piceous midline. Dorsum radiating long silvery pile, denser laterally, posteriorly, between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, in wing groove, and on posterior metanotum. Ventral thoracic segments ochraceous marked with piceous on basisternum 2, medial anepisternum 2, katepisternum 2, medial katepimeron 2, medial meron 2, basisternum 3, medial half of episternum 3, and medial trochantin 3, markings reduced in some paratypes, covered with long, dense white and silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and five apical cells respectively. Venation ferruginous at base becoming testaceous distally, ferruginous replaced with ochraceous in some paratypes, piceous on proximal radius & subcostal vein along basal cell, arculus, proximal anal vein 2 + 3, and spot on node, spot on node reduced or absent in some paratypes. Pterostigma absent. Basal membrane of fore wing white with gray posterior margin. Hind wing venation ochraceous, darkening distally, except piceous cubitus anterior and proximal anal vein 3. Entire anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 along anal vein 3 light gray, anal cell 2 and anal cell 1 light gray along anal vein 2. Legs. Legs greenish ferruginous, coxae, trochanters, and femora, striped with piceous, fore tibiae castaneous, middle tibiae castaneous near distal terminus. Fore femora with four oblique spines, proximal longest, secondary intermediate in length, secondary spine parallel to the primary spine, more erect in some paratypes, tertiary spine smallest and most angled, with very small apical spine extending from base of tertiary spine, all piceous with castaneous tips. Fore tarsi castaneous, middle tarsi lighter in the middle, hind tarsi greenish with castaneous proximal and distal margins, tibial spurs and comb ground color with darker tips. Pretarsal claws light castaneous. Legs radiating long silvery pile. Operculum. Male operculum with smoothly curved lateral and posterior margins, domed near base, lateral side bent dorsally at approximate right angle, reaching to middle of sternite II, ochraceous with piceous lateral margin, reddish along margin with meracanthus, long silvery pile radiating from operculum, denser at base. Medial margins reaching to lateral hind trochanter, separated by ventral extension of sternite I, curved with straight anterior margins forming a slightly acute angle. Meracanthus triangular, ochraceous with reddish base and piceous spot on base, extending over anterior margin of operculum. Abdomen. Abdominal tergites 1 and 2 piceous, tergites 3���8 piceous with transverse ferruginous mark on posterior dorsolateral and lateral areas and ochraceous posteromedial and lateral margins, amount of ferruginous area increasing in posterior tergites so that posterior third of tergite 8 ferruginous, ferruginous replaced with castaneous in some paratypes, tergites covered with long and short silvery pile. Timbal cover absent, timbal completely exposed, timbal with five ribs, extending to wing base. Male sternites and epipleurites ochraceous except piceous sternite I, midline and anterior margin of lateral sternite II, ventrolateral sternite II ferruginous anteriorly, ochraceous posteriorly. transverse piceous fascia on anterior midline of sternite III, sternites III���VI with longitudinal triangular castaneous mark on midline and ferruginous lateral margin, castaneous in some paratypes, ferruginous spot on anteromedial epipleurites, castaneous in some paratypes, sternite VII an elongated triangle, ferruginous spot on posterolateral margin in some paratypes, sternite VIII slightly elongated, ochraceous with ferruginous spot on lateral base, light castaneous tip in some paratypes, radiating castaneous pile, denser posteriorly, U-shaped when viewed from posterior. Genitalia. Male pygofer piceous dorsally with ferruginous lateral surfaces and ochraceous ventral margins, distal shoulder undeveloped, dorsal beak very small, pointed, bent ventrally when viewed from the side. Upper pygofer lobe lobate triangle, radiating long silvery pile, dense where upper pygofer lobe and distal shoulder meet, connection to dorsal beak straight, pygofer basal lobes elongated, flattened, adpressed to pygofer, curving sharply into upper pygofer lobe with long golden pile radiating medially from margin. Anal styles dark castaneous, anal tube ochraceous dorsally, dark castaneous ventrally. Median uncus lobe piceous, short, flattened, roughly semicircular when viewed from above. Claspers well developed, castaneous, base with parallel sides meeting along midline under median uncus lobe, bent at approximate right angle, tapering and diverging laterally to separate points, recurving anterolaterad towards base at apex when viewed from the side. Aedeagus tubular, castaneous, restrained by claspers. Female currently unknown. Measurements (mm). Male. N = 12, mean (range). Length of body: 11.29 (10.1���11.9); length of fore wing: 11.73 (10.7���12.2); width of fore wing: 4.85 (4.7���5.0); length of head: 1.77 (1.6���1.9); width of head including eyes: 3.65 (3.5���3.8); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 3.96 (3.7���4.3); width of mesonotum: 3.56 (3.4���3.8). Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished I. irhiniensis n. gen., n. sp. by the medial operculum margin roughly triangular and the pronotum with an elongated triangular mark on midline near anterior margin in that species. Ingcainyenzane umgeniensis n. gen., n. sp. can be distinguished by the timbal extending below the wing base, male sternite VIII is longer than the pygofer, and the short pygofer upper lobe of this new species. Distribution. The species was collected in the Upper Kowie River catchment, South Africa (Heydon and Grindley 1982) near the town of Bathurst. Notes on the biology of the species. We collected the species in the Albany valley thicket (AT18) of Dayaram et al. (2019). This species called from grasses and low shrubby plants., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Villet, Martin H., 2020, A new genus and three new species of South African Cicadettini (Hemiptera Cicadidae: Cicadettinae), pp. 579-590 in Zootaxa 4885 (4) on pages 583-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4885.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4296979, {"references":["Heydon, A. E. F. & Grindley, J. R. (1982) Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopsis of available information on individual systems. Report No. 10 Kowie (CSE 10), CSIR Research Report 409. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, National Research Institute for Oceanology, Estuarine and Coastal Research Unit, Stellenbosch, 58 pp.","Dayaram, A., Harris, L. R., Grobler, B. A., van der Merwe, S., Rebelo, A. G., Powrie, L. W., Vlok, J. H. J., Desmet, P. G., Qabaqaba, M., Hlahane, K. M. & Skowno, A. L. (2019) Vegetation map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland 2018: a description of changes since 2006. Bothalia-African Biodiversity & Conservation, 49 (1), a 2452, 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.4102 / abc. v 49 i 1.2452"]}

Genus Ingcainyenzane n. gen. Sanborn and Villet Type species. Ingcainyenzane irhiniensis n. gen., n. sp. (Makhanda (Grahamstown), 33�� 17.74���S 26�� 31.60���E, Eastern Cape, South Africa). Species included. The genus is represented currently only by three species, Ingcainyenzane nolukhanyoensis n. gen., n. sp., Ingcainyenzane irhiniensis n. gen., n. sp. and Ingcainyenzane umgeniensis n. gen., n. sp. Etymology. The name is a combination of ingca- (Xhosa, ingca, grass) and -inyenzane (Xhosa, inyenzane, cicada) in reference to the species of the genus living in grasses in the local language. The genus is feminine. Description. Small sized cicada (about 10.1���13.8 mm body length). Head slightly wider than mesonotum, eyes wider than anterior pronotal collar but not as wide as pronotal collar lateral angle, vertex at area of ocelli not as long as frons, supra-antennal plate meets postclypeus at right angle, postclypeus wider than supra-antennal plate, postclypeus inflated, semicircular extension beyond supra-antennal plates when viewed from dorsal side, without central sulcus, rostrum reaching trochanters of middle legs. Pronotum shorter than mesonotum, trapezoidal with anterior margin narrower than lateral margins of pronotal collar, lateral angles of pronotal collar expanded, lateral part of pronotal collar bent ventrally, mesonotum not covering dorsal metanotum, metanotum extends laterally beyond wing groove, cruciform elevation smoothly arched posteriorly. Fore wings and hind wing hyaline, basal cell longer than broad, fore wings and hind wing with eight and five apical cells respectively, fore wing distal apical cell 2 reaching abdomen apex when fore wing at rest, fore wing apical shorter than ulnar cells except apical cells 3, 4 and 6, fore wings about 2.3X longer than broad. Fore wing cubitus anterior straight at base beginning to curve at about two-thirds length, length of the fused median and cubitus anterior veins extending from arculus greater than length of basal cell, radius anterior and radius posterior arise from opposite ends of the node, radial crossvein short forming oblique angles in radius anterior 2 and radius posterior, radiomedial crossvein very slightly curved. Fore femora with three prominent, obliquely angled spines, primary spine longest, secondary spine intermediate in length, and tertiary spine shortest with a small apical spine extending from or distal to base of tertiary spine, angle between spine and femur decreasing in distal spines, tarsi three-segmented. Male operculum with smoothly curved lateral and posterior margins, domed near base, lateral margin reflexed towards base of timbal, extending to middle of sternite II, medial margins separated, meracanthus triangular with curved apex, extending over anterior margin of operculum. Abdomen longer than distance between apex of head and posterior of cruciform elevation, lateral margins straight, expanding laterally to tergite 3 where abdomen begins narrowing posteriorly to genitalia, male sternites partly translucent, epipleurites folded toward dorsal surface producing a channel on lateral margins of the male abdomen, deeper in the posterior abdomen. Timbal cover absent, timbal completely exposed, slight arching in middle opening to timbal cavity of tergite 2, timbal extending to or below wing base, tympana concealed by opercula. Male sternite VIII U-shaped when viewed from posterior. Pygofer distal shoulder not developed, dorsal beak absent, pygofer upper lobe lobate, pygofer basal lobe elongated, flattened, adpressed to pygofer, uncus lobe short, semicircular when viewed from above, claspers well developed, broad at base, meeting along midline, diverging anterolaterad, curving and narrowing to recurving distal terminus, male aedeagus a simple tubular structure with pseudoparameres restrained by claspers. Measurements (mm). Length of body: 13.4���13.4; length of fore wing: 12.8���12.8; width of fore wing: 5.5���5.5; length of head: 2.6���2.6; width of head including eyes: 4.4���4.4; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 4.6���4.6; width of mesonotum: 4.2���4.2. Diagnosis. Ingcainyenzane n. gen. can be distinguished from all other known African Cicadettini except Stellenboschia by the combination of eight apical cells in the fore wings and five apical cells in the hind wings. Species of Buyisa have seven and five apical cells in the fore and hind wings. Species of Afromelampsalta and Pinheya have eight and six apical cells in the fore and hind wings with one species of Afromelampsalta having four hind wing apical cells. The single species of Stellenboschia can be distinguished by the short, broad (twice as long as broad), and rounded fore wings with a strongly curved, bow-like costal margin beginning at the base of the fore wing while the fore wings are about 2.3X longer than broad, with a straight costal margin and more typical fore wing shape in the new genus. Molecular data suggest it is closely related to Buyisa (Marshall et al. 2015a). Distribution. Species of the genus have been collected in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Villet, Martin H., 2020, A new genus and three new species of South African Cicadettini (Hemiptera Cicadidae: Cicadettinae), pp. 579-590 in Zootaxa 4885 (4) on pages 580-581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4885.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4296979, {"references":["Marshall, D. C., Hill, K. B. R., Moulds, M. S., Vanderpool, D., Cooley, J. R., Mohagan, A. B. & Simon, C. (2015 a) Inflation of molecular clock rates and dates: molecular phylogenetics, biogeography, and diversification of a global cicada radiation from Australasia (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini). Systematic Biology, 65, 16 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syv 069"]}

Key to the Ingcainyenzane of Southern Africa 1 Timbal extends below wing base, male sternite VIII longer than pygofer, pygofer upper lobe small, barely extending beyond pygofer margin, inhabiting region of Howick in KwaZulu-Natal.......................... I. umgeniensis n. gen., n. sp. - Timbal not extending below wing base, male sternite VIII about as long as pygofer, pygofer upper lobe lobate, extending as flap-like structure beyond pygofer margin, inhabiting Eastern Cape.............................................. 2 2 Medial operculum margin roughly triangular, pronotum with elongated triangular mark on midline near anterior margin................................................................................... I. irhiniensis n. gen., n. sp. - Medial operculum margin roughly square, pronotum lacking triangular mark on midline... I. nolukhanyoensis n. gen., n. sp.

Genus Afromelampsalta n. gen. Type species. Cicada leucoptera Germar, 1830: 39. (Cape of Good Hope, South Africa) (type is deposited in the Zoological Museum, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (Shydlovskyy and Holovachov 2005) and can be viewed on-line at http://zoomus.lviv.ua/GERMAR/ZM3844web.htm). Species included. The genus is represented currently by A. leucoptera (Germar, 1830) n. comb., A. cadisia (Walker, 1850) n. comb., A. aethiopica (Distant, 1905) n. comb., A. limitata (Walker, 1852) n. comb., A. luteofasciata n. gen., n. sp., and A. mimica (Distant, 1907) n. comb. We include A. aethiopica (Distant, 1905) n. comb. even though it branches off before the clade containing Buyisa Distant, 1907 and the remaining species that we are reassigning to Afromelampsalta n. gen. (Marshall et al. 2015a). Without specimens available for examination, it is impossible for us to erect a new genus for the taxon but the species does not belong in Melampsalta (Marshall et al. 2015a). The varieties M. leucoptera var. a St��l, 1866, M. leucoptera var. b St��l, 1866 are unavailable following Article 11.9.1, where a name must include at least two letters (ICZN 1999). St��l (1866) separated the two varieties based on the degree of infuscation in the fore wing. We consider these differences to be part of the natural variability in the infuscation patterns of A. leucoptera n. comb. so that these proposed varieties would be considered synonyms of A. leucoptera n. comb. if they were available. Etymology. The name is a combination Afro- for the region where the genus is distributed and - melampsalta for the previous generic assignment for the majority of species, which was originally derived from the Greek ��������ς (black) and ����������ς (a chanter) (Kolenati 1857). The genus is feminine. Description. Small to medium-sized cicada (12���21 mm body length). Head about as wide as mesonotum, eyes wider than anterior pronotal collar but not as wide as pronotal collar lateral angle, vertex at area of ocelli not as long as frons, supra-antennal plate forming anterior indentation with junction to postclypeus, postclypeus slightly wider than supra-antennal plate, postclypeus inflated, semicircular when viewed from dorsal side, without central sulcus, rostrum reaching coxae or trochanters of middle legs. Pronotum shorter than mesonotum, trapezoidal with anterior margin narrower than lateral margins of pronotal collar, lateral angles of pronotal collar expanded and lobate, lateral part of pronotal collar bent ventrally, mesonotum not covering dorsal metanotum, metanotum extends laterally beyond wing groove, cruciform elevation smoothly arched posteriorly. Fore wings and hind wing hyaline, except fore wings of leucoptera which are bronzed and infuscated along veins, basal cell longer than broad, fore wings and hind wing with eight and six apical cells respectively, fore wing apical cell 2 beyond abdomen apex when fore wing at rest, fore wing apical and ulnar cells about the same length, fore wings more than twice as long as broad. Fore wing cubitus anterior straight, length of the fused median and cubitus anterior veins extending from the arculus shorter than length of basal cell, radius anterior and radius posterior arise from nearly the same point of node, radial crossvein short causing radius anterior 2 and radius posterior to approach one another before diverging to ambient vein, radiomedial crossvein curved. Fore femora with three prominent, parallel, angled spines, primary spine longest, secondary spine intermediate in length, and tertiary spine shortest with a base about as broad as spine is long and small apical spine extending from base of tertiary spine, tarsi three-segmented, meracanthi tapering to a point, barely extending over anterior or not reaching operculum, female meracanthi of similar shape to conspecific male, extending almost to anterior margin of female operculum. Male opercula with rounded or partially straight posterior margin, covering tympanal cavity extending to sternite II or III, lateral margin reflexed to base of timbal, opercula separated along midline, female operculum variably developed, even within a species, with lateral and posterior margins weakly to moderately curved, extending medially only half way to medial base of meracanthus. Abdomen longer than distance between apex of head and posterior of cruciform elevation, expanding laterally to tergite 4 where abdomen begins narrowing posteriorly to genitalia, lateral margins straight, male sternites partly translucent, epipleurites folded toward dorsal surface to varying degrees producing a slight depression on lateral margins of the male abdomen but not a deep channel. Timbal cover absent, timbal completely exposed, not extending below wing bases, tympana concealed by opercula. Male sternite VIII U-shaped when viewed from posterior. Female sternite VII with weakly conven lateroposterior margin either side of a wide, deep medial notch. Pygofer distal shoulder not developed, dorsal beak present, triangular or arching, pygofer upper lobe small and undeveloped, pygofer basal lobe elongated, flattened, adpressed to pygofer, uncus lobe short, tapering distally, claspers well developed, male aedeagus a simple tubular structure restrained by claspers. Female abdominal segment 9 with small dorsal beak present (e.g. A. leucoptera n. comb.) or absent (e.g. A. mimica n. comb.) and semicircular posterior margin around anal styles, ovipositor sheath extends well beyond anal styles. Spermatids were described by Chawanji et al. (2006); eggs are unknown. Measurements (mm). Length of body: 12.0���21.0; length of fore wing: 13.0���18.5; width of fore wing: 5.9���8.5; length of head: 1.0���2.1; width of head including eyes: 4.1���4.7; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 4.7���5.2; width of mesonotum: 4.0���5.0. Diagnosis. The new genus differs from Melampsalta in the three large spines and a small apical spine on the fore femora rather than the two large spines and a small apical spines found in Melampsalta, the fore wing cubitus anterior is straight rather than arching, and the postclypeus is about as wide as the supra-antennal plate rather than twice as wide as the supra-antennal plate as described by Kolenati (1857) as characteristic for Melampsalta. Dlabola (1963) described the length of the fused median and cubitus anterior veins extending from the arculus as being greater than the length of the basal cell in Melampsalta but this length is shorter in the new genus. The radius anterior and radius posterior arise from nearly the same point of the node in the new species similar to species of Tettigetta Kolenati, 1857 but arise from distinctly separate points of the node in Melampsalta (Mozaffarian and Sanborn 2016). Myers (1929) describes Melampsalta possessing apical cells that are shorter than the ulnar cells in the fore wing. Myers (1929) worked primarily with New Zealand species no longer assigned to Melampsalta, but Kolenati (1857) and Mozaffarian and Sanborn (2016) illustrate this character in the fore wing of the type species of Melampsalta. The apical and ulnar cells are about the same length in the new genus. Male sternite VIII is V-shaped, the dorsal beak is spine-like, and the uncus is longer and curved in Melampsalta. All African Cicadettini genera are part of the same clade (Marshall et al. 2015a; 2015b). Afromelampsalta n. gen. can be distinguished from Buyisa Distant, 1907 and Stellenboschia Distant, 1920 by the five apical cells in the hind wings of these genera. Species of Afromelampsalta n. gen. can be distinguished from species of Buyisa by the seven apical cells in the fore wing of that genus and from the species of Stellenboschia by the fore wing radial cell being is half as wide as it is long and the fore wing width is half the length of the fore wings. Pinheya Dlabola, 1963 can be distinguished by the infuscation in the wings, the visible crossvein along the nodal line and the flattened postclypeus when viewed from the side, all of which are lacking in the new genus. Distribution. The species of the genus primarily are restricted to South Africa (Metcalf 1963; Duffels and van der Laan 1985; Sanborn 2013). The type locality of A. aethiopica n. comb. is Zomba, British East Africa (Distant 1905) that is now a part of Malawi and represents the northernmost limit of the known range for the genus., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Villet, Martin H., 2020, Afromelampsalta, a new genus, a new species, and five new combinations of African cicadettine cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae), pp. 531-542 in Zootaxa 4731 (4) on pages 533-534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4731.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3661982, {"references":["Germar, E. F. (1830) Species Cicadarium enumeratae et sub genera distributae. Thon's Entomologisches Archiv, 2, 37 - 57.","Shydlovskyy, I. V. & Holovachov, O. V. (2005) [Homopteran insects from the collection of E. - F. Germar in the Zoological Museum of LNU (Catalogue)]. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Zoological Museum, Lviv, 76 pp., 8 pls. [in Russian, English forward]","Walker, F. (1850) List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum Trustees, London, 260 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9063","Distant, W. L. (1905) Rhynchotal notes XXXV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 16, 265 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745480509442862","Walker, F. (1852) List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part IV. British Museum Trustees, London, ix + 281 pp. [pp. i-ix, 909 - 1188, pls. I-VIII] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1584","Marshall, D. C., Hill, K. B. R., Moulds, M. S., Vanderpool, D., Cooley, J. R., Mohagan, A. B. & Simon, C. (2015 a) Inflation of molecular clock rates and dates: molecular phylogenetics, biogeography, and diversification of a global cicada radiation from Australasia (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini). Systematic Biology, 65, 16 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syv 069","Stal, C. (1866) Hemiptera Homoptera Latr. Hemiptera Africana, 4, 1 - 276, pl. 1.","Kolenati, F. (1857) HOMOPTERA Latreille. Leach. GULAEROSTRIA Zetterstedt. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiele des Naturalistes Moscou, Section Biologique, 30, 399 - 444.","Chawanji, A. S., Hodgson, A. N. & Villet, M. H. (2006) Sperm morphology in five species of cicadettine cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae). Tissue and Cell, 38, 373 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. tice. 2006.08.006","Dlabola, J. (1963) Pinheya n. g. of Melampsaltini, discussion on near genera and faunistic notes on Rhodesian Cicadoidea / Homoptera Cicadidae /. Publicacoes Culturais Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 66, 47 - 53.","Mozaffarian, F. & Sanborn, A. F. (2016) Two species of the genus Tibicen Latreille, 1825 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Iran, with an identification key to the genera of the family Cicadidae (Hemiptera) in the country. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 68, 469 - 476.","Myers, J. G. (1929) The taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution of New Zealand cicadas (Homoptera). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 77, 29 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1929. tb 00679. x","Marshall, D. C., Hill, K. B. R., Moulds, M. S., Vanderpool, D., Cooley, J. R., Mohagan, A. B. & Simon, C. (2015 b) Data from: Inflation of molecular clock rates and dates: molecular phylogenetics, biogeography, and diversification of a global cicada radiation from Australasia (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini). Dryad Digital Repository. [dataset] https: // doi. org / 10.5061 / dryad. 5590 q","Distant, W. L. (1920) Some undescribed Ethiopian Cicadidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 5 (28), 369 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932008632389","Metcalf, Z. P. (1963) General catalogue of the Homoptera, Fascicle VIII. Cicadoidea. Part 2. Tibicinidae. North Carolina State College Contribution, 1564, i-vi + 1 - 492.","Duffels, J. P. & van der Laan, P. A. (1985) Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Homoptera, Auchenorhyncha) 1956 - 1980. Series Entomologica 34. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrect, 414 pp.","Sanborn, A. F. (2013) Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea). With contributions to the bibliography by Martin H. Villet. Elsevier / Academic Press, San Diego, 1001 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / b 978 - 0 - 12 - 416647 - 9.00001 - 2"]}

Afromelampsalta luteofasciata n. sp. Sanborn and Villet (Figs. 2–3) Melampsalta sp. a Phillips, Sanborn & Villet 2002: 31. Melampsalta sp. a Sanborn, Phillips & Villet 2003: 348-349, Table 1. Melampsalta sp. a Sanborn 2013: 530. Type material. Holotype. “ SOUTH AFRICA: Grahamstown / EC RSA / 33º19’14”S 26º30’28”E / 28 Dec 2001 / A. SANBORN // in Themeda grassland” male (AMGS). Paratypes. “ SOUTH AFRICA E. Cape Prov. / Grahamstown / 33º 19.24 S 26º 30.47 E / 28 Dec 2001 / A. Sanborn, coll.” seven males (AFSC); “ SOUTH AFRICA E. Cape Prov. / Grahamstown / 33º 19.24 S 26º 30.47 E / 28 Dec 2001 / P. Phillips, coll.” three males (AFSC); “ SOUTH AFRICA E. Cape Prov. / Grahamstown / 33º 19.24 S 26º 30.47 E / 28 Dec 2001 / A. Sanborn, coll.” one male (AFSC). Remarks. The type series was collected when the official name of the town was Grahamstown, the locality reflected in the labels on the type series. The town has since been officially renamed Makhanda so that the type locality is Makhanda, East Cape, South Africa. Etymology. The name luteofasciata is a combination of luteus (L. yellow) and fasciatus (L. banded, striped) in reference to the yellow fasciae on the thorax and abdomen. Measurements (mm). Male. N = 11, mean (range). Length of body: 14.73 (14.1–15.6); length of fore wing: 14.97 (14.5–15.6); width of fore wing: 6.25 (5.9–6.6); length of head: 1.97 (1.8–2.1); width of head including eyes: 4.22 (4.1–4.3); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 4.98 (4.7–5.2); width of mesonotum: 4.22 (4.0–4.4). Female unknown. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from A. leucoptera n. comb. by the infuscated veins of the fore wings in that species. The abdominal sternites have a broad, longitudinal fascia in A. aethiopica n. comb. that is lacking in this new species. Afromelampsalta mimica n. comb. can be distinguished by the four or five apical cells of the hind wings and the abdominal tergites that are piceous dorsally with lateral reddish-orange areas. Apical cells 1 and 2 in the fore wing are about the same size in A. limitata n. comb. but apical cell 1 is longer in the new species. Finally, A. cadisia n. comb. can be distinguished by the anterior tawny spots and dorsolateral dark red spots on the pronotum, the ferruginous legs and the cruciform elevation lacking a longitudinal piceous mark. Description. Ground color piceous marked with ochraceous. Head. Head about as wide as mesonotum, piceous with ochraceous mark in posterior epicranial suture, on lateral supra-antennal plate, mark on supra-antennal plate extending along anterior margin in some paratypes, along anterior and anteromedial margin in some paratypes or supra-antennal plate ochraceous in some paratypes. Covered with short golden pile dorsally, longer silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark castaneous. Ventral head piceous, posterior gena and lateral lorum ochraceous, lorum completely ochraceous in some paratypes. Thick silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus piceous with ochraceous lateral and ventroposterior margins, ochraceous spot on apex extending as a fascia along dorsal midline, fascia separated from spot in some paratypes. Postclypeus with eleven transverse grooves, short golden pile on dorsum, silvery pile in transverse grooves, long, dense silvery pile on lateral postclypeus. Anteclypeus piceous with ochraceous anterior margin and ochraceous spot on posterior carina, completely piceous in some paratypes, covered with long silvery pile. Mentum ochraceous with lateral castaneous fasciae, labium ochraceous with piceous lateral fascia and tip, long silvery pile on tip, reaching to posterior of middle coxae. Antennal segments piceous, scape with ochraceous annular mark distally. Thorax. Dorsal thorax piceous. Pronotum with ochraceous fascia expanding in middle on midline anterior to pronotal collar, reduced in some paratypes, triangular ochraceous marks on either side of piceous posterior midline anterior to pronotal collar, incomplete transverse ochraceous fascia along anterior margin, lateral scute margined with ochraceous. Pronotal collar ochraceous, castaneous dorsally in some paratypes, with piceous marks across dorsal midline, on lateral margin of pronotal collar lateral angle extending along lateral margin of pronotal collar, lateral margin of pronotal collar ochraceous anteriorly in some paratypes. Pronotum covered with short silvery pile, longer pile laterally. Mesonotum piceous, lateral sigillae surrounded by ochraceous, separated into four dorsal stripes or expanding onto anterior arms of cruciform elevation in some paratypes, posterior wing groove ochraceous, cruciform elevation ochraceous, piceous between anterior arms, across distal anterior arms and along midline, midline mark triangular, reduced, or expanding across proximal posterior arms in various paratypes. Metanotum piceous with ochraceous posterior margin, visible region posterior to cruciform elevation ochraceous on either side of midline. Dorsum covered with silvery pile, longer and denser laterally, posteriorly, between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, in wing groove, and on posterior metanotum. Ventral thoracic segments ochraceous with piceous basisternum 2, piceous spots on posterior anepisternum 2, anteromedial katepisternum 2, medial katepimeron 2, and basisternum 3, covered with long, dense white pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation piceous except ochraceous costa and radius & subcostal vein to node, arculus connection to radius & subcostal vein, radius anterior distal to node, cubitus posterior + anal vein 1 and anterior anal vein 2 + 3, proximal cubitus anterior along basal cell light castaneous. Basal cell clear, longer than broad. Pterostigma milky. Basal membrane of fore wing white becoming dark gray posteriorly. Venation of hind wing ochraceous, castaneous distal radius posterior, ambient vein, proximal median vein and tawny anal vein 3. Coloration variable in different wings and in different specimens. Anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 along anal vein 3 gray, anal cell 3 gray along medial margin. Small V-shaped infuscation on plaga between gray regions. Legs. Legs ochraceous, transverse dark castaneous marks on proximal and distal coxae and trochanters, coxae, trochanters, femora, and fore tibiae striped with castaneous, tibiae with proximal and distal castaneous marks. Fore femora with three parallel oblique spines with curved tips, proximal longest, secondary intermediate in length, tertiary spine smallest with very small apical spine extending from base of tertiary spine, all castaneous. Fore tarsi castaneous, middle and hind tarsi lighter in the middle, tibial spurs and comb castaneous with darker tips. Legs covered with long silvery pile. Meracantha triangular, medial margin angulate, ochraceous with castaneous spot on medial base extending over anterior margin of operculum but not reaching domed region of operculum. Opercula. Male operculum roughly rectangular, domed centrally, with smoothly rounded posterolateral and posterior margins, lateral side bent dorsally so that lateral margin almost reaches extended hind wing, reaching to anterior of sternite III, ochraceous with castaneous spot on lateral base, dense long white pile across base and sparsely distributed on operculum. Medial margins almost touching medially, curved with straight margins forming an approximate right angle extending from the curve. Abdomen. Abdominal tergites piceous, transverse ochraceous fascia on posterior of tergite 1 along timbal, ochraceous spot on posterolateral tergite 2 next to auditory capsule, posterior and lateral margins of tergites 3–8 ochraceous, amount of lateral ochraceous increasing in posterior tergites so that tergite 8 is mostly ochraceous with anterodorsal piceous spot, covered with silvery pile, denser laterally and posterior to auditory capsule. Timbal cover absent, timbal completely exposed, timbal with four ribs, timbal does not extend below wing base. Sternites and epipleurites ochraceous except piceous sternite I, transverse spots on either side of midline of sternite II, transverse spot on anterior midline and small transverse spots on anterolateral margin of sternite III, male sternites III–V translucent laterally, sternite VIII elongated, ochraceous radiating piceous pile from posterior half, U-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile. Genitalia. Male pygofer ochraceous with piceous dorsal surface, distal shoulder undeveloped, dorsal beak pointed, curved ventrally when viewed from the side, with long silvery pile posteriorly. Upper pygofer lobe small forming an approximate right angle with curve to dorsal beak, pygofer basal lobes elongated, flattened, adpressed to pygofer. Anal styles reddish with ochraceous margin, anal tube ochraceous. Median uncus lobe dark ochraceous, short, flattened, tapering distally forming a roughly triangular shape. Claspers well developed, castaneous, meeting along midline under median uncus lobe and curving laterad towards pointed apex. Aedeagus tubular, castaneous, restrained by claspers. Female unknown. Distribution. Upper Kowie River catchment, South Africa (Fig. 3). The type series was collected at Makhanda (Grahamstown). Notes on the biology of the species. We collected the species in the Grassy Fynbos of Low and Robelo (1996), calling from grasses between bushclumps.

Afromelampsalta mimica (Distant, 1907a) n. comb. (Fig. 4) Pauropsalta mimica Distant, 1907a: 176���177. Pauropsalta mimica Ewart 1989: 293. Melampsalta sp. b Phillips, Sanborn & Villet 2002: 31. Melampsalta sp. b Sanborn, Phillips & Villet 2003: 349, Table 1. Pauropsalta mimica Moulds 2012: 176 Melampsalta sp. b Sanborn 2013: 530. Pauropsalta mimica Sanborn 2013: 545 Remarks. Ewart (1989: 293) excluded this species from five species groups assigned to Pauropsalta Goding & Froggatt, 1904, including one containing Cicada mneme Walker, 1850, the orthotype of Pauropsalta (Goding & Froggatt, 1904). Moulds (2012) listed P. mimica under Pauropsalta. He did not assign it to another genus, but noted that it was part of a groups of species that appeared to be erroneously placed in Pauropsalta. Exuvium. Material examined. ��� SOUTH AFRICA E. Cape Prov. / Grahamstown / 33�� 19.28 S 26�� 30.47 E / 28 Dec 2001 / P. Phillips, coll.��� one female (AFSC). Description. Body 16 mm long, ochraceous with tawny posterior segment margin, narrow with curved posterior abdomen covered with long, sparse setae, denser on ventral surface and legs. Head. Head slightly wider than long, about as wide as anterior pronotum. Antennae six segmented, scape very small, distal two segments extending beyond anterior postclypeus. Postclypeus inflated, bulbous, rostrum missing. Postclypeus, anteclypeus and posterior gena covered with dense, long setae, sparse setae on remaining head, long setae radiating on lateral eye. Thorax. Dorsal pronotum about 2.5 mm, dorsal mesonotum about 3.5 mm, and dorsal metanotum about 0.6 mm in length on midline. Fore wing apex reaching to middle of abdominal tergite 2, hind wing almost reaching posterior of abdominal tergite 2. Setae sparse on tergites, ventrally restricted to posterolateral sternites. Legs. Legs covered with setae. Fore femora with posterior tooth long, sharp, curved forward slightly; more than 3X as long as wide at base, with lobate accessory tooth. No diastema separating posterior tooth from single intermediate tooth. Fore femur comb with four teeth, apical tooth blade-like. Fore tibia blade well-developed, obtusely angulate in center, without apical point, single well-developed, pointed apical tooth. Fore tarsus two-segmented, apical tarsomere very elongated, pretarsal claws of unequal length. Middle tibia with three apical spines, middle spine longest, lateral spine intermediate in length, medial spine shortest and narrowest. Middle tarsus two-segment- ed, apical tarsomere elongated, pretarsal claws of unequal length (based on diameter of base as both broken in only leg present). Hind tibiae with three apical spines, middle spine longest, lateral spine intermediate in length, medial spine shortest and narrowest. Hind tarsus two-segmented, apical tarsomere elongated, pretarsal claws of unequal length (based on comparison between hind tarsi as one claw broken on each hind tarsus but medial and lateral claws are present in the two legs of the specimen). Abdomen. Abdomen cylindrical, longer than head and thorax length combined. Segments one and two small producing a distinct waist, width expanding to segment five where begins to reduce width towards apex. Tergites with transverse row of setae near posterior margin, setae on lateral margin of tergites and denser on sternites. Genitalia. Female gonapophyses VIII (valvifer 1) elongated, triangular, abutting along midline and curving dorsally towards apex, about as long as tergite 9. Gonapophyses IX (valvifer 2) extending laterally and posteriorly from under gonapophyses VIII. Sternites X and XI extending posterior to and bent ventrally over distal gonapophyses IX. Remarks. The exuvia of this species can be easily distinguished from the previously described exuvia (Villet 1989; Midgley et al. 2013) from South Africa by its smaller size, narrow body, lobate accessory tooth of the femur, reduced femoral teeth, and lack of diastema. The lobate accessory tooth is similar to those described in Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus, 1758) and the fossil Burmacicada protera Poinar and Kritsky, 2011 and Dominicada youngi Poinar and Kritsky, 2011 (Poinar and Kritsky 2011). Distribution. Upper Kowie River catchment, South Africa (Fig. 3). Notes on the biology of the species. The species was collected in the Savannah biome of the Eastern Thorn Bushveld (Low & Robelo 1996) and the Albany Coastal Belt vegetation type of the Albany Thicket Biome (Mucina and Rutherford 2006). This species also called from grasses., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Villet, Martin H., 2020, Afromelampsalta, a new genus, a new species, and five new combinations of African cicadettine cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae), pp. 531-542 in Zootaxa 4731 (4) on pages 538-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4731.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3661982, {"references":["Distant, W. L. (1907 a) Descriptions of two new species of South African Cicadidae. Records of the Albany Museum, 2, 176 - 177.","Ewart, A. (1989). Revisionary notes on the genus Pauropsalta Goding and Froggatt (Homoptera: Cicadidae) with special reference to Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 27, 289 - 375.","Phillips, P. K., Sanborn, A. F. & Villet, M. H. (2002) Thermal responses in some African cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae). Eleventh International Auchenorrhyncha Congress Potsdam, Germany, 5 - 9 August 5 - 9, Abstracts of Talks and Posters, 31.","Sanborn, A. F., Phillips, P. K. & Villet, M. H. (2003) Thermal responses in some Eastern Cape African cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). Journal of Thermal Biology, 28, 347 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0306 - 4565 (03) 00013 - 5","Moulds, M. S. (2012) A review of the genera of Australian cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea). Zootaxa, 3287 (1), 1 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3287.1.1","Sanborn, A. F. (2013) Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea). With contributions to the bibliography by Martin H. Villet. Elsevier / Academic Press, San Diego, 1001 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / b 978 - 0 - 12 - 416647 - 9.00001 - 2","Goding, F. W. & Froggatt, W. W. (1904) Monograph of the Australian Cicadidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 29, 561 - 670. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20173","Walker, F. (1850) List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum Trustees, London, 260 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9063","Villet, M. (1989) Systematic status of Platypleura stridula L. and Platypleura capensis L. (Homoptera, Cicadidae). South African Journal of Zoology, 24, 329 - 332. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448172","Midgley, J. M., Bouwer, N. & Villet, M. H. (2013) The final instar exuvium of Pycna semiclara Germar, 1834 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). African Invertebrates, 54, 171 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 054.0109","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Edito duodecima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 156765","Poinar, G. Jr. & Kritsky, G. (2011) Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). Historical Biology, 24, 461 - 466. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2011.603421","Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M. C. (2006) The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia. 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, viii + 807 pp."]}

Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) occurs on every continent and is closely associated with carrion and decaying material in human environments. Its abilities to find dead bodies and carry pathogens give it a prominence in human affairs that may involve prosecution or litigation, and therefore forensic entomologists. The identification, geographical distribution and biology of the species are reviewed to provide a background for approaches that four branches of forensic entomology (urban, stored-product, medico-criminal and environmental) might take to investigations involving this fly.

Genus Xosopsaltria Kirkaldy 1904 Pydna St��l 1861: 621. Xosopsaltria Kirkaldy 1904: 280 (nom. nov. pro Pydna St��l, 1861 nec Pydna Walker, 1856). TYPE SPECIES. Cicada lutea Olivier 1790 (Distant 1905 a: 266) (South Africa). The type species for Pydna St��l 1861: 621 is Cicada lutea Olivier 1790. REMARKS. Cicada lutea remains the type species of the new genus Kirkaldy (1904) provided for the preoccupied name Pydna. Cicada lutea Olivier, 1790 is placed as a junior synonym of Cicada scurra Germar, 1830 by Kirkaldy (1909). This is admissible under articles 53.3 and 57.2 of the Code because Cicada lutea Olivier, 1790 is a primary homonym of Cicada lutea Gmelin, 1789 and St��l (1861) considered the species to be synonyms., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Villet, Martin H., 2016, Two new species of Xosopsaltria Kirkaldy, 1904, with a key to the species of South African pygmy bladder cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Tettigomyiini), pp. 195-206 in Zootaxa 4092 (2) on pages 195-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/270886

Pycna semiclara Germar, 1834 Figs 1–3 Pycna semiclara: Germar 1834: 82. Description: Exuvium. Body 1.9 cm long, light brown, not narrow or elongated; profile curved. Legs and ventral side sparsely covered with bristles (Fig. 2). Head. In dorsal view, including eyes, about twice as wide as long; slightly wider than anterior margin of pronotum. Antenna small, not extending past clypeus; with six segments. Clypeus in dorsal view rounded, bulbous; profile rounded. Rostrum reaching base of metacoxae. Thorax. Pronotum in dorsal view about half the length of mesonotum. Metanotum very small compared to pronotum and mesonotum. Apex of fore wing reaching third abdominal segment; hind wing reaching third abdominal segment (Fig. 2). Legs and ventralregion of thorax with sparse setae. Profemur (Fig. 3A) with posterior tooth long, sharp, curved forward slightly; about 3× as long as wide at base. Accessory posterior tooth small, blunt. Intermediate tooth present. Diastema betweenintermediate tooth (itf) and posterior tooth (ptf) wide; diastema between itf and ptf longer than length of ptf. Profemoral comb with 7 teeth.Apical toothof comb slightly blade-like; pointed. Protibia (Fig. 3A) withwell-developed blade; untoothed; with one pointed, well-developed, preapical tooth. Apical tooth about 1.5× as long as width of base; separated from previous tooth by deep notch. Protarsus (Fig. 3A) two-segmented; apical tarsomere elongated; protarsal claws of unequal size. Mesotibia (Fig. 3B) without lateral spines or protrusions; with five apical spines, one much smaller than the others. Mesotarsus two-segmented; apical tarsomere elongated; mesotarsal claws of unequal size. Metatibia (Fig. 3C) with four large apical spines and two or three much smaller spines situated slightly higher up on leg and between the larger spines. Hind tarsus (Fig. 3C) two-segmented, apical tarsomere elongated; metatarsal claws of unequal size. Abdomen (Fig. 2). Short, cylindrical in cross section; in dorsal view, lacking distinct waist; with few ventral setae. Abdominal tergites without transverse rows of setae; tergites 6–10 with sparse hairs; tergite 7 with dark spot either side of midline. Sternites three-quarters the width of abdomen proximal to thorax, tapering distally to onetenth the width of abdomen; covered with white tomentum. Sternite 1 lacking median protruberance. Sternite 10 of male with a single protrusion, pointed apically. Material examined: SOUTHAFRICA: Eastern Cape: 2 exuviae, 1 teneral adult, Grahamstown, 33°19'06"S 26°32'06"E, 19.xi.2011, J.M. Midgley, fromleaves of Bulbine sp. growing under Dais cotinifolia L. (exuvium and adult) and nearby trunk of Grevillea robusta (Cunn.) (exuvium) (AMGS 61197–61199); 1 exuvium, 2 adults, East London, 32°58'48"S 27°54'05"E, 23.xii.2011, C.A. Coombes, from stem of Syzygium sp. (AMGS 61673–61675)., Published as part of Midgley, John M., Bouwer, Nicolette & Villet, Martin H., 2013, The final instar exuvium of Pycna semiclara Germar, 1834 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), pp. 171-175 in African Invertebrates 54 (1) on pages 172-174, DOI: 10.5733/afin.054.0109, http://zenodo.org/record/5562870, {"references":["GERMAR, E. F. 1834. Observations sur plusieurs especes du genre Cicada, Latr. Revue Entomologique 2: 49 - 82."]}

Key to described exuviae of Southern African cicadas 1 Distance between itf and pft longer than pft (Fig. 2). Antennae short, not reaching beyond front of head..................................................................... Pycna semiclara – Distance between itf and pft as long as pft (see Villet 1989: fig. 3). Antennae long, reaching beyond front of head.................................................................................2 2 Clypeus somewhat pointed in profile. Abdomen curved downward, with distinct waist in dorsal view. Gap between bases of itf and pft wide and rounded................................................................................................................ Platypleurastridula – Clypeus rounded, bulbous in profile. Abdomen at most slightly curved, without waist in dorsal view. Gap between bases of itf and pft narrow and pointed............................................................................................................. Platypleura capensis, Published as part of Midgley, John M., Bouwer, Nicolette & Villet, Martin H., 2013, The final instar exuvium of Pycna semiclara Germar, 1834 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), pp. 171-175 in African Invertebrates 54 (1) on page 174, DOI: 10.5733/afin.054.0109, http://zenodo.org/record/5562870, {"references":["------ 1989. Systematic status of Platypleura stridula L. and Platypleura capensis L. (Homoptera, Cicadidae). South African Journal of Zoology 24: 329 - 332."]}

Midgley, John M., Collett, Isabel J., Villet, Martin H. (2012): The distribution, habitat, diet and forensic significance of the scarab Frankenbergerius forcipatus (Harold, 1881) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). African Invertebrates 53 (2): 745, DOI: 10.5733/afin.053.0214, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5733/afin.053.0214