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Vieira (Penny 2002: 205���206, Figs 129���131; Tauber 2006, 2007; Tauber et al. 2006; Sosa & Tauber 2017; here Fig. 23). Size: Body large and stout to relatively small and slender; forewing length 11.6���26.0 mm; males and females of similar size. Coloration: Cream with bold, black body markings; antennal flagellum dark basally. Wings: Not narrowed; ratio of forewing length to width = 2.5���2.6: 1; costal area of forewing with patch of splayed crossveins, with dark markings (splaying very moderate in V. elegans (Gu��rin M��neville); forewing and hindwing with dark patches; veins in dark patches also dark, other veins mostly pale. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation present. Abdomen: Setae relatively long, moderate density. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9+e sinuous, with proximal section extending downward and well into A8; S8+9 fused with prominent suture; microtholi on S3���S8; gonarcus without gonocornu or frontal plate; mediuncus with or without frontal setae; parameres large, quadrate, closely attached to gonaracus via stiff membrane. Female: Abdominal tergites without mesal suture; dorsum of T 9+e with or without deep mesal invagination; praegenitale absent. In summary, Vieira is the only New World belonopterygine genus having the following suite of features: a robust, pale body with bold, black markings, wings with large dark markings, costal area of forewing with a series of splayed costal crossveins within a dark marking; males with quadrate parameres that are closely associated with the gonarcus, and females lacking a praegenitale., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on page 534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Penny, N. D. (2002) Family Chrysopidae. In: A guide to the lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 53, 187 - 227, 301 - 373.","Tauber, C. A., Tauber, M. J. & Albuquerque, G. S. (2006) Berchmansus elegans (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): larval and adult characteristics and new tribal affiliation. European Journal of Entomology, 103, 221 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.024","Tauber, C. A. (2007) Review of Berchmansus and Vieira and description of two new species of Leucochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 100, 110 - 138.","Sosa, F. & Tauber, C. A. (2017) The genus Vieira Navas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a new species, a key to the species, and new geographic records. Zootaxa, 4258 (1), 43 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4258.1.3"]}

Belonopteryx (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 165–167, Figs 133–135; Breitkreuz 2018: 258–262, Fig. 45; here, Fig. 23). A monotypic genus. Size: Body stout, relatively large; wing length 20–22 mm; males and females of similar size. Coloration: Cream with bold reddish-black body markings in longitudinal pattern (Fig. 23); color of antennal flagellum unknown. Wings: Narrow, tapered, acute at tips; ratio of forewing length to width = 5: 1; costal area of forewing without splayed crossveins or dark markings; forewing with im1 cell missing; forewing and hindwing with streak of reddish suffusion surrounding RP, PsM, and outer gradates; veins in reddish patches dark, other veins mostly pale. Tarsal claws: Simple. Abdomen: Setae short, dense. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9+e short; S8+9 not fused (Brooks & Barnard 1990), fused (Breitkreuz 2018); S9 small; microtholi dense on all sternites except S9; gonarcus probably without frontal plate, probably without gonocornua; mediuncus with setae; parameres absent. Female: Praegenitale absent. In summary, the rarely encountered Belonopteryx is the most distinct of the New World belonopterygine genera. It is recognized by its long, tapered wings, each with streaks of reddish suffusion along the RP and PsM+outer gradates; the lack of an im1 cell in the forewing; and a robust, pale body with longitudinal dorsal markings. Males have very dense microtholi and females are without a praegenitale., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 533-534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Breitkreuz, L. C. V. (2018) Systematics and evolution of the family Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with an emphasis on their morphology. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 661 pp."]}

Part 4. Key to New World Genera of Belonopterygini 1. Forewings and hindwings with distinct (red, black, or brown) markings.......................................... 2 1’. Forewings and hindwings without markings................................................................ 3 2. Wings narrow, with lanceolate tips, membrane marked with red tinge; venation without splayed pattern...................................................................................... Belonopteryx arteriosa (Gertstaecker) 2’. Wings moderately broad, with round tips; alar membrane marked with black or brown, not red; at least some parts of forewing with venation in splayed pattern.............................................................. Vieira Navás * 3. Body without bold, dark markings, usually stout.............................................. Nacarina Navás ** 3’. Body with dark, bold markings, stout or delicate............................................................. 4 4. Prothorax heavy, shield-like, with four pairs of black spots dorsally; body stout................. Abachrysa eureka Banks 4’. Prothorax broad, but not particularly heavy, with two pairs of elongate black lines (one lateral, one sublateral), no spots; body delicate............................................................... Pantaleonius toschiorum Tauber, n.sp., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on page 541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947

Pantaleonius Tauber, New Genus (Figs. 1���11) Type species. Pantaleonius toschiorum Tauber, New Species. Etymology of the genus name. The genus Pantaleonius is named in honor of Professor Roberto A. Pantaleoni, Dipartimento di Agraria, Universit�� degli Studi, via Enrico De Nicola, Sassari SS, Italy. Prof. Pantaleoni is a distinguished researcher, educator, colleague, and enthusiastic student of Neuroptera. Most importantly here, he challenged my earlier erroneous, generic determination for this new species and encouraged me to broaden my outlook. The genus-group name is derived from a Latin-based personal name and has a masculine suffix. Tribal association. Relatively recent molecular studies of chrysopid genera worldwide indicate that the tribe Belonopterygini is monophyletic (Garz��n-Ordu��a et al. 2019; Winterton et al. 2019, and literature cited therein). Also, the known belonopterygine larvae exhibit a set of synapomorphic character states that are sufficiently distinct so as to typify a monophyletic tribe (Tauber et al. 2014, Tauber & Winterton 2014, Tauber et al 2020). However, to my knowledge, currently no single trait or suite of traits have been proposed to distinguish belonopterygine adults definitively and consistently from those in other Chrysopinae tribes. Although the adults of some species, especially those of the Old World, express features that traditionally have united them as a tribe (see Tjeder 1966, Brooks 1984, Brooks & Barnard 1990, Breitkreuz 2018), many of these features have been shown to be variable among New World members of the tribe [Tauber 2006 (as Berchmansus), 2007; Tauber et al. 2006 (as Berchmansus); Sosa & Tauber 2017]. Thus, to delineate the adult features that unite the tribe, a re-examination that includes all known New World taxa is now necessary (also see Breitkreuz 2018). As shown on Table 1, Pantaleonius toschiorum n. gen., n. sp. expresses many of the traditional belonopterygine features, most notably: flagellar setae in four rings (Figs 3E���F); mandibles broad; palpomeres round apically; galea broad (Figs 3A���D); pronotum wide, relatively short (Figs 2A���B); forewing with first cubital cell longer than the second cell, which is quadrate with perpendicular angles (Fig. 4A); gonarcus simple, without gonocornua or entoprocesses; mediuncus large; gonosaccus without setae (Fig. 7A���D); female with relatively large spermatheca, velum present, opening directly to bursa copulatrix; praegenitale present (Figs 10A���F, 11A���D). Two features of this species differ from traditional belonopterygine charcteristics: its relatively long flagellomeres and the absence of parameres in the male. Both of these features have been shown to vary among other belonopterygine taxa, especially those from the New World (see Table 1, also Sosa & Tauber 2017). Generic description and comparison with other New World belonopterygine genera. Body: Moderate size and form; wing length 12.0��� 13.1 mm; males and females of similar appearance. Coloration: Cream to tan with moderately bold black body markings; antennal flagellum dark basally. Wings of regular proportion, not narrowed; ratio of forewing length to width = ~2.5: 1; costal area of forewing without splayed crossveins or dark markings; forewing and hindwing without dark patches; longitudinal veins mostly pale, darkened at intersections with crossveins. Claws with heavy basal dilation. Abdomen: S3���S8 with moderate to sparse covering of moderately long setae; S9 with denser, slightly more robust setae. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T9+e straight, with basal section extending proximally into A8, with ventral spur below callus cerci extending downward below margin of ectoproct. S8+9 fused with prominent suture; microtholi present on S8 and distal region of S7, not dense or widespread. Gonarcus broad, U-shaped, without gonocornu, entoprocessus, or frontal plate; mediuncus with lateral wings, beak, frontal setae. Parameres, gonapsis absent. Female: abdominal tergites without longitudinal mesal suture; dorsum of T9+e without deep mesal invagination; praegenitale present; subgenitale elongate; spermatheca doughnut-shaped with large velum; spermathecal duct elongate, curved. In summary, among the New World Belonopterygini, Pantaleonius is the only genus to have a yellow to tan body with prominent but not large dark spots, and wings with dark veins but without markings or splayed venation. The male abdomen is also unique in that the dorsal apodeme of S8&9 has a ventral spur that articulates with a robust, somewhat sclerotized membrane extending from the ventral spur of the dorsal apodeme to the dorsum of the mediuncus. In addition, the male has a broad U-shaped gonarcus, winged mediuncus, and no parameres. In the female, a praegenitale is present; the subgenitale is elongate; and the spermatheca is doughnut shaped and bears a large, tubular velum., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 510-515, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Winterton, S. L., Jiang, Yunlan, Breitkreuz, L. C., Duelli, P., Engel, M. S., Penny, N. D., Tauber, C. A., Mochizuki, A. & Liu, X. (2019) Evolution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a molecular supermatrix approach. Systematic Entomology, 44, 499 - 513. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12339","Winterton, S. L., Gillung, J. P., Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Badano, D., Breitkreuz, L. C. V., Duelli, P., Engel, M. S., Liu, X., Machado, R. J. P., Mansell, M., Mochizuki, A., Penny, N. D., Tauber, C. A. & Oswald, J. D. (2019) Evolution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): an anchored phylogenomics approach. Systematic Entomology, 43, 330 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12278","Tauber, C. A. & Winterton, S. L. (2014) Third instar of the myrmecophilous Italochrysa insignis (Walker) from Australia (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Belonopterygini). Zootaxa, 3811 (1), 95 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3811.1.5","Tauber, C. A., Kilpatrick, S. K. & Oswald, J. D. (2020) Larvae of Abachrysa eureka (Banks) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Belonopterygini): descriptions and a discussion of the evolution of myrmecophily in Chrysopidae. Zootaxa, 4789 (2), 481 - 507. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4789.2.7","Tjeder, B. (1966) Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae. In: Hanstrom, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebec, G. (Eds.), South African Animal Life. Vol. 12. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm, pp. 228 - 534.","Brooks, S. J. (1984) A redefinition of the Italochrysini (Chrysopidae), with the description of a new genus from Nigeria. Neuroptera International, 3, 79 - 88.","Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Breitkreuz, L. C. V. (2018) Systematics and evolution of the family Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with an emphasis on their morphology. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 661 pp.","Tauber, C. A., Tauber, M. J. & Albuquerque, G. S. (2006) Berchmansus elegans (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): larval and adult characteristics and new tribal affiliation. European Journal of Entomology, 103, 221 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.024","Sosa, F. & Tauber, C. A. (2017) The genus Vieira Navas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a new species, a key to the species, and new geographic records. Zootaxa, 4258 (1), 43 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4258.1.3"]}

Pantaleonius. Size: Body moderately small, delicate; forewing length 12.0– 13.1 mm; males and females of similar size, but with sexual dimorphism in abdominal markings (see below in this paragraph). Coloration: Head and thoracic markings in linear pattern not spotty; prothorax and dorsum of head with pair of dark, longitudinal stripes that extend onto dorsum of scapes; females, but not males, with abdominal sternites S4 and S5 dark brown to black; antennal flagellum mostly pale, with only basal ¼ to 1/5 black. Wings: Slender; forewing broad, ratio of length to width = 2.6: 1; costal area without splayed crossveins or dark markings; forewing and hindwing without dark patches. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation present, large. Abdomen: Setae relatively long, moderate density. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9+e straight, with ventral spur; S8+9 fused, with suture present, not conspicuous; sparse microtholi present on S8 and distally on S7; gonarcus without gonocornu or frontal plate, with mediuncus winged, bearing one or two pairs of frontal setae; parameres absent. Female: Abdominal tergites without mesal suture; dorsum of T 9+e without deep mesal invagination; praegenitale present, transversely elongate. In summary, Pantaleonius is the only genus among the New World Belonopterygini to have a yellow to tan body with prominent (but not large) dark spots; wings without markings or splayed venation, but with dark veins; terminal segments of male abdomen with dorsal apodeme having a ventral spur that articulates with a robust, somewhat sclerotized membrane extending from the ventral spur of the dorsal apodeme to the dorsum of the mediuncus. In addition, the male has a broad, U-shaped gonarcus, winged mediuncus, and no parameres. In the female, a praegenitale is present; the subgenitale is elongate; and the spermatheca is tubular, bent with a large velum., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 534-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Tjeder, B. (1966) Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae. In: Hanstrom, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebec, G. (Eds.), South African Animal Life. Vol. 12. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm, pp. 228 - 534."]}

Nacarina (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 175���177, Figs 179���186; Freitas & Penny 2001: 252���256, Figs 1���7; Penny 2002: 206���208, Figs 132���140; Breitkreuz 2018: 286���290). Size: Body usually large and stout, but some species from Brazil relatively small and delicate; wing length 16���31 mm; males smaller than females. Coloration: Yellow to cream, with or without markings on thorax, abdomen, or legs; antennal flagellum often dark basally. Wings: Not narrowed, with rounded tips; ratio of forewing length to width = 2.8���3.4: 1, without splayed crossveins; forewing and hindwing without markings, veins mostly pale. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation absent or small. Abdomen: Setae numerous, short, stout. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9+e with basal section extending anteroventrally from behind callus cerci to or almost to end of T9+e (See Freitas & Penny 2001: Figs 4D, 5D, 7A); S8+9 fused with prominent suture or no suture; microtholi present or absent; gonarcal complex usually broad, with mediuncus having lateral arms; parameres rarely absent, with two arms fused. Female: No report of mesal suture dividing abdominal tergites; spermatheca with deep or shallow invagination; praegenitale present or absent; elongate, slender bursal ducts [shown for two species in Freitas & Penny 2001: N. lavrasana Freitas & Penny and N. panchlora (Gerstaecker)]. [Note: Figs 1 and 10 in Freitas & Penny are switched���the images on Fig. 10 should have the caption and placement of Fig. 1, N. panchlora; vice versa for the images on Fig. 1 ���they belong with the caption of Fig. 10, Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider)]. In summary, Nacarina species (and the sexes) are variable in size, body form, and many genital traits (see Table 1). The claim that parameres are absent from Nacarina (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 177) appears to have been premature. Apparently, they are present and associated with the gonosaccus in many species (Freitas & Penny 2001), but the structure of the parameres has not been well defined or illustrated. Indeed, it is safe to say that this relatively large genus is in great need of morphologically based revisionary work., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on page 534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Freitas, S. & Penny, N. D. (2001) The green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) of Brazilian agro-ecosystems. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 52, 245 - 395.","Penny, N. D. (2002) Family Chrysopidae. In: A guide to the lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 53, 187 - 227, 301 - 373.","Breitkreuz, L. C. V. (2018) Systematics and evolution of the family Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with an emphasis on their morphology. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 661 pp."]}

Pantaleonius toschiorum Tauber, New Species ( Figs. 1–11) Holotype. Male from the West Indies, Bahamas, Great Exuma Island, Simons Pt [23.31.50–75.47.30], 20 Jan 1980, Tim. L. McCabe (Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca NY, CUIC, with red Holotype label). Etymology of the species name. The species, P. toschiorum, is named in honor of the author’s brother (recently deceased) and sister-in-law, Steven Richard Toschi and Mary Jane Toschi, a wonderful pair. In accordance with ICZN Article 31.1.2, the species name, which is formed from a family name that refers to both a male and a female person, is assigned the Latin, masculine, plural genitive ending “- orum ”. Diagnosis. Relative to other New World belonopterygines, this species is distinctive in its small body size, its bold head and body markings, and its lack of markings on the wings (Figs 1–2, 4). Externally, it is quite similar in size and coloration to Pseudomallada luctuosus (Banks), a relatively uncommon chrysopine species reported from central and southwestern United States. However, unlike the new species, P. luctuosus does not express the antennal features typical of belonopterygine lacewings. The male and female genitalia of the two species are very distinctive and should be used in making identifications (see Adams & Garland 1982 for P. luctuosus and Figs 5–11 here for P. toschiorum). Description. Head . (n=4; Figs 1, 2A, 2B, 3). Width (frontal, including eyes) 1.35–1.72 mm; ratio of head width to eye width = 2.0–2.4: 1; width between tentorial pits 0.41–0.46 mm; length mid-antenna to midway between tentorial pits 0.55–0.73 mm; length midway between tentorial pits to tip of clypeus ~ 0.20–0.26 mm. Scape with lateral margin straight, mesal margin rounded; vertex with surface smooth, cream on fresh specimens. Frons shiny, with large torulli; epistomal suture not distinct, probably convex with slight transverse fold below. Clypeus with surface transversely striated, distal margin indented. Labrum rounded laterally, not withdrawn; distal margin indented mesally. Antennal length 8.4–9.2 mm (n=3); scape about equal in length and width [length 0.29–0.30 mm, width 0.27– 0.30 mm (base, frontal, n= 2 specimens, left and right each)]; flagellomeres short basally (length 0.10–0.13 mm, basal seven flagellomeres), becoming longer distally (length 0.11–0.12 mm, midantenna; length 0.14 mm, distal); ratio of flagellomere length to width = 1.0–1.6: 1 basally, 2.3–2.5: 1 distally; each flagellomere (except very basal ones) with setae in four rings, with fewer setae in fourth ring than in basal three rings. Most flagellar setae short, brown, extending distally; each flagellomere with one to two pairs of long, erect, white setae near distal margin. Mandibles broad throughout, asymmetrical; right mandible without mesal tooth, with inner margin of apex smooth, crescent-shaped; left mandible with short, acute mesal tooth, inner margin of apex broadly J-shaped. Labium with ligula bulbous, bearing short stout setae basolaterally and fine long setae distally. Maxilla with stipe and galea broad, stout, extending beyond labrum in some specimens. Coloration: Largely cream with dark brown markings. Dorsum (vertex, dorsal torulli, scapes) with dark brown lateral stripe that extends posteriorly through cervix and pronotum. Face with torulli unmarked; frons with small oblong mark mesally, slightly below torulli, pair of lateral streaks extending from mesal surface of eye inward toward pair of spots on upper margin of clypeus; genae, lateral margins of clypeus dark brown; labrum amber, unmarked.Antenna: scape with wide, dark brown longitudinal stripe dorsolaterally; pedicel dark brown except tan frontobasally; flagellum with basal ~1/5 dark brown, distal ~4/5 light brown. Maxilla pale except galea bright orange, apex of cardo, lateral margin of stipe, and palp dark brown; labium pale, except palp dark brown distally, brown basally. Thorax. (n=4; Fig. 2). Robust; pronotum broad, 2.0–2.7 times wider than long; pronotum, mesonotum with long, dark setae. Legs long, slender; tibia with straight, elongate dorsal spur on distal margin; tarsal subsegments each with ~two pairs of small spurs embedded within tarsal setae along lateral margin; tip of pretarsus with pair of elongate slender setae; tarsal claws elongate, recurved, each with large quadrate base; tip of claw extending well below base; arolium large, membranous. Coloration: Background cream to amber. Pronotum with two pairs of dark brown longitudinal stripes, one submesal, one lateral. Mesothorax with prescutum bearing two pairs of dark brown oblong spots in longitudinal arrangement submesally and posterior margin with single fused, dark brown spot; scutum with two pairs brown spots; scutellum with elongate brown spot anteromesally, pair of brown spots above posterior margin. Metanotum gold, without marks. Pleural regions pale, unmarked. Legs pale, with setae gold to brown; protibia, mesotibia with brown transverse stripe frontolaterally that aligns with costal and radial crossveins of forewing; metatibia with similar, lighter stripe posterolaterally; tarsal claw amber to brown; arolium shiny, white. Wings. (n=3; Fig. 4). Forewing length 12.0– 13.1 mm, maximum height 4.3–4.8 mm; slightly broad throughout, with tallest portion of wing being third distal quadrant; height at distal end of basal quadrant 3.1–3.6 mm; height at basal end of distal quadrant 4.2–4.6 mm; anterior margin relatively straight; apex broad, rounded. Costal area slightly raised basally; tallest costal cell (c9, c10) tall, 0.17–0.19 times maximum height of wing. Subcosta, radius slightly sinuous to straight; most costal veinlets and radial crossveins straight or very slightly curved; basal sc-r crossvein 0.30–0.31 mm distal to crossvein between mcu1 and mcu2, slightly less than half the distance to M f. Eleven to twelve closed radial cells (rarp); height of tallest radial cell (#5, 6) 1.5–1.9x width. First rp-m crossvein meeting M at first intramedian cell (mamp1); mamp1 triangular, composed of MA, MP, no distal crossvein (therefore true im1 cell), width 0.74–0.82 times width of third medial cell (mcu3); gradate veins in two rows, with five to six inner gradates, five to six outer gradates, both rows regularly spaced, slightly divergent distally, with last pair of gradate veins convergent. Five b cells, five b’ cells. Three intracubital cells; icu1 slightly longer than icu2; icu3 (dcc) open distally; CuP forked at icu2. Vein A1 forked. Hindwing length 10.7–12.0 mm, maximum height 3.6–4.1 mm; fairly broad throughout, with apex rounded. Nine to twelve radial cells (rarp); base of M merged with R, t cell absent; five to six inner gradates; six outer gradate veins; three b cells; four 4 b’ cells. Coloration: Forewing and hindwing hyaline, glossy; stigmata prominent, white with dark brown spots basally and distally. All longitudinal veins pale with large dark marks at each intersection; all veinlets, crossveins dark brown to black; setae dark. Abdomen—Male. (n=4; Figs 5–8). Exterior: Texture of integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. Tergites, sternites (except T9, S9) with sparse, medium-length, slender setae; T9+e, S9 with longer, more dense, slightly more robust setae. Microtholi inconspicuous but present distally on S7, widely on S8 (always absent from S9). Pleural region large, with medium-length to short, sparse setae; spiracles medium sized (length ~ 0.06–0.08 mm, width 0.03–0.05 mm), round, simple. Tergites (dorsal view) entire, without division or mesal suture visible, roughly quadrate with rounded sides, slightly broader than long; T9 and ectoproct entirely fused, without mesal suture dorsally; distal margin (dorsal view) straight to very slightly concave; ventral margin (lateral view) fairly straight, sloping steeply in straight line proximally, with basal section ending well below T8; dorsal apodeme extending through middle of T9+e, encircling callus cerci, with broad, rounded ventral spur/branch extending below callus cerci; areas ventral and distal to dorsal apodeme with elongate setae. Tip of ventral spur articulating with stiff scabrous membrane that extends below and slightly around tip of mediuncus. Callus cerci almost circular (height 0.15–0.17 mm, width ~ 0.12–0.14 mm), with ~29–30 trichobothria. Basal sternites tall, e.g., for S6, ratio of length to height (lateral view) = 2.0–2.1: 1; S7 shorter, ratio of length to height = 0.72–0.87: 1. Sternite S8+9 fully fused, with suture present (teneral specimens) or not visible (mature specimens); proximal margin approximately as tall as adjoining distal margin of S7; dorsal margin sloping very slightly through most of sternite; terminus truncate; ventral apodeme along dorsal margin of S8+9 lightly sclerotized (difficult to see in teneral specimens). Terminus of S9 with smooth, relatively straight margin; parameres, gonapsis absent. Coloration: Dorsum, pleural region cream, with dark brown to black spots in regular pattern, similar to female (Fig. 2C); venter cream to tan without spots (male only); callus cerci cream, encircled with dark brown ring. Genitalia: Gonarcal complex slender, erect (lateral view), without gonocornua or frontal plate; gonarcal bridge straight, dorsoventrally flattened, with gonarcal apodemes extending perpendicularly from lateral margins. Gonarcal apodemes expanded and rounded distally, with frontal margin (at attachment to gonarcal bridge) bearing small protruding spurlike extensions dorsally and ventrally. Mediuncus flattened dorsoventrally, extending from frontal surface of gonarcal bridge, composed of mediuncal beak mesally and pair of round lateral wings attached to lateral margins of beak, with one to several relatively elongate setae projecting forward from distal margin; mediuncal beak bifurcated, bearing short, slender process mesally; area below mediuncus with scabriculous membrane (probably not a gonosaccus) extending from extensions of gonarcal apodeme, below mediuncal wings, around and above mediuncal beak, and attaching to ventral spur of T9+e dorsal apodeme. Hypandrium internum V-shaped, relatively large, with tall, elongate keel dorsally; comes sickle-shaped, smaller than keel. Gonosaccus, gonosetae absent. Abdomen—Female. (n=2; Figs 2C, 2E, 9–11). Exterior: Integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. Tergites, sternites (A2–A8) with relatively dense, long, slender setae throughout; pleural regions (A2–A7) with sparser, smaller setae. T9+e, gonapophyses laterales, with dense, short setae throughout; pleural region large, with sparse, medium-length to short setae. Spiracles oblong (length ~ 0.04–0.06 mm, width 0.03–0.05 mm), with simple atria. Tergites, sternites quadrate, with relatively straight margins (lateral view), rounded corners. S6 (lateral view) approximately same length as height; S7 ~2 times longer than tall (lateral view: length along ventral margin, height along basal margin), with dorsal margin straight over basal three quartiles, steeply sloped over distal quartile. Ninth tergite short; dorsal surface smooth, entire, without mesal suture; proximal margin with shallow invagination; apical margin with deep, round invagination (Figs 8C, 8E). T9 and ectoproct fused, with suture and indentation visible below callus cerci, with lateral margins expanding abruptly below level of anus, becoming very broad ventrally, sometimes extending over entire lateral surface of gonapophyses laterales (width of T9+e along ventral margin>0.6 times entire length of T9+e). Callus cerci ~round (height 0.12–0.13 mm, width 0.13–0.14 mm), with approximately ~35 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales slender, crescent shaped (height ~ 0.60 mm, width ~ 0.15 mm). Subgenitale relatively small, externally visible as protruding knob; base largely membranous with slender, lightly sclerotized lateral arms supporting knob. Praegenitale slender, transversely elongate, embedded in membrane below subgenitale and above tip of S7. (The praegenitale is obvious in mature, sclerotized specimens. In teneral specimens, it is not visible, but the robust membrane between the subgenitale and the tip of S7 is elongate.) Coloration: Exterior cream to tan with dark brown to black marks as follows: tergites of each segment with one pair of large spots anteriorly, two pairs of spots (sometimes coalesced) posteriorly; pleuron of each segment with spot anteriorly, two posteriorly; sternites S4 and S5 dark brown to black (female only). Genitalia: Internal female genitalia large, filling most of S7 abdominal cavity (Fig. 9A, 9C). Spermatheca tubula, bent, tapering; length (opening to U-shaped bend) 0.80 mm, width at mouth 0.22 mm, with prominent, U-shaped invagination (width 0.11 mm, depth 0.20 mm) (Fig. 9F). Dorsal surface of spermatheca with large velum giving rise to spermathecal duct; base of spermathecal duct and velum with slit along their dorsal surfaces; slit contiguous with bursa copulatrix. Spermathecal duct straight, attached to top of spermathecal base, becoming tightly coiled after extending from spermathecal opening, length ~ 1.15 mm, with basal ~half slender and smooth, distal ~half brushy, partially attached to membrane within and above subgenitale. Distal end of spermatheca bent, bifurcated; far section giving rise to smooth, robust, moderately slender tube with two fully circular curves leading to closed end (Fig. 10D, sp.t. on figure); basal section (with internal tubule), making sharp, U-shaped turn, and extending back along dorsal surface of spermatheca, becoming textured and delicately fluted, ultimately coalescing with large circular pouch on side of bursal copulatrix (Fig. 10E, sp.e., b.t. on figure). Bursa copulatrix large, saclike; basal section near spermatheca with irregular folds; distal section large, membranous, relatively smooth, with pair of sclerotized, very slender, elongate, intertwined tubules extending proximally. Single pair of elongate bursal glands extending laterally from distal section of bursa. Colleterial complex consisting of very delicate membranes; structures not distinguished. Transverse sclerite roughly rectangular, slightly expanded in middle, with numerous elongate setae extending dorsally (Fig. 9E). Specimens examined. In addition to the Holotype, twenty-one paratypes (15♀, 6♂) from the West Indies: Bahamas: Andros Island, Forfar Field Station, nr. Stafford Creek, 9-VI-2009, M. Thomas (1♀, 1♂, FSCA), 25-July- 2006, M. Thomas & T. Smith (4♀, 1♂, FSCA); Eleuthera Island, Rainbow Bay, I-VII-1958, E. W. & D. B. Wiley (1♀, FSCA); Great Exuma Island, Simons Pt., 23.31.50–75.47.30, 17–26 Jan 1980, Tim. L. McCabe (7♀, 4♂, CUIC); South Bimini Island, 12-vi-1950, Cazier & Rindge (1♀, AMNH). Greater Antilles: Dominican Republic, La Altagracia, 2 km N Bayahibe, 18-23N, 68-41W, 10 m., 3-July-1992, C. Young, R. Davidson, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins, Dry seasonal forest on limestone (1♀, CMNH). Known geographic distribution. West Indies. Four islands of the Bahamas (Andros, South Bimini, Eleuthera, and Great Exuma); one island of the Greater Antilles (Hispaniola)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 515-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Adams, P. A. & Garland, J. A. (1982) A review of the genus Mallada in the United States and Canada, with a new species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Psyche, 89, 239 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1982 / 17827"]}

Part 2. Redescription of Abachrysa eureka (Banks, 1931) (Figs. 6, 12���22) Taxonomic Synonymy (selected references). Chrysopa eureka Banks, 1931, Psyche 38: 174; ���Hope, Ark., 22 Aug. (L. Knobel), at light���. Holotype in Museum of Comparative Zoology���; only one specimen mentioned, sex unknown, not examined. Abachrysa eureka (Banks). Banks 1938: 75 [new combination, designated type species of new genus Abachrysa Banks]. Brooks & Barnard 1990: 164-5, 266 [redescription, figures]; Garz��n-Ordu��a et al. 2019 [phylogeny within Neuroptera]; Winterton et al. 2019 [phylogeny within Neuroptera]; Tauber et al. 2020: 481 [description of first and third instars, images, biology, myrmecophily, evolutionary considerations]. Diagnosis. Abachrysa eureka is distinguished from other New World belonopterygines by its fairly large, robust body and distinctive markings; head gold, without markings, except pedicel black, flagellum mostly black, only distal �� pale; labial and maxillary palpi black distally; venter of thorax and abdomen heavily marked with black spots throughout; legs pale, except tarsal tips, tibial bases, femoral tips black. Forewing somewhat narrow, with most or all veinlets reaching posterior margin forked (except 3A and 1���2 small veinlets). Male genitalia with large, paired, elaborate parameres; female with praegenitale (sensu Tjeder 1966) tubule-like, looping externally from base to tip of subgenitale. Redescription. Head . (n=3; Figs 12 & 13). Width (frontal, including eyes) 2.3���2.4 mm; ratio of head width to eye width = 4.1���5.0: 1; width between tentorial pits 0.72���0.73 mm; length mid-antenna to midway between tentorial pits 0.55���0.73 mm; length midway between tentorial pits to tip of clypeus ~ 0.60���0.65 mm. Scape with lateral margin straight, mesal margin slightly rounded; vertex rounded, raised posteriorly, with surface smooth, shiny. Frons smooth, shiny, with large torulli; epistomal suture slightly convex with slight transverse fold below. Clypeus with surface transversely striated, distal margin indented. Labrum rounded laterally, not withdrawn; distal margin deeply indented mesally. Antennal length 12.9���13.6 mm (n=2 from one specimen); scape slightly wider than long; basal flagellomeres (#2-#6) with length 0.13���0.16 mm, width 0.15���0.17 mm, ratio of length to width = 0.87���0.93: 1; flagellomeres (midantenna) of similar length (0.13���0.16 mm), smaller width (0.10���0.12 mm), higher ratio of length to width = 1.2���1.4: 1). Flagellar setae short, brown, positioned in four rings, with consistently fewer setae in fourth ring than in three basal rings; almost all flagellar setae extending distally; each flagellomere with pair of pale laterally projecting setae near edge of distal margin. Mandibles broad, symmetrical, heavy throughout; both mandibles with mesal tooth, with inner margin straight after tooth. Labium with ligula bulbous, bearing numerous stout setae basolaterally, numerous fine setae distally. Maxilla with stipe robust; galea large, greatly expanded distally, extending well beyond labrum in most specimens; all segments densely setose. Coloration: Head gold, without markings. Antenna: scape gold; pedicel, basal �� flagellum black; distal �� flagellum pale; labrum gold, unmarked. Maxilla with distal three palpomeres black, basal two pale; galea, cardo, stipe pale. Labium with distal palpomere black, middle palpomere black laterally, basal palpomere pale, Thorax. (n=2; Fig. 14). Robust; pronotum broad, width ~two times greater than length, with small lateral patch of medium-length, pale setae, with sparse, short, dark setae elsewhere; mesonotum, metanotum with relatively few short, dark setae. Legs robust with short, dark setae; mesotibia, metatibia with small, brown spur on distal margin; protibia without distal spur; tarsal subsegments with ventral setae modified as robust spurs along lateral edge; pretarsus with pair of elongate, slender setae, pair of shorter setae; tarsal claws simple, recurved, without quadrate base, with tip not greatly extended beyond base. Coloration: Background cream to amber. Pronotum with four pairs of large, round, dark brown spots, evenly arranged over surface. Membranous region behind prothorax, anterior to wing base, with two pairs of dark brown spots. Mesonotum with prescutum bearing pair of large dark brown spots on frontal margin, posterior margin with single pair of irregularly shaped dark brown spots; scutum with two pairs of brown spots; scutellum gold, without marks. Metanotum with each side of scutum bearing round, dark brown marks above and below; scutellum gold, without marks. Pleural regions cream, each segment with large dark brown spots. Legs light cream, with dark brown setae; femur with dark brown mark distally; tibia with dark brown spot basally, smaller dark lateral spot at �� distance from femoral junction (spot also present on metatibia, but sometimes very small); distal tarsomere with dorsal surface dark brown; pretarsus with claws and arolium dark amber to brown. Wings (n=2; Fig. 15). Forewing length 18.0���19.0 mm, maximum height 5.7���6.1 mm; slightly broad throughout, with tallest portion of wing being about midwing; height at distal end of basal quadrant 4.5���4.9 mm; height midwing 5.6���6.0 mm; height at basal end of distal quadrant 5.3���5.6 mm; anterior margin relatively straight; apex rounded with very slight angulation at tip. Costal area slightly expanded basally; tallest costal cell (c5) 0.20���0.21 times maximum height of wing. Subcosta, radius slightly sinuous to straight; subcosta bordered by abrupt fold basally which tends to obscure view of sc-r crossvein; most costal veinlets, radial crossveins straight or very slightly curved; basal sc-r crossvein ~ 0.35���0.69 mm distal to crossvein between mcu1 and mcu2, slightly more than half the distance to M f. Ten to eleven closed radial cells (rarp), height of tallest radial cell (rarp5) 1.4���1.7 times width. First rp-m crossvein meeting M at first intramedian cell (mamp1); mamp1 triangular in shape, composed of MA, MP, no distal crossvein (therefore true im1 cell), width ~0.55 times width of third medial cell (mcu3); gradate veins in two rows (sometimes with a single additional gradate vein), with five to six inner gradates, six to seven outer gradates, both rows regularly spaced, slightly divergent distally, with last pairs of gradates convergent. Three to four b cells, four to five b��� cells. Three intracubital cells: icu1 usually, but not always longer than icu2; icu3 open distally; CuP forked at icu2. Vein A1 forked. Hindwing fairly broad, with apex rounded; length 16.0��� 17.1 mm, maximum height 4.8���5.3 mm. Eleven radial cells (rarp); base of M merged with R, t cell absent; five inner gradates; seven outer gradate veins; three b cells; four 4 b��� cells. Coloration: Forewing, hindwing hyaline, glossy; stigma prominent, white with dark brown suffusion around subcostal crossveins. All longitudinal veins pale with large dark marks at each intersection; most at base of hindwing pale; all veinlets and crossveins dark brown to black; radial crossveins, crossveins below PsM with pale areas mesally; setae dark. Abdomen���Male. (n=2; Figs 16 ���18). Exterior: Texture of integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. All tergites, all sternites, pleural region of A8 (only) with short to medium-length, sturdy setae; T 9+e with longer, more dense setae. Microtholi present at least on S6���S8. Pleural regions proximal to A8 mostly without setae; spiracles medium-sized, round, simple, with two atria. Tergites (dorsal view) roughly quadrate with rounded corners, almost twice as wide as long; dorsum of T 9 short, fully fused with ectoproct, moderately bilobed distally (dorsal view), with dorsal surface entire, slight suggestion of mesal suture; lower margin of T 9+e (lateral view) fully lined by slender dorsal apodeme with inverted V-shape; distal leg of V with small hook at terminus, then curving slightly upward, extending along entire ventral surface of T 9+ectoproct, below callus cerci, to junction near T 8; proximal leg of dorsal apodeme extending anteroventrally well into basal section of A8, ending near proximal peak of S8. Surface between legs of apodeme with long, robust setae similar to those on T 9+e. Callus cerci circular (height 0.25 mm, width ~ 0.29 mm), with ~53���54 slender trichobothria. Basal sternites tall, e.g., for S4���S6, ratio of length to height (lateral view) = ~0.82: 1; S7 shorter, ratio of length to height = ~0.75: 1. Sternites 8 and 9 fully fused, but marked by prominent line of fusion (suture); S8 with short, stout setae, proximal apex slightly lower than adjoining distal margin of S7; S9 with surface smooth, unmarked, bearing longer, finer setae than S8; ventral apodeme visible below dorsal margin of S8&9, sloping through upper region of distal S8, terminating in ventral region of mid-S9. Terminus of S9 relatively broad, straight, smooth, with robust, scabrous membrane folded internally; gonapsis absent, parameres present. Coloration: Cream with dark markings as in Figs 16 and 19. Callus cerci cream with black slash distoventrally. Genitalia: Parameres elongate, slender, curved, acute tipped, with ~three acute thorns along inner margin, with bases remainng separate in heavy membranous sockets embedded in sturdy, darkened, scabrous membrane extending forward beneath each paramere, attached to robust, clear membrane via pair of brownish, scabrous membranes on tip of S9. Gonarcus rounded, arcuate; gonarcal bridge with quadrate, slightly fluted plate extending from dorsal surface; gonarcal apodemes elongate, broad, rounded distally, each bearing small dorsal protrusion near gonarcal plate; mediuncus attached below gonarcal bridge via heavy membrane; pair of spurs* lateral to gonarcal bridge, not attached directly to gonarcal bridge, but via membranous connection; long, robust, clear membrane holding parameres attached to ventral surface of mediuncus. Mediuncus flat, basally with two rounded wings hollow below; distal margin with small, sclerotized, rounded beak; proximal section bifurcated, with each wing separate. Hypandrium internum relatively large, V-shaped; arms straight, distally curved; dorsal keel slender, shallow; comes spear-shaped, about size of keel. Gonosaccus, gonosetae absent. *The spurs (Figs 17B, 17C, 17E) mentioned in the lines above are not fused with the gonarcus, nor do they ���articulate��� with the gonarcus; rather, they are attached to the gonarcus via a membrane. Thus, they do not fall within the definition of either a gonocornu or an entoprocessus (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 124, Sosa & Tauber 2021). Here we use the descriptive term ���spur��� to identify them. Abdomen���Female. (n=2; Figs 19���22). Exterior: Texture of integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. Tergites (including T 9+e) closely aligned but not completely fused dorsally; mesal line of fusion visible. Sternites (S3���S7) with relatively dense, evenly spaced, short setae throughout, becoming slightly longer, more robust posteriorly. Tergites (A3���A8) with longer, less dense, evenly spaced setae, also becoming denser and longer distally. Pleural regions of A3���A6 with few setae; pleural regions of A7, A8 with sparse covering of small setae, becoming larger distally; T 9+e, gonapophyses laterales with dense, long setae throughout. Spiracles oblong, large on A5, A6 (length ~ 0.13���0.14 mm, width 0.05���0.06 mm), smaller distally (length ~ 0.08���0.09 mm, width 0.03���0.04 mm), with simple atrium, single small lobe. Tergites, sternites quadrate, with sides curved (flat view), rounded corners. Sternites S4���S6 (lateral view) with length about �� times height; S7 (lateral view) with height and length about equal, dorsal margin straight over basal ~one third, sloped to slightly angled over distal two thirds; distal margin of terminus with small mesal indentation. Ninth tergite + ectoproct (lateral view) narrow, with fairly straight, parallel lateral margins dorsally, diverging somewhat throughout; distal margin slightly concave; ventral margin gently rounded; proximal margin sloping slightly (width along ventral margin ~0.5x entire length of T 9+e). Callus cerci ~round (height 0.23���0.25 mm, width 0.20 mm), with approximately ~47���51 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales slender, slightly crescent shaped in lateral view, curved, forming a circular doughnut shape in ventral view (height ~ 0.95���0.97 mm, width ~ 0.36���0.37 mm). Coloration: Exterior cream to tan, terminal sternites gold; all segments with tergites, sternites, pleural regions marked with bold black bands, spots; callus cerci gold, encircled with fine, dark line. Genitalia: Internal female genitalia not especially large, contained within abdominal cavity of lower half of T 9+e, pleural region of A8. Spermatheca robust, heavily sclerotized, doughnut-shaped structure with moderately deep invagination; spermathecal diameter (maximum) ~ 0.41 mm, height ~ 0.25 mm; invagination depth ~ 0.14 mm; invagination width at mouth ~ 0.12 mm. Dorsal surface of spermatheca with large, well sclerotized, sail-shaped velum extending proximally toward bursa copulatrix; length of spermatheca and velum ~ 0.80 mm; velum distally giving rise to spermathecal duct; basal section of spermathecal duct heavily sclerotized, U-shaped, extending directly into subgenitale, with distal end of U-shaped curve attached to membranous base of subgenitale; distal end of spermathecal duct exiting subgenitale, forming broad curves; sclerotized section of spermathecal duct ~ 1.9 mm long, ending abruptly, leading immediately to narrower, lightly sclerotized, brushy terminal section of spermathecal duct. Brushy, distal section of spermathecal duct forming ~half length (~ 1.7 mm) of entire duct. Dorsal surface of spermatheca, velum, and sclerotized section of spermathecal duct with broad, elongate slit opening into bursa copulatrix above. Bursa copulatrix consisting of robust membrane with fluted, coiled section basally, large, clear, sac-like distally; base of sac-like section with pair of elongate, narrow, ribbon-like bursal glands. Subgenitale with (i) broad basal arms reaching across distal section of abdominal terminus, (ii) broad elongate neck terminating distally as bilobed knob, (iii) single, elongate, recurved lobe (praegenitale, sensu Tjeder 1966) extending from base of subgenitale, protruding distally from below, then recurving toward base of S7 (Fig. 20). Colleterial gland delicate, with clear membrane, with broad duct leading to colleterial reservoir; colleterial reservoir bulbous, with narrow duct leading to transverse sclerite. Transverse sclerite with comb-like rows of setae. Specimens examined. USA. AL: Baldwin Co., Bon Secour NWR, 30��15���09���N, 87��48���50���W, 11���15 May 1994, T. L. Schniefer, Mercury vapor and blacklight trap, William H. Cross Expedition (1♂, TRC); Weeks Bay NER Reserve, 30��25���03���N, 87��49���50���W, 4���6 Aug 2000, J. A. MacGowen, blacklight & M.V. lamp in mixed forest near estuary, W. H. Cross Expedition (2♀, TRC). FL: Dixie County, nr. Old Town, 7 Sept 1978, E. R. Hoebeke, M. E. Carter (1♀, TRC); Highlands Co., Archbold Biol. Station, 8 mi. S. Lake Placid, 11 Apr 1974, G. C. Eickwort (1♀, TRC). Known geographic distribution. Southern USA: AL, AR, FL, GA, MS, TX., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 523-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Banks, N. (1931) A new species of Chrysopa. Psyche, 38, 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1931 / 25807","Banks, N. (1938) New native neuropteroid insects. Psyche, 45, 72 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1938 / 29501","Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Winterton, S. L., Jiang, Yunlan, Breitkreuz, L. C., Duelli, P., Engel, M. S., Penny, N. D., Tauber, C. A., Mochizuki, A. & Liu, X. (2019) Evolution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a molecular supermatrix approach. Systematic Entomology, 44, 499 - 513. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12339","Winterton, S. L., Gillung, J. P., Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Badano, D., Breitkreuz, L. C. V., Duelli, P., Engel, M. S., Liu, X., Machado, R. J. P., Mansell, M., Mochizuki, A., Penny, N. D., Tauber, C. A. & Oswald, J. D. (2019) Evolution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): an anchored phylogenomics approach. Systematic Entomology, 43, 330 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12278","Tauber, C. A., Kilpatrick, S. K. & Oswald, J. D. (2020) Larvae of Abachrysa eureka (Banks) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Belonopterygini): descriptions and a discussion of the evolution of myrmecophily in Chrysopidae. Zootaxa, 4789 (2), 481 - 507. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4789.2.7","Tjeder, B. (1966) Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae. In: Hanstrom, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebec, G. (Eds.), South African Animal Life. Vol. 12. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm, pp. 228 - 534."]}

Abachrysa (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 165, Figs 125–132; Breitkreuz 2018: 254–258; here, Figs 12–22). A monotypic genus. Size: Body stout, relatively large; wing length 12.6–18.5 mm; males and females of similar size. Coloration: Cream to gold with bold black markings on thorax, abdomen, and legs; antennal flagellum dark basally. Wings: Slender, tips rounded; ratio of forewing length to width = ~3.2: 1; forewing and hindwing without splayed crossveins or dark markings, with most veins dark, interrupted by pale areas basally and within some longitudinal veins and crossveins. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation present. Abdomen: Setae numerous short, stout. Male: Ectoproct extending proximally as far as mid A8; dorsal apodeme of T 9+e with a right-angled bend mesally, with basal section extending downward through at least half the length of A8; S8+9 fused with prominent suture visible; S6–S8 with microtholi; gonarcus without gonocornu, with frontal plate; parameres large, with membranous fusion basally. Female: Abdominal tergites with distinct mesal suture; dorsum of T 9+e with deep mesal invagination; praegenitale present, visible externally. In summary, Abachrysa is the only New World belonopterygine genus having a robust, pale body with bold markings, no wing markings or splayed costal veins, with males having large paired parameres joined in a V-shape, and females having the abdominal tergites mesally divided or very lightly fused and a praegenitale present externally., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on page 533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Breitkreuz, L. C. V. (2018) Systematics and evolution of the family Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with an emphasis on their morphology. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 661 pp."]}

Sosa-Duque, Francisco José, Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The Neotropical green lacewing genus Ceraeochrysa Adams (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)-new synonymies and combinations, a new species, and an updated key to species. Zootaxa 4970 (1): 1-52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.1.1

Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Abachrysa eureka (Banks) Egg (Fig. 1) Length 3.0 mm, width 1.1 mm (n = 1); fusiform, with apical pole bearing micropyle; laid singly on an erect, smooth, shiny stalk. Stalk 9.2 mm long (n = 1); sticky, but without fluid droplets. Catanach (2007) provided additional measurements (see Table 1). Catanach (2007) stated that eggs were pale blue-gray if fertile, but light green if infertile. Subsequent work has shown that eggs are light green when laid; if fertile and healthy, they assume a pale bluish-gray color as the embryo becomes visible beneath the chorion. First instar (Figs 2���9) Body. Small, compact, slightly thickened dorsoventrally through mesothorax, metathorax, and anterior abdominal segments, but dorsal surface probably not abruptly elevated; length of shriveled, unfed specimens slightly greater than 1.5 mm. Integument smooth, without microtrichia, bearing four types of setae: (i) moderately long to medium length, stout, slightly denticulate, with acute tip (primary cephalic setae); (ii) long, robust, lightly denticulate to smooth, straight-to-curved basally, curved-to-bent distally, with acute apex (most setae on the lateral and laterodorsal tubercles of the thorax and abdomen; LS, LDS); (iii) very long, slender, smooth, curved submedian setae (SMS) on dorsum of mesothorax, metathorax, and first to sixth abdominal segments; (iv) short to medium length, straight, smooth, with acute tip (some primary setae on the cranium, pronotum, seventh and eighth abdominal segments). The SMS are extremely tapered and thin distally; it is difficult to determine if the tips of these setae are acute or minutely hooked. Cranium (Figs 2���5). Width 0.54���0.55 mm; length ~ 0.46���0.47 mm. Dorsum smooth, well sclerotized; posterior margin quadrate, partially withdrawn into cervix (larva at rest); anterior region beneath base of antenna forming pedicellate extension, capable of receiving retracted base of scape. Six stemmata, all well separated, relatively small. All primary cephalic setae (S1���S12) present, with acute tips (Figs 4, 5). Dorsal setae (S1���S7, S11, S12) with surface slightly denticulate; S11, S12 robust, long, directed anteriorly; S1, S2, S3, S6 medium length, robust, but slightly more slender than S11, S12; S5 relatively small; Vx with three short setae, pore detected on some specimens; anterior region of cranium (anterior to S11) with two pairs of small, smooth, acute setae (possibly S14-cl, S15-cl of V. elegans); anterior tip of clypeus with pair of large, lightly denticulate, acute setae projecting anteriorly (possibly S13-cl of V. elegans). Venter with cardo and stipes narrow, elongate, rectangular; primary setae (S8���S10) smooth, short to medium length; S8 posterior to eye (sometimes near cardo); S9, S10 near each other, medial to eye. Ventral midregion with ~three pairs of setae on or near mentum; base of palpiger with single seta. Cephalic appendages (Figs 4���6). Clypeus large, extending laterally toward base of mandibles; anterior margin extending forward as truncated process. Mandible short, stout, heavily sclerotized, especially at tip and along lateral margin of distal half; 0.35���0.39 mm long; 0.11���0.13 mm wide, at base; with sharply acute tip, ~7���8 acute teeth in saw-like row along inner edge just below apex. Maxilla broad basally, with two short basolateral setae; lateral margin with two acute teeth (spurs) near terminus, basal one small, pointed basally, distal one larger, near terminus, pointed apically; tip rounded, heavily sclerotized, with small patch of microsetae. Labial palp extending to tip of mandible or slightly beyond; second segment broad (~ 0.05 mm wide at widest point; ~ 0.10���0.12 mm long), with three to four annulations; terminal (third) segment rounded, tapering distally, terminus with small, pale, round projection bearing ventral pore and several microsetae apically; maximum width of terminal segment approximately one-half maximum width of second segment. Basal (first) palpal segment with two pairs of long distal setae, one lateral, one mesal; terminal annulation of middle segment with two long setae near apex, one lateral, one mesal. Antenna 0.35���0.38 mm long; scape set within pedicellate cranial extension, heavily sclerotized, rounded, tubular, straight sided, with sharp projection on lateral base; pedicel elongate, tapering, with ~five or six rounded annulations on basal half, with irregular annulations on distal half. Flagellum round in cross section, narrow, tapering to slender, bifurcated terminus; base with lateral spur; spur sheath-like, slender, elongate, wrapped partially around flagellum, extending distally almost to terminus of flagellum, closely pressed against lateral margin of flagellum (often difficult to see); terminus with two elongate (length up to 0.1 mm), very fine terminal setae extending anteriorly, then curving toward each other, with mesal seta usually longer than lateral one. Cephalic coloration (Figs 2, 3, 6). Anterodorsal surface of cranium entirely dark brown, becoming pale near posterior margin (normally concealed within cervical membrane), no specific cephalic markings distinguished; integument around and between stemmata dark brown; pedicellate cranial extension dark brown dorsally, pale ventrally. Venter with cranial margin, sclerites dark brown; intersegmental membrane pale. Antenna with scape, base of pedicel dark brown; pedicel with annulations brown basally, lighter brown distally; flagellum light brown to amber. Mandible and maxilla brown basally, light brown to amber distally. Labial palp with basal segment dark brown; annulations of second segment brown, membrane between annulations pale; distal segment brown basally, becoming lighter brown to amber distally. Thorax (Figs 6, 7). Each segment with pair of broad, thick, palmate, lateral tubercles (LTs); distal margin of each LT with robust chalazae bearing prominent setae (LS); LS long, robust, denticulate, with distal region usually bent at 90�� angle, with tip stout, straight, unhooked; sclerites not distinguished. Prothorax with dorsal surface dark brown, smooth, probably well sclerotized throughout, having sparse setae, no microsetae; each LT with seven to eight LS, anterior LS extending above head well beyond posterior margin of eyes; pronotal setae medium length (not extending beyond segmental margin), smooth, straight, with acute (unhooked) tips, arising from small chalazae: three short setae mesal to each LT, two medium-length setae anteromesal to base of each LT, one pair of shorter setae between them, two pairs of short setae posteriorly. Mesothorax, metathorax with dorsal surface having dense covering of submedian setae (SMS), no microsetae; LTs similar to those on prothorax, each bearing eight to ten long LS; laterodorsal tubercles (LDTs) absent; SMS arranged in two broad bands across surface of each segment; SMS very long, slender, smooth, extending anteriorly from small chalazae. Mesothoracic spiracle very small, oblong, sessile, located near anteromesal base of LT; spiracular seta (SSp) not identified. Leg (Figs 6, 8). Brownish distally, pale basally; setae smooth, with acute tips. Coxa elongate, trochanter triangular, both with few setae; femur with moderately dense setae; tibia with numerous setae, separate from tarsus; tarsus short, with two setae at tip, above claws; tarsal claws slender, deeply cleft; empodia long, with stiff, elongate bristle beneath. Abdomen (Figs 6, 9). First segment (A1) short, narrow, with no spiracle, LT, or LDT; dorsum with transverse band of dense SMS arising from small chalazae. Segments A2���A5 more robust (longer, broader) than A1, each bearing pair of bulbous LTs, round spiracular opening near dorsomesal margin of LT, no laterodorsal tubercles (LDTs). LTs white to cream dorsally, with brown marking on ventrolateral base, visible laterally; each LT with two denticulate LS, no microsetae. Spiracular opening large, round, with well sclerotized ring around margin, with bulbous atrium beneath. Dorsum of each segment with transverse band of dense SMS similar to those on A1. Segments A6���A7 each with LTs, LS, and spiracles similar to those on A2���A5, pair of laterodorsal tubercles (LDTs) near anteromesal margin of LT base. LDTs each bearing two (A6) or three (A7) robust, denticulate, acute, laterodorsal setae (LDS), one long, others short to medium length; segments without microsetae. Dorsal surface of A6 with transverse band of SMS between LTs; posterior section without setae. Dorsum of A7 dark brown, well sclerotized, without elongate, slender SMS as on A1���A6, with shorter, smooth, acute setae as follows: one pair of setae (SSp) associated with spiracles, two pairs of anterior setae between spiracles, two pairs of longer, more robust setae between LTs, single pair of setae near posterior margin. Segment A8 dark brown, well sclerotized dorsally; LT short, bulbous laterally, with robust, denticulate LS���one longer than other; dorsum with two pairs of robust, denticulate setae in midsection between LTs, two pairs of short, smooth, acute setae anterolaterally. Segment A9 tubular, dark brown to black, heavily sclerotized posteriorly; anterior (lighter) section with pair of very small setae; midsection with single pair of long, robust, denticulate setae laterally, pair of white spots (pores) mesal to setae; posterior section with three pairs of long, robust, denticulate setae near posterolateral margin. Segment 10 with large, dark brown to black sclerites; dorsum without setae except for single pair of smooth, acute setae near terminus. Third instar (Figs 10���12) Bod y. Stocky, globose dorsally, flat ventrally; thoracic, abdominal nota wide, extending fully over sides of body, with LTs extending laterally from ventral margins of nota. Integument of thorax and abdomen with dark transverse (possibly sclerotized) bands, separated by pale bands and intersegmental membrane. Four types of setae: (i) smooth, hooked, as described for I. insignis (covering almost entire exposed dorsal surface of body); (ii) stout, short, straight, with acute tip, possibly with rough surface (on upper surface of head, distal margins of trochanters); (iii) stout, with blunt to acute tip, possibly with rough surface, some curved, others with distal one-third to one-fourth bent almost perpendicularly, as described for I. insignis (on distal margins of LTs of T1���T3, A2���A7); (iv) simple, small, straight, with acute tip (at base of LTs on A7; on dorsum of A8, A9; on venter of A3���A7; on femora, tibiae). Cranium. Appearing quadrate, but perhaps not as much as in I. insignis; anterior margin slightly convex; without noticeable markings; dorsal setae dark. Cephalic appendages. Mandibles short, stout, with acute tip. Antenna filiform, tapering, extending beyond end of mandibles; scape located within sclerotized cranial extension, with stout setae on distolateral margin; pedicel annulated; flagellum tapered, apparently with elongate terminal seta(e), as illustrated by Principi (1944) for I. italica (and broken off of Tauber and Winterton���s specimen of I. insignis). Cervix dark, probably well sclerotized, at least laterally. Thorax. Segments broad, dorsoventrally thickened, each with pair of LTs; LTs robust, palmate, rounded distally, with distal margin bearing stiff, robust, bent LS, with dorsal surface bearing sparse, smaller, apparently acute setae; prothorax appearing to have two subsegments, mesothorax with three subsegments, metathorax apparently with one. Legs short, stocky, dark; coxae elongate dorsoventrally, appearing well sclerotized and dark; tarsi particularly short. Abdomen. Segments A1���A6 broad, thick; together with thorax forming large, densely setose, dorsal arch of body; A1 with only one visible subsegment, without LTs, dorsally about as long and wide as metathoracic posterior subsegment, excluding LTs. Segments A2���A6 each with two subsegments dorsally, subsegments merging above LTs; LTs round, spherical distally, with short base, bearing robust, curved, or bent LS distally, smaller, hooked setae dorsally. Segments A7���A10 with subsegmentation not apparent; each segment narrower than, and probably partially retractable within preceding segment; surfaces with sparse, short, acute setae. A7 with LTs about as long as those on A5 or A6, but much narrower, their apices with dense covering of robust, acute LS extending posteriorly; spiracles near anterior margin of segment. A8 with small lateral LTs bearing short, slender, acute setae; spiracles at base of segment. A9, A10 conical (LTs absent), with short slender, acute setae. Biology Little is known about the biology of A. eureka. However, based on our experiences and MacLeod���s notes, we can provide some new information. Egg stage. Five field-collected females laid 57 eggs, 49 (86%) of which hatched. The eggs were laid between September 19 and October 14, 2015 and hatched in 10 to 14 days (under laboratory conditions). Larval development. MacLeod���s rearing started with a female specimen that Joseph Sheldon collected on Boot Key, FL (July 25, 1968) and sent to him at the University of Illinois. The specimen laid nine eggs en route by July 30; two were used for chromosome preparations, and four hatched on August 8 and 9. Three additional eggs were laid during the first week of August. MacLeod���s notes do not indicate a hatching date for either the three remaining eggs that were laid before arrival or the three that were laid after arrival. Presumably, they did not hatch. MacLeod recorded rearing notes for four Abachrysa larvae held in shell vials (25��C, L:D 14:10, 80% relative humidity); all instars fed on the larvae and pupae of the ants that he provided (species not specified), but none ac- cepted aphids, disabled termites, or ether-killed Drosophila. He recorded the following developmental times for the various stages���L1: 15 days (n = 2); L2: 8 and 11 days (n = 2); L3: 28 days (n = 1), mature L3 within cocoon: 10 days (n = 1); pupa within cocoon: 15 days (n = 1, a male that emerged on October 23). One second instar and one third instar were preserved. Unfortunately, the specimens are missing; however, MacLeod made an excellent drawing and took photos of the third instar. Larval behavior. MacLeod���s notes do not mention that the larvae engaged in ���loading behavior���, i.e., the series of movements that debris-carrying chrysopid larvae typically exhibit in order to apply debris to their dorsa. Adult behavior. MacLeod indicated that adults emit a defensive odor similar to that of many species of green lacewings; he referred to it as a ���moderate���, ���usual��� odor (see Blum et al. 1973). Also, his notes include a photo of a pinned adult A. eureka that he examined at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. This specimen carries a worker ant (Pheidole sp.) firmly attached to a metathoracic leg (Fig. 13), perhaps indicative of an ant association. Seasonal emergence. Based on collection records from numerous museums, Catanach (2007) concluded that A. eureka has two peaks of adult emergence, one in the spring and another in the fall. The second emergence appears to be smaller in the southeastern states than in Texas, where it can be substantial., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Kilpatrick, Shelby Kerrin & Oswald, John D., 2020, Larvae of Abachrysa eureka (Banks) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Belonopterygini) descriptions and a discussion of the evolution of myrmecophily in Chrysopidae, pp. 481-507 in Zootaxa 4789 (2) on pages 483-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/3990860, {"references":["Catanach, T. A. (2007) Abachrysa eureka (Banks) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): egg, first instar larva and biological notes. Senior Honors Thesis. Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 33 pp.","Principi, M. M. (1944 - 46) Contributi allo studio dei Neurotteri Italiani. IV. Nothochrysa italica Rossi. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia della Universita degli Studi di Bologna, 15, 85 - 102.","Blum, M. S., Wallace, J. D. & Fales, H. M. (1973) Skatole and tricedene: identification and possible role in a chrysopid secretion. Insect Biochemistry [later: and Molecular Biology] 3, 353 - 357. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0020 - 1790 (73) 90068 - 1"]}

Key to Titanochrysa species (modified from key in Sosa & Freitas 2012: 17) 1 Forewing crossveins with or without infuscation; mandibles symmetrical or asymmetrical; male: sternites S2���S8 with microtholi; dorsal rods of arcessus parallel; membrane beneath arcessus with or without two mesal lines of setae.......... 2 1��� Forewing crossveins with infuscation; mandibles symmetrical; male: sternites S2���S8 without microtholi; dorsal rods of arcessus X-shaped; membrane beneath arcessus with two mesal lines of setae (Figs 1���3 in Sosa & Freitas 2012, Figs 16���18 in Tauber et al. 2012)................................................................. T. circumfusa (Burmeister) 2 Forewing inner gradates with infuscation; mandibles asymmetrical; male: membrane beneath arcessus without small setae mesally............................................................................................ 3 2��� Forewing inner gradates without infuscation; mandibles symmetrical; male: membrane beneath arcessus with small setae mesally............................................................................................. 4 3 Forewing with network of short, dark, reticulate veins covered by a black spot on medial area; male: arcessus with dorsal rods short, merging apically; female: seventh sternite length ~3.5 times width (Figs 5���7 in Sosa & Freitas 2012, Figs 13���14 in Tauber et al. 2012)....................................................................... T. annotaria (Banks), Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Sosa, Francisco & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2018, Cryptochrysa Freitas & Penny, a generic homonym, replaced by Titanochrysa Sosa & Freitas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), pp. 287-295 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1298260, {"references":["Sosa, F. & Freitas, S. de (2012) A new genus of Neotropical Chrysopini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Zootaxa, 3351, 1 - 14 [Errata: 3351, 1 - 18]."]}

Tauber, Catherine A., Sosa, Francisco, Contreras-Ramos, Atilano (2018): Cryptochrysa Freitas & Penny, a generic homonym, replaced by Titanochrysa Sosa & Freitas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Zootaxa 4375 (2): 287-295, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.9

Titanochrysa ferreirai Sosa & Freitas, 2012 Titanochrysa ferreirai Sosa & Freitas, 2012: 10. Holotype, by original designation; ��� Brazil. Minas Gerais. Tres Pontas [21��25���S / 45��30���W, 900 m], 8.viii.2009, Ferreira C. S Leg.���; depository designated in the original description: MZUSP; current temporary location: APTA Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Known distriBUtion: Brazil (Minas Gerais, S��o Paulo), Venezuela (Aragua)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Sosa, Francisco & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2018, Cryptochrysa Freitas & Penny, a generic homonym, replaced by Titanochrysa Sosa & Freitas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), pp. 287-295 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1298260, {"references":["Sosa, F. & Freitas, S. de (2012) A new genus of Neotropical Chrysopini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Zootaxa, 3351, 1 - 14 [Errata: 3351, 1 - 18]."]}

Titanochrysa chloros (Freitas & Penny, 2001), comb. nov. Cryptochrysa chloros Freitas & Penny, 2000 [2001]: 165. Holotype, by original designation; “ BRASIL: MT [Mato Grosso]: Itiquira, 7 September 1999, Freitas, S. (1 ♂)”; depository indicated in the original description: MZUSP; current location: SFC; eXamined and imaged by FS (Fig. 1). Known distriBUtion: Brazil (Mato Grosso), Venezuela (Aragua).

Titanochrysa circumfusa (Burmeister, 1839) Chrysopa circumfusa Burmeister, 1839: 980. Lectotype, designated by Adams 1985: 7; “Aus Brasilien, von Herrn Thoren in Hamburg.”; depository ZMB; combination by Sosa & Feitas 2012: 3; images and notes by Tauber et al. 2012: 20. Cintameva circumfusa (Burmeister, 1839). Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) circumfusus (Burmeister, 1839). Chrysopa nigripalpis Banks 1910: 153. Lectotype, designated by Tauber et al. 2012: 22; depository: MCZ; images and synonymy by Tauber et al. 2012: 20, 24. Chrysopa burmeisteri Navás, 1929: 858. Lectotype; depository: ZMUH, probably destroyed; synonomy by Banks 1944: 10. Known distriBUtion: Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul), Bolivia (Cochabamba), Colombia (Tolima), Suriname (Paramaribo), Venezuela (Lara, Yaracuy)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Sosa, Francisco & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2018, Cryptochrysa Freitas & Penny, a generic homonym, replaced by Titanochrysa Sosa & Freitas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), pp. 287-295 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1298260, {"references":["Burmeister, H. C. C. (1839) Handbuch der Entomologie. Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Zweite Abtheilung. Kaukerfe. Gymnognatha. (Zweite Halfte; vulgo Neuroptera). Theod. Chr. Friedr. Enslin, Berlin. [i] - Xii + 757 - 1050 pp.","Adams, P. A. (1985) Notes on Chrysopodes of the M. N. H. N. in Paris [Neuroptera, Chrysopidae]. Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.), 7, 5 - 8.","Sosa, F. & Freitas, S. de (2012) A new genus of Neotropical Chrysopini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Zootaxa, 3351, 1 - 14 [Errata: 3351, 1 - 18].","Banks, N. (1910) New South American neuropteroid insects. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 12, 146 - 160.","Navas, L. (1929) Insectos del Brasil. 3. a serie [IIIa]. Revista do Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, 16, 857 - 864.","Banks, N. (1944) Neuroptera of northern South America. Part III. Chrysopidae. Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana, 3, 1 - 34."]}

Titanochrysa trespuntensis Sosa & Freitas, 2012 Titanochrysa trespuntensis Sosa & Freitas, 2012: 13. Holotype, by original designation; “ Minas Gerais. Tres Pontas [21°25’S / 45°30’W, 900 m], 10.i.2009, Ferreira C. S Leg.”; depository designated in the original description: MZUSP; current temporary location: APTA Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Larval description: Tauber et al. 2012: 2-11. Known distriBUtion: Argentina (Tucumán), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul), Venezuela (Mérida).

Titanochrysa simpliciala Tauber, 2012 Titanochrysa simpliciala Tauber et al. 2012: 12. Holotype, by original designation; ��� COSTA RICA: Heredia, Quebrada Amistad, 1.8 km (road) NW Porosail, 10.097��N, 84.119��W. 8.ii.1992, el. 1920 m, Holzenthal, Mu��oz, KJer���; depository: SMPM. Known distriBUtion: Costa Rica (Heredia)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Sosa, Francisco & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2018, Cryptochrysa Freitas & Penny, a generic homonym, replaced by Titanochrysa Sosa & Freitas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), pp. 287-295 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1298260

Titanochrysa annotaria (Banks, 1946) Chrysopa annotaria Banks, 1945 [1946]: 152. Lectotype, designated by Tauber et al. 2012: 17; “ Boquete, Chiriqui Province, Panama, 10 May (Fairchild)”; depository: MCZ; images and combination by Tauber et al. 2012: 17. Ceraeochrysa pseudovaricosa Penny, 1998: 62. Holotype, by original designation; depository: INBio, paratypes: CAS; redescription, images by Sosa & Freitas 2012: 7, Tauber et al. 2012: 20; Titanochrysa pseudovaricosa (Penny), combination by Sosa & Freitas 2012: 7; synonymy by Tauber et al. 2012: 17. Known distriBUtion: Costa Rica (Puntarenas), Panama (Chiriqui)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Sosa, Francisco & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2018, Cryptochrysa Freitas & Penny, a generic homonym, replaced by Titanochrysa Sosa & Freitas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), pp. 287-295 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1298260, {"references":["Banks, N. (1945) [1946] A review of the Chrysopidae (Nothochrysidae) of Central America. Psyche, 52, 139 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1945 / 39092","Penny, N. D. (1998) New Chrysopidae from Costa Rica (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Neuropterology, 1, 55 - 78.","Sosa, F. & Freitas, S. de (2012) A new genus of Neotropical Chrysopini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Zootaxa, 3351, 1 - 14 [Errata: 3351, 1 - 18]."]}

Vieira flinti, new species Type material. Holotype, Male, CAS; Fig. 6. Venezuela, Yaracuy, Aroa, 1920. iii.14, J. & E. B. Williamson (deeply stained, labeled as a n. sp. by N. Penny). There are three paratypes (see below). Etymology. The specific epithet was chosen to honor Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Curator Emeritus of Neuropteroid Orders, Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. Although a specialist on Trichoptera, Ollie is also a long-time student of the Neuroptera, the person who brought this species to our attention, and a treasured friend. Diagnosis ( Figs 1���7, 10): Externally, adults of V. flinti are slightly larger, but similar in gestalt to those of V. elegans and V. brooksi. Of the three species, this one appears to be the most cryptic; its largely clear wings with white veins on a relatively unreflective membrane, and diffuse patches of light brown coloration with brown venation, make the insect almost invisible against a variety of backgrounds. It differs from the other two species in that the large marks at the tips of its fore and hind wings are diffuse, and those on the hindwing do not reach the wing margin. Also, the basal forewing marks are large���surrounding several crossveins in the basal costal area, the two intramedian cells, the three median cells, the intracubital cells, and the anal veins. The basal forewing markings on the other two small species of Vieira are darker and less extensive. Description. Body robust; dorsum largely black or dark brown, with anterior region yellowish or greenish mesally, dark brown to black laterally. Head: Vertex green to yellowish, with light brown longitudinal streak along eyes, anterior margin of vertex; surface smooth; width 1.5���1.6 mm (including eyes); ratio head width to eye width 1.6: 1. Distance between eyes (frontal) 0.66���0.67 mm; distance between tentorial pits 0.45���0.51 mm; length midantennae to midway between tentorial pits 0.37 mm. Antenna length 8.8���9.0 mm; proximal segments short (segments 2, 3: length 1.0���1.2 times width), with three concentric rings of setae; middle and distal segments longer (segments 7���8: length 2.2���3 times width), four concentric rings of setae. Scape slightly elongate, black marked dorsally; pedicel black throughout; flagellum dark brown to black basally, cream to yellowish distally; antennal fossae marked with black. Frons, clypeus yellowish with conspicuous brown shaded (male) or, brown (female) markings below scapes, light brown shading on frons and clypeus (male), or with elongate brown spot mesally (female); gena with dark brown stripe from base of eye to mid-clypeal region. Labrum pale, with distal margin indented mesally, bearing numerous long, thick, golden setae. Labial palpus, maxillary palpus black, both with last segment stout, tapering apically, covered by long, golden to amber setae. Thorax: Prothorax wider than long (length 0.6���0.8 mm, width 1.2 mm), yellowish green mesally, with broad, brown, longitudinal bands covered with elongate, black, stout setae mesolaterally. Mesothorax broadly marked by brown spots with tufts of black setae (more dense in male than female specimens). Metathorax mostly brown, covered by long, black setae. Mesothorax, metathorax with black line across middle of pleural region. Legs cream colored, without markings, covered by numerous brown to amber setae; tarsal claws with broad, dilated base, deep narrow cleft. Wings: Membrane transparent, not especially reflective, with light and dark brown markings and streaks, most notably at base of wings. Stigma semi-transparent, with light brown spot at each end (forewing), at basal end (hindwing). Forewing with three prominent brown marks: first one in basal area���involving first ca. twelve costal crossveins, subcostal cell, basal part of radial sector, area around anal veins, cells b1, r1, m2-m3, im1, ic1-ic4; second one at tip of wing���surrounding inner, outer gradates, apical marginal forked veins; third one smaller, surrounding penultimate crossvein between Psm and Psc. Setae enclosed within black spots long, black; other setae gold colored. Forewing 14.6 (male) to 16.6 (female) mm long, 5.41 (male) to 6.7 (female) mm wide (at widest point); ratio of length: maximum width 2.4���2.5: 1. Costal area broad; tallest costal cell (#9���11) 1.8���2.1 mm tall, 1.4���1.8 times width, height 0.17���0.15 times width of wing (midwing). First intramedian cell ovate, height (along median arculus) 0.2���0.5 mm, width 2.5���4.5 times height, 0.62���0.66 times width of third median cell. First radial crossvein black and distal to origin of radial sector (Rs); radial area (between radius and Rs) with single row of 11���12 closed cells; tallest cell (#6���8) 1.3���1.5 times taller than wide; two to three rows of gradate veins: three to six inner gradates in regular pattern (basal two white); inner gradate series closer to outer gradates than to Radial sector; six to seven outer gradates (all black), first five aligned in regular pattern, distal ones irregularly aligned; sometimes a third series of two gradate veins present. Height of fourth gradate cell 2.9���3.9 times width. Five b cells, four b��� cells (cells beneath Psm after second intramedian cell). Four intracubital cells [two or three closed], Cu2 bifurcating so that icu3 and icu4 lie next to each other. Subcosta, radial sector and apical veins forked apically. Hindwing with most basal veins surrounded by dark brown, with large brown spot distally, encompassing distal area below radial sector, distal inner, outer gradate veins, and distal gradate cells. Veins pale except near darkened areas. Hindwing 13.5 (male) to 14.7���15.0 (female) mm long, 4.41 (male) to 4.8���5.0 (female) mm wide; 12 radial cells (counted from origin of radius, not false origin), first one black bordered; two to three series of gradates; two to five inner gradates; five to six outer gradates; ~19 costal cells before pterostigma, first eight black bordered; four large b cells (no small ���t��� cell); three to four b��� cells beyond second intramedian cell; two intracubital cells (one closed). Abdomen: Robust, uniformly expanded throughout. Segments of medium length and height, not particularly narrow or elongated; spiracles not especially large or small, simple, with unenlarged, bilobed atrium. Female: Abdomen yellowish green; T1���T8 heavily marked by irregularly shaped black marks; ninth tergite, ectoproct (T9+ect) unmarked; callus cerci located dorsally on T9+ect, round, with ca. 31 trichobothria; S1, S2 with small black marks; S1���S6 densely covered with long, amber to golden setae; S7 almost entirely black, with heavy, black setae; tergites, sternites with elongate setae, slender, delicate on basal segments, becoming thicker, more robust distally; pleural regions with microthrichiae, short setae; pleuron of A6 with scattered, long, thin setae, pleuron of A7, A8 with elongate, thick, more dense setae; apical region of ectoproct with heavy, dense, up-curved setae; left, right T9+ect fused dorsally (Brazil), separated by deep invagination (Venezuela). Gonapophyses laterales rounded ventrally, with dorsal margins angular proximally, curved distally, entirely covered with long setae, especially heavy dorsally. Praegenitale absent. Colleterial complex with elongate, delicate gland, apparently with scattered particles; reservoir large, spherical, with colliculate, membranous surface, extending apically only into ectoproct; transverse sclerite delicate, rectangular, with slender, elongate striations. Spermathecal complex (Fig. 5) simple; spermatheca doughnut-shaped, with large, U-shaped invagination, dorsally with heavy, cylindrical, slightly bilobed velum connecting directly to bursa copulatrix via dorsal slit, velum merging distally into bursal duct, basal section of bursa copulatrix; spermathecal duct elongate (~3.0���3.5�� width of spermatheca), arising from dorsal margin of spermatheca with distal one third, curvy, hair-like; bursal duct leathery basally, elongate, extending posteriorly to bursa copulatrix; bursa copulatrix saccular, membranous; bursal glands, flat, filamentous, with rough surface, extending posteriorly from lateral margins of bursa. Subgenitale broader than long (internal, proximal section extending transversely ca. 3/4th width of segment), distal section with cordiform knob extending from thick, short, folded neck; knob with U-shaped arms, small, rounded, lower lip extending ventrally. Male: S7 and S8 densely covered by microthrichiae and microtholi; A8 spiracle simple; T9+ect divided dorsally by groove; apical margins rounded dorsally; basal margin acute, with elongate, dorsal apodeme along dorsal margin, forked distally around callus cerci; callus cerci large, located very low on T9+ect, with ~33 trichobothria; S8+9 triangular, tapering apically; margin of apex heavily sclerotized, contiguous with ventral apodeme along dorsal margin of S8+9; apex, with dense, long setae. Gonarcal complex robust; gonarcal bridge straight; gonarcal apodemes broad, flared distally; gonocornua strongly fused with the gonarcus, tapering, then widening, then tapering again apically to acute tip; mediuncus, with a pair of dorsal rods, pair of lateral lobes, mesal beak. Hood quadrate, heavily sclerotized, attached at base of mediucus, extending above dorsum of mediuncus, with shallow teeth on distal margin. Hypandrium internum broad, V-shaped, with slender comes. Material examined (in addition to holotype). BRASIL: BA [Bahia], Camacan, Res. [Reserva Particular do Patrim��nio Natural] Serra Bonita, 15��23'S ���39��33'W, 800m, iv.2010, 1 ♀. L. Santos col.; Vieira sp., Det. O. S. Flint 2013 (paratype). VENEZUELA: Aragua, El Lim��n, 450 m, 25. iv.1982, 1 ♀, F. Fern��ndez Y col. (MIZA); Idem, 8. iv.1987, 1 ♂, L. J. Joly col (MJMO) (paratypes). Variation. The most notable variation we found among the specimens is in the dorsal fusion of the left and right sides of the ninth abdominal tergite+ectoproct (T9+ect). In the females (Brazil, Venezuela) the two sides are fully and clearly fused; whereas in the Venezuelan males there is a distinct groove between the two sides. Known geographic distribution. Venezuela (States of Aragua and Yaracuy), Brazil (Bahia State). Generic characters. With the description of the new species, it is worthwhile to review the validity of the diagnostic generic features that were proposed based on previously known species (see Tauber et al. 2006, Tauber 2006, 2007). Below, we discuss V. flinti in relation to nine morphological character states that have been used to distinguish Vieira from other genera. Basal radial crossvein (compare Figs 2 A, 2C, 10A with Figs 8 A, 9A, 11A). Vieira elegans originally was placed in the genus Berchmansus Nav��s because it expresses a characteristic that was considered distinctive for that genusi.e., the basal radial crossvein leaves the Radial vein (R) before the origin of the Radial sector (Rs). Such is the condition in V. brooksi as well. However, in both V. flinti and V. lescehnaulti, the first radial crossvein originates from the Rs after its separation from the R. Thus, it appears that this feature is not a diagnostic character for the genus. Splayed costal crossveins on forewing (compare Figs 2 A, 2C, 10A with Figs 8 A, 9A, 11A). A conspicuous and defining feature of the genus is the forewing with the costal area enlarged and with a pronounced brown patch surrounding a series of splayed costal crossveins. This character state continues to hold as a diagnostic feature for Vieira, and it expresses some valuable variation for distinguishing among Vieira species. In V. elegans and V. brooksi, the enlargement of the costal area is moderate; in V. leschenaulti and V. flinti it is more abrupt basally and more pronounced across the margin of the wing. The pattern and number of splayed crossveins also varies: V. elegans has a small, slightly splayed patch of ~five unbranched crossveins; V. brooksi has a similarly small, but slightly more splayed patch of five to six crossveins, one of which is usually branched near its base; V. flinti has a large, well splayed patch of about ten to 13 crossveins���all unbranched in the Venezuelan specimens and with one branched crossvein (#7, #8) in the Brazilian specimen; V. leschenaulti has fewer (~5) splayed crossveins���all unbranched, but they are relatively widely splayed. Bifurcation of forewing Cubital (Cu) vein (compare Figs 2 A, 2C, 10A with Figs 8 A, 9A, 11A). In Vieira there is a distal bifurcation of the forewing Cu, and among the four species the placement of the bifurcation appears to exhibit some clinal variation: In two species, V. elegans and V. brooksi, the bifurcation occurs after the Cu has left the Psc (sometimes very near the furcation of Cu from Psc); in these species both icu3 and icu4 are present and open on the exterior margin of the wing. In V. flinti, the bifurcation occurs at or very near the point where the Cu leaves the Psc; in this species, the icu3 is closed, and icu4 is present and open on the wing margin. In V. leschnaulti the bifurcation occurs still earlier���before the Cu leaves the Psc; icu3 and icu4 are both present and open, side by side on the wing margin. Slanted distal vein of the third medial cell (m3) (compare Figs 2 A, 2C, 10A with Figs 8 A, 9A, 11A). In V. leschenaulti, the distal vein of m3 is strongly slanted distally and is followed by six closed cells beneath the Psm. In V. flinti, the distal vein of m3 is slanted somewhat, and in V. brooksi and V. elegans it is vertical; in all three of the above species, the m3 is followed by four closed cells beneath the Psm. Wing markings (compare Figs 2 A, 2B, 10A, 10B with Figs 8 A, 8B, 9A, 9B, 11A, 11B). In all four species, the following membranous areas of the wings are characteristically and prominently marked with brown to dark brown: around the base of the fore and hind wings, around the splayed costal crossveins (forewing), around a series of basal or midbasal crossveins (hindwing); around the distal inner and/or outer gradates (fore and hind wings); around one or more Psm or Psc crossveins (fore and hind wings), around the intracubital cells (fore and hind wings). Although these areas are consistently marked in the four Vieira species, the size and depth of the markings vary among them. For example, the markings around the gradate veins are relatively small and more widely separated on V. flinti, compared with those on the other Vieira species. Head and body markings (compare Figs 10 C, 10D with Figs 8 C, 8D, 9C, 9D, 11C, 11D). All four Vieira species express the following distinctive markings: elongate, longitudinal markings on sides of vertex; scapes marked with dark brown or black at least dorsally; pedicel and one or more basal flagellomeres dark; distal flagellomeres yellow. Setation (compare Figs 1 A, 10C with Figs 8 C, 9C, 11C). All four Vieira species have patches of long, heavy, black setae on the mesothorax and metathorax. In addition, the terminal segments of the labial palpus and the terminal segments (tergites and sternites) of the abdomen have dense, relatively heavy setae. Again, V. flinti shares these features with its congeners, but in V. flinti the labial setae are golden and quite striking (Figs 1 C, 1D, 10D). Gonarcal hood. Male specimens of three Vieira species have been diagnosed as having a gonarcal complex bearing a ���hood���-like structure either above or below the mediuncus; the structure is sclerotized and prominent in V. elegans, V. brooksi (Tauber et al. 2006, Tauber 2006), as well as V. flinti (Figs 6 C, 6D, 6E); it was membranous to lightly sclerotized in the V. leschenaulti specimens studied to date; perhaps most were teneral (Tauber 2007). Thus, this character appears to be diagnostic of the genus. Spermathecal shape and size. Females of Vieira species were proposed to have a round spermatheca bearing an elongate, tubular, and at least somewhat bilobed velum that opens to the bursa copulatrix dorsally via an elongate dorsal slit, and also distally via the bursal duct. The spermatheca has an elongate, slender spermathecal duct (Brooks & Barnard 1990; Tauber 2007). The reproductive tract of V. flinti females also expresses all of these features. From the above, it is clear that the four Vieira species share a number of unifying characteristics, but they also express a wide range of interspecific variation. Most notably, the four species vary markedly in body size. Indeed, the variation in many of the above features may be correlated with body size. Such a broad range of variation in size and correlated features may not be unexpected if, as is the case for all known belonopterygines, the larvae of Vieira species feed on ant brood and have relatively narrow ranges of acceptable prey. Key to species of Vieira (See Figs 8���11; wing veins are identified on Figs 2 C, 2D) 1. Body large, forewing 22���32 mm long; inner series of gradate veins aligned end to end in a row extending away from the Pseudomedius and the outer gradate series and arching toward the Radial Sector (Fig. 11 A).............. V. leschenaulti 1��� Body smaller, forewing length V. flinti 2��� Dark marking at base of forewing small, including only the bases of the major veins (M, M1, M2, Cu, A1, A2) and a few basal crossveins (m-cu1, cu-a); large marks on tips of fore and hind wings dark, those on hindwing reaching margin of wing.....3 3. Forewing relatively small (11.4���11.7 mm long); large midcostal marking including six crossveins, ususally one of which is bifurcated; large mark at tip of forewing not reaching wing margin (Fig. 8 A).............................. V. brooksi 3���. Forewing relatively large (13.6���15.2 mm long); large midcostal marking including four to six crossveins, all of which are simple; large mark at tip of forewing reaching wing margin (Fig. 9 A)....................................... V. elegans, Published as part of Sosa, Francisco & Tauber, Catherine A., 2017, The genus Vieira Nav��s (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a new species, a key to the species, and new geographic records, pp. 43-59 in Zootaxa 4258 (1) on pages 44-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4258.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/569145, {"references":["Tauber, C. A., Tauber, M. J. & Albuquerque, G. S. (2006) Berchmansus elegans (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Larval and adult characteristics and new tribal affiliation. European Journal of Entomology, 103, 21 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.024","Tauber, C. A. (2007) A review of Berchmansus and Fieira and description of two new species of Leucochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 100 (2), 110 - 138.","Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The Bulletin of the British museum (Natural History), 59 (2), 117 - 286."]}

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Revista de proteccion vegetal 26: 100-104.","Miranda-Salcedo, M. A., and J. I. Lopez-Arroyo. 2010. Avance de investigacion para el manejo del psilido asiatico de los citricos Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) en Michoacan. p. 73-85. In: Proceedings of the 3er Congreso Nacional Mitigacion del dano ambiental en el Sector Agropecuario de Mexico, Mexico.","Navarrete, B., D. Carrillo, A. Y. Reyes-Martinez, S. Sanchez-Pena, J. Lopez-Arroyo, H. McAuslane, and J. E. Pena. 2014. Effect of Zelus longipes (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) on Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and its parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) under controlled conditions. Florida Entomologist 97: 1537-1543.","Navarrete, B., H. Mcauslane, M. Deyrup, and J. E. Pena. 2013. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and their role in its biological control. Florida Entomologist 96: 590-597.","Pluke, R., A. Escribano, J. P. Michaud, and P. A. Stansly. 2005. Potential impact of lady beetles on Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Puerto Rico. Florida Entomological Society 88: 123-128.","Pruthi, H. S., and M. S. Mani. 1945. Our knowledge of the insect and mite pests of citrus in India and their control. Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, Scientific Monograph 16. Government of India Press, Calcutta. 42 p.","Rakhshani, E., and A. Saeedifar. 2013. Seasonal fluctuations, spatial distribution and natural enemies of Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Iran. Entomological Science 16: 17-25.","Reyes-Rosas, M. A., J. Loera-Gallardo, J. I. Lopez-Arroyo, and M. Buck. 2014. Brachygastra mellifica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): Predation preference and feeding behavior on Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Mexico. Abstract, p. 177. In: Journal of Citrus Pathology Vol. 1. 3rd International Research Conference on Huanglongbing - IRCHLB III 177.","Rodriguez-Palomera, M., J. Cambero-Campos, A. Robles-Bermudez, C. Carvajal-Cazola, and O. Estrada-Virgen. 2012. Natural enemies associated to D. citri Kuw. (Hem.: Psyllidae) in Citrus latifolia T., in Nayarit, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, NS 28: 625-629.","Rodriguez-Toledo, O., C. C. Gonzalez-Fernandez, C. L. Marrero-Artabe, and L. Robledo-Ortega. 2008. Bases para el manejo de Diaphorina citri Kuw. (Hem.: Psyllidae) en fomento de toronjo Marsh en la localidad de Jaguey Grande. Retrieved from CD: Monografias 2008, Universidad de Matanzas \"Camilo Cienfuegos\", Cuba.","Sanda, G. L. 1991. Mode of hunting and functional response of the spider Marpissa tigrina Tikader (Salticidae: Arachnida) to the density of its prey, Diaphorina citri. Entomon 16: 279-282.","Solano, Y. A., E. Arcaya, and G. Gonzalez. 2014. Actividad depredadora de Cycloneda devestita (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) en el Estado Lara, Venezuela. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, (S.E.A) 54: 423-424.","Thompson, F. C. 2006. Primer taller de identificacion de Syrphidae del Neotropico. February 21-27, 2006. Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biologia, Cali, Colombia. 860 p.","Way, M. J. 1963. Mutualism between ants and honeydew-producing Homoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 8: 307-344.","Yang, Y., M. Huang, G. Andrew, C. Beattie, Y. Xia, G. Ouyang, and J. Xiong. 2006. Distribution, biology, ecology and control of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a major pest of citrus: A status report for China. International Journal of Pest Management 52: 343-352."]}

Apochrysa voeltzkowi Larvae Descriptions. First instar (neonate). Body (Fig. 2A) length ~ 1.6 mm (measured in lateral view through spiracles), depth not measured. Dorsal surface of preserved specimens cream-colored, without markings; lateral tubercles (LTs) of thorax, abdomen, laterodorsal tubercles (LDTs) of abdomen with light brown tinge distally; large abdominal chalazae (A1���A5) light brown. All setae smooth, pale, of various lengths and robustness; thoracic setae with acute tips; most abdominal setae (submedian setae, SMS) with small terminal hook. Head (Figs 2B���D) cream-colored, with very light brown dorsal markings as in Fig. 2B; eyes with stemmata clear (tissue beneath black); integument surrounding margins of anterior stemmata light brown, integment surrounding margins of ventral, posterior and posterodorsal stremmata clear; cranium rounded posteriorly; width (across eyes) ~ 0.42 mm, length (dorsum) ~ 0.32 mm, depth not measured; cranial base exposed to slightly withdrawn into cervix. Anterior margin of cranium straight between mandibles, tapering posteriorly from mesal margin of mandibles to eyes; labrum recurved ventrally. Eyes protruding laterally; stemmata clustered tightly on anterior and lateral surfaces of protrusion; anterior two stemmata large, globose, posterior three and central stemmata smaller, less prominent. Cephalic appendages (Figs 2C, 2D, 3A, 3B) relatively elongate, slender. Mandible long, thin, length (along curve) ~ 0.47 mm, length (straight line) ~ 0.37���0.39 mm, width ~ 0.06���0.07 mm; ratio mandible length (curved) to head width = 1.17���1.24; ratio mandible length (curved) to head length (dorsal) = ~1.5. Mandible with three short, acute basolateral setae; terminus with very small teeth, sharply acute tip. Antennal length 0.57���0.58 mm, ~1.8x length of cranium; width ~ 0.03 mm (at widest part of pedicel); scape with straight sides, setae apparently absent; pedicel, flagellum long, slender; pedicel with small mesal seta distally; flagellum about 0.76���0.79x length of pedicel, tapering gradually from pedicel; terminus almost 0.1 mm long, ~0.33���0.38x length of flagellum, with single long, tapering bristle. Labial palp long, wider than antenna, ~0.7���0.8x length of mandible (straight line); basal segment with one long, distolateral seta; middle segment long, annulate throughout, with two long, robust setae distally, one mesal, one lateral; terminal subsegment elongate, ~one-third length of middle segment, slightly tapered distally, with transverse striations throughout, without visible sensillae, setae or terminal bristles, with cluster of microsetae terminally; palpiger approximately same size as basal segment of palpus, with one mesal seta, one lateral seta anteriorly; mentum with two pairs of long, anterior setae, two pairs of lateral setae ��� one short, one long; stipes elongate, narrow, diverging mesally from cranial margin; cardo shorter, angled posteriorly. Cervix small, with one pair of small setae anterolaterally; sclerites not discerned. Venter with row of three short setae (R1) laterally. Thorax (Figs 2A, 4A) with sclerites not distinguished from membranous integument; each segment with pair of lateral tubercles (LTs), each bearing two (prothorax) or three (mesothorax, metathorax) elongate setae (LS); prothoracic LT without small seta between two large LS. LTs well developed, but not large; LS with tapered, acute or very finely hooked tips. Legs setose, cream-colored, without markings except at coxal base, tarsal tip; claw, empodium light brown. Prothorax (T1) with pair of medium-length setae (S1) anteromesal to LTs, small seta (probably S2Sc1) at mesal base of each LT, pair of long setae submesally (probably S1Sc1), three pairs of setae (S3, S4, S5) posterolaterally; S2 apparently missing. Venter (posterior region) with pair of medium-length, submesal setae. Mesothorax (T2) with anterior subsegment bearing two pairs of small setae (probably S1Sc1, S2Sc1) on anterior margin, bearing spiracles laterally; spiracles simple, sessile, circular, with small atrium, without associated seta. Posterior subsegment with two pairs of very small setae (probably S1Sc2, S2Sc2) on anterior margin, two pairs of medium-length setae between LTs, pair of short setae at base of LTs, two pairs of setae posteriorly, slightly longer than two anterior setae. Venter apparently without setae. Metathorax (T3) with three pairs of very small setae (probably S1Sc1, S2Sc1, S3Sc1) on anterior margin, transverse row of three pairs of medium-length setae mesal to LTs, two pairs of elongate setae from robust chalazae posteriorly. Venter apparently without setae. Abdomen (Figs 2A, 4B, 4C) with LTs, LDTs present on A1���A7; LT on A1 with one LS; LTs on A2���A7 each with two LS, without small seta between LS. Spiracles circular, sessile, with small, simple atrium, each with small, acute-tipped (A1���A3, A6���A8) or medium-length, lightly hooked (A4, A5) associated seta (SSp). A1: LS long, acute; LDT with one long, hooked LDS, one very small LDS; dorsum with anterior transverse row of four small setae with acute tips, posterior row with four elongate, lightly hooked SMS from large chalazae. Venter with single pair of submesal setae. A2���A7: LS elongate, lightly hooked to acute; LDTs each with two LDS, one elongate, lightly hooked, one short, acute (A2), medium-length, lightly hooked (A3���A4), or elongate, lightly hooked (A5���A7). Dorsum with anterior transverse row of four medium-length setae���acute (A2) to hooked, blunt, or spatulate (A3���A7); one pair of elongate, hooked SMS on large chalazae between LDTs. Venter with one pair of small to medium-length submesal setae anteriorly, two pairs of submesal setae posteriorly, lateral ones long. A8: LTs short, broad, with relatively short LS, with two pairs of small setae in transverse row between spiracles; two pairs of large, acute-tipped SMS between LTs. Venter with transverse posterior band of approximately eight short to medium-length setae. A9: Cylindrical; dorsum with two transverse rows of long setae arising from chalazae. Venter with transverse posterior band of approximately eight short to medium-length setae. A10: Dorsum largely without setae, except for two pairs of small, terminal setae. Venter with two pairs of small setae near terminus; terminus with small patch of microsetae. Second and third instar. Body (Fig. 5A) length ~ 7.3���8.9 mm (measured in lateral view through spiracles), depth ~1.7���2.0 mm (thickest section of abdomen). Coloration of living specimens pure white with thin, greyish median line and abdominal spots; mandibles, tips of legs light brownish to amber [Photo by P. Duelli, Fig. 129 in Asp��ck & Asp��ck 2007]. Dorsal surface of preserved specimens cream-colored, with sclerites, markings light brown. All setae smooth, pale, of various lengths and robustness, most thoracic setae with acute tips, some elongate setae on lateral tubercles with hooked tips. Most abdominal setae (submedian setae, SMS) with small terminal hook. Head with light brown to brown markings as in Figs 5B (dorsal), 5C (ventral); 5D (lateral); eyes with stemmata clear; integument surrounding margins of anterior stemmata brown, integment surrounding margins of ventral, posterior and posterodorsal stemmata clear (tissue beneath black); cranium tapered posteriorly, angular ventrally, dorsal surface quadrate posteriorly; width (across eyes) ~ 0.93���0.95 mm, length (dorsum) ~ 0.72 mm, depth (midregion, to top of eye) ~ 0.23���0.24 mm; cranial base exposed to slightly withdrawn into cervix. Anterior margin of cranium straight between mandibles, tapering posteriorly from mesal margin of mandibles to eyes; labrum recurved ventrally. Eyes protruding laterally; stemmata clustered tightly on anterior and lateral surfaces of protrusion; anterior two stemmata large, globose, posterior three and central stemmata smaller, less raised. Cephalic appendages (Figs 1A, 5B, 5C, 7A, 7B) relatively elongate, slender. Mandible long, thin, length (along curve) ~ 1.06���1.15 mm, length (straight line) ~ 0.84���0.93 mm, width ~ 0.06���0.07 mm; ratio mandible length (curved) to head width = 1.17���1.24; ratio mandible length (curved) to head length (dorsal) = ~1.5���1.6. Mandible with single acute basolateral seta; terminus with very small teeth, sharply acute tip. Antennal length 1.3 mm, ~1.6x length of cranium; width ~ 0.04 mm (at widest part of pedicel); scape with straight sides, single pair of short, distolateral setae; pedicel long, slender; flagellum long, slender, about 0.45x length of pedicel, tapering gradually from pedicel; basal flagellomere without mesal seta, terminus with single long bristle. Labial palp long, slender, ~0.9x length of mandible (straight line); basal segment with one long, distolateral seta, ~ three long distomesal setae; middle segment long, annulated throughout, with basal region bearing approximatley seven long setae, mostly mesal, distal region with four long, robust setae, three mesal, one lateral; terminal subsegment elongate, ~one-third length of middle segment, slightly tapered distally, with transverse striations throughout, with four lateral-ventrolateral sensillae, without setae or terminal bristles; palpiger erect, with slightly rounded sides, one mesal seta, one lateral seta; mentum with leathery plate mesal to stipes, with four pairs of long setae; stipes elongate, narrow, angled approximately parallel to cranial margin; cardo shorter, angled mesally, with small dark brown spot at posterior tip. Cervix collar-like, with band of setae ventrally, laterally, with few or no setae dorsally, with pair of brown sclerites laterally. Thorax (Figs 5E, 6A, 6B, 8A) with each segment bearing relatively dense covering of medium-length dorsal setae. Legs highly setose, cream-colored, without markings except at coxal base, tarsal tip; claw, empodium brown (Fig. 1B). Prothorax (T1) with two subsegments separated by shallow fold. Sc1 light brown, oblong, extending almost full length of second subsegment; Sc2 large, approximately pear-shaped. Venter with pair of large setae anteriorly, rows of smaller setae mesally, posteriorly. Mesothorax (T2) with three, well delineated subsegments separated from each other by two distinct, smooth transverse folds; Sc2 small, embedded in first fold, with minute seta; Sc3 large, round, light brown, at lateral terminus of second fold. Venter with ~50 short, scattered setae, one pair of long to medium-length setae posteriorly. Metathorax (T3) with three subsegments separated by two small folds. Sc2 large, light brown, round; posterior subsegment with transverse row of approximately 15 setae slightly longer than those elsewhere on thorax. Venter with two transverse bands of approximately eight short to medium-length setae. Abdomen (Figs 5F���H, 6C, 8B, 8C) with laterodorsal tubercles smooth, each with 2���4 elongate robust setae (LDS), several shorter LDS. Spiracles circular, sessile, with small, simple atrium. A1: Segment with two subsegments separated by small fold. Anterior subsegment small, spindle shaped, with spiracle on lateral margin. Posterior subsegment longer, broader than first, with distinct LDT laterally. Dorsum of each subsegment with transverse bands of numerous elongate to short SMS; venter with single transverse band of ~12���15 short to medium-length setae. A2���A7: Segment with three subsegments separated by small folds. Subsegments roughly of similar size, each extending to margin of segment; dorsum of anterior subsegment with transverse band of 8���10 SMS; middle subsegment bearing spiracle laterally, transverse band of 10���12 SMS; posterior subsegment with pair of distinct, smooth LDTs laterally. Venter with two to three transverse bands of short to medium-length setae; each segment with posterior pair of long, prominent setae submesally. A8: LTs short, broad, with relatively short LS; spiracle at anterior base of LDT; anterior, middle subsegments each with transverse row of ~four SMS; posterior subsegment with ~12 SMS. Venter with posterior band of four robust setae, several shorter setae. A9: Cylindrical, brown marking anteromesally, with numerous short setae, especially robust laterally, dense posterolaterally. A10: Dorsum with longitudinal brown marking mesally, with scattered small setae laterally, with inflated, bilobed membrane terminally. Larval diagnosis. Based on the description above and that of Tsukaguchi (1995) for A. matsumurae, it appears that the third instars of the two species are very similar morphologically. Thus they can be distinguished from known larvae in other chrysopid subfamilies by their elongate flagellar segments. The main differences between the two Apochrysa species are in the head and body markings. Tsukaguchi reported that his specimens of A. matusumurae were without markings, whereas our specimens of A. voeltzkowi (L3) have distinct, although light, brown head and body markings (Figs 5B���5H, 7A). First instars of A. matusumurae are not described, but the first instar of A. voeltzkowi also has faint head markings that may be distinctive (Figs 2B, 3A)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2014, Apochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): New Larval Description and Subfamilial Comparisons, pp. 198-208 in Zootaxa 3835 (2) on pages 202-207, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3835.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4921575, {"references":["Aspock, U. & Aspock, H. (2007) Verbliebene Veilfalt vergangener Blute. Zur Evolution, Phylogenie und Biodiversitat der Neuropterida (Insecta: Endopterygota). Denisia, 20, 451 - 516.","Tsukaguchi, S. (1995) Chrysopidae of Japan (Insecta, Neuroptera). S. Tsukaguchi, Aioi-cho 6 - 14 - 102, Nishinomiya-shi, Hyogo, 662 Japan (Privately published), 223 pp."]}

Tauber, Catherine A. (2014): Apochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): New Larval Description and Subfamilial Comparisons. Zootaxa 3835 (2): 198-208, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.2.2

Tauber, Catherine A., Winterton, Shaun L. (2014): Third instar of the myrmecophilous Italochrysa insignis (Walker) from Australia (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Belonopterygini). Zootaxa 3811 (1): 95-106, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3811.1.5

Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) insularis (Walker, 1853) Figs 9, 13��� 22 L. (L.) insularis taxonomic history & geographic distribution. Adams (1977) and Tauber (2004) provided the taxonomic history of the species and redescribed the adults based on the type specimen and other material. The type of L. (L.) insularis (male, BMNH) is in relatively poor condition; it appears to be teneral, and its body was damaged by dermestids. See images (Fig. 13). Adams (1977) and Tauber (2004) also illustrated the male and female genitalia and documented significant geographic variation in the species��� adult coloration. To help facilitate comparisons, here we provide images of the L. (L.) insularis adult color polymorphism (Fig. 14), wing markings (Fig. 15), and genitalia (♂: Fig. 16; ♀: Figs 17, 18). Leucochrysa (L.) insularis occurs throughout the eastern and central states of the United States (north to Massachusetts and Nebraska, south to Texas and Florida), eastern Mexico [Hidalgo, San Luis Potos��, Tamaulipas, Veracruz (new state record)], and the West Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic and Jamaica). Thus, L. (L.) insularis and L. (L.) nigrilabris appear to have adjacent, allopatric distributions. Jones (1929) provided a well-illustrated larval description of L. (L.) insularis [as Nodita virginica (Fitch)]. Although it does not specify which instar (2 nd or 3 rd) is described, it contains fascinating information on both the morphology and biology of the larvae. The descriptions below are based on new material. The first instars were teneral and somewhat shriveled; their structures were not measured; many small setae were not visible. The third instar was teneral and not measured. For both instars, characteristics are as described above for L. (L.) nigrilabris, except where noted. Description (First Instar, Semaphoront A). Head. 0.54 mm wide, 0.40 mm long; mandibles 0.56 mm long; ratio, mandible length: head width, ~ 1.02: 1. Thorax. T 1: S 1 long, arising from large chalaza; S 3, S 4, S 5 very short. Abdomen. A 6: Two short, straight setae anteriorly, no setae posteriorly. Description (Third Instar, Semaphoront B). Body. Dorsum cream-colored to brown, with brown sclerites. Head (Figs 20 A���D). 1.32 mm wide, 0.76 mm long, mandibles 1.48���1.53 mm (right-left) long; ratio mandible length: head width, 1.12:1.0. Genal marking light brown, diffuse, extending broadly toward eye and ventral margin of cranium. All stemmata, including posteroventral one, surrounded by brown outline. Posterior section of cranium densely spiculate. Thorax (Figs 20 D, E). Large sclerites Sc 1 (prothorax), Sc 3 (mesothorax), Sc 2 (metathorax) brown, shiny; markings on venter not visible. Setae associated with small sclerites between segments and subsegments not readily observed. LTs spiculate; LS smooth basally becoming slightly salebrose distally, with tips mostly curly, sometimes with small hook. T 1: Sc 1 large, extending laterally to base of LT; S 1 Sc 1 long, robust, S 2 Sc 1 very short. LT with ca 22 LS (ca 10 apical, ca 12 lateral). Primary setae S 1 long, robust; S 2 short; S 3, S 4, S 5 very short. T 2: Posterior row with 6 setae ��� 4 long, robust, straight to curvey, arising from 2 pairs of large, plump, juxtaposed chalazae, and 2 short, straight, arising from mesal margin of mesal chalazae. LT bearing 20���24 LS (8 apical, 14���16 lateral). T 3: Anterior row with two intermediate-length, robust setae; posterior row with 12 long, robust, hooked setae arising from large, plump chalazae. LT bearing ca 20���23 LS (8���9 apical, 11���15 lateral). [Note: The ranges in setal counts are derived from paired tubercles.] Abdomen (Figs 20 E, F). SMS of A 1 ���A 6 robust, hooked, arising from plump chalazae; A 1 ���A 5: LDT plump, with two long, hooked, robust LDS, one microseta between LDS. [Note: The right LDT bore 3 full-sized LDS.] A 2 ���A 3: LT with seven to eight long, robust LS, four shorter, straight setae basally. Dorsum with anterior row of seven to ten (A 2, A 3) SMS, mesal row of four (A 2, A 3), posterior row of eight (A 2, A 3) between LDTs. A 4 ���A 5: LT with nine to ten (A 4), six (A 5) robust, hooked or straight LS apically, dorsally, one to four short, straight LS basally. LDS long, robust, hooked. Dorsum with anterior row of eight (A 4, A 5) long SMS, mesal row of four SMS, posterior row of eleven to eight SMS (A 4, A 5) between LDTs. A 6: Anterior row of three intermediate-length SMS, no other SMS. A 7: LDT with one long, robust, straight LDS, two short, straight LDS. Two to three pairs of very small setae between spiracles. A 8: Row of four short, robust setae between spiracles. Posterior margin with four short, robust setae. Biological notes. Like L. (L.) nigrilabris females, L. (L.) insularis females lay their eggs in clusters at the ends of long, intertwined stalks [Mark S. Fox, personal communication; his photos here (Fig. 21) and on http:// bugguide.net/node/view/ 350432)]. L. (L.) insularis larvae have been found in leaf litter, and their debris packets consist largely of small snail shells, and sometimes live snails. Jones (1929, 1941) reported the following snail species from specimens collected in Vinton and Washington Counties, Ohio: Punctum vitreum (H. B. Baker) [as Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.)], Euconulus fulvus (M��ller), Striatura milium (Morse), Carychium exiguum (Say), Strobilops labyrinthica (Say), Cochlicopa lubrica (M��ller). Archer (1938) reported the following snail species from larvae that are almost certainly L. (L.) insularis, in North Carolina and Alabama: Glyphyalinia indentata (Say) [as Retinella indentata paucilirata], Glyphyalinia carolinensis (Cockerell) [as R. carolinensis wetherbyi], juveniles of Inflectarius rugeli (Shuttleworth) [as Polygyra rugeli], Hawaiia minuscula (A. Binney), Guppya sterkii (Dall) [as Euconulus sterkii], Euconulus chersinus (Say), and Vertigo gouldii (A. Binney). The third instar (described here, collected in Swain County, North Carolina) also carried mainly small snail shells in its packet (Fig. 22); D. C. Dourson (personal communication, 2005) identified them as Carychium clappi Hubricht, Gastrocopta contracta (Say), G. pentadon (Say), Punctum blandianum Pilsbry, P. minutissimum (I. Lea), and P. vitreum. For systematic and biological information on many of the snails listed above, see Dourson & Dourson (2006). In addition to snail shells, body parts from a diverse array of insects also are reported from the packets. Jones (1941) described the behavior involved in applying the snail shells to the larval dorsum. He observed that the shells were held to the larval setae via silken strands; he suggested that the strands originate from a fluid that the tip of the abdomen applies to the shell and that hardens on the snail shell. He also stated that larvae feed on snails and that sometimes larvae carry living snails in the packet which are later removed and eaten. Finally, Jones (1941) mentioned that L. (L.) insularis larvae overwinter hidden within coiled leaves. Specimens examined (adults and larvae, in addition to the type). UNITED STATES. GA: Richmond Co., Augusta, 24.v. 1968 (1 ♂, AMNH); KY: Carter Co., along Little Sandy River below Grayson Dam (US-CI), 10.viii. 1995, B. C. Kondratieff & R. F. Kirchner (1 ♀, COSU); LA: St. Tammany Parish, Honey Island Swamp, M. Fox, 26.x. 2009 (♀) (1 ♀, cluster of hatched eggs laid in lab, 6 neonates, unfed; UCB); MI: Hinds Co., Jackson, 24.viii. 1968, B. Mather (1 ♂, prob., AMNH); NC: Swain Co., Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Purchase Knob Survey / Site # 28, Sap Tree 00ZING 9 - 6 -05, D. Dourson (1 L 3, UCB, on loan from Great Smoky Mountains National Park); VA: Federick Co. Rt. 50, Back Cr., 16.vii. 1980, Kondratieff (1 ♂, COSU). MEXICO. Veracruz: C��rdoba, 11.x. 1966, A. & B. Lan (1 ♀, ROM). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Azua: East side of crest, Sierra Martin Garcia, 7 km WNW Barrero, k 18-21 N, 70 ��� 50 W, 860m, 25���26.vii. 1992, cloud forest adjacent to disturbed forest, C. Young, R. Davidson, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins (6 ♂, 8 ♀, CMNH); La Vega: Jarabaco��, 4000 ���, ex vegetation, J. Doyen (1 ♂, prob., UCB); San Juan: Estrelleta, Rio Limpio, 650 m, 15.viii. 1980, A. Norrbom (1 ♂, CMNH); Santiago: Cordillera Septentrional, Pico Diego de Ocampo, 1.1 km E. summit, 19.35.06N, 70.44.23M, 958 m, 31.v. 2004, J. Rawlins, C. Young, C. Nunez, J. Fetzner (1 ♂, CMNH); Santiago Rodriguez: 7 km from Moncion, nr. Mao River, 23.x. 1986, R. Greenfield (1?, BPBM); Province unknown: 20.ii. 1978, S. A. Marshall (1 ♀, DEBU). UNKNOWN. Sanchez, xii. 1915, ac. 4806 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, AMNH)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Sosa, Francisco, Albuquerque, Gilberto S. & Tauber, Maurice J., 2013, Adults and larvae of two Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions, biological notes, and relationships, pp. 101-129 in Zootaxa 3750 (2) on pages 117-119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3750.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248024

Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) nigrilabris (Banks, 1915) Figs 1 ���12, 19 Allochrysa nigrilabris Banks, [1915] (Banks 1914���1915: 623) original description: [Colombia] ���St. Antonio, Colombia, 1,800 m., December (Fassl)���. Leucochrysa nigrilabris (Banks). Banks (1944: 32) first reference to combination; Penny (1977: 23) species list. Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) nigrilabris (Banks). Brooks & Barnard (1990: 276) subgeneric designation, species list; Tauber (2004: 1140) possible synonymy with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) insularis (Walker); Oswald (2007) catalog listing. Type specimen. One type, from San Antonio, Colombia, MCZ (male, examined). We assume that the locality ���St. Antonio��� refers to the city of San Antonio in the Department of Tolima. Banks (1914���1915) did not state how many specimens he used to write his description; it is likely that he had only one. There is only one type in the MCZ and none in the AMNH, USNM, or the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where Banks occasionally deposited types. Thus, we consider the specimen in the MCZ to be the holotype, by monotypy. Its labels read: (1) ���St Antonio / Colombia S. Am��� [Banks��� hand]; (2) ��� 1800 m / Dec��� [Banks��� hand]; (3) ���Collection / N. Banks���; (4) ��� Type ��� [red, Banks��� hand]; (5) ��� Type / 12004 ���; (6) ��� Allochrysa / nigrilabris / type / Bks��� [white, red border, Banks��� hand]; (7) ���Genitalia / prep P. Adams / 1982 ���. The specimen is in fairly good condition; the body (thorax and head) are somewhat flattened, the forewings and one hindwing are missing, and the terminalia are in a vial with glycerine. We took images that are now placed in the MCZ Type Database (http://insects.oeb.harvard.edu/MCZ/index.htm). Known geographical distribution. Colombia: Department of Tolima. Venezuela: States of Aragua, M��rida, Portuguesa, Yaracuy. Brazil: State of Rio de Janeiro. Diagnosis (adult). Externally, L. (L.) nigrilabris adults are distinguished from many Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) species by a dark brown to black labrum, white frons, a single, small spot on the forewing (brown suffusion on the membrane around the distal Psm-Pcu crossvein), and all veins mostly green except inner and outer gradates dark brown to black. However, these features are shared with other Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) species, including some L. (L.) ��� varia -like species��� and L. (L.) insularis. Thus, a reliable identification requires examination of the genitalia. The males of L. (L.) nigrilabris are distinguished by: (i) dense microtholi on sternites 3���8; (ii) small genital structures [gonarcal span of 0.40���0.65 mm; cf., 0.67���0.84 mm in L. (L.) varia]; (ii) a narrow, elongate mediuncus that is well separated from the gonarcal bridge, and terminates in a long, slender hook and a pair of large, inflated flanges; and (iii) terminus of S 8 + 9 with an attached pair of flat, sclerotized, plate-like projections with toothed mesal margins. Female L. (L.) nigrilabris have a doughnut-shaped spermatheca with a broad, bent velum, a deep, relatively narrow invagination, a relatively long, robust spermathecal duct, and apparently no bursal duct; the subgenitale has a well-sclerotized ventral process that extends perpendicularly from the distal margin of the base. Redescription (adult). Head (Fig. 1): 1.7���1.9 mm wide (including eyes). Frons, clypeus white to creamcolored, frons without red or pink suffusion, clypeus with or without tinge of pink; genae reddish brown; labrum black throughout; maxillary, labial palpi yellowish to cream-colored. Vertex with central area raised, green mesally, golden brown to reddish brown laterally; lateral, frontal areas cream-colored, with prominent, dark red to dark brown, scalloped to V-shaped mark along anterior margin, extending anteriorly to or between mesal margins of scapes, extending laterally to eyes; post-ocular area cream-colored, without spots. Antenna: scape cream-colored ventrally, with reddish brown mark of various sizes on distal, dorsolateral surface; pedicel cream-colored basally, with brown band distally; flagellum cream-colored, with brown bristles; mesal-ventral surface of basal one to seven flagellomeres lightly tinged with brown (variable); dorsal antennal fossae cream-colored. Thorax (Figs 1 D���H): Cervical sclerite with large, red mark laterally. Pronotum 0.92���0.98 mm long, 1.41���1.44 mm wide, light green, with elongate, dark red stripe on anterolateral margin, diffuse, light brown, sublateral spots anteriorly, posteriorly. Mesonotum, metanotum variable, with two distinct morphs [Figs 1 D, E (brown), 1 F (white)]. Brown morph: mesonotum, metanotum dark brown throughout, except anterior margin of prescutum cream-colored, with pair of sublateral, dark brown spots; mesoscutellum slightly lighter brown than remainder of notum; metascutellum black throughout. White morph: mesonotum mottled black to brownish black, anterior margin of prescutum cream-colored, with pair of sublateral, dark brown spots, posterior margin with cream-colored areas, mesoscutellum entirely white; metanotum largely dark brown to black, metascutum with large, white posteromesal patch; metascutellum black throughout. Wings (Fig. 2) Forewing 18.8���19.9 mm long, 6.5���6.9 mm wide (at widest point); ratio of length: maximum width = 2.6���2.7: 1. Costal area moderately broad; tallest costal cell (# 9���10) 1.6���1.7 mm tall, 3.0��� 3.1 times width, 0.2���0.3 times width of wing (midwing). First intramedian cell quadrangular, width (anterior margin) 1.4���1.7 times width (anterior margin) of third median cell, 0.9���1.1 times length of posterior margin of m 3; length of basal vein (= ma, median arculus) 2.1���6.2 times greater than length of distal vein. First radial crossvein distal to origin of radial sector (Rs); radial area (between Radius and Rs) with single row of 17���18 closed cells; tallest cell (# 8) 2.3���2.4 times taller than wide. No crassate veins; 5���6 b cells (= cells beneath Rs, not including an inner gradate vein). Two series of gradate veins; 10���12 inner gradates, 8���10 outer gradates. Height of fourth gradate cell 4.3���5.3 times width. Eight to nine b' cells (cells beneath pseudomedia after second intramedian cell). Three intracubital cells (two closed). Membrane clear except stigma opaque, with dark brown mark basally, distal two crossveins of last b��� cell (distal Psm-Pcu crossveins) surrounded by dark brown suffusion, and (some specimens) small amount of brown suffusion basally. Veins green, except distal two crossveins of last b��� cell, inner and outer gradates dark brown to black, sometimes anterior tips of basal R-Rs crossveins, base of Rs, basal Rs-m, basal medial crossveins, tips of posterobasal marginal veins lightly darkened. Hindwing 16.7���17.7 mm long, 5.5���5.8 mm wide. Two series of gradate veins; 9���10 inner, 8���9 outer; 15���16 radial cells (counted from origin of Radius, not false origin). Five to six b cells (including small b 1 cell); seven to nine b' cells beyond second intramedian cell; two intracubital cells (one closed). Membrane clear; stigma with pronounced brown mark basally. Veins light green. Abdomen (Figs 3���8): Tergites with mostly short, slender setae throughout, sternites with longer, slender setae; microsetae dense; pleural region with setae small, very sparse, microsetae very small. Tergites narrow, roughly rectangular, with rounded or irregular margins. Spiracles oval externally; atria not enlarged. Sternites S 2 ���S 5 longer than wide (lateral view). Coloration: mostly green, with diffuse yellow dorsal stripe; tergites T 5, T 6, base of T 7 each with large dark brown to black spot, bordered with yellow and patches of red; callus cerci white; setae, trichobothria golden. Male. S 6, S 7 height ca 1.1���1.2 times length (lateral view). Microtholi dense on S 3 ���S 8, absent from S 1 ���S 2, S 9. Callus cerci oval (ca 1.3���1.5 x taller than wide), greatest diameter 0.22���0.26 mm, with 26���35 trichobothria of variable length. T 9 +ectoproct soft, lightly sclerotized, rounded posterodorsally, truncate distally, broadly fused mesally, midline without distal cleft (mature specimen; cleft present in teneral specimen); ventral section tapering proximally, extending beyond midline of S 9; dorsal apodeme lightly to moderately sclerotized, straight, extending ca half distance along dorsal margin of ectoproct; small, lightly sclerotized apodeme around proximal margin of callus cerci. S 8 + 9 fused, without suture, with clear intersegmental demarcation throughout; dorsal margin with lightly sclerotized, straight apodeme; S 8 1.7 x taller than long, ca one-half (0.47���0.51 x) length of S 8 + 9; S 8 + 9 (lateral view) with proximal margin relatively straight, dorsal surface straight, sloping ventrally to distal margin; terminus rounded; tip with pair of flat, sclerotized, plate-like projections with mesal edge toothed, lateral edge rounded. Gonarcus arcuate; bridge straight, narrow mesally (0.19 mm), curved abruptly at exterior margin of gonocornua; gonarcal bridge, gonocornua covered with robust membrane bearing dense gonocristae; gonocornua short (length, 0.07 mm), extending forward from edge of gonarcal bridge, stout basally, tapering to rounded apex; distance between inner bases of gonocornua 0.07 mm basally, distance between tips 0.12 mm; gonarcal lateral apodeme long, relatively narrow (0.60 mm long, 0.20 mm wide), not extending above bridge, curved distally (lateral view); distance between apodemes distally 0.72 mm. Gonarcus, between lateral apodeme and gonocornu, with moderately sclerotized, elongate posteroventral projection holding membrane that extends beneath mediuncus. Mediuncus well separated from gonarcus, with basal membranous connection stout; basal section of mediuncus consisting of heavily sclerotized platform with distal projections laterally, distal section consisting of well sclerotized, ventrally-projecting, smooth plate terminating in sharp, curved, elongate, mesal beak, pair of large lateral lobes; heavy membrane from gonarcus extending beneath mediuncus, recurving above beak to form gonosaccus with pair of elongate, lateral fields of robust gonosetae on bulbous chalazae; fields of gonosetae on surface of membrane facing mediuncus; each field with ca 15���20 gonosetae. Hypandrium internum broadly Vshaped, with comes not visible (mature specimen); arm 0.20���0.22 mm long, distal span between arms 0.19 mm. Female. S 6 height ca 0.67���0.92 times length, S 7 height ca 0.55���0.65 times length. Callus cerci round, diameter ca 0.17���0.19 mm, with 29���34 trichobothria. T 8 roughly elliptical (lateral view) with rounded corners, similar in depth to T 6. T 9 +ectoproct elongate, vertically erect; ventral margin slightly rounded, extending below level of gonapophyses laterales. S 7 with dorsal margin straight, distal end tapering abruptly; terminus truncate, unmodified, with terminal (posteroventral) setae slightly more numerous, longer than in other areas. Gonapophysis lateralis rounded throughout, ~ 0.48���0.52 height of T 9 +ectoproct; inner membranous surface slightly expandable, with vertical patch of small, delicate setae arising from slightly swollen membrane. Colleterial complex consisting of membranous gland, connected to colleterial reservoir via broad duct, and large accessory gland, both opening to exterior via narrow common duct above transverse sclerite; colleterial gland elongate, delicate; colleterial reservoir shorter, robust; accessory gland probably bulbous (torn in our specimens), elongate, granular, with multiple forks distally; transverse sclerite broad, flat, bent distally, with relatively dense, elongate, hair-like setae. Spermatheca simple, doughnut-shaped, with broad, flat, L-shaped velum, maximum diameter 0.26���0.31 mm, total length (spermatheca + velum) ca 0.35 mm; spermathecal invagination deep, narrow, with rounded terminus; velum with elongate slit opening to bursa copulatrix; tip of velum bending slightly into bursa copulatrix; bursal duct very small or absent; spermathecal duct relatively long, ca 1.13���1.51 mm, originating from side of spermatheca distal to slit in velum, basal half well sclerotized, tapering throughout, with lateral bend, then U-shaped loop; distal ca half narrow, brushy throughout, with curve, followed by distinct swelling mesally, with densely hirsute, swollen terminus. Bursa copulatrix saccular, with heavily textured surface distally (below subgenitale), becoming smoother anteriorly, with pair of elongate, tubular bursal glands attached to distal end, connections appearing unremarkable. Subgenitale with sclerotized surface smooth (unfolded), attached basally to heavy, transversely folded basal membrane (base of subgenitale then top of bursa copulatrix), with two projections, bilobed one on dorsodistal margin, unilobed one on anteroventral margin base withdrawn above tip of S 7 [with pressure, the withdrawn lobe can be extruded]. Intraspecific variation (adult). Leucochrysa (L.) nigrilabris expresses considerable variation in head and mesothoracic coloration, as well as wing size, shape and degree of brown suffusion surrounding various veins. The most striking aspect of the variation is the polymorphism in mesothoracic coloration (Figs 1 D���F). Among the specimens we examined, eight (4 ♀, 4 ♂) had brown mesoscutella, and five (2 ♀, 3 ♂) had white; both color forms occurred among the Venezuelan specimens. The male genitalia show considerable developmental variation (Compare Fig. 5 with Figs 3, 4). In the teneral male, the gonarcus is weakly sclerotized and narrow; the mediuncal bridge appears wide (in lateral view) and is tightly encased by the gonocristae-bearing membrane; the mediuncus is very narrow; and the hypandrium internum is unexpanded [length of arms, 0.20 mm���as in mature specimens; distal span between arms, 0.06 mm��� ca 3 x narrower than mature specimens]. Females, too, show considerable variation with age and maturation. For example, in the teneral female, the subgenitale is small, weakly sclerotized, and withdrawn, and the spermatheca is shifted anteriorly from the distal wall; whereas in mature specimens, the subgenitale is large, robust, heavily sclerotized and expanded, so that the spermatheca appears surrounded by the distal wall (Figs 6, 7 B). Description (First Instar, Semaphoront A). Body (Fig. 10). 2.8 ���3.0 mm long. All setae smooth. Head (Figs 10 A���C). 0.55���0.56 mm wide, 0.38���0.39 mm long; mandibles 0.59���0.61 mm long; ratio, mandible length: head width, ~ 1.09: 1. Epicranial marking brown, paired, extending along entire basal margin of cranium, laterally extending to eye, mesally becoming confluent with base of postfrontal marking. Postfrontal marking slightly darker brown than epicranial marking, elongate, extending to base of antenna. Frontal marking V-shaped, arms extending forward through dark tentorial pits becoming confluent with intermandibular marking. Intermandibular marking broken mesally, extending laterally from tentorial pits to base of mandibles, anteriorly to tip of clypeus. Gena with single, elongate, brown stripe extending from base of eye to posterior edge of cranium. Labial palpus cream-colored basally, light brown distally. Mandibles amber to brown. Antenna light brown to cream-colored. Venter cream-colored to white mesally, light brown laterally, with brown transverse stripe distally; cardo, stipes brown. All cephalic setae straight, with pointed terminus. Primary setae S 1 ���S 12 present; S 1, S 11 long; S 2, S 3, S 5 short. Labial palpus: basal segment with two setae���one lateral, one ventral; midsegment with two distal setaeone lateral, one mesal. Mandible with one basolateral seta; maxillae with basal seta. Palpiger with two basal setae. Scape without setae; pedicel with one small distal seta; flagellar seta slightly longer than one-half length of segment. Thorax (Figs 10 D, G, H). Notum with diffuse, reddish brown, submesal markings; Setae (LS) on lateral tubercles (LTs) dark brown; dorsal setae light brown. Legs mostly light brown to brown; trochanters, tarsi white to cream-colored; claws, empodia brown. LS gently curved throughout, with tips pointed, fine; all other setae straight to gently curved, with terminus pointed. T 1: LT with two long LS, without microseta between. First primary sclerite (Sc 1) light brown, large, with associated seta (S 1 Sc 1) long, arising from small chalaza; S 2 Sc 1 short, anterior to S 1 Sc 1. S 1 long, arising from small chalaza; S 2 absent; S 3, S 4, S 5 short. T 2: Spiracles prominent, tubercle-shaped, apex sclerotized, dome-shaped, amber-colored. LT with three long LS. Sc 1, Sc 2 small; associated setae (S 1 Sc 1, S 2 Sc 1 and S 1 Sc 2) very small; Sc 3 intermediate-sized, light brown, with associated seta (S 1 Sc 3) small. Posterior subsegment with pair of short setae mesal to Sc 3, row of four setae posterior to Sc 3 (mesal pair short, lateral pair long, arising from robust chalazae). T 3: LT with three long LS. Sc 1 small, with S 1 Sc 1 very small; Sc 2 light brown, with S 1 Sc 2 small. Anterior region with pair of short setae; posterior region with four long setae arising from robust, fleshy chalazae. Abdomen (Figs 10 E���H). White to cream-colored; dorsum of A 1 ���A 3 with diffuse, submesal, reddish brown band; dorsum of A 4, A 6 ���A 8 each with pair of reddish brown submesal spots. LTs each with two long LS (A 2 ���A 7), without microseta between; LS straight, with pointed tip, dark brown; submedian setae (SMS), setae (LDS) on laterodorsal tubercles (A 1 ���A 5) hooked, light brown. A 1, A 6 ���A 8: Spiracle without associated seta (SSp); A 2 ���A 5: each spiracle with small to minute SSp. A 1 ���A 5: Laterodorsal tubercles (LDTs) each with two long, hooked LDS, one microseta between LDS. A 1: Single row of four SMS between LDTs. A 2 ���A 4: Anterior row of four SMS, posterior row of two SMS, both between LDTs. A 5: Anterior row of two to three SMS, posterior row of two SMS, both between LDTs. A 6: Two short, straight setae anteriorly, two intermediate-length, hooked setae posteriorly; LDT with one long, hooked LDS, one short, straight LDS. A 7: LDT with one intermediate-length, straight LDS, two very short LDS; dorsum with pair of minute setae anteriorly. A 8: LT with one short, straight LS, two to three small setae, base of LT with spiracular tubercle projecting from anterior surface; spiracular base and sclerotized ring elongate, projecting posteriorly; dorsum with three to four short, straight setae between LTs. A 9: Dorsum with three rows of short, straight setae (anterior two minute, middle four short, posterior four slightly longer). A 10: Apparently without setae; terminus light brown, with small eversible pouch. Description (Second & Third Instars, Semaphoront B). Body (Figs 9, 11&ndash, Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Sosa, Francisco, Albuquerque, Gilberto S. & Tauber, Maurice J., 2013, Adults and larvae of two Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions, biological notes, and relationships, pp. 101-129 in Zootaxa 3750 (2) on pages 103-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3750.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248024

Titanochrysa circumfusa (Burmeister, 1839) Figs 16 ��� 20 Chrysopa circumfusa Burmeister, 1839: 980 [original description; locality: ��� Brasilien, von Herrn Thoren in Hamburg���]. Schneider 1851: 87 [redescription, illustration]; Walker 1853: 247 [brief redescription]; Nav��s 1913: 92 [brief redescription]; Nav��s 1913 ��� 14: 86 [species list]; Banks 1944: 10 [species list]; Penny 1977: 17 [species list]; Adams 1985: 7 [lectotype designation, comparison with Chrysopodes limbata (Nav��s)]. Cintameva circumfusa Burmeister. Nav��s 1927: 38 [first reference to species in Cintameva, locality data]; Nav��s 1929: 859 [locality data, as Cintomeva, misspelling]. Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) circumfusus (= circumfusa) (Burmeister). Brooks & Barnard 1990: 272 [transfer to Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes), species list]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing]. Titanochrysa circumfusa (Burmeister, 1839). Sosa & Freitas 2012: 3 [transfer to Titanochrysa, redescription, images]. Chrysopa nigripalpis Banks 1910: 153 [original description; locality: ��� Colombia, St. Antonio, 1,800 ft., Febr. (Fassl)���]. Nav��s 1913: 92 [brief redescription]; Banks 1944: 10 [species listing]; Brooks & Barnard 1990: 280 [species list]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing]. New Synonym. Chrysopa burmeisteri Nav��s, 1929: 858 [original description; locality: ��� Brasil. Esp��rito Santo, Coll. Alichaelis M. H.���]. Banks 1944: 10 [synonymy with Chrysopa circumfusa]; Penny 1977: 19 [species list, as synonym of C. circumfusa]. Type material. Chrysopa circumfusa. Lectotype (Figs 16 ��� 18). Museum f��r Naturkunde, Berlin [ZMB]; one specimen, sex unknown (examined). Labels: [1] S. Jo��o d. Rey, Sellow [green, hand written]; [2] ��� circumfusa Burm. / Schneider.*��� [hand written]; [3] ��� 338 ���; [4] ��� Chrysopodes ���; [5] ��� LECTOTYPE / Chrysopa circumfusa / Burmeister desig. / by P. A. Adams 1985 / det. C. A. Tauber 2011 ��� [red]. The type locality is probably S��o Jo��o del Rei in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In his original description, Burmeister (1839) did not mention how many specimens he worked with, where they were from, nor where they were deposited. Schneider (1851) redescribed and illustrated the species; he also mentioned a collection locality in Brazil (��� Brasilia, apud San Jo��o del Rey���, presumably the type locality) and three depositories (���Mus. Halenski��� [HALLE], ���Berolin��� [ZMB] and ���collectione de Selys-Longchamps��� [IRNSB]). All three museums have specimens that carry ��� circumfusa ��� type designations. One of the specimens in the ZMB clearly fits Burmeister���s original description and Schneider���s redescription and figure; it is also the specimen that Adams (1985: 7) referred to as the ��� type ��� of the species. Although not specifically stated by Adams, his notation constitutes designation of the lectotype, and we concur. The specimen is in good condition, except the terminal segments of the abdomen are missing (Figs 16 ��� 18). The abdomen was present on Schneider���s drawing, but absent when Adams examined the specimen in the 1980 s. The non-type specimen in the ZMB is a male of Chrysopodes, species undetermined; the specimen at Halle is a teneral male of Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen). The specimen in the IRNSB is a Chrysopodes male, species undetermined. Its head and tail are cleared and contained in a vial of glycerine; it bears a determination label ��� Chrysopodes sp. / det. S. J. Brooks 1986 ���. It probably is the specimen that Brooks and Barnard (1990) considered to be the lectotype of Chrysopa circumfusa, and that formed the basis for their transfer of C. circumfusa to Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes). However, Schneider���s and Adams��� actions that constituted designation of the lectotype (see above) have precedence. Also, this specimen (head cleared, in an attached vial of glycerine) probably served as the source for the illustrations of the C. circumfusa mouthparts in Brooks and Barnard (1990: Figs 331, 332) that do not correspond to those of T. circumfusa (see Sosa & Freitas 2012: Fig. 17 A). Chrysopa nigripalpis. Lectotype (Figs 19 ��� 20). Museum of Comparative Zoology, [Harvard University, Cambridge]; one specimen, sex unknown (examined). Labels: [1] ���San Antonio / Colombia Fassl / Feb. 1 800 [?]��� (hand written); [2] ���Collection / N. Banks���; [3] ��� type ��� (red, hand written); [4] ��� Type / 11977 ��� (red, print & hand written); [5] ��� Chrysopa / nigripalpis / Bks type ��� (white, red border, hand written). Banks (1910) did not mention how many specimens he used to prepare his description of this species. There is only one type in the MCZ, and we consider it to be the lectotype. The specimen is in fairly good condition, except that it is somewhat compressed dorsoventrally and the last ~six segments of the abdomen are missing (Figs 19 ��� 20). The synonymization of Chrysopa nigripalpis with T. circumfusa is based on the following shared characteristics: red genal markings, red lateral stripe on the scape, pattern of wing venation, and pattern of fumose markings on the forewing membrane. Chrysopa burmeisteri. Nav��s deposited the type in the Hamburg Museum, presumably destroyed during WWII. In the absence of the type, the synonymy, made by Banks on the basis of R. C. Smith���s notes from the 1930 s, pertains., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Albuquerque, Gilberto S. & Tauber, Maurice J., 2012, The Neotropical genus Titanochrysa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): larval descriptions, biological notes, a new species, and taxonomic changes, pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 3514 on pages 20-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212801, {"references":["Burmeister, H. C. C. (1839) Handbuch der Entomologie. Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Zweite Abtheilung. Kaukerfe. Gymnognatha. (Zweite Halfte; vulgo Neuroptera). Theod. Chr. Friedr. Enslin, Berlin. [i] - xii + 757 - 1050 pp.","Schneider, W. G. [as: G. T.] (1851) Symbolae ad monographiam generis Chrysopae, Leach. Apud Ferdinandum Hirt, Vratislaviae. 178 pp.","Walker, F. (1853) List of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. - (Sialides-Nemopterides). British Museum, London. [iii] + 193 - 476.","Banks, N. (1944) Neuroptera of northern South America. Part III. Chrysopidae. Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana, 3, 1 - 34.","Penny, N. D. (1977) Lista de Megaloptera, Neuroptera e Raphidioptera do Mexico, America Central, ilhas Caraibas e America do Sul. Acta Amazonica, 7 (4) (Suplemento), 1 - 61.","Adams, P. A. (1985) Notes on Chrysopodes of the M. N. H. N. in Paris [Neuroptera, Chrysopidae]. Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.) 7, 5 - 8.","Navas, L. (1927) Neuropteren, Megalopteren, Plecopteren und Trichopteren aus dem Deutsch. Entomolog. Institut (Berlin- Dahlem). III serie. Entomologische Mitteilungen, 16, 37 - 43.","Navas, L. (1929) Insectos del Brasil. 3. a serie [IIIa]. Revista do Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, 16, 857 - 864.","Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Oswald, J. D. (2007) Neuropterida Species of the World. Version 2.0. http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / Species-Catalogue /. [last accessed on March 1, 2012]","Sosa, F. & Freitas, S. de. (2012) A new genus of Neotropical Chrysopini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Zootaxa 3351, 1 - 14.","Banks, N. (1910) New South American neuropteroid insects. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 12, 146 - 160.","Tauber, C. A, Mantoanelli, E., Albuquerque, G. S., Reguilon, C., Olazo, E. G. & Tauber, M. J. (2011). A taxonomically significant polymorphism in Leucochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): nomenclature, larval and adult descriptions, and biological notes. Zootaxa, 3130, 1 - 29."]}

Titanochrysa trespuntensis Sosa & Freitas, 2012 Figs 1–7 All instars. Body cream-colored, with light brown integumental spinules, brown to dark brown dorsal, lateral markings on thorax and abdomen. Shape of body in lateral view: head and thorax relatively flat dorsally, body becoming thicker posteriorly; metathorax not noticeably raised; abdomen raised, dome-like through segment 6; segments 7 – 10 becoming narrow and tubular distally, not withdrawn. All spiracles brown, sessile, with deep, narrow atrium. Two types of chalazae: (1) small, delicate, unmodified basally or (2) robust, with enlarged base, often with brown coloration on anterior surface. All setae smooth except some long, robust setae slightly granulate under high power (x 200). Third instar. Body. 7.3 – 7.5 mm long. Head (Figs 2 A – C, 3 A, 4, 5A). Cephalic setae smooth, straight, pointed; all primary cephalic setae present: S 1, S 11 long, S 2 – 10, S 12 of medium-length, S 5 shortest; large patch of approximately 50 very short secondary setae in transverse row across mid-section of cranium; Vx setae more robust than secondary setae, beneath cervical membrane. Anterior margin of head rounded, with three pairs of medium-length setae, mesal pair longer than two lateral pairs. Mandibles slightly shorter than width of head; head width across eyes, 0.81 – 0.82 mm; mandible length, 0.73 – 0.77 mm (ratio, mandible length to head width = ~ 0.93). Labial palpus: basal segment with one small dorsal seta, two short mesal setae, one long ventral seta; middle segment with six long setae distally, seven to eight shorter setae basally; distal segment without setae, ventral surface with two small, longitudinal sensory organs. Palpiger with two medium-length to long ventral setae. Mentum with two pairs of long setae anteriorly below palpiger, one pair of long setae laterally above stipes, two pairs of medium-length setae posteriorly. Stipes elongate, folded inward on longitudinal axis; cardos elongate, narrow. Head coloration: Dorsum cream-colored, with brown to dark brown markings. Epicranial marking brown, divided into two narrow, elongate sections, both in contact with posterior margin of head; lateral section extending from distal margin of posterior cranial suture, reaching to level of middle of eye; mesal section extending from base of head, becoming confluent with postfrontal marking, which extends to inner base of scape. Postfrontal marking very dark at confluence with mesal section of epicranial marking, narrow throughout. Frontal marking dark brown, with each arm narrow, separate, extending from midsection of head, beyond tentorial pits to anterior margin of clypeolabral region. Intermandibular marking light brown, narrowly transverse, small, separate from frontal marking. Clypeolabral region cream-colored. Stemmata black; integument surrounding anterior stemmata black, around posterior stemmata white. Gena cream-colored, with elongate, brown marking from base of eye to posterior margin of cranium, bifurcated anteriorly. Mandible, maxilla brown to dark brown. Labial palpus: basal segment light brown; mesal segment mostly brown, with cream mesally and between subsegments; terminal segment dark brown basally, light brown distally, with concentric rings throughout, terminal ring cream-colored. Antenna: scape cream-colored, with tinge of brown; basal section of pedicel brown, with cream mesally and between subsegments, distal section brown throughout; flagellum brown, ringed, with terminus cream-colored. Venter cream-colored, except interior margin of cranium with longitudinal brown mark; center of mentum white to cream-colored, with large light brown patch mesally. Thorax (Figs 1 A, D, 3 A, 4, 5B). Cervix cream-colored, with pair of submarginal brown stripes; venter creamcolored; sides with dark brown stripe. Thoracic dorsum white to cream-colored, with pair of light to dark brown, elongate, curved, submesal stripes, small, scattered, brown marks. Lateral tubercles (LTs) white to cream-colored, with setae (LS) golden to light brown. Venter cream-colored to white, unmarked. Legs: coxa white, with brown marking on basolateral surface; femur cream basally, anterior surface becoming brownish distally, ventral surface white; tibia brownish to amber; tarsus, empodium, brown to dark brown. LTs well sclerotized, rounded, each bearing 12 to 16 LS: six to ten large chalazae located on distal part of LT usually bearing long, slender and tapering, pointed (occasionally hooked) LS, five to six smaller chalazae located dorsally or basally, usually bearing shorter, robust, pointed LS (Fig. 1 D). Dorsal setae straight (Fig. 1 A). T 1: Notum with pair of narrow, longitudinal, brown stripes submesally, oblong brown mark mesally; pleuron with dark brown band; anterior margin with three short setae (R 1), extending from below anterior fold of integument. LT with slightly elongated base, extending to middle of cervix, with ~ 9 – 10 long LS apically, ~ 5 – 6 shorter LS basally. Paired sclerites (Sc 1) large, obtuse, marked with very light brown laterally, with dark brown mesally. S 1 Sc 1 long; S 2 Sc 1 shorter, anterior to S 1 Sc 1; two to three pairs of short, secondary setae mesal to Sc 1. Mesal sclerite (Sc 2) marked with brown, less than one-half length of Sc 1, almost as wide as long. Primary setae S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 long; S 5 absent. T 2: Anterior subsegment with pair of brown submesal stripes; spiracles with small spiracular seta (SSp) anteriorly. Anterior sclerite (Sc 1) with three associated setae—one mesal (S 1 Sc 1), two lateral (S 2 Sc 1, S 3 Sc 1). Posterior subsegment with broken sections of submesal stripe; anterior mark light brown, posterior mark dark brown anteriorly, lighter brown posteriorly. Sclerite on anterior margin (Sc 2) with two, very small, associated, lateral setae (S 1 Sc 2, S 2 Sc 2); mesolateral sclerite (Sc 3) with two associated setae—S 1 Sc 3 intermediate-length, on mesal margin, S 2 Sc 3 small, on anteromesal margin. S 1 short, mesal to LT; S 2 intermediate-length, mesal to S 1, with three small, secondary setae nearby; S 3 long, mesal to Sc 3, with one secondary seta on each side. LT with six to eight long LS, ~six short LS, patch of five to six small setae on anterior surface of base. Pleural region marked with large dark brown mark behind, below LT. T 3: Dorsum with dark brown spot anteromesal to LT, pair of large brown marks midway between LT and midline. Small sclerite on anterior margin (Sc 1) with one small seta (S 1 Sc 1); mesolateral sclerite (Sc 2) with one small associated seta (S 1 Sc 2). S 1 intermediate-length, anteromesal to Sc 2; S 2 very small, lateral to S 1; posterior row of five pairs of robust, relatively straight setae, stemming from brown chalazae with pear-shaped brown markings beneath. LT with six to eight long LS, ~six short LS, patch of four to five short setae on anterior base of LT. Abdomen (Figs 1 A – C, 3 B, C, 4, 5C, D). Dorsum, venter white to cream-colored, with brown to dark brown markings. Spiracles brown, circular, sessile, with narrow, conical atria. Dorsal markings: A 1 – A 5 each with pair of submesal brown marks near anterior margin, pair of dark brown, transversely elongate marks behind posterior row of setae. A 6, A 7 each with pair of large, dark brown marks, pair of lighter brown marks extending onto top of LTs. A 8 white, with small, elongate, brown spot mesally, pair of smaller spots laterally; A 9 white, with pair of dark brown marks anteriorly. A 10 white anteriorly, brown distally, with dark brown, inverted U-shaped mesal mark. LTs white, with brown, basal marks anteriorly and posteriorly: A 2 with anterior mark dark brown, posterior mark light brown, A 3, A 4, with both marks dark brown, A 5 with anterior mark light brown, posterior one dark brown. A 1 – A 7: area ventral to LTs marked with large, dark brown to brown marks, especially A 2, A 3. A 8, A 9 white laterally. Venter white to cream-colored, with large, dark brown lateral marks on A 1 – A 4, small brown marks on A 5, very small on A 6, tip of A 10 with transverse, rectangular, brown, mark. Abdominal LTs (A 2 – A 7) well sclerotized, with short, straight sides, rounded distally, each with approximately six long LS on large distal chalazae, four medium-length LS slightly basal on LT, four smaller LS further basal on LT. LS mostly straight or with gentle curve, small terminal hook. Dorsal abdominal setae of four main types: (1) short or medium-length, thin, pointed, with small, unmarked chalazae (e.g., A 1: anterior two pairs), (2) elongate, robust, hooked, with large chalazae marked with brown anteriorly [e.g., A 1: anterior row of submedian setae (SMS)], (3) elongate, thin, hooked, with small, unmarked chalazae (e.g., A 2 – A 5: first and second rows of SMS), (4) short, robust, hooked, with large chalazae marked with brown anteriorly (A 2 – A 4: posterior rows of SMS) (Fig. 1 A – C, stp, erh, eth, srh). A 1: Dorsum (from anterior to posterior) with two pairs of short setae near anterior margin, row of six to seven pairs of elongate, robust, hooked SMS arising from large chalazae with brown, teardrop-shaped marks on anterior surface, patch or three to four pairs of elongate, thin, hooked SMS on small, brown chalazae, lateral to robust chalazae; row of ~nine to ten pairs of elongate, thin, hooked SMS arising from small, brown chalazae without anterior marks. Spiracle with two to three slender, hooked spiracular setae (SSp) mesally. A 2 – A 4: Dorsum of each segment with three transverse rows of SMS, all hooked. Anterior row with 15 to 20 pairs of elongate, thin SMS arising from small, brown chalazae in double line. Middle row with four to five pairs of elongate, thin SMS arising from small chalazae in single line. Posterior double row with 12 to 14 pairs of short, robust SMS arising from large, brown chalazae in double line (chalazae with brown, teardrop-shaped marks anteriorly) and three to four pairs of elongate, thin SMS on small chalazae in anterior section of row. Patch of 14 to 16 (A 2) to 24 to 26 pairs (A 4) of elongate, thin SMS on brown chalazae lateral to mesal and posterior rows, extending to spiracle (A 2) or beyond to base of LT (A 4). No identifiable SSp. A 5: Dorsum with three transverse rows of SMS, all elongate, thin, hooked. Anterior row with four to five pairs of SMS arising from small chalazae in regular, single, anteromesal line, nine to ten pairs of slightly larger SMS on more robust chalazae, in irregular line close behind. Middle row with two pairs of smaller SMS arising from small chalazae mesally. Posterior row with 14 to 16 pairs of elongate, thin to more robust SMS arising from small chalazae in irregular double line, pair of small laterodorsal tubercles (LDTs) midway in row, each bearing one elongate, robust hooked seta (LDS), one shorter, more slender LDS. Four to five pairs of small setae mesal and posterior to spiracles; no identifiable SSp. A 6: All setae straight, pointed; dorsum with one pair of medium-length, slender SMS arising from small chalazae anteriorly; pair of large LDTs posteriorly, each bearing three elongate, robust LDS, three to four shorter LDS; pair of medium-length, slender setae between LDTs; no identifiable SSp. A 7: All setae straight, pointed; dorsum with two pairs of very short setae anteriorly, between spiracles; pair of LDTs posteriorly, each with one long LDS, two medium-length LDS, two short LDS; pair of setae between LDTs; pair of small setae (SSp) mesal to spiracles. A 8: LTs rounded, without straight sides, with one long LS, eight to nine medium-length to short LS; two pairs of small anterior setae; posterior row with three pairs of medium-length SMS; no identifiable SSp. A 9: Dorsum with two transverse rows of short to medium-length SMS, one almost midway down segment with four to five pairs of short to medium-length setae, one posterior, with five to six pairs of short to mediumlength setae. A 10: Dorsum with ~five pairs of short setae, most lateral, two pairs posterior; patch of microsetae at terminus. Terminus with two membranous pouches, eversible laterally. Second instar. Similar to third instar with following exceptions. Body. 4.2 – 4.6 mm long. Head (Fig. 6 A – C). Mandibles slightly shorter than width of head; head width across eyes, 0.59 – 0.60 mm; mandible length, 0.48 – 0.49 mm (ratio, mandible length to head width = ~ 0.82). Cranium with fewer secondary setae (~ 25). Labial palpus: basal segment lacking one short mesal setae; middle segment with four annulations: basal annulation with three short setae, one long seta, second and third annulations without setae, fourth (distal) annulation with three long setae. Palpiger with two medium-length to long ventral setae. Mentum with only one pair (not two) of medium-length setae posteriorly; others as on third instar. Thorax (Fig. 6 B – D). LTs each with approximately six to eight long LS, four to five shorter LS. T 1: Notum with only one pair of secondary setae. T 2: Notum without SSp, S 1, S 3 Sc 1, S 2 Sc 3, S 3 Sc 3, secondary setae. T 3 without secondary setae. Abdomen (Fig. 6 B, C, E, F). LTs each with approximately four long, robust LS on large chalazae, five pairs of shorter LS on smaller chalazae. A 1: Posterior row with seven to eight pairs of robust, elongate SMS, one pair of more slender, long SMS near lateral edge. A 2 – A 4: Anterior row with two to three pairs of elongate, thin SMS arising from small, brown chalazae; mesal row with two pairs of elongate, thin SMS; posterior row with seven to eight pairs of short, robust SMS arising from large chalazae with brown, teardrop-shaped marks; patch of two to three pairs of elongate, thin SMS lateral to mesal and posterior rows; two pairs of setae (SSp) mesal to spiracles. A 5: Anterior row with four to five pairs of slightly robust, medium-length SMS arising from small, robust chalazae in slightly irregular line; posterior row with four to five pairs of medium-length, robust SMS arising from large chalazae in irregular line, pair of laterodorsal tubercles, each with one long and one shorter, smooth, straight seta (LDS); two pairs of setae (SSp?) mesal to spiracles. A 6: Dorsum with one to two pairs of medium-length setae anteriorly; middle row with two pairs of very small setae; LDTs each bearing one long and one shorter seta (LDS), one seta immediately anterior; pair of setae (SSp?) mesal to spiracles. A 7: LDTs each with one long and one short seta (LDS); pair of setae (SSp?) mesal to spiracles. A 8: LTs each with one medium-length LS, two to three shorter LS; anterior setae very small; pair of setae (SSp?) posteromesal to spiracles. First instar. Body. 2.3 – 2.9 mm long, predominantly white to cream-colored, with small light brown to brown spotty markings; venter white, without markings. LS light amber to amber; dorsal setae pale. Head (Fig. 7 A – C, F, G). Mandibles slightly shorter than width of head; head width across eyes, 0.40 – 0.42 mm; mandible length, 0.32 – 0.35 mm (ratio, mandible length to head width = ~ 0.82). Cranial setae smooth, straight, pointed, golden to light brown. Epicranial marking divided, with pattern resembling that of L 3, L 2; mesal section light brown, elongate, narrow, longitudinal stripe, contiguous with postfrontal marking; lateral section diffuse, elongate, very light brown, Intermandibular marking absent. Postfrontal marking dark brown, extending anteriorly to mesal base of antenna. Frontal marking paired, separate, dark brown, narrow, elongate stripe extending anteriorly, bending toward inner basal margin of mandible. Genal marking brown, elongate, extending from base of cranium anteriorly almost to eye, forked anteriorly. Labial palpus amber to light brown; terminal segment darker than others. Mandible brown to dark brown. Antenna light to dark brown. Thorax (Fig. 7 B, C, F, H). Legs white, with amber setae; tips of tarsi, claws, empodia, brown to dark brown. LS cream to white, curved to straight, without hooks; other setae pale amber, straight, without hooks. T 1: LT with two LS, microseta dorsally. Sc 1 brown, elongate; S 1 Sc 1 long, arising from small chalaza; S 2 Sc 1 absent. S 1 short; S 3 intermediate-length, S 4 short; S 2, S 5 absent. T 2: Spiracles brown, circular, sessile. LT with three white to cream-colored, granular to slightly granular LS, microseta dorsally. Sclerites brown; associated setae S 1 Sc 1, S 1 Sc 2 very small; S 1 Sc 3 medium-length. Posterior subsegment with row of four straight setae posterior to Sc 3 (mesal short; lateral pair long, arising from chalazae). T 3: LT with three white to cream-colored, granular to slightly granular LS, microseta dorsally. Sclerites Sc 1, Sc 2 small, with S 1 Sc 1 very small; S 1 Sc 2 absent. Posterior region with row of four straight setae on chalazae, posterior to Sc 2. Abdomen (Fig. 7 C – F, H). Dorsum white to cream-colored, with some very light brown mottling; chalazae of most primary dorsal setae brown; LTs with setal bases brown, with light brown marks or mottling anteriorly, posteriorly; A 1 – A 4 each with three pairs of setae stemming from large brown chalazae with teardrop-shaped brown marks anteriorly; spiracles uncolored, difficult to see; SSp with brown chalazae. A 1: Two pairs of straight, pointed submedian setae (SMS) between pair of laterodorsal tubercles, each bearing one long, one shorter LDS. A 2 – A 4: SSp small; anterior row with two pairs of slender, hooked SMS; posterior row with three pairs of short, stout, hooked setae, one pair mesally, two pairs in close proximity, sublaterally; one to two pairs of short, straight, pointed setae anterolateral to posterior row. A 5: Same as A 4, except posterior row with lateral two setae on small laterodorsal tubercle, one LDS long, straight, pointed, one short. A 6: Anterior row with one pair of very short setae; posterior row with one pair of very short setae between LDTs, each with one medium-length, straight LDS, one very short LDS. A 7: Anterior region without setae; posterior section with pair of prominent LDTs, each bearing one long, straight LDS, one short LDS. A 8: LTs each bearing one medium-length LS, one shorter LS; posterior section with two pairs of SMS, lateral pair longer than mesal pair. A 9: In cleared specimen, segment appears subdivided; anterior section with one pair of small setae mesally, two pairs larger, more robust setae posteriorly; posterior section with one pair of robust setae mesally, one pair laterally. A 10: Two pairs of short, straight setae on sides; small, eversible, membranous pouches distally. Larval specimens & variation. Our samples were restricted to the offspring of three field-collected females from two localities in mid-coastal to southern Brazil [two lots from Rio de Janeiro: Santa Maria Madalena, Terras Frias (Tauber Lots 2003: 50, 2003: 51, TRC) and one lot from Rio Grande do Sul: Cachoeira do Sul, São Nicolau (Albuquerque Lot 0 5.13, UENF)]. Other than some differences in the size and depth of head and body markings, there was little variation of note. Specimens showed minor variation in the setal numbers mentioned in the descriptions

Titanochrysa annotaria (Banks, 1946), New Combination Figs 12���15 Chrysopa annotaria Banks, 1945 [1946]: 152 [original description; locality: ���Boquete, Chiriqui Province, Panama, 10 May (Fairchild)���]. Penny 1977: 16 [species list]; Brooks & Barnard 1990: 278 [species list, as incertae sedis]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing]. Titanochrysa annotaria (Banks). New Combination. Ceraeaochrysa pseudovaricosa Penny, 1998: 62 [original description; locality: ��� Costa Rica: Puntarenas Province, La Amistad National Park, 1500 m, 8 �� 57 ���N, 82 �� 50 ���W, 18.II. 1991. Penny.���]. Penny 2002: 216, 301 ��� 355 [faunal treatment, brief redescription, illustrations]; Freitas, Penny & Adams 2009; 569 [revision of genus, redescription, illustrations]. Titanochrysa pseudovaricosa (Penny). Sosa & Freitas 2012: 7 [transfer to Titanochrysa, redescription, images]. New Synonym. Type material. Chrysopa annotaria. Lectotype (Figs. 12 ��� 15). Museum of Comparative Zoology [Harvard University, Cambridge]; one specimen, female (examined). Labels: [1] Boquete / Chiriqui Prov. / R. P. 10 -V ���; [2] ���F. B. Fairchild / Collector���; [3] ���M. C. Z. / Type / 25645 ��� [red, printed, hand-written]; [4] ��� Chrysopa / annotaria Bks type ���; [5] ��� Titanochrysa annotaria / (Banks) det. C. A. Tauber 2012 ���. Banks (1945) did not mention how many specimens he used to prepare his description of this species. There is only one type in the MCZ, and we consider it to be the lectotype. Although the genitalia are slightly damaged, the specimen is in fairly good condition. Ceraeochrysa pseudovaricosa. Holotype. Instituto de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica; one specimen, male (not examined). Allotype and paratypes, all from the type locality, in the CAS (examined, also images, supplied by F. J. Sosa Duque). The synonymy of C. pseudovaricosa with T. annotaria is based on the shared characteristics of their female types (external: the reticulate dark spot in the middle of the forewing series of gradate veins, head markings, prothoracic stripe; female abdominal and genital structures: shape, size and proportions of the terminal segments, the pillbox-like spermatheca, spermathecal duct extending from elongate slit on side of spermatheca; shape of the subgenitale). Both the C. annotaria type and the C. pseudovaricosa allotype have an unusual, thick, rounded structure with membranous connections to the base of the subgenitale and to the velum of the spermatheca. This structure, which we presume is the base of the subgenitale, was not mentioned in either the original description or the subsequent redescriptions of C. pseudovaricosa. It should be noted that the ratios of S 7 length: height of the C. annotaria female type and the C. pseudovaricosa allotype are considerably smaller (2.1: 1 and 1.8: 1 respectively) than that previously reported (3.4: 1) and illustrated for the C. pseudovaricosa allotype (Fig. 8 A in Sosa & Freitas 2012). Our side-by-side comparison of the abdomens of the two types (Fig 15: A 1, B 1, here) illustrates that the C. pseudovaricosa S 7 is not particularly elongate, and that the two types are very similar is size and proportion. We suspect that the discrepancy in the measurements stems from differences in how we and the previous authors mounted the C. pseudovaricosa abdomen. Our abdominal images and measurements are always made from cleared specimens that are mounted in glycerin on slides with a coverslip. It appears that Sosa and Freitas��� images were obtained from the specimen without a coverslip. Each method for mounting abdomens on slides has its advantages; however, use of a coverslip reduces errors in measuring the heights of tergites and sternites that stem from variation in their stiffness and curvature. Known distribution. COSTA RICA (Puntarenas); PANAMA (Chiriqui)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Albuquerque, Gilberto S. & Tauber, Maurice J., 2012, The Neotropical genus Titanochrysa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): larval descriptions, biological notes, a new species, and taxonomic changes, pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 3514 on pages 17-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212801, {"references":["Banks, N. (1945) [1946] A review of the Chrysopidae (Nothochrysidae) of Central America. Psyche, 52, 139 - 174.","Penny, N. D. (1977) Lista de Megaloptera, Neuroptera e Raphidioptera do Mexico, America Central, ilhas Caraibas e America do Sul. Acta Amazonica, 7 (4) (Suplemento), 1 - 61.","Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Oswald, J. D. (2007) Neuropterida Species of the World. Version 2.0. http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / Species-Catalogue /. [last accessed on March 1, 2012]","Penny, N. D. 1998. New Chrysopidae from Costa Rica (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Neuropterology 1, 55 - 78.","Penny, N. D. (2002) Family Chrysopidae. In: Penny, N. D. (ed.), A guide to the lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 53, 161 - 457.","Freitas, S. de, Penny, N. D. & Adams, P. A. (2009) A revision of the New World genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4), 60, 503 - 610.","Sosa, F. & Freitas, S. de. (2012) A new genus of Neotropical Chrysopini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Zootaxa 3351, 1 - 14."]}

Titanochrysa simpliciala Tauber Figs 8 ��� 11 Type material. The holotype (a male) is in the Entomological Collection of the University of Minnesota [UMIN]. Its labels read: [1] ��� COSTA RICA: Heredia / Quebrada Amistad, 1.8 km / (road) NW Porosail / 10.097 ��N, 84.119 W / 8.ii. 1992, el. 1920 m / Holzenthal, Mu��oz, Kjer���; [2] ��� Chrysopodes / sp. / det. Penny, 92 ���; [3] ��� HOLOTYPE / Titanochrysa simpliciala / des. C. A. Tauber 2012 ���. Diagnosis. Externally, the T. simpliciala adult resembles many of the common Chrysoperla species [e.g., Chrysoperla externa (Hagen)] in its light green coloration with a yellow median stripe and simple, unmarked wings with regular, largely green venation and narrow costal area. However, it clearly falls into the genus Titanochrysa. It has a pronounced lateral stripe on the scapes, black genal markings, largely black labial and maxillary palpi, and basal inner gradates meeting Psm���all traits that typify Titanochrysa species. Also, it has a broadly based gonarcus, a broad, somewhat membranous mediuncus with beak-like apex and lateral lobes, microtholi on sternites 3 ��� 8, a simple, straight, dorsal apodeme on T 9 +ectoproct, and a spoon-shaped gonapsis���all character states that typify Titanochrysa males. This species keys out at couplet 2 (Titanochrysa trespuntensis Sosa & Freitas) in the ���Key to species of Titanochrysa ��� (Sosa & Freitas 2012: 17). For example, couplet 1: it has microtholi on abdominal sternites 3 ��� 8, and the dorsal rods on the median plate of the arcessus are parallel, not X-shaped; couplet 2: the membrane of the forewing is entirely without shading, and the male has a field of small setae below the mediuncus and above the gonosaccus. However, the species differs from T. trespuntensis in that the wing venation is entirely green (not with black areas as in T. trespuntensis); the setae on the flagellum are amber-colored (not black as in T. trespuntensis); there are more costal crossveins and they are slanted (not perpendicular or almost perpendicular as in T. trespuntensis); the dorsum of the mediuncus is not striated (as in T. trespuntensis); and the gonapsis lacks an acute dorsal projection (present on T. trespuntensis). Description. Head (Fig. 8): 1.2 mm wide (including eyes); ratio of head width to eye width = 2.35: 1. Vertex raised, rounded, dome-like; surface smooth, without setae; posterior region with prominent, flat, raised areas. Antenna 12.0, 12.2 mm long (~ 0.88 times length of forewing); scape slightly longer than broad (frontal view, 0.26 mm long, 0.23 mm wide); lateral margin of scapes straight, mesal margin convex; distance between scapes 0.09 mm; distance between tentorial pits 0.40 mm; length of frons (midway between scapes ��� midway between tentorial pits) 0.32 mm. Frons largely flat, with smooth, shiny surface, with anterior margin strongly concave, angular at midline. Clypeus smooth, shiny, with anterior margin straight. Labrum with dorsal surface sculptured, base slightly pinched mesally, distal margin with small, mesal indentation, anterolateral margins rounded. [Note: On the maxillae of the holotype, the galeae are large and they extend well beyond the labrum. Whether this condition is characteristic of the species or unique to this specimen is not known.] Head coloration (Fig. 8): Antenna: scape light cream, with heavy black lateral stripe; pedicel light cream, with black distolateral stripe; flagellum light cream-colored, with pale setae. Vertex, dorsal torulus yellow to cream. Frons creamy white, without markings. Anterior torulus creamy white, with pair of small black lateral spots. Clypeus creamy white, with black stripe along lateral margin. Gena with base creamy white dorsally, ventrally; lateral surface black. Labrum cream-colored. Maxillary palpus: distal three palpomeres entirely black; basal two palpomeres cream-colored. Labial palpus: distal palpomere cream-colored, with black tip; basal two palpomeres cream-colored, unmarked. Venter cream-colored throughout. Thorax: (Fig. 8): Cervix mostly yellowish green, with small black spot laterally. Prothorax (sclerotized region) 0.48 mm long, 0.94 mm wide; ratio of length to width = 0.51: 1; setae medium-length, light golden to light brown; pronotum green, with broad, yellow mesal stripe, pair of diffuse lateral (anterior) to sublateral (posterior) stripes, black anteriorly, becoming reddish posteriorly. Mesonotum, metanotum yellow mesally to very light green dorsolaterally; sides creamy white. Legs cream to very light green, with pale setae; tips of claws brown, bases pale, central area black. Wings: (Fig. 9): Forewing 13.8 mm long, 3.5 mm wide (at widest point); ratio of length: maximum width = 3.3: 1. Costal area relatively narrow; tallest costal cell (# 7) 0.8 mm tall, 2.3 times width, 0.21 times width of wing (midwing). First intramedian cell ovate, 0.6 times width of third median cell. First radial crossvein distal to origin of radial sector (Rs); radial area (between Radius and Rs) with single row of 14 closed cells; tallest cell (# 6) 1.9 times taller than wide. Six b cells (= cells beneath Rs, not including an inner gradate vein). Two series of gradate veins; eight inner, eight outer gradates (both in regular, parallel series). Six b��� cells (cells beneath pseudomedia after second intramedian cell). Three intracubital cells (two closed). Stigma transparent, unmarked, with four subcostal crossveins below. Longitudinal veins green; costal veinlets brown throughout or at distal and basal ends, radial crossveins brown throughout or brown at basal end; other crossveins, gradates, veinlets green; membrane unmarked. Hindwing 12.2 mm long, 3.5 mm wide. Two series of gradate veins; six inner, six outer gradate veins (all in regular, parallel series); twelve radial cells (counted from origin of Radius, not false origin). Six b cells (including one small ���t��� cell); six b��� cells beyond second intramedian cell; three intracubital cells (two closed). Stigma slightly transparent; veins green, except costal veinlets, some radial crossveins brown; membrane clear. Male abdomen: (Figs 10, 11): Tergites 3 ��� 7 roughly rectangular, very narrow, long, with rounded edges; in lateral view, length about six to seven times height; ventral margins regular, straight; T 6, length approximately same as length of T 7 (x 1.1). Spiracles small, oval externally; atria not enlarged. Integument of pleural region without folds; depth approximately same as height of sternites (lateral view). Length of sternites 4 ��� 7 approximately two times height. Callus cerci ovate, margins well sclerotized; 0.17 mm length, 0.10 mm width, with 23 ��� 34 trichobothria, mostly long. T 9 +ectoproct (lateral view) truncate distally, with long, robust, straight setae; (dorsal view) rounded distally, left and right sections of basal region separated by deep cleft, sections fused in distal region; ventral section extending broadly below approximately one-half of T 8, to anterior margin of S 8, with slender, well sclerotized apodeme extending from behind callus cerci, along dorsal margin of ectoproct to posterior margin; apodeme unbranched. S 8 + 9 (lateral view) with proximal margin straight; ventral margin straight, without knob; dorsal margin fairly straight anteriorly, with deep concave depression after midregion; rounded terminus; dorsal margin with heavy apodeme from base along entire dorsal length of sternite (absent from terminal margin). S 8 + 9 (ventral view) broad basally; distal section rounded, narrowing to blunt terminus; microtholi present on S 3 ��� S 8, absent from S 1, S 2, S 9. Setae on terminal section of S 9 robust, long. Subanal plate small, partially withdrawn; gonarcal complex connected to terminus of ectoproct by relatively short, clear, smooth membrane that attaches to top of gonarcus, membrane extending around sides of gonarcus, becoming confluent with distal base of gonosaccus. Gonarcus fairly robust, arcuate, with lateral apodemes extending approximately perpendicularly from gonarcal bridge; gonarcal apodemes slightly enlarged, rounded, distally, with curved processes extending outward on lateral margins of gonosaccus below rods. Mediuncus broad basally, dome-like; pair of flat lateral rods extending from lateral margin of gonarcal bridge, along top of mediuncus to lateral edges of tip; tip of mediuncus with pair of rounded, lateral lobes, small, sharp beak mesally. Gonosaccus expanded below neck of mediuncus, smooth with field of small gonosetae immediately below mediuncus, large field of ~ 24 robust, long setae on large chalazae in lower region. Gonapsis elongate, flattened laterally, dumbell-shaped in lateral view; tip with well sclerotized, internal beak, scalloped dorsal margin. Gonocristae absent; hypandrium internum not found. Female: Unknown. Specimens examined. The species is known only from the type. Variation. Unknown. Known distribution. COSTA RICA (Heredia). Etymology. The name ��� simpliciala ��� (simplici-, Latin adjective, meaning simple; ���ala���, Latin noun, fem., meaning wing) refers to the species��� very simple wings (transparent stigmas, unmarked membranes, very regular, largely green venation)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Albuquerque, Gilberto S. & Tauber, Maurice J., 2012, The Neotropical genus Titanochrysa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): larval descriptions, biological notes, a new species, and taxonomic changes, pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 3514 on pages 12-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212801, {"references":["Sosa, F. & Freitas, S. de. (2012) A new genus of Neotropical Chrysopini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Zootaxa 3351, 1 - 14."]}

Ceraeochrysa lineaticornis (Fitch, 1855) Chrysopa lineaticornis Fitch, 1854 [1855]: 795 [MCZ, Holotype]. Ceraeochrysa lineaticornis (Fitch). First combination in Ceraeochrysa by Adams (1982: 73). Chrysopa columbiana Banks, 1903: 150 [MCZ, Holotype]. Junior subjective synonym of C. lineaticornis by Bram & Bickley (1963: 16); later, junior subjective synonym of Cer. parvula (Banks) by Freitas et al. (2009: 566). Here: Subjective synonymy with C. lineaticornis Fitch reinstated. Allochrysa parvula Banks, 1903: 143 [MCZ, Holotype]. Junior subjective synonym of Cer. lineaticornis (Banks) by Adams (1982: 73). Synonymy reversed and Ceraeochrysa (= Allochrysa) parvula (Banks) recognized as a valid species by Freitas et al. (2009: 566). Here: Subjective synonymy with C. lineaticornis reinstated. Background: Freitas et al. (2009: 557, 566) recognized Cer. lineaticornis and Cer. parvula (with junior synonym C. columbiana) as two separate species. They claimed that Banks (1903) considered dark genal markings as an important feature that distinguishes the two species; their description and illustration of Cer. parvula (Fig. 39 C in Freitas et al. 2009) include dark genae, whereas pale genae typify Cer. lineaticornis. Furthermore, they mentioned that male genital differences distinguish the two species, but they did not specify what the features are. Types: Banks (1903: 150) described the genae of all three nominal species as pale and without marks. Moreover, the on-line images of the C. lineaticornis, A. parvula and C. columbiana holotypes [MCZ type database; http://insects.oeb.harvard.edu/ MCZ /index.htm] and personal examination of the types in the MCZ (CAT), show that the genae of all three nominal species are pale and without marks. We (CAT) examined the genitalia of the holotypes (all males) of the three nominal species. Those of C. lineaticornis and C. columbiana are from mature specimens; they are well sclerotized and well preserved. The A. parvula holotype is teneral and the genitalia are less well preserved, but they exhibit some of the relevant characters. Below, we assess the three holotypes relative to possible differences and similarities that we could glean from the descriptions by Freitas et al. [The terminology for the structures is that used by Freitas et al. 2009) (1) Dorsal apodeme of ectoproct. For Cer. lineaticornis, Freitas et al. (2009) described the dorsal apodeme of the ectoproct as having a ���recurved dorsal branch���, whereas that of the Cer. parvula ectoproct as ���bifurcate and ventral branch caudally projected���. Freitas et al. ���s drawings of the male terminalia and our examination of the holotypes show that the dorsal apodemes of both nominal species have a dorsally projecting arm that extends behind the callus cerci, and a caudal arm that projects posteriorly. The lengths and degree of sclerotization of the arms of the two species appear to differ on the drawings for the two species (Figs 33 D, 39 E in Freitas et al. 2009), but the differences shown are well within the continuous range of variation seen amongst Cer. lineaticornis specimens, e.g., in a sample of specimens in the USMN. (2) Gonarcal arch. Freitas et al. described the ���gonarcal arch��� of Cer. lineaticornis as ���short, thick��� and the ���gonarcal medial arch��� of Cer. parvula as ���stout, anterior margin highly curved���; their drawings are consistent with the descriptions. Our examinations of the holotypes and numerous Cer. lineaticornis specimens indicate that there is considerable continuous variation in the curvature and thickness of the gonarcus and that the holotypes of all three nominal species fall well within this range. (3) Lateral arms of gonarcus. For Cer. lineaticornis, the gonarcal arms are described as ���large, hemispherical, ventrally orientated���; the gonarcal arms of Cer. parvula are not mentioned in the description. Our examinations show that they are similar on the holotypes of all three nominal species. (4) Gonocornua. The Cer. lineaticornis gonocornua are described and figured as ���long, arched and acutely pointed apically and with small ventral projection which may be the entoprocesses���. The Cer. parvula gonocornua are described as having an ���acute apex and ventral projection���; in Fig. 39 G of Freitas et al. (2009), the Cer. parvula gonocornua are shown to be somewhat shorter than those of Cer. lineaticornis (Fig. 33 F), and with a slightly larger ventral projection. Here, again, the differences between the types of the nominal species in the lengths of their gonocornua and the associated ventral projections are small and within the range of variation of Cer. lineaticornis specimens. (5) Arcessus. The arcessus of Cer. lineaticornis is described as having a ���long dorsal horn, apical plate trilobed with long acute lobes���; Cer. parvula is described as having a ���narrow arcessus, apical plate trilobed, the medial point horn-like, no dorsal processes���. Figs. 33 G and 39 I in Freitas et al. (2009) are consistent with the descriptions. Our examination of the C. lineaticornis holotype indicates that indeed its arcessus is longer and narrower, the three terminal lobes are more elongate, and the dorsal processes are more prominent than those on the other two holotypes. However, Cer. lineaticornis specimens generally are very variable in these characteristics, and the three holotypes fall well within the range of continuous variation exhibited by Cer. lineaticornis specimens. It is noteworthy that the dorsal processes on the arcessus are often flat and closely aligned to the surface of the arcessus; they can be difficult to see, especially on teneral specimens like the A. parvula holotype. (6) Gonosaccus. Both species are described and figured as having a gonosaccus with long gonosetae. Indeed, this is the case for the holotypes of all three nominal species. (7) Gonapsis. The gonapsis of Cer. lineaticornis is not mentioned or figured; that of Cer. parvula is described as ���apically forked���. Indeed, the gonapsides of the C. lineaticornis and C. columbiana holotypes are forked at their junction with the tip of S 8 + 9; the free end on both specimens is spatulate. The gonapsis of the teneral A. parvula holotype is difficult to see. In summary, we were unable to identify any genitalic features that would distinguish the A. parvula or C. columbiana holotypes from Cer. lineaticornis. Thus, on the basis of external (head markings) and internal (male genitalic) characters, we consider that all three belong in the same species. As an aside, it is appropriate to mention here an independent, biological, character that supports the synonymy of A. parvula with Cer. lineaticornis. The ���mass of rubbish��� (Banks 1903: 144) that encloses the cocoon from which the A. parvula type emerged consists largely of spiny trichomes. Cer. lineaticornis larvae are the only Ceraeochrysa larvae known to carry and incorporate spiny trichomes into their cocoons (Eisner et al. 2002). Conclusion: It appears that the recognition (by Freitas et al. 2009) of Cer. parvula as a valid species (with Cer. columbiana as a junior synonym) was based on an obvious error and conjecture. We consider that the earlier identifications (by Bram & Bickley 1963 and Adams��� 1982) of A. parvula and C. columbiana as junior subjective synonyms of Cer. (=C.) lineaticornis are correct and should be maintained. Moreover, the specimen with dark genae illustrated as Cer. parvula in Freitas et al. (2009: 567, Figs. 39 C and 39 D) is clearly not the holotype of either A. parvula or C. columbiana. Its identity should be re-evaluated. Other than the A. parvula and C. columbiana type specimens, the only specimen of Cer. parvula that Freitas et al. (2009) reported to have examined is a male from Honduras [in the California Academy of Sciences (CAS)]. Thus, we conclude that the illustrations mentioned above were derived from this specimen. Given that it was collected far from the previously reported range of Cer. lineaticornis (and its two synonyms) and given its dark genae, the identification should be re-evaluated., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A. & Flint, Oliver S., 2010, Resolution of some taxonomic and nomenclatural issues in a recent revision of Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), pp. 55-67 in Zootaxa 2565 on pages 59-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.294309, {"references":["Fitch, A. (1854) [1855]. Report [upon the noxious and other insects of the state of New-York]. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 14, 705 - 880.","Adams, P. A. (1982) Ceraeochrysa, a new genus of Chrysopinae (Neuroptera) (Studies in New World Chrysopidae, Part II). Neuroptera International, 2, 69 - 75.","Banks, N. (1903) A revision of the Nearctic Chrysopidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 29, 137 - 162.","Bram, R. A. & Bickley, W. E. (1963) The green lacewings of the genus Chrysopa in Maryland (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). University of Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, A - 124, ii + 1 - 18.","Freitas, S. de, Penny, N. D. & Adams, P. A. (2009) A revision of the New World genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4), 60, 503 - 610.","Eisner T., Carrel, J. E., van Tassell, E., Hoebeke, E. R. & Eisner, M. (2002) Construction of a defensive trash packet from Sycamore leaf trichomes by a chrysopid larva (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 437 - 446."]}

Ceraeochrysa cornuta (Nav��s, 1925) Chrysopa cornuta Nav��s, 1925: 65, fig. 1 (not Chrysopa cornuta Nav��s, 1926) [MNHN, Lectotype]. Junior subjective synonym of Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider, 1851: 86) by Adams (1982: 72). Synonymy with Cer. cincta (Schneider) reversed by Legrand et al. (2008: 126), reinstated by Freitas et al. (2009: 530). Ceraeochrysa cornuta (Nav��s). First designation as a valid species in Ceraeochrysa by Legrand et al. (2008: 126). Designation reversed by Freitas et al. (2009: 530). Here: Status reinstated, combination reinstated. Ceraeochrysa (= Chrysopa) caligata [Banks, 1945: 154; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ), Holotype]. First identification as a junior synonym of Cer. cornuta by Legrand et al. (2008: 528). Reinstated as a valid species (Freitas et al. 2009: 526). Here: Synonymy reinstated. Background: Adams (1982: 72) identified both Chrysopa caligata (Banks) and Chrysopa cornuta (Nav��s) as junior synonyms of Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider). He stated that he considered the C. cornuta synonymy as provisional because at that time he had not seen the type. Subsequently, (i) the C. cornuta type (a female) was found in the MNHN and Adams & Penny (1985: 440���441) restated Adams��� conclusion that C. cornuta was synonymous with Cer. cincta. (ii) Adams & Penny (1985: 442) also reinstated Cer. caligata as a valid species. Over the years since 1985, Ceraeochrysa caligata (Banks) [here, = Cer. cornuta) has been recognized as a valid species separate from Cer. cincta [see references in Legrand et al. (2008; 126)]. Males of the two species are easily distinguished on the basis of genitalic characters (Adams & Penny 1985; Freitas et al. 2009); the larvae are also distinct (Tauber & de Le��n 2001). Although Freitas et al. (2009) claim that Cer. caligata and Cer. cincta females cannot be differentiated, we have found that species-specific genital characteristics [described and illustrated by Adams and Penny (1985)] consistently separate females of the two species. Moreover, an additional, external character [presence or absence of red spots on the mesonotum) recently was shown to distinguish adults (males and females) of the two species (Viana & Albuquerque 2009, as Cer. caligata). These marks occur on a large proportion of Cer. caligata adults, but they are absent in Cer. cincta. Types: The C. cornuta lectotype (a female, examined, CAT) has very distinct Cer. caligata -like markings on the mesonotum (Fig. 1), and its genital characteristics (protruding lip of the subgenitale, the length and tightness of the bend in the U-shaped spermatheca) are those of Cer. caligata females as illustrated by Adams & Penny (1985: 469) (notes by CAT and by Gilberto S. Albuquerque, March 2008). Thus, we re-confirm the identification of the C. cornuta lectotype as conspecific with Cer. caligata. Conclusion: Given that Nav��s��� description was published before Banks���, Ceraeochrysa cornuta (Nav��s) has precedence as the valid name of the species. And, the identification of Cer. caligata as a junior subjective synonym of Cer. cornuta by Legrand et al. (2008) pertains., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A. & Flint, Oliver S., 2010, Resolution of some taxonomic and nomenclatural issues in a recent revision of Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), pp. 55-67 in Zootaxa 2565 on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.294309, {"references":["Navas, L. (1925) Neuropteren aus Brasilien. Mitteilungen der Munchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 15, 64 - 68.","Navas, L. (1926) Insectos exoticos Neuropteros y afines. Broteria (Zoologica), 23, 79 - 93.","Schneider, W. G. [as: G. T.] (1851) Symbolae ad monographiam generis Chrysopae, Leach. Apud Ferdinandum Hirt, Vratislaviae, 178 pp.","Adams, P. A. (1982) Ceraeochrysa, a new genus of Chrysopinae (Neuroptera) (Studies in New World Chrysopidae, Part II). Neuroptera International, 2, 69 - 75.","Freitas, S. de, Penny, N. D. & Adams, P. A. (2009) A revision of the New World genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4), 60, 503 - 610.","Tauber, C. A. & de Leon, T. (2001) Systematics of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): larvae of Ceraeochrysa from Mexico. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 94, 197 - 209.","Viana, G. G. & Albuquerque, G. S .. (2009) Polimorfismo no padrao de manchas tegumentares de larvas e adultos de Ceraeochrysa caligata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) e redescricao dos instares larvais. Zoologia, 26, 166 - 174."]}

Ceraeochrysa everes (Banks, 1920) Relevant synonymy below (See Freitas et al. 2009: 546 for a full list of synonyms). Chrysopa everes Banks, 1920: 338 [MCZ, Lectotype]. Ceraeochrysa everes (Banks). First combination in Ceraeochrysa by Adams & Penny (1985: 452). Chrysopa furcata Nav��s, 1922: 53. Preoccupied name. Chrysopa furculata Nav��s, 1923: 39. Replacement name for C. furcata Nav��s. [MNHN, Holotype]. Junior subjective synonym of Ceraeochrysa gundlachi (Nav��s, 1924: 329) by Adams (1982: 72); junior subjective synonym of Ceraeochrysa everes by Adams & Penny (1985: 452). Background: Freitas et al. (2009: 546) correctly listed Chrysopa furcata Nav��s and Chrysopa furculata Nav��s as synonyms of Ceraeochrysa everes (Banks). Also, they correctly mentioned that the original description stated that Nav��s had held the type in his personal collection and that it was found later in the Mus��um national d���Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN). However, some of their subsequent comments may cause uncertainty regarding the status of the Chrysopa furculata type in the MNHN. Type: Freitas et al. (2009: 548) stated that the type of C. furculata ������ had a collection label of 1925, three years after the original description of C. furcata and one year after the first use of C. furculata.��� This statement could cast doubt on the validity of the C. furculata type in the MNHN. However, as Legrand et al. (2008: 137) reported: (i) The first label on the Nav��s type in the MNHN carries a 1910 collection date, which is well before the publication date (1922) of C. furcata. (ii) The third and fourth labels on the specimen, a pink ��� Typus ��� label and a green printed label, are labels that Nav��s characteristically applied to the numerous types that he donated to the MNHN from his personal collection (see explanation and illustrations by Legrand et al. 2008: 109). Thus, the labels and history of the specimen coincide with published reports for Nav��s��� C. furculata type. Conclusion: Doubts implied by Freitas et al. (2009) concerning the validity of the C. furculata type in the MNHN are answered, and the identity of the specimen as the holotype is re-confirmed., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A. & Flint, Oliver S., 2010, Resolution of some taxonomic and nomenclatural issues in a recent revision of Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), pp. 55-67 in Zootaxa 2565 on page 57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.294309, {"references":["Banks, N. (1920) New neuropteroid insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 64, 297 - 362.","Freitas, S. de, Penny, N. D. & Adams, P. A. (2009) A revision of the New World genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4), 60, 503 - 610.","Navas, L. (1923) Chrysopa furculata nom. nov. for Chrysopa furcata Navas, 1922. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica de Espana, 6, 39.","Navas, L. (1924) Algunos insectos de Cuba [I], recogidos por don Fermin Z. Cervera. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid. 21, 323 - 332.","Adams, P. A. (1982) Ceraeochrysa, a new genus of Chrysopinae (Neuroptera) (Studies in New World Chrysopidae, Part II). Neuroptera International, 2, 69 - 75."]}

Ceraeochrysa placita (Banks, 1908), genus incertae sedis Chrysopa placita Banks, 1908: 259 [MCZ, Lectotype]. Ceraeochrysa placita (Banks). First combination in Ceraeochrysa by Adams (1982: 73). Removed from Ceraeochrysa by Tauber (2003: 484). Combination reinstated by Freitas et al. (2009: 568). We consider the generic placement uncertain and refer to the species as Ceraeochrysa placita (Banks), genus incertae sedis. Chrysopa forreri Nav��s, 1913 ��� 14 [1914]: 97 [Syntype, The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH)]. Junior subjective synonym of Cer. placita by Adams (1982: 73). Here, recognized as a junior subjective synonym of Ceraeochrysa intacta (Nav��s) (see below). Chrysopa intacta Nav��s, 1912: 199 [Neotype, Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, (CNC)]. Junior subjective synonym of Cer. placita by Garland (1985 a: 137). Here, recognized as a valid species currently included in Ceraeochrysa (see below). Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) placitus (= placita) (Banks). First combination in Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) by Tauber (2003: 484). Removed from Chrysopodes by Freitas et al. (2009: 568). Generic and subgeneric association with Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) considered uncertain by Tauber (2010: 12). The species was also referred to as Oviedus placitus (Banks) in an unpublished thesis (Garland 1982; see Garland & Kevan 2007: 59). Background: Freitas et al. (2009: 568) recognized that the species name " placita " had commonly been used in the literature and on museum specimens to refer to two species. Thus, they redescribed Ceraeochrysa placita (Banks) and restricted the usage of the name. Also, they described the new species Ceraeochrysa chiricahuae Freitas and Penny to refer to the species that had not previously been differentiated from Cer. placita (Freitas et al. 2009: 594). There are significant differences between the Chrysopa placita Banks syntypes and the majority of specimens that previously had been identified as C. placita or Cer. placita; thus we concur that the two should be treated as separate species [see C e raeochrysa intacta (Nav��s), genus incertae sedis below]. We also agree with Freitas et al. (2009) that the name Cer. placita refers to the less common species that currently is known only from western USA. However, several taxonomic problems presently surround the two species. As a first step in stabilizing the situation, it is important to designate a lectotype for Chrysopa placita. Types: In his original description of C. placita, Banks (1908: 259) mentioned specimens from two localities (Clear Creek, and Chimney Gulch, Golden, Colorado); he did not designate a holotype or indicate the number of specimens in the type series. Five specimens that appear to be syntypes are in the MCZ (examined, CAT); one of these (a male) has a Banks ��� type ��� label, is recognized as the primary type on the MCZ database, and was referred to as the lectotype by Freitas et al. (2009: 569). We concur with this lectotype assignment, and we consider it important for stabilization of the nomenclature concerned with Cer. placita and the species with which it has been confused. The labels on the lectotype read: (1) ���Oslar / Chimney Gulch / Golden, Colo. / 7-20 -07 ���; (2) ���Collection / N. Banks���; (3) ��� type ��� [red (faded), Banks��� hand]; (4) ��� Type / 11337 ��� [red, printed & Banks��� hand]; (4) ��� Chrysopa / placita / Bks type [white, red border, Banks��� hand]; (6) ���Jan-July 2003 / MCZ Image / Database���; (7) LECTOTYPE / Chrysopa placita / Banks 1908; det. / C. Tauber & O. Flint ��� 10 ��� [red]. We have labeled the other four specimens (one male, three females) as paralectotypes. The three female specimens bear labels (1) and (2) identical to those above; each also has a third label reading ��� placita ��� [Banks��� hand]; one has a fourth label with ��� Chrysopa placita B��� [Banks��� hand]. The male paralectotype has labels reading: (1) ���Oslar / Clear Creek / Colo.���; (2) ���Collection / N. Banks���; (3) ��� placita ��� [probably P. A. Adams��� hand]; (4) ��� MCZ / Museum of / Comparative / Zoology���. Each has a label that reads: PARALECTOTYPE / Chrysopa placita / Banks 1908; det. / C. Tauber & O. Flint ��� 10 ��� [red]. We confirmed that all of the paralectotypes are conspecific with the lectotype. Conclusion: The ���express statement of the taxonomic purpose��� above, now fulfills the requirements for designating the C. placita lectotype (Article 74.7 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). Also, it should be noted for Cer. placita that the branches of the Radial sector (especially the basal branches) of both the fore and hind wings are sinuate; in Freitas et al. (2009) this condition is described and illustrated only for Cer. chiricahuae (= intacta here)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A. & Flint, Oliver S., 2010, Resolution of some taxonomic and nomenclatural issues in a recent revision of Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), pp. 55-67 in Zootaxa 2565 on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.294309, {"references":["Banks, N. (1908) Neuropteroid insects -- notes and descriptions. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 255 - 267.","Adams, P. A. (1982) Ceraeochrysa, a new genus of Chrysopinae (Neuroptera) (Studies in New World Chrysopidae, Part II). Neuroptera International, 2, 69 - 75.","Tauber, C. A. (2003) Generic characteristics of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with new larval descriptions and a review of species from the United States and Canada. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96, 472 - 490.","Freitas, S. de, Penny, N. D. & Adams, P. A. (2009) A revision of the New World genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4), 60, 503 - 610.","Navas, L. (1912) Neuropteros nuevos de America [unnumbered part 1]. Broteria (Zoologica), 10, 194 - 202.","Garland, J. A. (1985 a) Une nouvelle synonymie de Ceraeochrysa placita (Banks), espece Nord-Americaine, avec designation d'un neotype (Planipennia, Chrysopidae). Neuroptera International, 3, 137 - 138.","Tauber, C. A. (2010) Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae. ZooKeys, 44, 1 - 104.","Garland, J. A. (1982) The Taxonomy of the Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta: Neuroptera). Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, Vol. 1 (418 pp.), Vol. 2 (132 figures, 24 maps). National Library of Canada [available as a PDF from ProQuest].","Garland, J. A. & Kevan, D. K. McE. (2007) Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta, Neuroptera): revised checklist, new and noteworthy records, and geo-referenced localities. Zootaxa, 1486. 1 - 84."]}

Ungla laufferi (Nav��s, 1922) Chrysopa laufferi Nav��s, 1921 [1922]: 260 [MNHN, Holotype]. Ceraeochrysa laufferi (Nav��s). First combination in Ceraeochrysa by Brooks & Barnard (1990: 269). Removed from Ceraeochrysa by Legrand et al. (2008: 149); combination reinstated by Freitas et al. (2009: 556). Ungla laufferi (Nav��s). First combination in Ungla by Legrand et al. (2008: 149). Combination reversed by Freitas et al. (2009: 556). Here: Combination reinstated. Chrysopa aroguesina Nav��s 1928 [1929]: 32 [MNHN, Lectotype] [= Ceraeochrysa aroguesina (Nav��s 1929) (first combination in Ceraeochrysa by Brooks & Barnard 1990: 268]. Junior subjective synonym of U. laufferi by Legrand et al. (2008: 115) and by Freitas et al. (2009: 556, as Ceraeochrysa laufferi). Background: Nav��s originally described this species as Chrysopa laufferi (Nav��s 1921: 260); subsequently, it was transferred to Ceraeochrysa (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 269), and then to Ungla (Legrand et al. 2008: 149). Freitas et al. (2009: 556) disagreed with the transfer to Ungla and stated that their stance was based on the fact that the abdomen is absent from the original type (MNHN) and thus diagnostic genitalic features are unavailable for evaluation. They returned the species to Ceraeochrysa. Types: The types of Chrysopa laufferi and Chrysopa aroguesina (both examined, CAT) express very similar external characteristics (shape and venation of the wings, facial and head markings, body coloration). Indeed, Legrand et al. (2008) and Freitas et al. (2009) agree on the identification of C. aroguesina as a junior synonym of C. laufferi. Thus, the C. aroguesina type (a female, MNHN) provides access to genitalic characters that are missing from the C. laufferi type. The C. aroguesina type has a small, pillbox-like spermatheca that opens to the bursa copulatrix via the vellum and a short bursal duct and that has a shallow invagination (Figs. 2, 3). These features are typical of Ungla females (see Brooks & Barnard 1990). In contrast, the spermathecae of all known Ceraeochrysa females are larger, tubular, and U-shaped; they open directly to the bursa via an elongate slit and they have a deep invagination [Adams (1982: 70, 75); also see illustrations in Adams & Penny (1985) and Freitas et al. (2009)]. In addition, several external features of the C. aroguesina and C. laufferi types are more like Ungla than Ceraeochrysa. For example, on the forewings of the C. laufferi type the basal inner gradates do not contact the Pseudomedius; this character state is variable, but it is frequently found in Ungla, not Ceraeochrysa (Brooks & Barnard, 1990). And, the vertex of the head of the C. aroguesina and C. laufferi types bears a pair of longitudinal, reddish marks that, although short, are more typical of Ungla than Ceraeochrysa. Conclusion: We consider Ungla laufferi (Nav��s) to be the valid name for the species., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A. & Flint, Oliver S., 2010, Resolution of some taxonomic and nomenclatural issues in a recent revision of Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), pp. 55-67 in Zootaxa 2565 on pages 57-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.294309, {"references":["Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Freitas, S. de, Penny, N. D. & Adams, P. A. (2009) A revision of the New World genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4), 60, 503 - 610.","Navas, L. (1928) [1929]. Insectos neotropicos. 4. a serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 32, 106 - 128.","Adams, P. A. (1982) Ceraeochrysa, a new genus of Chrysopinae (Neuroptera) (Studies in New World Chrysopidae, Part II). Neuroptera International, 2, 69 - 75."]}

Ceraeochrysa intacta (Nav��s, 1912), genus incertae sedis Chrysopa intacta Nav��s, 1912: 199 [Original syntype reported to have been retained in Nav��s collection, probably destroyed; Neotype, CNC; designated by Garland (1985 a: 137)]. Junior subjective synonym of Cer. placita by Garland (1985 a: 137). Here, recognized as a valid species. New status. Ceraeochrysa intacta (Nav��s). New combination*. We consider the genus to be uncertain and we refer to the species as Ceraeochrysa intacta (Nav��s), genus incertae sedis. Chrysopa forreri Nav��s, 1913 ��� 14 [1914]: 97 [Syntype, BMNH]. Junior subjective synonym of Cer. intacta. New synonymy. Ceraeochrysa chiricahuae Freitas and Penny, in Freitas et al. 2009: 594 [Holotype, CAS]. Junior subjective synonym of Cer. intacta. New synonymy. * Published information concerning Cer. intacta under the name placita / placitus (as Chrysopa, Ceraeochrysa, Chrysopodes (Neosuarius), Oviedus) is listed by Garland & Kevan (2007: 59); other references include Tauber & de Le��n (2001, as Cer. placita); Tauber (2010: 12, as Chrysopodes placitus). Below we discuss three issues. The first concerns the name of the species that Freitas and Penny (in Freitas et al. 2009) recently described as distinct from Cer. placita and the identity of its synonyms; the second concerns morphological differences between that species and Cer. placita; and the third addresses the generic affiliation of the two species. Species name and synonyms. Chrysopa intacta Nav��s, Chrysopa forreri Nav��s, and Ceraeochrysa chiricahuae Freitas and Penny are here recognized as subjective synonyms. The first two names are former synonyms of Cer. placita. The species-name with precedence is C. intacta Nav��s. Types: Nav��s stated that he retained the type of C. intacta (collected in Toronto, Canada) in his personal collection. However, it has been missing for a long time. It is not in the Natural History Museum of Barcelona (MZB) (Garland 1985 a: 137; Monserrat 1985: 237), nor was it found in the MNHN (Legrand et al. 2008). Garland (1985 a: 137) designated a neotype (male), which resides in the Canadian National Collection (CNC); it was collected from Kazabazua, Qu��bec, Canada (Fig. 6), and he recognized the species as a junior subjective synonym of Cer. placita. In their revision, Freitas et al. (2009) did not indicate that they had examined the specimen. Our (CAT) examination indicates that Garland���s neotype is conspecific with Cer. chiricahuae of Freitas and Penny (in Freitas et al. 2009). It has red markings on the gena and clypeus, a pale, unmarked vertex, a slight rosy tinge sublaterally on the pronotum, sinuate branches of the radial sector, and slightly enlarged costal cells (Figs. 4, 5, 7 here) ��� all features that Freitas and Penny used to characterize Cer. chiricahuae. In addition, the genitalia closely resemble those illustrated by Freitas and Penny for Cer. chiricahuae. Chrysopa forreri Nav��s was described from Mexico City, and the syntype is in the BMNH. Freitas et al. (2009) did not list the syntype among the specimens that they had examined; our (CAT) examination of the specimen (abdomen missing, sex unknown) indicates that it is conspecific with the C. intacta neotype. It shares all the external features listed above for Cer. chiricahuae and the C. intacta neotype. In addition to the C. forreri type from Mexico City, we (CAT) have seen a number of C. intacta specimens from Mexico. There is a series of thirteen specimens from Durango [in the San Diego County Museum of Natural History (SDMNH)] and one specimen from Chihuahua, Mexico [Royal Ontario Museum, Ottawa (ROM)]. There also is a record from Michoacan, Mexico (Oswald et al. 2002: 578). Thus, the C. forreri type currently represents the southern-most record for Cer. intacta. Conclusion: We conclude that Ceraeochrysa intacta (Nav��s) is the valid name for the species that Freitas and Penny (in Freitas et al. 2009) differentiated from Cer. placita. It has two junior subjective synonyms ��� C. forreri and Cer. chiricahuae. Genitalic differences between Ceraeochrysa placita and Cer. intacta females. Background & discussion: Freitas and Penny (in Freitas et al. 2009) described genital differences between the males of Cer. placita and the species they referred to as Cer. chiricahuae (= Cer. intacta here)��� specifically, they stated that the Cer. placita gonocornua are ���much longer��� than those of Cer. intacta. Indeed, the gonocornua of the two known male Cer. placita specimens (the MCZ syntypes) appear longer than those of Cer. intacta males; they are also more robust basally and more closely aligned mesally than those of Cer. intacta. Freitas et al. did not treat the females of the two species in their revision. Our examination of numerous female Cer. intacta specimens and four cleared and dissected Cer. placita females [two paralectotypes, one of two non-types from New Mexico [National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (USNM)], and another non-type from Oregon (MCZ)] showed significant differences between the females of the two species. First, among the female Cer. placita specimens that are cleared, all have smaller spermathecal invaginations than do the Cer. intacta females that we examined (compare Figs 8 and 9 here). Second, on Cer. intacta females, the lobe at the tip of the seventh sternite (first discovered and considered to be the praegenitale by Garland 1982: 254, Fig. 116) is elongate and has well defined sides; it protrudes beyond the tip of sternite VII (Fig. 10 b). In contrast, the Cer. placita praegenitale is shorter and compressed, with folded sides; it protrudes very little, if at all, from beneath the seventh sternite (Fig. 10 a). It is noteworthy that the Cer. intaca praegenitale can express two types of asymmetry. Garland (1982, 1985b; Garland & Kevan [2007, as Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) placita] reported that the Cer. intacta praegenitale bears, asymmetrically, a single stiff, robust seta at its tip; indeed, we also found the seta, but only on some, not all specimens. However, we noted that on some specimens the tip of the praegenitale can be asymmetrically expanded on one side and not the other. The significance of the two forms of asymmetry is unknown. Conclusion: Females of Cer. placita and Cer. intacta express consistent and taxonomically useful, genitalic differences. Generic assignments of Ceraeochrysa placita and Cer. intacta. Background: Freitas et al. 2009: 594 reversed Tauber���s (2003) transfer of Cer. placita (now = Cer. intacta) from Ceraeochrysa to Chrysopodes. Tauber���s transfer of the species to Chrysopodes was made largely on the basis of a long series of features on the intacta larvae that are more typical of Chrysopodes than Ceraeochrysa. Freitas et al. (2009) made the change in generic assignment because Cer. intacta (= Cer. chiricahuae of Freitas and Penny) and Cer. placita males have two major genitalic features that are typically expressed by Ceraeochrysa, and not by Chrysopodes: an elongate, tubular gonapsis and elongate gonocornua on the gonarcus. Discussion: We agree with Freitas et al. (2009) that the presence of Ceraeochrysa -like gonapsides and gonocornua on Cer. intacta and Cer. placita are inconsistent with the species��� placement in Chrysopodes. Nevertheless, we continue to question the assignment of the two species to Ceraeochrysa for two reasons: (i) The female genitalia of both Cer. intacta and Cer. placita (Figs. 8, 9 here) differ markedly from those of all other known Ceraeochrysa females. Specifically, Ceraeochrysa females have characteristically elongate, U-shaped spermathecae that open to the bursa copulatrix via an elongate slit; they also have deep invaginations (see illustrations in Adams & Penny 1985; Brooks & Barnard 1990; Freitas & Penny 2001; Freitas et el. 2009; Tauber 2003). In contrast, females of both Cer. intacta and Cer. placita have pillboxshaped spermathecae that connect to the bursa via the vellum and a short bursal duct; they also have shallow invaginations [described and figured by Garland (1982, as Oviedus placitus, unpublished combination; Tauber 2003, as Chrysopodes placita)]. None of these features are typical of either Ceraeochrysa or Chrysopodes. Moreover, females of both Cer. intacta (Garland 1982: 254, Fig. 116; Garland 1985 b: 741) and Cer. placita (see Fig 10 a, b here) have a lobe (praegenitale) at the tip of the seventh sternite that has not been reported for any other Ceraeochrysa or Chrysopodes species. (ii) Despite the statement by Freitas et al. (2009: 505) to the contrary, an extensive suite of diagnostic larval features has been shown to distinguish Ceraeochrysa from other neotropical chrysopid genera (Tauber et al. 1998, 2000; Tauber 2003). The characters are from both Semaphoront A (first instar: 12 characters) and Semaphoront B (second and third instars: 18 characters each); they were scored for the larvae of twelve Ceraeochrysa species, including Cer. intacta (as " placita ") and seven Chrysopodes species (Tauber 2003). The results of Tauber���s (2003) study demonstrated numerous, very striking differences between the Cer. intacta larvae and those of other Ceraeochrysa species. The larvae showed strong [albeit, incomplete] similarity with those of the Chrysopodes species. Conclusion: The generic assignments of Cer. intacta and Cer. placita continue to present a problem because their male, female and larval characters appear to provide contradictory information. Specifically, the male genitalia share more features with Ceraeochrysa than with Chrysopodes; the female genitalia are not consistent with those of either Ceraeochrysa or Chrysopodes; and, the larval characters (Cer. intacta) are much closer to Chrysopodes than to Ceraeochrysa. Given the ambiguities, we propose that it is preferable to admit uncertainty concerning the two species��� generic assignments than it is to place the species in an inappropriate genus. Thus, we recommend retaining the species in Ceraeochrysa temporarily, recognizing that Ceraeochrysa is paraphyletic, and referring to the species as Ceraeochrysa placita (Banks), genus incertae sedis and Ceraeochrysa intacta (Nav��s), genus incertae sedis until further studies are conducted. This recommendation highlights the need for broadly based research that ultimately promotes nomenclatural stability. Freitas et al. (2009: 597) claim that larval features should not be used in assigning chrysopid species to genera because the larvae of too many species are unknown; they stated that doing so ������ raises doubts about dozens of other species and great nomenclatorial instability.��� We disagree strongly with this stance, and we refer readers to the following literature that substantiates the taxonomic value of chrysopid larval characters (Principi 1948 ��� 49; D��az-Aranda & Monserrat 1995; Tsukaguchi 1995; D��az Aranda et al. 2001; Tauber 2003; Tauber et al. 2006). Rather than ignoring the larval characters, we encourage neuropterists to obtain and characterize the larvae of previously unstudied taxa., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A. & Flint, Oliver S., 2010, Resolution of some taxonomic and nomenclatural issues in a recent revision of Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), pp. 55-67 in Zootaxa 2565 on pages 61-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.294309, {"references":["Navas, L. (1912) Neuropteros nuevos de America [unnumbered part 1]. Broteria (Zoologica), 10, 194 - 202.","Garland, J. A. (1985 a) Une nouvelle synonymie de Ceraeochrysa placita (Banks), espece Nord-Americaine, avec designation d'un neotype (Planipennia, Chrysopidae). Neuroptera International, 3, 137 - 138.","Freitas, S. de, Penny, N. D. & Adams, P. A. (2009) A revision of the New World genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4), 60, 503 - 610.","Garland, J. A. & Kevan, D. K. McE. (2007) Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta, Neuroptera): revised checklist, new and noteworthy records, and geo-referenced localities. Zootaxa, 1486. 1 - 84.","Tauber, C. A. & de Leon, T. (2001) Systematics of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): larvae of Ceraeochrysa from Mexico. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 94, 197 - 209.","Tauber, C. A. (2010) Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae. ZooKeys, 44, 1 - 104.","Monserrat, V. J. (1985) Lista de los tipos de Mecoptera y Neuroptera (Insecta) de la coleccion L. Navas, depositados en el Museo de Zoologia de Barcelona. Miscellania Zoologica, 9, 233 - 243.","Oswald, J. D., Contreras-Ramos, A. & Penny, N. D. (2002) Neuroptera (Neuropterida). In: Llorente Bousquets, J. & Morrone, J. J. (Eds.), Biodiversidad, Taxonomia y Biogeografia de Artropodos de Mexico: hacia una sintesis de su conocimiento. Vol. 3. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico D. F., pp. 559 - 581.","Garland, J. A. (1982) The Taxonomy of the Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta: Neuroptera). Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, Vol. 1 (418 pp.), Vol. 2 (132 figures, 24 maps). National Library of Canada [available as a PDF from ProQuest].","Garland, J. A. (1985 b) Identification of Chrysopidae in Canada, with bionomic notes (Neuroptera). Canadian Entomologist, 117, 737 - 762 [Errata: 117: 1278].","Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Freitas, S. de & Penny, N. D. (2001) The green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) of Brazilian agro-ecosystems. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4), 52, 245 - 395.","Tauber, C. A. (2003) Generic characteristics of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with new larval descriptions and a review of species from the United States and Canada. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96, 472 - 490.","Tauber, C. A., de Leon, T., Lopez-Arroyo, J. I. & Tauber, M. J. 1998. Ceraeochrysa placita (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): generic characteristics of larvae, larval descriptions, and life cycle. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91, 608 - 618.","Tauber, C. A., de Leon, T., Penny, N. D. & Tauber, M. J. (2000) The genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) of America North of Mexico: larvae, adults, and comparative biology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 93, 1195 - 1221.","Diaz-Aranda, L. M. & Monserrat, V. J. (1995) Aphidophagous predator diagnosis: key to genera of European chrysopid larvae (Neur.: Chrysopidae). Entomophaga, 40, 169 - 181.","Tsukaguchi, S. (1995) Chrysopidae of Japan (Insecta, Neuroptera). Privately printed, Osaka, Japan. S, Tsukaguchi, Aioi-cho 6 - 14 - 102, Nishinomiy-shi, Hyogo, 602 Japan, 223 pp.","Tauber, C. A., Tauber, M. J. & Albuquerque, G. A. (2006) Berchmansus elegans (Guerin Meneville) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): larval and adult characteristics and new tribal affiliation. European Journal of Entomology, 103, 221 - 231."]}

Chrysopodes Subgenus Neosuarius Before the publication of this study, 19 species were assigned to Chrysopodes subgenus Neosuarius; 17 were listed in the ���Neuropterida Species of the World��� on-line catalogue (Oswald 2007) and an additional two were recently described (Tauber and Tauber, 2010; see Table 1 here). Five of the listed species [C. (N.) apurinus , C. (N.) crassipennis , C. (N.) divisus , C. (N.) placitus , and C. (N.) poujadei] do not fit the new, restricted definition of the subgenus proposed here; they are removed from the subgenus and will be treated elsewhere. Specimens of Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) karinae Freitas and Penny, 2001, were not made available. Thus, the species��� taxonomic placement is unconfirmed. As a result of the current study, Chrysopodes subgenus Neosuarius now includes ten species that express the following suite of traits: (i) mandibles that are broad throughout, not only at the base (Fig. 10); (ii) mesal margin of left mandible with rounded, knob-like projection (Fig. 10); (iii) mesal margin of right mandible rounded, without a knob (Fig. Table ļ. Species assigned to Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) before the publication of this study (as listed in Oswald 2007) and their taxonomic status after the study. The six species that are marked with an asterisk do not fit the re-defined definition of the subgenus proposed here. * Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) apurinus (Nav��s, 1935) [good species in genus Chrysopodes, subgenus incertae sedis] Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris (Schneider, 1851) [good species in subgenus Neosuarius; type species of subgenus Neosuarius] * Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) crassipennis Penny, 2001 [good species in genus Chrysopodes, subgenus incertae sedis] * Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) divisus (Walker, 1853) [good species in genus Chrysopodes, subgenus incertae sedis] Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) escomeli (Nav��s, 1922) [good species in subgenus Neosuarius] Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) figuralis (Banks, 1915) [good species in subgenus Neosuarius] Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) flavescens (Blanchard, 1851) [good species in subgenus Neosuarius] Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) jaffuelinus (Nav��s, 1918) [New synonym of C. (N.) flavescens (Blanchard)] * Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) karinae Freitas & Penny, 2001 [genus, subgenus not confirmed; sedis incertae] Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) krugii (Kolbe, 1888) [good species in subgenus Neosuarius; previously considered a synonym of C. (N.) collaris]. Reversal of previous synonymy; new status, new combination. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigricubitus Tauber & Tauber 2010 [good species in subgenus Neosuarius] Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigripilosus (Banks, 1924) [good species in subgenus Neosuarius] Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nosinus (Nav��s, 1913) [New synonym of C. (N.) flavescens (Blanchard)] Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) oswaldi Penny, 2002 [good species in subgenus Neosuarius] Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) pecki Tauber & Tauber, 2010 [good species in subgenus Neosuarius] * Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) placitus (Banks, 1908) [good species; genus, subgenus, sedis incertae]. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) porterinus (Nav��s, 1910) [good species in subgenus Neosuarius] * Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) poujadei (Navas, 1910) [good species; genus, subgenus, incertae sedis)]. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) tristellus (Nav��s, 1920) [New synonym of C. (N.) porterinus (Nav��s)] Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) verticalis (Nav��s, 1929) [previously synonymized with C. (N.) figuralis (Banks, 1915)]. Figure ļ0. Typical mandibles of Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) adult (dorsal view). 10); (iv) body very waxy; (v) vertex relatively smooth (without pits, fields of small folds, or invaginated folds); (vi) frons prominent, smooth; (vii) forewing height not expanded (L:W ratio = 2.8���3.4; width at midpoint maintained within 7% from the first through the third quad of the wing; apex broad, rounded); (viii) forewing with anterior margin relatively straight; costal area unexpanded; height of tallest costal cell not more than 0.2�� maximum width of wing, or 6.5�� height of first costal veinlet; (ix) female with highly modified bursal duct [either elongate (collaris species-group) or fluted (flavescens species-group)]. The subgenus in now constituted as follows: Chrysopodes Nav��s 1913, subgenus Neosuarius Adams and Penny, 1987 (1985) collaris species-group Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris (Schneider, 1851) Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) figuralis (Banks, 1915) Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) krugii (Kolbe, 1888) Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) oswaldi Penny, 2002 flavescens species-group Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) escomeli (Nav��s, 1922) Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) flavescens (Blanchard, 1851) Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigricubitus Tauber and Tauber, 2010 Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigripilosus (Banks, 1924) Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) pecki Tauber and Tauber, 2010 Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) porterinus (Nav��s, 1910), Published as part of Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44) on pages 11-13, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660, {"references":["Oswald JD (2007) Neuropterida Species of the World. Version 2.0. http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / species-catalogue /. [accessed April 1, 2008 - January 12, 2010].","Tauber CA, Tauber MJ (2010) Two new endemic species of Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys 42: 47 - 78.","Freitas S. de, Penny ND (2001) The green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) of Brazilian agro-ecosystems. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4) 52: 245 - 395.","Schneider WG [as: G. T.] (1851) Symbolae ad monographiam generis Chrysopae, Leach. Apud Ferdinandum Hirt, Vratislaviae. 178 pp.","Penny ND (2001) New species of Chrysopinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from Costa Rica, with selected taxonomic notes and a neotype designation. Entomological News, Philadelphia 112: 1 - 14.","Walker F (1853) List of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. - (Sialides-Nemopterides). British Museum, London. [iii] + 193 - 476.","Banks N (1915) New neuropteroid insects, native and exotic. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 66: 608 - 632.","Blanchard CE (1851) Mirmeleonianos. Pp. 119 - 129, and Rafidianos. In: Gay, C (Ed) Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Zoologia, Vol. 6 [of 8], 1851. Atlas, Vol. 2 [of 2], 1854. Paris, 129 - 135.","Navas L (1918) Insectos chilenos. Boletin de la Sociedad Aragonesa de Ciencias Naturales 17: 212 - 230.","Kolbe HJ (1888) Die geographische Verbreitung der Neuroptera und Pseudoneuroptera der Antillen, nebst einer ubersicht uber die von Herrn Consul Krug auf Portoriko gesammelten Arten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 54: 153 - 178.","Banks N (1924) Neuroptera from the Williams Galapagos expedition. Zoological 5: 177 - 180.","Penny ND (2002) Family Chrysopidae. Pp. 187 - 227 (text), 301 - 373 (figures) in Penny ND (Ed) A Guide to the Lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4) 53: 161 - 457.","Navas L (1920) Sur des Nevropteres nouveaux ou critiques. Premiere [I] serie. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 39 (pt. 2): 27 - 37."]}

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) ��� flavescens species-group Six Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) species from the western regions of South America form a natural group (the flavescens group); this group includes Chrysopodes (N.) escomeli , C. (N.) flavescens , C. (N.) porterinus , and three species endemic to Gal��pagos Islands [C. (N.) nigricubitus , C. (N.) nigripilosus , C. (N.) pecki]. The following characteristics distinguish them from the collaris -group: 1 Body (dorsal): primary color cream or tan, with brown or brownish markings 2 Head: cream-colored to tan, with brown markings; frons with pair of brown spots below toruli 3 Male: abdomen with terminal segments (S8+9, sometimes T9+ectoproct) having sclerotized transverse bands and invaginated re-enforcements 4 Male: tip of S8+9 with delicate, eversible membrane lacking robust gonocristae; membrane sometimes modified into paired eversible pouches (Gal��pagos species) 5 Female: spermatheca tubular, opening to the bursa copulatrix via an elongate dorsal slit 6 Female: spermathecal duct relatively short (or weakly sclerotized) 7 Female: Bursal duct apparently modified into a fluted, tightly folded structure below the bursa. [The origin of the fluted area below the bursa is not completely clear. I consider it to be an enlarged part of the bursal duct and treat it as such in the descriptions and on the figures. However, it could be part of the bursa copulatrix, in which case the bursal duct would be greatly reduced.] 8 Female: bursal glands sometimes with elongate, slender accessory ducts, Published as part of Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44) on pages 57-58, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) oswaldi Penny, 2002 Figs 11d, 12d, 36���39 Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) oswaldi Penny, 2002: 224 [CAS, Holotype (by original designation): ��� 10 mi. S. Rincon de Osa / Puntarenas Proince [Sic!], Costa / Rica, 4���12. III.69 / J. K. Sheldon Field #/.���]. Oswald 2007 [catalog listing]. Diagnosis. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) oswaldi adults most closely resemble those of C. (N.) collaris. They can be recognized by the distinctive head markings (Figs 11d, 12d). There is a deep red, Y-shaped mark on the vertex above the antennae, and on the face is a pair of red, concave marks below the toruli. The dorsal surface of the scapes has a broad, red, longitudinal stripe; the frons is white; and the entire gena is red. The wings are broader and more rounded distally than those of C. (N.) collaris; the forewing venation is mostly green, but the costal veinlets, the bases of radial crossveins #1���8, and the icu crossveins are dark brown. In the male, the arms and bridge of the gonarcus extend widely. The triangular arcessus is supported basally by a pair of dorsal rods that arise from the front of the gonarcal bridge, not from beneath it. The arcessus terminates in a setose, hook-shaped apical beak (Fig. 38). The female terminalia are almost identical to those of C. (N.) collaris; i.e., they are typified by a relatively wide, funnel-shaped spermatheca with a broad ventral invagination and an elongate, curved velum (Fig. 39). The bursa is large and leathery; the spermathecal duct is long and coiled; and the bursal duct is very long and narrow. Description. Head (Figs 11d, 12d): Width (frontal, including eyes) 1.4 - 1.7 mm; ratio, head: eye width = 2.2���2.5:1; distance (straight-line) between tentorial pits 0.49��� 0.55 mm. Distance between antennae �� 0.11���0.14 mm; length of frons (mid-antenna ��� midway between tentorial pits) �� 0.40���0.49 mm; clypeus �� 0.24���0.29 mm long. Antenna ��0.61�� length of forewing (8.5 mm; n=1). Vertex slightly raised, flat, round- ed throughout, with very small, upward fold posteriorly; surface of vertex smooth, without setae. Frons relatively flat, unsculptured; surface smooth, shiny throughout. Clypeus unsculptured; surface smooth, mostly flat, very slightly raised in middle. Labrum flat; surface smooth; distal margin straight. Head coloration: Head cream with deep red marks; vertex with single, V-shaped mark extending along posteromesal margin of toruli, part way around lateral edge of vertex; torulus cream colored, unmarked; posterolateral region unmarked. Genae red throughout; frons creamy white, with pair of deep red, scalloped marks below toruli; clypeus creamy white to amber distally. Scapes creamy white, with broad, longitudinal, red, mesal stripe on dorsum, unmarked frontally; pedicel cream, with brown T7 with small red horizontal stipe laterally; flagellum creamy white throughout. Maxillary palp: segments 3���5 amber, with brown dorsal mark; basal two segments cream. Labial palp with terminal segment amber to brown, basal segments cream. Venter creamcolored, unmarked. Thorax (Fig. 11d): Pronotum wider than long: �� 0.75���1.05 mm long; �� 1.16���1.40 mm wide; cream (probably green in life), unmarked; numerous thin, pale setae (longest �� 0.18���0.23 mm long). Meso-, metanota cream (probably green in life), probably with middorsal yellow stripe, unmarked; setae thin, pale. Pleural areas cream colored, without markings. Legs cream without markings, setae golden. Tarsal claws amber, long, narrow, with broad cleft, small base with dark mark. Wings (Fig. 36): Forewing 12.7���14.8 mm long, 4.1���4.8 mm wide; L:W (midpoint) ratio, 3.0���3.1; width greatest near midpoint, tapering at basal 1/4th and after distal 3/4th of wing; costal margin fairly straight, sloping gradually at base; apex broad, rounded. Media (before and after furcation of M1 and M2), ma, base of Cu1 (above icu1) crassate. Costal area slightly enlarged; height of tallest costal cell (#5���7) = 0.18���0.19�� width of wing, 4.5���6.4�� length of first costal vein. Subcosta, radius sinuate; most subcostal veinlets, radial crossveins straight. Twelve closed radial cells (between R and Rs), height of tallest radial cell 1.5���2.1�� width; other than radial crossveins, only gradate veins in contact with PsM. Four b cells, four b��� cells; First intramedian cell ovate, 0.6���0.9�� width of third medial cell; inner row of five to seven gradate veins; eight to ten outer gradate veins; both rows regularly stepped, parallel to each other distally. Second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.5���1.6 mm tall, 2.6��� 2.9�� width; third cell = 1.4���1.5 mm tall, 2.6���2.9�� width. Second gradate cell 1.4���1.5 mm tall, 3.1���3.2�� width; third gradate cell 1.4���1.5 mm tall, 3.0���3.2�� width. Length of second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.1�� length of second gradate cell. Three intracubital cells; distal one open, icu1, icu2 each shorter than icu3; icu1 slightly shorter than icu2. Vein 1A forked. Hindwing narrow, with tip angulate; 12.1���13.1 mm long, 3.7���4.0 mm wide. Eleven to twelve radial crossveins; four to five inner gradates; seven to eight outer gradate veins; three b cells, plus small t cell; four 4 b��� cells; two intracubital cells, distal one open. Wing coloration: Hyaline; stigma tinged with brown. Longitudinal veins green, unmarked; costal veinlets #5���10 brownish; tip of im1 lower vein, rs-m crossvein brown or partially brown; gradates with tinge of brown; base of r crossveins #1���8, icu crossvein #1 dark brown. Abdomen (Fig. 37): Tergites 6, 7: roughly quadrate, with convex ventral margins, straight basal margins, rounded distal margins; length 2.4���2.7 times greater than height (lateral view); with sparse, long, thin setae. Pleural region P7 with very few, medium-length, thin, setae. Sternite 6 quadrate, with dorsal margin relatively straight; length 0.90���0.95�� height; with long, slender setae. Spiracles oval, not enlarged (�� 0. 07 mm diameter); atria not enlarged. Male (Figs 37, 38): T8 rounded anteriorly, posteriorly (lateral view), with setose ventrolateral extension reaching below spiracle. Left, right T9+ectoproct fused dorsally; terminal edge straight vertically, bearing long, thin setae; with distinct apodeme along ventral margin, apodeme straight basally, with knob and ventral arm subapically, caudal arm bent downward, with arrow-like apical process; area around callus cerci weakly sclerotized. Callus cerci oblong (0.22���0.28 mm tall, 0.15���0.17 mm wide), with ��30 short, thin trichobothria. S8+9 length ��1.25�� proximal height; dorsal margin sloping throughout; ventral margin slightly bent upward, without knob, invagination, or apodeme; terminus short, blunt, with distal margin bearing long, heavy setae on somewhat enlarged setal bases, heavy membrane covered with dense field of small gonocristae. Subanal plate distinct, with dense, robust setae. Gonarcus broadly arcuate, tightly attached to T9+ectoproct dorsally via short, folded subanal membrane; broadly V-shaped in frontal view, straight in lateral view; with apodemes attached distally on bridge; bridge smooth, rod-like; span of gonarcus near arch �� 0.60 mm, distance between gonarcal apodemes distally ��1.0 mm. Gonarcal apodemes round, smooth. Mediuncus membranous basally, with pair of robust, sclerotized rods internally, extending from below distal margin of gonarcal bridge, curving upward, approaching each other, fading distally; apical section of mediuncus rounded, dome-like dorsally; terminus bent perpendicularly into blunt, ventrally projecting beak; dorsal surface with dense covering of microsetae; membrane below mediuncus rounded, gathered upward, apparently with large, dense field of robust gonocristae. Gonosaccus beneath mediuncus delicate, thin, without gonosetae or much structure. Hypandrium internum expanded in dorsal view, flat in lateral view, with arms rounded, meeting at apex in smooth, round surface, with narrow, hooklike combs, not extending beyond arms. Female (Fig. 39): Very similar to C. (N.) collaris (see Figs 18, 19). Callus cerci very slightly taller than broad (0.13 mm tall, 0.12 mm wide), with approximately 24 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales fairly tall, approximately 2�� taller than wide, rounded dorsally, ventrally. Subgenitale broad, thick, fleshy, with short, broad neck, very small ventrally projecting process; base with thick, textured, folded membrane, attached to S7 via leathery, textured, invaginated membrane. Pair of large, bulbous bursal glands, with elongate ducts opening on dorsolateral margin of bursa, without accessory ducts. Bursa fairly large, extending laterally full width of segment, posteriorly beyond spermatheca; membrane leathery basally, with numerous, small, transverse folds, bursal section becoming thinner distally, folds becoming longitudinal. Bursal duct elongate, much longer than length of abdomen); section arising from bursa flat, fluted, becoming flat, ribbon-like, coiled, surface with small transverse folds (bursal section somewhat longer than 1/2 length of bursal duct); section arising from spermatheca tubular, with smooth surface, initially straight, becoming coiled, bent (spermathecal section slightly less than 1/2 length of bursal duct). Spermatheca funnel-shaped, with large mesal, invaginated velum that makes two full bends, tapers into bursal duct; �� 0.58 mm diameter, �� 0.53 mm in length to first bend; invagination elongate, tapered, extending through first two bends, perhaps into bursal duct, as internal duct (total length �� 2 mm). Spermathecal duct �� 4 mm long, narrow, arising from posterior surface of spermatheca slightly on left side, with full coil within subgenitale; basal 1/3rd sclerotized, brownish; distal 2/3rd lightly sclerotized, brushy, very pale (only visible under compound microscope), becoming enlarged distally. Colleterial gland relatively short, bulbous, probably not extending into seventh segment, with slightly grainy texture; no reservoir or accessory glands found. Transverse sclerotization well-formed, curved, ellipsoid plate, located ventrally within gonapophyses laterales, with longitudinal (to the body) rows of setae. Larvae. Unknown. Eggs. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. The only known adults were collected in January, March, August and December. Type material . Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) oswaldi Penny. The unique type (examined), the Holotype (by original designation), is in the CAS; its labels read: (1) ��� 10mi. S. Rincon de Osa / Puntarenas Province, Costa / Rica, 4���12.III.69 / J. K. Sheldon Field #���; (2) ��� HOLOTYPE / Chrysopodes / oswaldi / det. Penny, ���02��� [red]. One pair of wings is attached to a tab below the labels. Specimens examined (in addition to the type specimen above). BELIZE. Twin Cays, I/5/89, red mangrove (1M, USNM). COSTA RICA. Puntarenas: Rio Barranca, 11 km. E. Puntarenas, VIII/7/1964, G. C. Eickwort (1M, KU). PANAMA. XII/1935, No. 14,735 (1F, USNM). Known distribution . Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, Panama)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44) on pages 52-57, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660, {"references":["Penny ND (2002) Family Chrysopidae. Pp. 187 - 227 (text), 301 - 373 (figures) in Penny ND (Ed) A Guide to the Lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4) 53: 161 - 457.","Oswald JD (2007) Neuropterida Species of the World. Version 2.0. http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / species-catalogue /. [accessed April 1, 2008 - January 12, 2010]."]}

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) flavescens (Blanchard, 1851) Figs 40b, 41b, 48b, 49���55 Hemerobius flavescens Blanchard 1851, in Gay 1851: 123, Fig. 9 [MNHN, Lectotype (by present designation): Chile]. Chrysopa flavescens (Blanchard, 1851). Nav��s 1910c: 238 [transfer to Chrysopa; note stating that six types from Chile are in the MNHN]; Penny 1977: 18 [species list]. Chrysopa nosina Nav��s, 1913: 85 [MZB, Lectotype (by present designation): ��� Nos (Chile), Marzo 1910 (Col. M. Porter debit)���]. Nav��s 1918: 222 [redescription]; Nav��s 1921a: 259 [distribution]; Nav��s 1922b: 361; [distribution]; Nav��s 1923: 116 [distribution]; Nav��s 1925c: 307 [distribution]; Nav��s 1926: 326 [distribution]; Nav��s 1927: 324 [distribution]; Nav��s 1929b: 19 [distribution]; Nav��s 1932b: 80 [distribution]; Nav��s 1934: 14 [distribution]; Monserrat 1985: 238 [list of Nav��s types in MZB]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 272 [transfer to Chrysopodes (Neosuarius)]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing as Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nosinus, nomenclature]; Legrand et al. 2008: 157 [Nav��s specimens]. New Synonym. Chrysopa jaffuelina Nav��s, 1918: 222 [MZB, Lectotype (by present designation): ��� Chile: Los Perales, Marga-Marga, Enero de 1918, P. Jaffuel (Col. M.)���]. Nav��s 1921b: 443 [species list]; Nav��s 1921a: 259 [distribution]; Nav��s 1934: 14 [distribution]; Penny 1977: 19 [species list]; Monserrat 1985: 238 [list of Nav��s types in MZB]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 272 [transfer to Chrysopodes (Neosuarius)]; Os- wald 2007 [catalog listing as Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) jaffuelinus, nomenclature]. New Synonym. Chrysopa bullocki Nav��s, 1933a: 230 [MZB, Lectotype (by present designation): ��� Chile: Angol, 10-I-1932 ���]. Penny 1977: 17 [species list]; Monserrat 1985: 237 [list of Nav��s types in MZB]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 279 [listed as ���Chrysopa��� incertae sedis]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing]. New Synonym. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) flavescens (Blanchard, 1851). Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [transfer to Chrysopodes]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 272 [species list]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, nomenclature]. Diagnosis. Chrysopodes (N.) flavescens is one of several Andean species [including C. (N.) porterinus and C. (N.) escomeli] that have robust, more or less darkly marked bodies (with variable coloration). Definitive differentiation of the three species requires examination of the genitalia. However, most specimens of C. (N.) flavescens can be distinguished by their slightly broad wings (Fig. 50), the longitudinal veins of which are green with only very small dark spots at the junctions with crossveins. The head and body markings, as well as the dark antennae resemble those of C. (N.) porterinus , but the C. (N.) flavescens body tends to be lighter colored; for example, the brown longitudinal stripe down the center of the pronotum (if present) is generally narrower and lighter than that in C. (N.) porterinus. C. (N.) flavescens generally have a single brown stripe (sometimes incomplete) on the dorsolateral margin of the scapes (Figs 40b, 41b). The stripe is usually absent from the C. (N.) porterinus scape, and the C. (N.) escomeli scape has two pairs of stripes. The male C. (N.) flavescens is recognized by its broad gonarcus, the position and shape of the apodemes on T9+ectoproct, and the invaginated apodeme along the midline of S8+9 (Figs 51, 52). In mature female C. (N.) flavescens , the spermatheca has one sharp turn and a bean-shaped enlargement at the bursal end; the subgenitale has a distinct, rounded terminal process extending from a substantial neck; the length (ventral surface) of the neck is about equal to the height of the distal surface of the process (Figs 48b, 54, 55). The subgenitale also has a relatively large, clear, smooth (or only lightly folded) area above S7; this area is absent from C. (N.) porterinus females, and it is transversely folded, not smooth, on C. (N.) escomeli females (Fig. 48). Description. Head (Figs 40b, 41b, 49): Width (frontal, including eyes) 1.5 - 1.6 mm; ratio, head: eye width = 2.7���2.9:1; distance (straight-line) between tentorial pits 0.44���0.51 mm. Distance between antennae �� 0.10���0.14 mm; length of frons (mid-antenna ��� midway between tentorial pits) �� 0.41���0.48 mm; clypeus �� 0.20���0.28 mm long. Antenna ��0.6�� length of forewing (9.3���9.5 mm). Vertex slightly raised, flat throughout, with upward fold posteriorly; surface of vertex smooth, without setae. Frons relatively flat, smooth, shiny throughout. Clypeus mostly flat, very slightly raised in middle; surface smooth. Labrum flat, surface smooth; distal margin straight or with very small cleft. Head coloration: Head cream with markings reddish brown to brown; vertex with reddish brown around entire edge of dorsal torulus, reddish brown slash within torulus, diffuse reddish brown mark outside margin of raised area; posterolateral region usually unmarked. Genae marked with brown to light brown distally; frons cream, with pair of brown marks on mesal margin of torulus; clypeus cream to amber, lateral edges emarginated with brown. Scapes cream with brown, dorsolateral stripe; pedicel Figure 5 ļ. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) flavescens: Male terminus, lateral (gonarcal complex and membrane at tip of S8+9 inflated). c.a. caudal arm of apodeme on T9+ectoproct c.c. callus cerci d.a. dorsal arm of apodeme on T9+ectoproct g.c. gonarcal complex h.i. hypandrium internum inv sclerotized invagination along midline of S8+9 ev.m. eversible membrane s.a. submarginal apodeme of S8+9 s.p. setose subrectal plate S8+9 fused eighth and ninth sternites T8 eighth tergite T9+ect fused ninth tergite and ectoproct v.a. ventral arm of apodeme on T9+ectoproct. cream, with brown mesal band; flagellum dark brown throughout. Maxillary palp with distal segment dark brown; penultimate, middle segments dark brown laterally, pale mesally; basal two segments pale. Labial palp with terminal segment brown, basal two pale. Venter cream, unmarked except base of mentum with small brown marks laterally. Thorax (Fig. 40b): Pronotum wider than long: �� 0.51���0.76 mm long; �� 1.17���1.33 mm wide; cream to light tan, with thin, crooked or broken, reddish brown stripe on midline; pair of reddish brown crooked sublateral stripes (0.09���0.22 mm wide), lateral margin brown throughout or cream-colored with small, brown marks anteriorly; numerous long, stout, brown setae (longest �� 0.21���0.25 mm long). Meso-, metanota cream-colored, usually with pair of reddish brown longitudinal bands laterally, sometimes entirely cream colored; setae sparse, generally brown on mesothorax, pale on metathorax. Pleural areas cream-colored, without markings. Legs cream-colored without markings, except coxae with brown mark posteriorly, small on procoxae, large on meso-, metacoxae; tarsi amber-tinged. Tarsal claws amber, recurved with broad cleft, quadrate base. Wings (Fig. 50): Forewing 13.9���16.1 mm long, 4.9���5.7 mm wide; L:W ratio, 2.8���2.9; width greatest near midpoint, tapering at basal 1/4th and distal 3/4th of wing; costal margin fairly straight, sloping gradually at base; apex fairly broad, round- ed. Distal section of M (before furcation of M1 and M2), ma, m-cu1, base of Cu1 (above icu1) crassate. Costal area slightly enlarged; height of tallest costal cell (#5, 6) = 4.1���4.9�� length of first costal vein, 0.18���0.19�� width of wing. Subcosta, radius sinuate; most subcostal veinlets, radial crossveins straight. Eleven to twelve closed radial cells (between R and Rs), height of tallest radial cell 1.4���1.5�� width; other than radial crossveins, only gradate veins in contact with PsM. Four b cells, four to five b��� cells. First intramedian cell ovate, 0.6�� width of third medial cell; inner row of five to seven gradate veins; seven to eight outer gradate veins; both rows regularly stepped, very slightly convergent to each other distally. Second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.8���2.2 mm tall, 2.7���3.4�� width; third cell = 1.4���2.1 mm tall, 3.0���3.3�� width. Second gradate cell 1.4���1.5 mm tall, 2.2���2.6�� width; third gradate cell 1.4���1.6 mm tall, 2.6���3.0�� width. Length of second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.3���1.5�� length of second gradate cell. Three intracubital cells; distal one open, icu1, icu2 each shorter than icu3; icu1, icu2 similar in length. Vein 1A forked. Hindwing narrow, with tip ovate; 12.7���14.4 mm long, 4.3���5.1 mm wide. Eleven to twelve radial crossveins; four to six inner gradates; seven to eight outer gradate veins; three b cells, plus small t cell; four 4 b��� cells; two intracubital cells, distal one open. Wing coloration: Hyaline; stigma tinged with tan. Longitudinal veins largely green, with brown at intersections, forks; costal veinlets, crossveins mostly green or green with brown at intersections; gradates usually brown. Abdomen: Dorsum, pleuron mostly cream-colored, with scattered brown spots; venter usually brown basally (S1-S4), cream-colored distally (S5-S7), variable from all cream-colored to all brown; terminal segment of male (S8+9) cream-colored, with margins, midline usually outlined in brown. Callus cerci pale; trichobothria pale. Tergites T8 T9+ect 6, 7: roughly quadrate, with rounded margins; length ��1.6���2.1 times greater than height (lateral view). Sternite 6: quadrate, dorsal margin straight; length ��0.9���1.2�� height. Spiracles oval, not enlarged; atria not enlarged. Male (Figs 51, 52): T8 rounded anteriorly, posteriorly (lateral view), with setose ventrolateral extension reaching below spiracle. Tergite 9+ectoproct rounded, fused dorsally, indented distally; posteroventral region with tuft of long, robust setae; ventral margin with apodeme heavy, straight basally, dividing mesally, with dorsal arm curving behind callus cerci almost to top of T9 (in well sclerotized individuals), with ventral section curving around distal margin of callus cerci, also curving distoventrally as bifurcated, invaginated, ventral and caudal arms. Ectoproct of well-sclerotized individuals with ventral margin bending mesally, invaginating adjacent to invaginated apodemes. Callus cerci taller than wide (�� 0.20 mm tall, �� 0.14 mm wide), with ��31 trichobothria. S8+9: ratio, length: height (basal), 1.5: 1; with heavily sclerotized, sub-basal, transverse apodeme, longitudinal, invaginated, sinuous apodeme on midline; ventral margin straight throughout; basal margin straight, rounded dorsally; dorsal margin sclerotized, slightly convex, tapering to acute tip; terminus with robust membrane extending from distal margin, laterally bearing small, dense field of acute gonocristae laterally (only in heavily sclerotized individuals). Subanal plate small, lightly sclerotized, with sparse, short setae. Gonarcus robust, broad, almost transverse, tightly attached to T9+ectoproct via short subanal membrane; bridge well-sclerotized, but not heavy, with gonarcal apodemes extending broadly from distal margins of bridge; span of gonarcus near arch �� 0.29���0.33 mm, span between gonarcal apodemes distally �� 0.72���0.73 mm. Mediuncus broadly attached to distal edge of gonarcus, ex- tending perpendicularly from frontal edge of gonarcus, with pair of internal, elongate rods extending from slightly below lateral margins of bridge distally about midway to tip of mediuncus. Tip of mediuncus bent downward, tapering to rounded, beak-like apex; membrane immediately below beak with four raised membranous protuberances bearing ��6 pairs of short gonosetae in deep sockets; gonosaccus membrane distal to gonarcus with fields of peg-like scales. Surface of mediuncus with dense, short, thin setae. Hypandrium internum roughly anchor-shaped, with relatively robust arms, Cshaped comes. Female (Figs 48b, 53���55): Tergite 8: length 1.3���1.4 x height (lateral view); ventral extension with medium length, slender setae. Tergite 9+ectoproct (lateral view) mostly vertical, not extending much beneath T8; proximal margin fairly straight throughout or with slight bulge mesally; distal margin extending well beneath ventral margin of gonapophyses laterales. Callus cerci taller than broad (0.19���0.20 mm tall, 0.13���0.15 mm wide), with ��33 slender trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales Larvae. Unknown. Eggs. Unknown Biology. Unknown. Adults have been collected in all months from September through April, but not during late fall or winter months. Type material . Hemerobius flavescens Blanchard. Four syntypes are in the MNHN; all are in poor condition. Here, the only specimen with an abdomen (a female, examined) is named as the Lectotype (present designation). Its label data are: ��� (1) ���Museum Paris / Chili / Gay 15���43���; (2) ���15 / 43��� [circular]; (3) ��� Chrysopa [Sic!] / flavescens / Blanch.��� [hand-written] (4) ��� LECTOTYPE / Hemerobius flavescens / Blanch. 1851; des. / C. A. Tauber ���08��� [red]. Three wings, the antennae and many legs are missing. Two of the other three types (paralectotypes) carry identical labels as the Lectotype; the third has label (1) the same as the Lectotype, and label (2) ���19 / 43���; and label (3) ��� Hemerobius / flavescens / Blanch���. All now carry paralectotype labels: ��� PARALECTOTYPE / Hemerobius flavescens / Blanch. 1851; det. / C. A. Tauber ���08��� [yellow]. All three specimens are without abdomens; one without wings; one without hindwings; one lacking forewings and one hindwing. Chrysopa nosina Nav��s. Although Nav��s (1913 r#569: 85) mentioned only one collection date in his original description, he did not state how many specimens he examined when he described C. nosina. Thus, the female in the MZB (examined) that Nav��s labeled as a type and that carries label data matching the original description is the Lectotype (present designation). Its labels read: (1) ���Nos (Chili), Marzo 1910 ��� [handwritten (Nav��s)]; (2) ��� Chrysopa nosina Nav. Navas S. J. det.��� [hand-written (Nav��s)]; (3) ���Typus��� [pink; hand-written (Nav��s)]; (4) ���Type Chrysopa (Suarius) nosina Nav. ♀ det. P. Adams 74��� [hand-written (Adams)]; (5) ��� LECTOTYPE, Chrysopa nosina Nav��s, des. C. A. Tauber ���08��� [red]; (6) ��� Chrysopodes flavescens (Blanchard), det. C. A. Tauber 2008���; (7) ���78-1689 MZB ���. The abdomen is dissected (in a microvial with glycerin). A second specimen in the MZB (female, examined, not dissected) from the same locality, but collected 15-11-10 is also labeled ���Typus��� [Nav��s��� hand]; a fourth label in Adams��� hand states: ���Not the type; only 1 specimen mentioned in orig. desc. ��� Marzo 1910 ���.��� It is not clear whether Nav��s examined this specimen when he prepared the description of Chrysopa nosina, so I did not label it as a paralectotype; it also is a C. (N.) flavescens (78-1690 MZB). A third specimen (examined) in the MZB, from Curacant��n, Chile, was determined as Chrysopa nosina by Nav��s and is labeled as ���Cotypus��� in Nav��s��� hand; however, it was collected in 1919 (after the original description was published). It is a teneral male of C. (N.) porterinus (det. P. Adams ���74; confirmed C. A. Tauber, 2008), and it bears a label, written by P. Adams in 1974, stating that the specimen was reported by Nav��s (1921a: 259). Two additional (non-type) specimens (examined) that were identified as Chrysopa nosina by Nav��s are in the MNHN (Legrand et al. 2008: 157); both are C. (N.) flavescens. Chrysopa jaffuelina Nav��s. A specimen labeled by Nav��s as the type of C. jaffuelina (examined) is in the MZB. Because the original description did not state whether Nav��s had more than one specimen, this specimen (female; abdomen dissected, in glycerin, in microvial on pin) is here designated as the Lectotype (present designation). Its labels are as follows: (1) ���Los Perales, Chile, I.1918 ���; (2) ��� Chrysopa jaffuelina Nav. P. Nav��s S. J. det.���; (3) ���Typus���; (4) ��� LECTOTYPE, Chrysopa jaffuelina Nav��s, desig. C. A. Tauber, 2008��� [red]; (5) ��� Chrysopodes flavescens Blanch., det. C. A. Tauber 2008���; (6) ���78-1697 MZB ���. There is another specimen (examined), in the MNHN, that Nav��s studied; it was not mentioned in the original description and is not part of the type series (Legrand et al. 2008 [2009]: 144). Chrysopa bullocki Nav��s. There are two syntypes of C. bullocki in th, Published as part of Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44) on pages 67-78, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660, {"references":["Blanchard CE (1851) Mirmeleonianos. Pp. 119 - 129, and Rafidianos. In: Gay, C (Ed) Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Zoologia, Vol. 6 [of 8], 1851. Atlas, Vol. 2 [of 2], 1854. Paris, 129 - 135.","Navas L (1910 c) Neuropteros chilenos (1. a serie). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 14: 235 - 241.","Penny ND (1977) [1978]. Lista de Megaloptera, Neuroptera e Raphidioptera do Mexico, America Central, ilhas Caraibas e America do Sul. Acta Amazonica 7 (4) (Suplemento): 1 - 61 [Errata: printed on a free slip of paper inserted in the work].","Navas L (1918) Insectos chilenos. Boletin de la Sociedad Aragonesa de Ciencias Naturales 17: 212 - 230.","Navas L (1921 a) [1922] Insectos sudamericanos. Cuarta [IV] serie. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid 19: 255 - 267.","Navas L (1922 b) [1924] Insectos de la Argentina y Chile. Estudios. Revista Mensual (Academia literaria del Plata, Buenos Aires) 22: 358 - 368.","Navas L (1923) [1924]. Crisopidos (Ins. Neur.) neotropicos [I]. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 27: 110 - 116.","Navas L (1925 c) Insectos neotropicos. 1. a serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 29: 305 - 313.","Navas L (1926) Insectos neotropicos. 2. a serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 30: 326 - 336.","Navas L (1927) Insectos neotropicos. 3. a serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 31: 316 - 328.","Navas L (1929 b) [1930] Insectos neotropicos. 5. a serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 33: 17 - 24.","Navas L (1932 b) [1933] Insectos de la Argentina y Chile. 3. a serie. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 5: 79 - 86.","Navas L (1934) Insectos suramericanos. Octava [VIII] serie. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid 31: 9 - 28.","Monserrat VJ (1985) Lista de los tipos de Mecoptera y Neuroptera (Insecta) de la coleccion L. Navas, depositados en el Museo de Zoologia de Barcelona. Miscellania Zoologica 9: 233 - 243.","Brooks SJ, Barnard PC (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology 59: 117 - 286.","Oswald JD (2007) Neuropterida Species of the World. Version 2.0. http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / species-catalogue /. [accessed April 1, 2008 - January 12, 2010].","Legrand J, Tauber CA, Albuquerque GS, Tauber MJ (2008) [2009] Navas types and nontype specimens of Chrysopidae in the MNHN, Paris (Neuroptera). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.) 30: 103 - 183.","Navas L (1921 b) [1923] Algunos insectos de Chile [I]. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 25: 443 - 445.","Navas L (1933 a) Algunos insectos de Chile. 5. a serie (as 4. a serie). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 37: 230 - 234.","Adams PA, Penny ND (1985) [1987] Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin, Part 11 a. Introduction and Chrysopini. Acta Amazonica 15: 413 - 479."]}

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) escomeli (Nav��s, 1922) Figs 40a, 41a, 42���48a Chrysopa escomeli Nav��s, 1921a [1922]: 259 [MNHN, Lectotype (by previous designation): ��� P��rou. Env. d���Ar��quipa, Dr. Escomel, 1912���]. Nav��s 1932a: 57 [biological note]; Nav��s 1933b: 195 [re-description, new specimens from type locality]; Penny 1977: 17 [species list]; Legrand et al. 2008 [2009]: 135 [lectotype designation, taxonomy]. Suarius escomeli (Nav��s). N����ez Z., E. 1989: 72 [species list, Peru]. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) escomeli (Nav��s). Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [transfer to Chrysopodes; biological note]; Adams and Penny 1986: 122 [biological note]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 272 [species list]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, nomenclature; reference to original description and date in error]. Diagnosis. Chrysopodes (N.) escomeli is one of several Andean species (including C. (N.) flavescens , porterinus and figuralis) that have robust, waxy bodies; like C. (N.) porterinus and C. (N.) flavescens , C. (N.) escomeli adults have more or less darkly marked bodies. C. (N.) escomeli can often be separated from the other two species by their long wings (usually 16���17 mm) (Fig. 42), the veins of which are alternately light and dark throughout. Unlike in C. (N.) porterinus, the antennae of C. (N.) escomeli are creamcolored to tan, not dark brown, and the dorsal surface of the scapes has a brown stripe on the mesal margin and a darker, sublateral stripe that extends up from the torulus through the pedicel (Figs 40a, 41a). The male abdomen, with its heavy dorsal and ventral apodemes on T9+ectoproct and S8+9, internal apodeme on the ventral midline of S8+9, and compact genitalia, is particularly distinctive (Figs 43, 44). However, only a few, subtle differences distinguish the C. (N.) escomel i female genitalia from those of C. (N.) flavescens and porterinus. In C. (N.) escomeli (unlike the other two species), the tubular spermatheca has two very abrupt curves which produce a pronounced loop, but not a bean-shaped enlargement (Fig. 48a). As in the other two species, the spermathecal duct extends into and then out of the subgenitale, but in C. (N.) escomeli the entire brushy portion appears unsclerotized and can only be seen with a compound microscope. In the other two species, at least part of the brushy section can usually be seen without a compound microscope. Description. (All the available specimens were old and somewhat discolored.) Head (Figs 40a, 41a): Width (frontal, including eyes) 1.53 - 1.72 mm; ratio, head: eye width = 2.03���2.14:1; distance (straight-line) between tentorial pits 0.41���0.51 mm. Distance between antennae �� 0.07���0.09 mm; length of frons (mid-antenna ��� midway between tentorial pits) �� 0.47���0.55 mm; clypeus �� 0.23���0.31 mm long. Antenna 0.8���0.9�� length of forewing (12.2���13.1 mm). Vertex slightly raised, flat throughout, with slight upward fold posteriorly; surface of vertex slightly grainy, without setae; area surrounding vertex smooth, without setae. Frons flat, unsculptured; surface smooth, shiny throughout. Clypeus flat, unsculptured, with smooth surface. Labrum flat; surface smooth; distal margin with very small cleft. Head coloration: Head cream to tan; vertex with brown markings around frontal, lateral edges of raised area; brown around entire edge of dorsal torulus; torulus with Figure 4 ļ. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) flavescens -group: Head, frontal. (a) C. (N.) escomeli (b) C. (N.) flavescens (c) C. (N.) nigricubitus (d) C. (N.) nigripilosus (e) C. (N.) pecki (f) C. (N.) porterinus. elongate brown stripe mesally; brown mark extending distally through mid-dorsal surface of scape and pedicel. Frontal torulus cream-colored; frons cream, with pair of ovate, dark brown to black marks below frontolateral margin of torulus; clypeus cream, with dark brown lateral margins. Genae cream, with large, dark brown longitudinal stripe. Scapes cream frontally, cream with two pairs of longitudinal brown stripes basally; pedicel cream with dorsolateral brown stripe; flagellum cream to amber basally, with brown setae, becoming amber distally. Maxillary, labial palp amber to brown. Mentum, stipes, galea mostly cream. Thorax (Fig. 40a): Pronotum wider than long: �� 0.68���0.98 mm long; �� 1.07���1.25 mm wide; cream to tan, with brown, crooked mesal stripe, pair of brown, wiggly sublateral stripes (�� 0.10���0.15 mm wide), lateral margin brown anteriorly; numerous long, brown setae (longest �� 0.20���0.31 mm long). Meso-, metanota brown, sublateral markings; sparce brown setae on mesonotum, sparce amber setae on metanotum. Pleuron cream, with brown markings. Legs cream without markings, except brown band distally around hind femur; tarsi amber-tinged. Tarsal claws amber, broadly curved with base very slightly expanded. Wings (Fig. 42): Forewing 14.0��� 16.6 mm long, 4.2���5.2 mm wide; L:W ratio, 3.2���3.4; ratio maintained through midpoint and distal 3/4th of wing; width at basal 1/4th slightly narrower; costal margin sloping gradually at base, relatively straight thereafter; apex ovate. Base of Cu1 (above icu1) crassate. Costal area not enlarged; height of tallest costal cell (#5, 6) = 3.9���4.6�� length of first costal vein, 0.18���0.20�� width of wing. Subcosta, radius very slightly sinuate; most subcostal veinlets, radial cells straight. Ten closed radial cells (between R and Rs), height of tallest radial cell 1.1���1.3�� width; other than radial crossveins, only gradate veins in contact with PsM. Four b cells, four b��� cells. First intramedian cell ovate, 0.6�� width of third medial cell; inner row of three to four gradate veins; six to seven outer gradate veins; both rows ��regularly stepped, slightly convergent on each other distally. Second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.7���2.1 mm tall, 2.2���2.7�� width; third cell = 1.7���2.1 mm tall, 2.6���3.0�� width. Second gradate cell 0.9���1.8 mm tall, 1.7���2.3�� width; third gradate cell 0.8���1.1 mm tall, 1.5���2.0�� width. Length of second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.6���1.9�� length of second gradate cell. Three intracubital cells, distal one open, icu1, icu2 each shorter than icu 3; icu1 shorter than icu2. Vein 1A forked. Hindwing narrow, with apex slightly acute; 12.5���15.2 mm long, 3.8���4.7 mm wide. Ten to eleven radial crossveins; four to five inner gradates; six to seven outer; three b cells, plus small t cell; four 4 b��� cells; two intracubital cells, distal one open. Wing coloration: Hyaline (color faded on all specimens); stigma slightly opaque, with brownish tinge; costa pale; other longitudinal veins pale, heavily darkened at intersections; costal veinlets, most crossveins pale, darkened at tips; most distal crossveins, darkened mesally, at tips; gradates, base of im1, ma, cubital crossveins dark brown. Hindwing similar to forewing, except terminal veinlets mostly pale, darkened at base only, except terminal veinlets below PsCu also dark mesally. Abdomen (Figs 43, 45): Tergites 1���4, distal part of 6���8 brown; tergites 5, basal 6 cream to brown; sternites 1���2 mostly brown, 3���6 mostly cream, sometimes with brown marks; pleural regions probably cream. Tergite 9+ectoproct cream, lower margin with brown mark along ventral apodeme; S7 (female, male), S8&9 (male) cream. Callus cerci cream-colored, trichobothria light amber, short, thin. Tergite 6: roughly quadrate, with rounded ventral margins, without noticeable ventral extension; length ��2.1���3.0 times greater than height (lateral view); with medium length, slender setae. Tergite 7 similar to T6, but only 1.6���2.0 times longer than tall. Pleural region P6, P7 with very few setae. Sternite 6: quadrate, dorsal margin straight, length ��0.9���1.1�� height, with medium length, straight, slender setae. Spiracles oval, not enlarged; atria not enlarged. Male (Figs 43, 44): T8 rounded anteriorly, posteriorly (lateral view), with no apparent ventral extension. Left, right T9+ectoproct fused dorsally; terminal edge straight vertically, bearing vertical field of dense, long, robust setae distally; apodeme heavy, Y-shaped, with base of Y extending anteriorly beyond T8 (Y leaning posteriorly, arms separating immediately behind, below callus cerci); dorsal arms of left and right apodemes approaching, but not coalescing dorsally; caudal arm rounded, enlarged distally, extending beyond tip of T9+ectoproct, with two thin, vertical projections at midregion, dorsal projection extending around callus cerci, ventral arm thin, extending to ventral margin of ectoproct. Callus cerci oblong (0.18���0.19 mm tall, 0.13 mm wide), with 29���35 trichobothria. S8+9 length ��1.5�� proximal height, with ventral margin slightly concave mesally, with rounded invagination on midline; posterior region with heavy, transverse, submarginal apodeme; dorsal margin slightly concave, with lightly sclerotized dorsal apodeme, bearing rounded, upward-projecting protuberances proximally, distally; dorsal margin of distal apodeme with field of setae with enlarged setal bases; terminus corniform, upturned, rounded, with distal margin bearing setae with enlarged setal bases, large internal membranous fold or pouch, lined with dense field of fine gonocristae. Sub- anal plate well sclerotized, with dense, robust setae Gonarcus robust, broadly arcuate, loosely attached to T9+ectoproct dorsally via long, folded subanal membrane; span of gonarcus at bridge �� 0.42 mm, span between gonarcal apodemes distally �� 0.45 mm. Gonarcal apodemes smooth, scalloped, enlarged, rounded distally (dorsal view), roughly quadrate (lateral view, with gonarcus), flared distally. Mediuncus broadly articulated with gonarcal bridge; dorsum rounded, bent perpendicularly, with ventral beak; internally with pair of curved dorsal rods that extend into the beak, without field of setae; dorsal surface with dense covering of microsetae; surface below beak without gonosetae or gonocristae. Gonosaccus large, delicate membrane, without gonosetae. Hypandrium internum very lightly sclerotized (found in only 1 of 3 well-sclerotized and stained specimens), with small arrow shaped head, tall, thin, sail-like comes. Female (Figs 45���48a): Tergite 8: length ��1.3���1.6�� height (fully sclerotized section); ventral extension with medium length, slender setae. Tergite 9+ectoproct (lateral view) with proximal margin straight throughout or with slight bulge mesally, not extending anteriorly much beneath T8; ventral margin extending posteriorly well below ventral margin of gonapophyses laterales. Callus cerci slightly taller than broad (0.15���0.18 mm tall, 0.13���0.15 mm wide), with approximately 31���33 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales S7 Figure 45. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) escomeli: Female terminus, exterior, lateral. c.c. callus cerci g.l. gonapophysis lateralis sg subgenitale S7 seventh sternite T8 eighth tergite T9+ect fused ninth tergite and ectoproct. Setose subrectal plate not shown. distal 3/4th gradually sloping to rounded terminus. Subgenitale broad, with base rounded, clear, transversely folded, attached to S7 via short, textured, shallowly invaginated membrane; distal process knob-like, rounded, bilobed distally, extending perpendicularly from neck; without digitiform process. Pair of large, bulbous bursal glands, each with elongate, narrow duct opening on anterolateral margin of bursa, with long, narrow accessory duct distally. Bursa large, extending laterally full width of segment, posteriorly well beyond spermatheca. Bursal duct transversely fluted anteriorly (near bursa), with most folds sharp-edged, small longitudinal folds distally (towards anterior of body). Spermatheca elongate, tubular, with two sharp mesal bends on the right, tight loop on the left, open to bursa via elongate dorsal slit throughout; spermatheca �� 1.4 mm long, 0.13 mm in diameter; invagination elongate, narrow (not measured); velum not identified. Spermathecal duct arising from tip of spermatheca on dorsal, left side, extending into subgenitale, with one U-shaped curve, with short (0.5 mm long) sclerotized region, followed by short (0.25 mm) unsclerotized, brushy region (visible only with compound microscope). Colleterial gland smooth-textured, extending beyond middle of seventh segment; reservoir small, bulbous, smooth-textured; no accessory glands found. Transverse sclerotization well-formed, flat, ellipsoid plate, with elongate hair-like teeth, extending from deep, spiny membranous invagination, located mesally on gonapophyses laterales. Larvae. Unknown. Eggs. Weakly stalked, laid in clusters (Nav��s 1932a: 57)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44) on pages 58-64, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660, {"references":["Navas L (1921 a) [1922] Insectos sudamericanos. Cuarta [IV] serie. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid 19: 255 - 267.","Navas L (1932 a) Insectos suramericanos. Quinta [V] serie. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid 29: 53 - 66.","Navas L (1933 b) Insectos neotropicos. 8. a serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 37: 194 - 197.","Penny ND (1977) [1978]. Lista de Megaloptera, Neuroptera e Raphidioptera do Mexico, America Central, ilhas Caraibas e America do Sul. Acta Amazonica 7 (4) (Suplemento): 1 - 61 [Errata: printed on a free slip of paper inserted in the work].","Legrand J, Tauber CA, Albuquerque GS, Tauber MJ (2008) [2009] Navas types and nontype specimens of Chrysopidae in the MNHN, Paris (Neuroptera). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.) 30: 103 - 183.","Adams PA, Penny ND (1985) [1987] Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin, Part 11 a. Introduction and Chrysopini. Acta Amazonica 15: 413 - 479.","Adams PA, Penny ND (1986) Faunal relations of Amazonian Chrysopidae. In: Gepp J, Aspock H, Holzel H (Eds) Recent Research in Neuropterology. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Symposium on Neuropterology (21 - 23 August 1984, Hamburg, Germany; held in association with the XVII International Congress of Entomology). Privately printed, Graz, Austria. 119 - 124.","Brooks SJ, Barnard PC (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology 59: 117 - 286.","Oswald JD (2007) Neuropterida Species of the World. Version 2.0. http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / species-catalogue /. [accessed April 1, 2008 - January 12, 2010]."]}

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris (Schneider, 1851) Figs 11a, 12a, 13���20 Chrysopa collaris Schneider, 1851: 80 [ZMB, Holotype (by monotypy): ���Indiae occidentalis insula St. Thomae; unum tantum exemplar defectum ������]. Walker 1853: 245 [brief redescription]; Hagen 1861: 218 [brief redescription]; Kolbe 1888: 173 [species list]; Nav��s 1913���1914: 86 [species list]; Penny 1977: 17 [species list]. Chrysopa thoracica Walker, 1853: 243 [BMNH, Lectotype (by present designation): ���St. Domingo���]. Hagen 1861: 218 [brief redescription]; McLachlan1868: 269 [taxonomic note]; Kolbe 1888: 173 [species list]; Nav��s 1925a: 86 [locality]; Nav��s 1925b: 8 [locality]; Smith 1931: 807 [redescription of adult, figure of larva, biology]; Banks 1938: 121 [taxonomic notes]; Alayo 1968: 41 [redescription]; Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris]. Chrysopa krugii Kolbe, 1888: 173 [ZMB, Lectotype (by present designation): no locality data]. Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris]. Herein, removed from synonymy and recognized as a distinct biological species (New Status). Chrysopa signatalis Banks, 1911: 342 [USNM, Holotype (by original designation): ���Brownsville, Texas ���]. Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribu- tion]; Flint 2002: 93 [type deposition]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris]. Chrysopa rufolinea Banks, 1914: 24 [MCZ, Lectotype (by present designation): ���Cali Colombia, 1000 m ���]. Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Banks 1944: 12 [locality record]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris]. Chrysopa thoracica cerverina Nav��s, 1922a: 171 [MCZ, Lectotype (by present designation): ��� Cuba: Havane���]. Nav��s 1925a: 8 [locality record]; Alayo 1968: 41 [redescription]; Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy; date of species description given as 1923]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris]. Chrysopa dampfina Nav��s, 1927 [1928]: 324 [MNHN, Lectotype (by previous designation): ���Rio Belice, cerca de Belice, Honduras Brit��nicas, en follaje de mangles, 6 de Septiembre de 1925���]. Penny 1977: 17 [species list]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 279 [listed as ���Chrysopa��� incertae sedis]; Legrand et al. 2008 [2009]: 127 [lectotype designation; synonymy with C. (Neosuarius) figuralis]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing]; (New Synonymy). Chrysopa acolhua Banks, 1948 [1949]: 156 [MCZ, Holotype (by original designation): ���Pungarabato, Guerrero, Mexico ���]. Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris]. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris (Schneider). Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [species transferred to Chrysopodes (Neosuarius), synonymies, redescription, illustrations]; Adams and Penny 1986: 121 [illustrations, distribution]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 213, 272 [species list, illustrations]; Henry et al. 1992: 453 [distribution]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, taxonomy, distribution in USA]; Penny 2002: 222, 362 [diagnosis, notes, illustrations]; Eisner and Silberglied 1988: 15 [larval prey association]; Oswald et al. 2002: 578 [checklist of Mexican species]; Tauber 2003: 472 [redescription (adult), description (larvae), biology]; Valencia Luna et al. 2006: 27 [species list (Morelos, Mexico)]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, nomenclature]. Diagnosis. Externally, Chrysopodes (N.) collaris adults are recognized by a robust, green body, bright yellow, median dorsal stripe, and distinctive red to pink head markings (Figs 11a, 12a,13, 14). Well-marked individuals have oblique marks along the upper border of the antennal sockets, stripes along the margins of the eyes, crescent-shaped marks below the antennae, a transverse band across the fronto-clypeal suture, lateral marks on the clypeus, and broad genal stripes. The longitudinal venation of the forewings is mostly green, but the crossveins are usually brown, at least in part. In the male, the gonarcus is arcuate; the arms and bridge are broad and well sclerotized. The paired dorsal rods of the mediuncus arise from beneath the gonarcal bridge. The mediuncus terminates in a microsetose, hook-shaped apical beak (Fig. 17). The Figure ļļ. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris -group: Head, prothorax, dorsum. (a) C. (N.) collaris (b) C. (N.) figuralis (c) C. (N.) krugii (d) C. (N.) oswaldi (probably faded). female terminalia are typified by a relatively wide, funnel-shaped spermatheca with a broad invagination and an elongate, loosely curved velum, the terminus of which attaches to the bursal duct (Fig. 20). The spermathecal duct is relatively long, well sclerotized, and coiled. The most distinguishing characteristic of the females is the extraordinarily long bursal duct, most of which is ribbon-like and coiled (Figs 19, 20); it is at least longer than twice the length of the body. The subgenitale has a short neck (Fig. 18) and is rounded apically (Fig. 20). Description. Head (Figs 11a, 12a, 13,14): Width (frontal, including eyes) 1.4���1.7 mm; ratio, head: eye width = 2.0���2.7:1; distance (straight-line) between tentorial pits 0.48���56 mm. Distance between antennae �� 0.08���0.13 mm; length of frons (mid-antenna ��� midway between tentorial pits) �� 0.44���0.48 mm; length of clypeus �� 0.28���0.32 mm long. Antenna ��1.1�� length of forewing (11.1���12.9 mm). Vertex raised slightly, rounded throughout, truncate posteriorly; surface smooth, very small sculpturing on posterior margin, shiny throughout, without setae. Frons relatively flat, unsculptured; surface smooth, shiny throughout. Clypeus unsculptured; surface smooth; distal mar- Figure ļ2. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris -group: Head, frontal. (a) C. (N.) collaris (b) C. (N.) figuralis (c) C. (N.) krugii (d) C. (N.) oswaldi. gin straight; anterior margin with row of small setae. Labrum flat; surface smooth; distal margin setose, indented mesally. Head coloration: Head yellow, with red markings of variable size and depth, ranging from absent to patches of deep red along eyes, extending on frons below antennae as crescent-shaped stipes; gena, lateral margin of clypeus red (see Fig. 14 for range of color variation). Antenna yellow, with amber colored setae. Maxillary palp with distal, penultimate, middle segments amber, with or without lateral brown marks; basal two segments pale. Labial palp pale to amber. Venter cream, unmarked. Thorax (Figs 11a, 13): Pronotum 1.3���2.0�� wider than long: �� 0.68���1.02 mm long; �� 1.03���1.50 mm wide; light green, with broad, mesal, yellow stripe; lateral margins with numerous long, pale setae (longest 0.2���0.3 mm long). Meso-, metanota light green, with yellow mesal stripe, short setae. Pleural areas pale green, without markings. Legs pale green, without markings; tarsi amber. Tarsal claws dark amber, recurved with deep cleft, quadrate base. Wings (Fig. 15): Forewing 10.9���14.3 mm long, 3.4���4.5 mm wide, L:W ratio, 3.1��� 3.2: 1. Costal margin slightly rounded to straight; apex broad, with very slight angle. Costal area not enlarged; height of tallest costal cell (#6, 7) = 3.2���4.5�� length of first costal veinlet, 0.16���0.20�� width of wing. Subcosta, radius sinuate; most subcostal veinlets, radial crossveins straight. Eleven to twelve closed radial cells (between R and Rs), height of tallest radial cell 1.4���1.8�� width; other than radial crossveins, only gradate veins in contact with PsM. Four b cells, four to five b��� cells. First intramedian cell ovate, Figure ļ3. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris: Variation in head and thoracic coloration: (a) USA: Florida (b) West Indies: Dominican Republic (c) Mexico, Jalisco (d) West Indies: British Virgin Islands. 0.6���0.9�� width of third medial cell; inner row of four to six gradate veins; seven to nine outer gradate veins; both rows regularly stepped, parallel to each other throughout. Second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.3���1.9 mm tall, 3.1���3.6�� width; third cell = 1.1���1.9 mm tall, 2.7���3.9�� width. Second gradate cell 1.1���1.4 mm tall, 2.2���3.4�� width; third gradate cell 0.9���1.3 mm tall, 2.1���3.3�� width. Length of second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.2���1.6�� length of second gradate cell. Three intracubital cells; distal one open, icu1, icu2 each shorter than icu3; icu1, icu2 similar in length. Vein 1A forked. Hindwing narrow, with somewhat acute apex; 9.7���12.9 mm long, 2.9���3.9 mm wide. Ten to twelve radial crossveins; three to five inner gradates; six to eight outer gradate veins; three b cells, plus small t cell; four 4 b��� cells; two intracubital cells, distal one open. Wing coloration: Hyaline, with stigma transparent to slightly opaque. Longitudinal veins green; costal veinlets, crossveins variable from green to marked with brown at bases and tips, to brown throughout; inner gradates usually brown; outer gradates variable; outer gradates of hindwing usually green. Abdomen (Figs 16, 18): Dorsum light green, with yellow mesal stripe, no other markings; venter cream colored; callus cerci light green. Tergites 6, 7: roughly quadrate, with convex ventral margins; length ��1.7���2.6 times greater than height (lateral view, excluding extension on ���); with medium-length, slender setae. Pleural regions P6, P7 with slightly shorter setae. Sternite 6: quadrate, with dorsal margins relatively straight; length ��0.8�� height (lateral view); with medium-length, slender setae. Spiracles oval, not enlarged, �� 0.05���0.07 mm diameter; atria not enlarged. Figure ļ4. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris: Variation in facial coloration: (a) USA: Florida (b) Mexico: Sinaloa (c���e) Mexico: Baja (f) Mexico: Jalisco (g���h) West Indies: Dominican Republic. Figure ļ5. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris: Forewing, hindwing (Mexico: Baja California Sur). Male (Figs 16, 17): T8 quadrate (lateral view), ventral extension very lightly sclerotized, with setae. T9+ectoproct fused dorsally, without suture or distal invagination; terminal edge straight vertically, bearing vertical field of dense, long, robust setae; ventral apodeme heavy, thick, rounded anteriorly, with two sharp ventral arms (anterior one variable in size, bending slightly inward; terminal one extending posteriorly around tip of ectoproct, then ventrally), with dorsal process extending around callus cerci (heavy anteriorly, less so posteriorly). Callus cerci oblong (0.27 mm tall, 0.14���0.16 mm wide), with 40���44 trichobothria. S8+9: length ��1.5�� proximal height, ��2.5�� mesal height, ��10�� distal height; ventral margin straight, without midline knob or apodeme; terminus upturned, rounded, with distal margin bearing dense patch of robust setae with slightly enlarged bases; terminus with eversible membranous pouch or fold, basal part of membrane with large patch of gonocristae. Subanal plate distinct, well sclerotized, with dense, robust setae. Gonarcus arcuate, loosely attached to T9+ectoproct dorsally via long, folded subanal membrane. Gonarcal bridge broad, flat (ventral view); lateral apodemes extending from distal margins of bridge, not greatly flared distally; span of gonarcal bridge �� 0.35 mm, span between gonarcal apodemes distally �� 0.5 mm. Gonarcal apodemes smooth, scalloped, rounded distally (dorsal view), roughly quadrate (lateral view). Mediuncus broad basally, with pair of robust rods extending from below gonarcal bridge, upward and outward, tapering. curving distally; dorsum rounded, distal end bent into ventrally projecting beak; dorsal surface with dense covering of microsetae; membrane below mediuncus flat, straight, with 4 to 5 very small gonosetae. Gonosaccus large, delicate, without gonosetae or much structure. Hypandrium internum broad, rounded anteriorly, with slender, elongate, curved comes. Female (Figs 18���20): Tergite 8: depth of fully sclerotized portion less that onehalf length of sclerite; depth of less sclerotized ventral extension more than length of g.c. Figure ļ6. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris: Male terminus, lateral (anal region, gonarcal complex, membrane at tip of S8+9 everted). c.a. caudal arm of apodeme on T9+ectoproct c.c. callus cerci ev.m. eversible membrane g.c. gonarcal complex s.p. setose subrectal plate S7 seventh sternite S8+9 fused eighth and ninth sternites T7 seventh tergite T8 eighth tergite T9+ect fused ninth tergite and ectoproct v.a. ventrally projecting arm of apodeme on T9+ectoproct. sclerite, with fairly long, slender setae. Ninth tergite + ectoproct (lateral view) tilted, ventral margin extending ��1/2 way beneath T8; proximal margin straight throughout or slightly concave; distal margin extending well below lateral margin of gonapophyses laterales. Callus cerci very slightly taller than broad (0.11���0.17 mm tall, 0.10���0.14 mm wide), with approximately 30���32 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales 1/4th to 1/2 height of T9+ectoproct, slender, approximately 3.1���3.2 times taller than wide, rounded dorsally, ventrally, orientated posteroventrally (��50���60�� angle from midline), with robust setae. Seventh sternite (lateral view): length ��1.6���1.7�� height of proximal margin; dorsal margin sloping gently throughout; distal margin somewhat concave; with long, slender setae. Subgenitale broad, dome-like, without neck, with very small ventrally projecting process; base smooth, thick membrane, attached to S7 via leathery, folded, invaginated membrane. Pair of large, bulbous bursal glands with elongate, narrow ducts opening dorsolaterally on posterolateral margin of bursa, without accessory ducts. Bursa extending laterally full width of segment, posteriorly usually beyond spermatheca; dorsal surface leathery, with numerous, small, transverse folds, folds with rounded edges. Bursal duct extremely long (longer that 2�� length of abdomen); section arising from bursa coiled, flat, ribbon-like, surface with small transverse folds; section arising from spermatheca round, curved, tubular, with smooth surface. Spermatheca funnel-shaped, Figure ļ7. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris: Male genitalia. (a) gonarcus, lateral (gonosaccus everted) (b) gonarcus, dorsal (gonosaccus not shown) (c) hypandrium internum, dorsal view (above), lateral view (below). All images to scale shown. c combes g.b. gonarcal bridge gse gonosetae rod internal sclerotized rod of mediuncus. with large, mesal velum that bends several times, tapers into bursal duct; �� 0.59���0.65 mm diameter, 0.60���0.65 mm in length to first bend; invagination elongate, tapered, extending through first sharp bend, at least part way through next section (total length �� 1.1���1.3 mm). Spermathecal duct �� 4 mm long, narrow, arising from posterior surface of spermatheca slightly on left side, with U-shaped curve within subgenitale; basal 1/3rd sclerotized, brownish; distal 2/3rd, brushy, very pale (only visible under compound microscope), becoming enlarged distally. Colleterial gland elongate, narrow, extending into seventh segment, with slightly grainy texture; no reservoir or accessory glands found. Transverse sclerotization well-formed, curved, ellipsoid plate, located ventrally within gonapophyses laterales, with longitudinal (to the body) rows of setae; membrane internal to transverse sclerotization with several rows of short, sparse setae. Larvae. Illustrated by Smith (1931), described by Tauber (2003). Eggs. Ovoid, stalked, laid singly without a discernible pattern; stalk with oily droplets; stalk length 3.2 ��� 3.9 mm (Tauber 2003). Biology. Adults of C. (N.) collaris were collected in all months throughout its range. Most collections of C. (N.) collaris have been made at light in coastal areas. Adults have also been collected on sandy beaches, in mangroves and coccoloba forests, on salt scrub, and frequently in horticultural settings, e.g., on Citrus, Hibiscus, Eugenia, bamboo (Smith 1931, Eisner and Silberglied 1988). Other specimens were taken from disturbed forests and rainforests, up to 1275 meters. One collection was from a batinhabited cave. Larvae on Eugenia in Florida were associated with colonies of mealybugs (Plotococcus eugeniae Miller and Denno) that produce white, waxy coverings (Eisner and Silberglied 1988). Presumably, the C. (N.) collaris larvae transfer wax from the mealybugs to their dorsa. T7 Figure ļ8. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris: Female terminus, exterior, lateral. c.c. callus cerci g.l. gonapophysis lateralis sg subgenitale S7 seventh sternite T7 seventh tergite T8 eighth tergite T9+ect fused ninth tergite and ectoproct. Setose subrectal plate not shown. Developmental rates appear to be variable. In rearings at ��21��C (LD 16:8, aphid prey), the egg stage was 7���10 d, the first instar was 9���10 d, the second instar 7���10 d, the third instar ��14 d; no diapause was observed (Tauber 2003). In other rearings (conditions unspecified, but probably> 21��C): the egg stage was 4 d, the larval stage 14 d, and the period within cocoon 11 d (Smith 1931). It is thought that this species could be useful in the biological control of insect pests, especially in orchards or ornamental plantings (e.g., Adams and Penny 1985). Type material. Chrysopa collaris Schneider. Schneider (1851) specified that there was one type specimen. According to Adams��� notes and M. Ohl (personal communication, 2008), there are five specimens of C. collaris in the ZMB with the same accession number &l, Published as part of Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44) on pages 16-35, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660, {"references":["Schneider WG [as: G. T.] (1851) Symbolae ad monographiam generis Chrysopae, Leach. Apud Ferdinandum Hirt, Vratislaviae. 178 pp.","Walker F (1853) List of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. - (Sialides-Nemopterides). British Museum, London. [iii] + 193 - 476.","Hagen HA (1861) Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with a list of the South American species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 4 (1): xx + 1 - 347.","Kolbe HJ (1888) Die geographische Verbreitung der Neuroptera und Pseudoneuroptera der Antillen, nebst einer ubersicht uber die von Herrn Consul Krug auf Portoriko gesammelten Arten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 54: 153 - 178.","Penny ND (1977) [1978]. Lista de Megaloptera, Neuroptera e Raphidioptera do Mexico, America Central, ilhas Caraibas e America do Sul. Acta Amazonica 7 (4) (Suplemento): 1 - 61 [Errata: printed on a free slip of paper inserted in the work].","McLachlan R (1868) [1867] New genera and species, & c., of neuropterous insects; and a revision of Mr. F. Walker's British Museum Catalogue of Neuroptera, part ii. (1853), as far as the end of the genus Myrmeleon. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 9: 230 - 281.","Navas L (1925 a) Mas Crisopidos (Neur.) de Cuba. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica de Espana 8: 85 - 88.","Navas L (1925 b) Crisopidos (Ins. Neur.) neotropicos. Segunda [II] serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 29: 8 - 13.","Smith RC (1931) The Neuroptera of Haiti, West Indies. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 24: 798 - 823.","Banks N (1938) New Chrysopidae and species new to the United States. Canadian Entomologist 70: 118 - 122.","Alayo D (1968) Los Neuropteros de Cuba. Poeyana Instituto de Biologia (B) 2: 1 - 127.","Adams PA, Penny ND (1985) [1987] Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin, Part 11 a. Introduction and Chrysopini. Acta Amazonica 15: 413 - 479.","Penny ND, Adams PA, Stange LA (1997) Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera of America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4) 50: 39 - 114.","Oswald JD (2007) Neuropterida Species of the World. Version 2.0. http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / species-catalogue /. [accessed April 1, 2008 - January 12, 2010].","Banks N (1911) Descriptions of new species of North American neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 37: 335 - 360.","Flint OS, Jr. (2002) List of the name-bearing Neuropterida types in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA. In: Sziraki G (Ed) Neuropterology 2000. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Neuropterology, Budapest (Hungary), August 2000. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2): 89 - 98.","Banks N (1914) New American Chrysopidae. Canadian Entomologist 46: 24 - 27.","Banks N (1944) Neuroptera of northern South America. Part III. Chrysopidae. Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana 3: 1 - 34.","Navas L (1922 a) Sur des Nevropteres nouveaux ou critiques. Sixieme [VI] serie. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 42 (pt. 1): 166 - 173.","Navas L (1927) Insectos neotropicos. 3. a serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 31: 316 - 328.","Navas L (1928) Insectos del Museo de Hamburgo. Primera [I] serie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica de Espana 11: 59 - 67, 90 - 100, 121 - 138.","Brooks SJ, Barnard PC (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology 59: 117 - 286.","Legrand J, Tauber CA, Albuquerque GS, Tauber MJ (2008) [2009] Navas types and nontype specimens of Chrysopidae in the MNHN, Paris (Neuroptera). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.) 30: 103 - 183.","Banks N (1948) [1949] Chrysopidae (Nothochrysidae) collected in Mexico by Dr. A. Dampf (Neuroptera). Psyche 55: 151 - 177.","Adams PA, Penny ND (1986) Faunal relations of Amazonian Chrysopidae. In: Gepp J, Aspock H, Holzel H (Eds) Recent Research in Neuropterology. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Symposium on Neuropterology (21 - 23 August 1984, Hamburg, Germany; held in association with the XVII International Congress of Entomology). Privately printed, Graz, Austria. 119 - 124.","Henry CS, Penny ND, Adams PA (1992) The neuropteroid orders of Central America (Neuroptera and Megaloptera). In: Quintero D, Aiello A (Eds) Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected Studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 432 - 458.","Penny ND (2002) Family Chrysopidae. Pp. 187 - 227 (text), 301 - 373 (figures) in Penny ND (Ed) A Guide to the Lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4) 53: 161 - 457.","Eisner T, Silberglied RE (1988) A chrysopid larva that cloaks itself in mealybug wax. Psyche 95: 15 - 19.","Oswald JD, Contreras-Ramos A. Penny ND (2002) Neuroptera (Neuropterida). 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Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigricubitus Tauber and Tauber, 2010 Figs 40c, 41c, 56, 57c, 58, 59a, 64b Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigricubitus Tauber and Tauber, 2010: 60 [CAS, Holotype (by original designation): ��� Ecuador, Gal��pagos Archipelago, Isla Santa Cruz, Table Mountain, 440 meters (D. Q. Cavagnaro)���]. Diagnosis. The three Chrysopodes species that are endemic to the Gal��pagos Islands ��� C. (Neosuarius) nigripilosus, C. (N.) nigricubitus and C. (N.) pecki ��� are distingished from the mainland species by their slightly smaller size (forewing length: 10.2���13.7 mm, vs. 13.9���16.7 for the mainland species), tan to brown bodies with mottled spots (not streaks) of dark brown; brown vertex, and brown to dark brown facial markings. The males have elongate, setose ducts (probably glandular) that originate within the gonosaccus (immediately below the mediuncus) and extend into the gonarcal region (Fig. 58; also see Fig. 10 in Tauber and Tauber 2010), and large, eversible pouches above the tip of S8+9 (Fig. 61c). Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigricubitus Tauber and Tauber is one of two species of endemic Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) recently described from the Gal��pagos Archipelago [see C. (N.) nigripilosus]. Currently it is known from two islands: Santa Cruz (Table Mountain and Horneman Farm) and Pinta (420���). In general appearance, the adults share many features with the more common species, C. (N.) nigripilosus; i.e., they have small, robust, brownish bodies, similar head and wing markings. The most distinguishing characteristic of N. nigricubitus is the suffusion of black or dark brown pigment (coloration) around several of the crossveins in the forewings, most notably the second intracubital crossvein (Fig. 56). This diffusion is absent from C. (N.) nigripilosus and much less marked in C. (N.) pecki (Figs 60, 63). The second intracubital crossvein is also arched, crassate and bears a large swelling that is absent from C. (N.) nigripilosus and much smaller in C. (N.) pecki. In addition, there are slight, but consistent differences between the species in the lengths of the pronotum and tergite 6; in C. (N.) nigricubitus , the pronotum is longer, the pronotal W: L ratio is higher, and L:W ratio of the T6 is longer than it is in C. (N.) nigripilosus, but it is shorter than that in C. (N.) pecki (see Table 2 in Tauber and Tauber 2010). Also, the abdominal sternites of the C. (N.) nigricubitus females are without brown markings (Fig. 57c), whereas on C. (N.) nigripilosus (S5-S7) and C. (N.) pecki (S5) females they are present (Figs 57b, d). C. (N.) nigricubitus males have abdominal sclerotization and genitalia that are very similar to those of C. (N.) nigripilosus. However, there is one notable difference: unlike C. (N.) nigripilosus , in which the lateral arms of gonarcus are directed downward next to the mediuncus, in C. (N.) nigircubitus the gonarcal arms are spread widely, only the tips of the gonarcal arms bend downward, and the gonarcal structure is relatively flat in lateral view (Fig. 58b). The female internal genital structures are very similar to those of C. (N.) nigripilosus and C. (N.) pecki ; i.e., the spermatheca is elongate and tubular; the spermathecal duct is short and lightly sclerotized; the bursa is large and leathery; the bursal glands are bulbous and they bear elongate accessory ducts (Tauber and Tauber 2010). However, the external structure of the subgenitale distinguishes females of the three species (see Fig. 59). Description. Available in Tauber and Tauber (2010). Larvae. Unknown. Eggs. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. Large grains of pollen were in the guts of some males and females. Adult specimens were collected in February, April and May. Type material . Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigricubitus Tauber & Tauber. The holotype (a male) and 18 paratypes (6 males, 10 females, 2 unknown sex) from two localities on Santa Cruz Island are in the California Academy of Sciences. The holotype is labelled: (1) ��� Galapagos Arch. / Isla SantaCruz / Table Mtn. 440M. / IV- 16���1964 ���; (2) ��� D. Q. Cavagnaro / Collector ���; (3) ���Image: C. A. Tauber / Table.M.#7 / head,thor,ab���; (4) ��� HOLOTYPE ��� / Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) / nigricubitus; des. Tauber / & Tauber, 2010 ��� [red]. Thirteen paratypes (3 males, 8 females, 2 unknown sex) have identical labels (1) and (2); some also carry label (3) ���Image: C.A.Tauber ������; all carry label (4) ��� PARATYPE / Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) / nigricubitus; det. Tauber / & Tauber. 2010��� [yellow]. Five paratypes (3 males, 2 females) are from the second locality on Santa Cruz Island; they bear the following labels: (1) ��� Galapagos Arch. / Isla SantaCruz / HornemanFarm / 220M V-7���1964 ���; (2) ��� D. Q. Cavagnaro / Collector ���; (3) ��� PARATYPE / Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) / nigricubitus; des. Tauber / & Tauber, 2010 ��� [yellow]. There are an additional nine paratypes (4M, 5F) in the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Brussels (IRSNB). These specimens are in alcohol, and their printed labels read: (1) ��� Ecuador, Gal��pagos, Pinta, western side of island, 420 m, 30/II/2000, L. Baert, K. Desender & J.-P. Maelfait, B.00/0100���; (2) ��� PARATYPE / Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigricubitus Tauber & Tauber, des. 2010���. Specimens examined. Type material only. Known distribution . Endemic to the Gal��pagos Islands (known only from two localities on Santa Cruz Island). Variation. The variation in the known specimens is slight. See Tables 1 and 2 in Tauber and Tauber (2010) for the ranges in head and body size and wing features., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44) on pages 78-81, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660, {"references":["Tauber CA, Tauber MJ (2010) Two new endemic species of Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys 42: 47 - 78."]}

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) porterinus (Nav��s, 1910) Figs 40f, 41f, 48c, 66���71 Chrysopa porterina Nav��s, 1910a: 47 [MZB, Holotype (by monotypy): ��� Chile. Porter leg.���]. Nav��s 1910b: 70 [erroneously cited as a new species; description and figure repeated]; Navas 1910c: 238 [redescription, distribution]; Nav��s 1913: 89 [redescription]; Nav��s 1925c: 305 [redescription]; Nav��s 1929b: 19 [distribution]; Penny 1977: 20 [species list]; Monserrat 1985: 238 [list of Nav��s types in Barcelona]. Chrysopa porteri Nav��s (misspelling). Nav��s 1928: 98 [distribution]; Penny 1977: 20 [species list]. Chrysopa tristella Nav��s, 1920: 35 [MNHN, Lectotype (by previous designation): ��� Chili, vall�� de Marga. Marga. pr��s de Valparaiso, P. Jaffuel, leg. (Coll. M.)���]. Nav��s 1926: 326 [distribution]; Nav��s 1933a: 230 [distribution]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 272 [transfer to Chrysopodes (Neosuarius)]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing as Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) tristellus, nomenclature]. New Synonym. Chrysopa ruizi Navas, 1934: 14 [SDEI, Lectotype (by present designation): ��� Chile: Choapa, II-1931; F. Ruiz; El Canelo, 7���23-II-1933; 15-IV-1932, Stuardo. B.- D.���]. Penny 1977: 20 [species list]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 280 [species list, as ��� ���Chrysopa��� incertae sedis ���]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing]. New Synonym. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) porterinus (= porterina) (Nav��s). Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [transfer to Chrysopodes (Neosuarius)]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 213, 272 [drawing of wing, species list]; Monserrat and Freitas 2005: 171 [redescription of adult, larval description]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, nomenclature]. Diagnosis. Chrysopodes (N.) porterinus is one of several Andean species (including C. (N.) flavescens , escomeli and figuralis) in which the adults have robust, waxy bodies; like C. (N.) escomeli and C. (N.) flavescens, they are largely brownish with dark brown marks. C. (N.) porterinus can often be separated from the other two species by its heavy prothoracic markings, lack of stripes on the scapes, and a flagellum that is dark brown to black basally and becomes lighter distally (Figs 40f, 41f). The male genitalia, with its dome-like, almost spherical gonarcus, are particularly useful in distinguishing the species (Figs 67, 68). However, only a few, subtle differences distinguish the C. (N.) porterinus female genitalia from those of the other two species. In C. (N.) porterinus, the distal surface of the sclerotized process of the subgenitale is flat and roughly heart-shaped (with a lobe in each dorsal corner, tapering to a ventral apex) (Fig. 71). The neck at the base of the process is short (considerably shorter than the length of the terminal surface of the process), and it ends in an sharply angled connection to the distal process (Fig. 48c). Also, the membranous area ventral to the subgenitale is dense and folded, not clear and smooth, as in C. (N.) flavescens. Description. Head (Figs 40f, 41f): Width (frontal, including eyes) 1.7���1.8 mm; ratio, head: eye width = 2.6���2.8:1; distance (straight-line) between tentorial pits 0.44���0.53 mm. Distance between antennae �� 0.11���0.12 mm; length of frons (midantenna ��� midway between tentorial pits) �� 0.44���0.57 mm; clypeus �� 0.32���0.34 mm long. Antenna 0.7�� length of forewing (10.8���11.0 mm). Vertex slightly raised, flat anteriorly, with very small, smooth, rounded posterior fold; surface of vertex smooth, without setae. Frons smooth, rounded laterally, shiny throughout. Clypeus mostly flat, rounded laterally, center without raised fold; surface smooth. Labrum flat; distal margin straight; dorsal surface smooth. Head coloration: Head cream to tan; vertex with brown markings around edges of central raised area; brown stripe around mesal edge of dorsal torulus; torulus with another elongate brown stripe mesally; frontal torulus tan, with diffuse brown stripe below antennal base; frons tan to amber, lateral margins marked with reddish brown, with pair of crescent-shaped, dark brown marks below frontolateral margin of torulus; clypeus light brown. Genae cream, with brown longitudinal stripe. Scape tan, with brown at base; pedicel light brown; flagellum dark brown basally, becoming lighter brown, then tan distally, with dark brown setae basally, becoming amber distally. Maxillary palp with distal three segments mostly brown; basal two segments amber. Two distal segments of labial palp brown, basal segment amber. Venter mostly tan; area posterior to eyes with brown marks; stipes, galea with some brown markings. Thorax (Fig. 40f): Pronotum wider than long: ��0.8���1.0 mm long; �� 1.2���1.4 mm wide; cream to tan, with brown, crooked mesal stripe, pair of brown, crooked sublateral stripes (�� 0.2 mm wide), lateral margin brown anteriorly, sometimes entirely; numerous long, mostly black setae (longest �� 0.20���0.25 mm long). Meso-, metanota cream to tan, with brown, sublateral markings; sparce brown setae on mesonotum, sparce amber setae on metanotum. Pleuron mostly brown. Legs cream, without markings; tarsi amber. Tarsal claws dark amber, curved without deep cleft or quadrate base, with few long amber setae. Wings (Fig. 66): Forewing 15.1���16.7 mm long, 4.9���5.3 mm wide; L:W ratio, 3.0���3.3; width greatest near midpoint, ratio maintained through distal 3/4th of wing, tapering at basal 1/4th; costal margin fairly straight, sloping gradually at base; apex ovate. Cu crassate at furcation of Cu1 and Cu2. Costal area slightly enlarged; height of tallest costal cell (#5, 6) = 4.3���5.3�� length of first costal vein, 0.19�� width of wing. Subcosta, radius almost straight; most subcostal veinlets, radial crossveins straight. Twelve to thirteen closed radial cells (between R and Rs), height of tallest radial cell 1.2���1.5�� width; other than radial crossveins, only gradate veins in contact with PsM. Four b cells, four b��� cells. First intramedian cell ovate, 0.6���0.7�� width of third medial cell; inner row of four to five gradate veins; seven to eight outer gradate veins; both rows regularly stepped, parallel to each other distally. Second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.7���2.0 mm tall, 2.7���3.2�� width; third cell = 1.8���2.0 mm tall, 2.8���3.3�� width. Second gradate cell 1.2���1.7 mm tall, 1.8���2.9�� width; third gradate cell 1.1���1.6 mm tall, 1.8���3.0�� width. Length of second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.4���1.6�� length of second gradate cell. Three intracubital cells; distal one open, icu1, icu2 each shorter than icu3; icu1 similar in length or 0.8�� shorter that icu2. Vein 1A forked. Hindwing narrow, with tip ovate; 12.7���14.7 mm long, 4.3���4.8 mm wide. Eleven to twelve radial crossveins; four inner gradates; seven to eight outer gradate veins; three b cells, plus small t cell; four 4 b��� cells; two intracubital cells, distal one open. Wing coloration: Hyaline; costa pale; other longitudinal veins largely pale, dark at intersections; costal veinlets, radial crossveins, gradates, basal crossveins dark brown; terminal veinlets pale, with dark bases. Stigma slightly opaque, with brownish tinge. Abdomen: Tergites 1���6, sternites 1���6 brown; pleural regions cream; T7, T8 brown sometimes with cream areas mesodistally; T9+ectoproct cream to tan, lower margin with brown mark along ventral apodeme; S7 brown, with cream distomesally; S8&9 (���) cream to tan with brown stripe along upper margin. Callus cerci cream-colored, trichobothria light amber, short, thin. Tergite 6: roughly quadrate, with wavy ventral margins; length ��2.4���3.3 times greater than height (lateral view); with long, robust setae. Tergite 7 similar to T6, but only 2.0 times longer than tall. Pleural region P6, P7 with sparse, small setae. Sternite 6: quadrate, dorsal margin straight, length ��0.9���1.1�� height, with long, straight, robust setae. Spiracles oval, not enlarged; atria not enlarged. Male (Figs 67, 68): T8 rounded posteriorly, straight anteriorly (lateral view), with undifferentiated setose area extending ventrolaterally below spiracle. Left, right T9+ectoproct fused dorsally, slightly rounded distally, bearing vertical field of dense, long, robust setae distally; ventral area long, extending slightly below T7, to anterior edge of S8+9; ventral margin with heavy, thick, straight, apodeme; dorsal arm of apodeme extending behind callus cerci; two heavier arms extending ventrally from apodeme (ventral arm, caudal arm), both extending distomedially, ending in truncate terminus. Callus cerci oblong (0.19���0.20 mm tall, 0.13���0.14 mm wide), with 35���37 trichobothria. S8+9 ratio, length: height (basal), 1.3���1.6: 1; with transverse, subbasal band, without ventral knob, invagination or apodeme; ventral margin slightly rounded; terminus trough-like, rounded, with distal margin bearing robust setae, with heavy, invaginated membrane bearing minute scales. Subanal plate distinct, well sclerotized, with dense, robust setae. Gonarcus broadly arcuate, fairly tightly attached to T9+ectoproct dorsally via short to medium-length, folded subanal membrane, bridge straight, not heavy; span of gonarcus near arch �� 0.40 mm, distance between gonarcal apodemes distally �� 0.82���0.91 mm. Gonarcal apodemes smooth, slightly scalloped, Published as part of Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44) on pages 86-91, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660, {"references":["Navas L (1910 a) Crisopidos (Ins. Neur.) nuevos. Broteria (Zoologica) 9: 38 - 59.","Navas L (1910 b) Nueva especie de neuroptero. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 14: 70.","Navas L (1910 c) Neuropteros chilenos (1. a serie). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 14: 235 - 241.","Navas L (1925 c) Insectos neotropicos. 1. a serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 29: 305 - 313.","Navas L (1929 b) [1930] Insectos neotropicos. 5. a serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 33: 17 - 24.","Penny ND (1977) [1978]. Lista de Megaloptera, Neuroptera e Raphidioptera do Mexico, America Central, ilhas Caraibas e America do Sul. Acta Amazonica 7 (4) (Suplemento): 1 - 61 [Errata: printed on a free slip of paper inserted in the work].","Monserrat VJ (1985) Lista de los tipos de Mecoptera y Neuroptera (Insecta) de la coleccion L. Navas, depositados en el Museo de Zoologia de Barcelona. Miscellania Zoologica 9: 233 - 243.","Navas L (1928) Insectos del Museo de Hamburgo. Primera [I] serie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica de Espana 11: 59 - 67, 90 - 100, 121 - 138.","Navas L (1920) Sur des Nevropteres nouveaux ou critiques. Premiere [I] serie. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 39 (pt. 2): 27 - 37.","Navas L (1926) Insectos neotropicos. 2. a serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 30: 326 - 336.","Navas L (1933 a) Algunos insectos de Chile. 5. a serie (as 4. a serie). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 37: 230 - 234.","Brooks SJ, Barnard PC (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology 59: 117 - 286.","Oswald JD (2007) Neuropterida Species of the World. Version 2.0. http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / species-catalogue /. [accessed April 1, 2008 - January 12, 2010].","Navas L (1934) Insectos suramericanos. Octava [VIII] serie. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid 31: 9 - 28.","Adams PA, Penny ND (1985) [1987] Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin, Part 11 a. Introduction and Chrysopini. Acta Amazonica 15: 413 - 479.","Monserrat VJ, Freitas S de (2005) Contribucion al conocimiento de los crisopidos de Coquimbo, Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego (Argentina, Chile) (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Graellsia 61: 163 - 179."]}

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) pecki, Tauber and Tauber, 2010 Figs 40e, 41e, 57d, 59c, 63, 64d, 65 Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) pecki Tauber and Tauber, 2010: 67 [USNM, Holotype (by original designation): ��� Ecuador, Gal��pagos Archipelago, Isla Isabela, Volcan Wolf, 4 km NE Puerto Bravo���]. Diagnosis. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) pecki, the third endemic species of Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) from the Gal��pagos, is known only from two extinct volcanoes on Isabela Figure 6 ļ. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigripilosus: Male genitalia, (a) gonarcus (frontal view ��� beak forward, gonarcal apodeme behind) (b) gonarcus (dorsal view ��� rods forward, gonarcal apodemes behind (c) terminus of abdomen with eversible pouches everted (dorsal, with gonarcus rotated to lateral position). ab.t. abdominal terminus; beak, sclerotized beak at tip of mediuncus ev.p. eversible pouch g.ap. gonarcal apodeme (arm) g.b. gonarcal bridge gon gonarcus rod internal rod of mediuncus. Island (Volc��n Wolf and Volc��n Alcedo), where it is sympatric with C. (N.) nigripilosus. The adults share many features with C. (N.) nigripilosus and C. (N.) nigricubitus, but they differ in having a pair of brown spots on the dorsum of the head, posterolateral to the vertex, elongate pronota (Fig. 40e). This species is the only one of the three Gal��pagos species that has forewings exceeding 13 mm in length. Like C. (N.) nigripilosus, the wings do not show dark suffusion around the crossveins. But like C. (N.) nigricubitus , the second cubital crossvein is very dark and it bears a dark brown swelling mesally; however, the swelling is smaller than that on most C. (N.) nigricubitus wings (Fig. 63; Tauber and Tauber 2010, Table 2). Although the males of C. (N.) pecki closely resemble those of C. (N.) nigripilosus and C. (N.) nigricubitus, there are some distinguishing features (Fig. 65). For example, the gonarcus (length of arms, bridge width) is larger than that of either C. (N.) nigripilosus or nigricubitus (Tauber and Tauber 2010, Table 5). Second, as in C. (N.) nigricubitus , the horizonal apodeme along the ventral margin of T9+ectoproct is relatively straight, and it has a well sclerotized, unforked, pointed tip with a small ventral knob (Fig. 64d). Other differences were noted in the original description (Tauber and Tauber 2010). Female C. (N.) pecki are distinguished by their very dark brown coloration on the fifth abdominal sternite, light brown pigmentation basally on S6, and cream coloration on the distal portion of S6 and all of S7 (Fig. 57d). Description. Available in Tauber and Tauber (2010). Larvae, Eggs, Biology. Unknown. Adult specimens were collected in April and May. Type material . Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) pecki Tauber & Tauber. The holotype (a male, pinned) is in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (USNM). Its labels read: (1) ���ECU: Gal��p: Isabela / V. Wolf, 4 kmNE. P. Bravo / humid for, 17.V.96 / uv light / S. Peck, 96���192���; (2) ��� HOLOTYPE / Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) pecki Tauber & Tauber, des. 2010��� [red]. There are two paratypes (females, in alcohol) in the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium (IRSN). Their labels read: (1) ��� Ecuador, Gal��pagos Arch., Isla Isabela, Volc��n Alcedo, SE crater rim at ���Geyser���, 1000 m, 3/IV/1996, L. Baert, K. Desender & J.-P. Maelfait, B96/0074���; (2) ��� PARATYPE / Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) pecki Tauber & Tauber, des. 2010��� [yellow]. Specimens examined. Type material only. Known distribution. Two extinct volcanoes (Volc��n Wolf and Volc��n Alcedo) on Isabela Island (Galapagos). Variation. Sample size very small., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44) on pages 84-86, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660, {"references":["Tauber CA, Tauber MJ (2010) Two new endemic species of Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys 42: 47 - 78."]}

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) karinae Freitas and Penny, 2001, Incertae Sedis Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) karinae Freitas and Penny, 2001: 276 [description]; locality data: ���Bra-SP-Jaboticabal, FCAV, 24/IV/99, Takahashi, K. M., 82♀.���; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing]. Diagnosis. Chrysopodes (N.) karinae was described from a single female specimen (the holotype); I have not seen it. According to the original description, this species is distinguished from other Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) by its dark flagellum, scapes with lateral mark, pale palpi, long pronotum, elongate, crooked spermatheca, and subanal plate with small setae and lateral pockets. Several features mentioned in the description and shown on the illustrations appear to be more consistent with subgenus Chrysopodes than Neosuarius; these features include fairly wide forewings, abdomen with a knobbed terminal sternite, and an elongate, narrow spermatheca. The description makes no mention regarding the structure of the mandibles. Until the type becomes available for study, I consider the species as ��� Incertae Sedis ���. Type material. Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) karinae Freitas & Penny. The female holotype was reported to be deposited in the MZUSP. It is not in the collection and the authors have not yet made it available for study., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44) on page 98, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660, {"references":["Freitas S. de, Penny ND (2001) The green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) of Brazilian agro-ecosystems. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4) 52: 245 - 395.","Oswald JD (2007) Neuropterida Species of the World. Version 2.0. http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / species-catalogue /. [accessed April 1, 2008 - January 12, 2010]."]}

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigripilosus (Banks, 1924) Figs 40d, 41d, 57a, b, 59b, 60���62, 64a, c Chrysopa nigripilosa Banks, 1924: 177 [AMNH, Lectotype (by present designation): ���South Seymour, Galapagos Islands, April 20, 23, 1923���]. Linsley and Usinger 1966: 140 [distribution records]; Parkin et al. 1972: 102 [collection records]; Linsley 1977: 19 [distribution records]; Penny 1977: 19 [species list]; Klimaszewski, McE. Kevan and Peck 1987: 3032 [summary of collection records]. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigripilosus (= nigripilosa) (Banks, 1924). Brooks and Barnard 1990: 272 [species list, transfer to Chrysopodes (Neosuarius)]; Baert, Desender and Peck 1992: 145 [distribution records, as Neosuarius nigripilosa]; Peck 2001: 273 [species list, distribution, as Chrysopodes nigripilosa]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing]; Tauber and Tauber 2010: 50 [redescription, intraspecific and interspecific variation]. Diagnosis. Chrysopodes (N.) nigripilosus is the most commonly collected Chrysopodes species on the Gal��pagos Islands; it is known from six islands. The most notable differences between this species and the other two from the Gal��pagos Islands are: (a) C. (N.) nigripilosus forewings (Fig. 60) do not have suffusions of black or dark brown pigment on the membrane; (b) there are three to four crossveins between the Subcosta and Radius, below the stigma; (c) the cubital veins and crossveins (including icux2) are unmodified (i.e., they are not bent, crassate or enlarged). In the C. (N.) nigripilosus male, the gonarcal arms extend downward, not outward (Fig. 61); the eversible pouches at the tip of S8+9 are large and well separated by a flat area (Fig. 61c; also Figs 7, 8 in Tauber and Tauber 2010). In the female, the terminal sternites [S5, S6, S7 (basal or entirely)] are dark brown (Fig. 57b); the spermathecal duct is short and lacks tight coils; the bursal glands are large and globose, and their accessory ducts may be branched (Figs 12���14 in Tauber and Tauber). Description. Available in Tauber and Tauber (2010). Larvae. Unknown Eggs. Unknown. Biology. Pollen was found in the guts of several specimens (also reported by Brooks and Barnard 1990: 213). Adult specimens were collected in all months from January through October (see Banks 1924: 179; Parkin et al. 1972: 102, Baert et al. 1992: 145; Peck 2001: 273, specimens listed below) One female specimen (from Santa Cruz Island) provided insight into the functional morphology of the subgenitale. In this specimen, the genital pore is open, the membranous fold at the base of the subgenitale is extended outward, and the knob-like tip of the subgenitale is extruded. It had entered an external spermatophore, which was attached to the specimen (and which dissolved or was lost in the maceration of the a b mu abdomen in potassium hydroxide) (Fig. 62). The spermathecal duct extends into the base of the subgenitale and the tubular opening of the spermatheca faces posteriorly. It appears that the female everts the subgenitale during or after copulation and that the structure has a role in (a) holding the spermatophore to the genital opening and/or (b) gathering sperm or other substances from the spermatophore. Type material . Chrysopa nigripilosa Banks. In this original description Banks indicated that the type(s) were in the ���collection of the N. Y. Zoological Society���; he did not specify how many specimens were in the type series, but his description is consistent with more than one. One syntype was found in the AMNH and four in the MCZ. The male that is in the AMNH and that carries a ���type��� label, appears to be the one that Banks considered the primary type; it is hereby designated as the Lectotype (present designation). Its labels read: (1) ���South Seymour / Galapagos / April 23 1923 ���; (2) ���Williams Galapagos Exped., / Dept. of Tropical Research, / N. Y. Zoological Society, / William Beebe, Director���; (3) ���Gift of New York / Zoo. Soc., Dept. / Tropical Research / William Beebe, Dir.���; (4) ��� Chrysopa / nigropilosa [Sic!] / type Bks.��� [white, red border; hand-written (Banks)]; (5) ��� LECTOTYPE, Chrysopa nigripilosa / Banks 1924 / des. C. Tauber, 2010 ��� [red]. This specimen, the lectotype, is teneral. It has a mediuncus that is characteristic of the other specimens, but the gonarcal arms are barely formed, the glandular ducts are visible only in the region of the gonarcal arms, not in the mediuncus, and the eversible pouches are small and withdrawn. The four specimens in the MCZ (examined) are identified as paralectotypes and are labeled as follows: (1) ���So Seymour Isl. / Galapagos Islds. / 20 April 1923 / Am. Mus. Exped. ��� [hand printed, Banks?]; (2) ���Type 15055��� [red]; one specimen bears a label (3) ��� Chrysopa / nigripilosa paratype Bks��� [white and red red border; hand -written (Banks)]; (4) ��� PARALECTOTYPE, Chrysopa nigripilosa Banks, det. C. A. Tauber, 2009��� [yellow, printed]. Specimens examined ( in addition to the type material). ECUADOR. Gal��pagos Archipelago. Baltra (= South Seymour). 30 m, S. Peck, I/24/1989, arid zone, grass+ Bursera Forest, UV light, 89���4 (2M, USNM); 10 m, I/23/1989, S. Peck, arid zone, Bursera Forest, UV light, 89���5 (1F, USNM), beating or on ground, 89���12 (1M, USNM). Santa Cruz (= Indefatigable). CDRS, Arid zone, II/5���9/1989, dung tp., B. J. Sinclair (1F, USNM); Academy Bay, II/17/1964, P. D. Ashlock, (1M, 1F, BPBM); 0���100 m IX/1970, J. & M. Sedlacek (2F, BPBM); Academy Bay, Darwin Research Station, I/25-II/27/1964, D. Q. Cavagnaro & R. O. Schuster (3M, 11F, CAS), III/21/1964, D. Q. Cavagnaro (1M, CAS), I/30/- IIII-20/1964, R. O. Schuster (30M, 13F, CAS), I/21- II/1/1964, E. G. Linsley (2M, 1F CAS); CDRS, X/12���27/1968, Edin. Univ. Exped 1969.71 (4F, 2?, NSM, det. A. R. Waterston, 1970). Isabela (= Albemarle). nr, Punta Tortuga N, of Tagus Cove, I/28���30/1967, edge of mangrove swamp, among Bursera graveolens, I. L. Wiggins (1M, CAS); Puerto Villamil, MVL, III/2/1989, B. Laudry (1M, 1F, USNM); V. Alcedo, arid zone, 200m, Palo Santo woodland uv light, IV/3/1996, S. Peck, 96���78 (1M, 1F, USNM); V. Wolf, summit arid z, 1700m, sweeping shrubs, V/21/1996, S. Peck, 96���201 (1F, USNM); Beagle Crater, 3 m. (beach), III/25/1988, 4 m. (beach), III/23/1988, L. Baert, K. Desender & J.-P. Maelfait (6M, 2F, IRSN, Sample #B.88/0478; alcohol); Volc��n Wolf, 4 m. (beach), III/20/1988, L. Baert, K. Desend- er & J.-P. Maelfait (2M, 5F, IRSN, Sample #B.88/0446; alcohol); Volc��n Wolf, 4 m. (beach), III/23/1988, L. Baert, K. Desender & J.-P. Maelfait (11M, 8F, IRSN, Sample #B.88/0470; alcohol). Fernandina (= Narborough). W side, 1,100���, II/5/1964, D. Q. Cavagnaro (2F, CAS); Beginning of enca��ada, V/4/1991, L. Baert, K. Desender & J.-P. Maelfait (1F, IRSN, Sample #B.91/0765; alcohol); Cabo Hammond, 5 m, V/12/1991, L. Baert, K. Desender & J.-P. Maelfait (4M, 2F, IRSN, Sample #B.91/0802; alcohol). Santa Fe (= Barrington). Lagoon, 400 m, IV/24/1991, L. Baert, K. Desender & J.-P. Maelfait (1F, IRSN, Sample #B.91/0722; alcohol). Santiago (= San Salvador, James). Settlement, IX/22/1968, Edin. Univ. Exped. 1969.70 (1F, NMS, det. A. R. Waterston 1970). [Note: Additional specimens from Santa Cruz Island are in the NMS.] Known distribution . Endemic to the Gal��pagos Islands (reported from six islands). Variation. Tauber and Tauber (2009: Tables 1, 3) described the geographic variation in detail., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44) on pages 81-84, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660, {"references":["Banks N (1924) Neuroptera from the Williams Galapagos expedition. Zoological 5: 177 - 180.","Linsley EG, Usinger RL (1966) Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 33 (7): 113 - 196.","Parkin P, Parkin DT, Ewing AW, Ford HA (1972) A report on the Arthropods collected by the Edinburgh University Galapagos Islands Expedition, 1968. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48: 100 - 107.","Linsley EG (1977) Insects of the Galapagos Islands (supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 125: 1 - 50.","Penny ND (1977) [1978]. Lista de Megaloptera, Neuroptera e Raphidioptera do Mexico, America Central, ilhas Caraibas e America do Sul. Acta Amazonica 7 (4) (Suplemento): 1 - 61 [Errata: printed on a free slip of paper inserted in the work].","Brooks SJ, Barnard PC (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology 59: 117 - 286.","Baert L, Desender K, Peck SB (1992) New data on the Neuroptera of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Entomologie 62: 143 - 147.","Peck SB (2001) Neuroptera. In: Peck SD (Ed) Smaller Orders of Insects of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador: Evolution, Ecology, and Diversity. National Research Council Canada, 269 - 274.","Oswald JD (2007) Neuropterida Species of the World. Version 2.0. http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / species-catalogue /. [accessed April 1, 2008 - January 12, 2010].","Tauber CA, Tauber MJ (2010) Two new endemic species of Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys 42: 47 - 78."]}

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) pecki sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F2F8DB99-A134-433C-9FCB-317A86C40D77 Diagnosis. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) pecki, the third endemic species of Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) from the Gal��pagos, is known from two localities on Isabela Island ��� Volc��n Wolf and Volc��n Alcedo, where it is sympatric with C. (N.) nigripilosus. Although col.g. Figure Į3. Female terminus, internal, lateral view. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigripilosus. a.d. accessory duct on bursal gland b.c. bursal copulatrix b.d. bursal duct (presumed) b.g. bursal gland col.g. colleterial gland col. r. colleterial reservoir inv invagination sp spermatheca s.d. spermathecal duct t.s. transverse sclerification. the number of specimens that are available is small (N=3) and they share many external and internal features with C. (N.) nigripilosus and C. (N.) nigricubitus, their distinctive size and other features lead us to assign them to a new species. The most prominent external features of C. (N.) pecki that are absent from the other two Gal��pagos species include: (a) a pair of brown spots on the dorsum of the head, posterolateral to the vertex (Fig. 3b) and (b) distinctive markings on the venter of the female abdomen (Fig. 6d). On the C. (N.) pecki females, S5 is dark brown, S6 has light brown pigmentation basally, and the distal portion of S6 and all of S7 are creamcolored. In comparison, C. (N.) nigripilosus females have dark brown pigmentation throughout S5, S6, and the base of S7, and C. (N.) nigricubitus females are without dark brown marks on the sternites. C. (N.) pecki is the only one of the three Gal��pagos species that has wings exceeding 13 mm in length. Like those of C. (N.) nigripilosus, the C. (N.) pecki wings do not show dark suffusion around the crossveins, but like C. (N.) nigricubitus , the second cubital crossvein is very dark and the center of the vein bears a dark brown swelling. In all three C. (N.) pecki specimens, the swelling tends to be smaller than that of C. (N.) nigricubitus (Table 4, Fig. 5c). C. (N.) pecki adults may also be characterized by an elongated pronotum. Both female specimens (preserved in alcohol) have a pronotum that is longer than that on C. (N.) nigripilosus (Table 2), and the C. (N.) pecki pronotal length: width ratio is greater than that of either C. (N.) nigripilosus or C. (N.) nigricubitus. The pronotum of the single male specimen (pinned) is distorted and compressed below the mesothorax; its length cannot be measured readily. However, we estimated the length from a lateral view, and it appears to be about as long as those on the female specimens Table 4. Range of variation in wing characteristics among three Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) species from the Gal��pagos Islands. ��� Baltra, Santa Cruz (Academy Bay), Isabela (Puerto Villamil, Punta Tortuga, Volc��n Wolf, Volc��n Alcedo), Santa Fe (lagoon), Fernandina (Cabo Hammond), Santiago Settlement ��� Santa Cruz (Table Mtn., Hornemann Farm), Pinta (420 m) �� Isabela (Volc��n Wolf, Volc��n Alcedo) Figure Į4. Female, internal reproductive structures, dorsal view. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigripilosus. a.d. accessory duct on bursal gland b.c. bursa copulatrix b.g. bursal gland col.g. colleterial gland col. r. colleterial reservoir inv invagination sp spermatheca s.d. spermathecal duct t.s. transverse sclerification. C. (N.) pecki males have abdominal sclerites and genitalia that generally resemble those of C. (N.) nigripilosus and C. (N.) nigricubitus (Fig. 11). However, there are some distinguishing features. First, the size of the gonarcus (length of arms, bridge width) is larger than that of either C. (N.) nigripilosus or nigricubitus (Table 5). And, the lateral arms of the gonarcus are directed inward next to the mediuncus as in C. (N.) nigripilosus (Fig. 11b, c). Second, as in C. (N.) nigricubitus , the dorsal apodeme along the ventral margin of T9+ectoproct is relatively straight, and the caudal branch has a well sclerotized, unforked, pointed tip (Fig. 11a). However, in C. (N.) pecki the tip has a small, beak-like flange with a membrane attached (not visible on Fig. 11a). Third, unlike either of the other species, the ventral branch of the dorsal apodeme is elongate, well sclerotized, and angled anteriorly; distally it turns and invaginates within S8+9 (Fig. 11a). And, fourth, although the dorsal apodeme itself is thin (lateral view), the base of the dorsal branch (that extends under the callus cerci) is heavy and densely sclerotized. In addition to the ventral marks on the abdomen, we detected some other characteristics that distinguish the female terminalia of the C. (N.) pecki specimen we examined. First, the sixth and seventh tergites were slightly longer in actual length, and in their length to height ratio, than those on any of the C. (N.) nigripilosus or C. (N.) nigricubitus specimens (Table 5). Second, as in the two other species, the membrane that is basolateral to the subgenitale bears a pair of invaginated pouches that are near, but separate from, the base of the bursal glands. In C. (N.) pecki, these pouches are clear and bulbous, not flat and folded as in the other two species (Fig. 15c). In all other traits, the female that we measured tended to be large, but the measurements overlapped with those of large C. (N.) nigricubitus specimens. Table 5. Range of variation in abdominal features among three Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) species from the Gal��pagos Islands. 1 Baltra, Santa Cruz (Academy Bay), Isabela (Puerto Villamil, Punta Tortuga, Volc��n Wolf, Volc��n Alcedo), Santa Fe (lagoon), Fernandina (Cabo Hammond) 2 Santa Cruz (Table Mtn., Hornemann Farm), Pinta (420 m) 3 Isabela (Volc��n Wolf, Volc��n Alcedo) Description. All features as in C. (N.) nigripilosus except as noted below. Head (Table 2; Fig. 3). Vertex: surface with small, amber setae. Labrum: distal margin with slight mesal cleft. Coloration. Head cream-colored frontally, lateral to eyes, tan dorsally; frons with pair of triangular to bowl-shaped, dark brown marks below torulus; clypeus with lateral margins dark tan, dark brown streak extending dorsolaterally from distal margin of tentorial pits almost to eye; toruli cream-colored, with light tan border surrounding sclerotized margins; dorsal torulus with or without grape-brown, vertical streak. Genae cream-colored with dark brown on ventral margin, dark brown dorsally. Figure Į5. Subgenitale, ventral view. a Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) nigripilosus b C. (N.) nigricubitus c C. (N.) pecki. f membranous fold; pouch invaginated pouch s.p. sclerotized process at terminal end of subgenitale S7 terminal margin of seventh sternite. The scale applies to all three images. Scapes tan, unmarked; pedicel tan to light brown; flagellum tan. Venter: basilateral margins of submentum dark brown. Thorax (Table 2; Fig. 3b). Pronotum (females) wider than long; large basal section without setae; cream-colored, with sublateral, mesal, mottled light brown markings. Meso-, metanota cream to light tan, without spots; setae on mesonotum, amber. Pleural areas cream-colored, without markings. Legs: setae amber. Wings (Table 4; Figs 4, 5). Forewing about three times longer than tall. Costal area: greatest height ��0.17 times height of wing; tallest at costal cell (#4���5). Subcosta: two crossveins below stigma. Ten radial crossveins (between R and Rs); two rows of gradates; inner row with four gradates, outer row with six, both rows in regular, parallel pattern. Cubitus: icux2 curved, thickened, with small, bubble-like expansion mesally. Hindwing narrow, length approximately three times height. Ten radial crossveins; four inner gradates; six outer gradate veins; three b cells; t cell present. Forewing hyaline, very slight suffusion of brown to dark brown coloration around Rs at intersection with rcx1, first outer gradate, Cu near icu2. Subcostal crossveins within stigma brown, surrounded with dark brown suffusion. Costal veinlets, gradates dark brown to black; ma1 black; icux2, small bubble-like swelling dark brown to black; marginal cell below 3A partially dark brown. Hindwing: stigma slightly opaque, veinlets within stigma brown, with brown pigment in surrounding membrane; icux2 cream-colored to light brown. Abdomen (male & female) (Table 5; Figs 6, 11). Cream-colored, dorsally with faint, broken, brown mesal stripe, mottled brown spotting sublaterally; pleural regions creamcolored, without marks; sternites cream-colored, except S5, 6 (male) dark brown, S5 (female) dark brown; setae (female) cream-colored basally, brown distally; setae (male) long, cream-colored throughout. Tergites 6, 7: length: 2.3���3.0 (T6), 1.8���2.1 (T7) times greater than height (lateral view). Sternite 6: length ��0.9���1.0 times height. Spiracles �� 0.05���0.06 mm diameter; atria noticably larger than spiracular openings. Male (Table 5, Fig. 11). Apodeme of T9+ectoproct thin (dorsal apodeme): dorsal branch very heavily sclerotized basally, becoming abuptly thinner, extending upward, around and below callus cerci, fused mesally at top of tergite; ventral branch extending anteroventrally well into membrane below tergite, narrow, well-sclerotized, curving inward and invaginating distally; caudal branch with acute, unforked tip; tip with dorsal flange of heavy membrane. Callus cerci taller than wide (0.22 mm tall, 0.16 mm wide), with 30 trichobothria. S8+9 length 1.8 times proximal height; shape in lateral view: gradually tapering to truncate apex. Gonarcus: span near arch 0.39 mm, span between gonarcal arms distally 0.57 mm. Gonarcal arms long, narrow, �� 0.39 mm length. Mediuncus: sclerotized surface slightly textured, with sparse microsetae; membrane immediately below beak (base of gonosaccus) smooth, tight, bearing setose glands; base of glands with small protuberances; gonosaccus delicate. Female [Table 5, Fig. 15c; see C. (N.) nigripilosus, Figs 12, 13, 14]. Tergite 8: height of sclerite (including less sclerotized ventral extension) ��1.8 times length of sclerite. Ninth tergite + ectoproct (lateral view): distal margin with dorsal and ventral bulges. Callus cerci taller than broad (0.19 mm tall, 0.17 mm wide), with 35 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales ��0.5 times height of T9+ectoproct; 3.3 times taller than wide; orientated posteroventrally (��40�� angle from midline). Subgenitale: base consisting of transversely folded, uninvaginated membrane, attached to terminus of S7; lateral margins of base with pair of sparsely setose, bulbous pouches, near, but separate from base of bursal glands; pouches slightly shorter than spermatheca. Bursal glands: with broad, elongate accessory ducts distally. Spermatheca: 0.13 mm diameter at mouth (distal end), 0.19 mm diameter in midsection (widest area), 0.6 mm long; invagination extending ��0.3 times length of spermatheca (length 0.17 mm). Spermathecal duct �� 0.7 mm long (not including pale, brushy tip), after leaving subgenitale, bending right, becoming pale; distal ��1/10 brushy. Type material. The holotype (a male, pinned) is in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., (USNM). The type locality is Ecuador, Gal��pagos Archipelago, Isla Isabela, Volc��n Wolf, 4 km NE Puerto Bravo. The labels on the holotype read: (1) ECU: Galap: Isabela / V. Wolf, 4 km NE. P. Bravo / humid for, 17. V.96 / uv light / S. Peck, 96���192; (2) HOLOTYPE / Chrysopodes (Neo- suarius) pecki Tauber & Tauber, des. 2010 [red]. There are two paratypes (females, in alcohol) in the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium (IRSNB). Their labels read: (1) Ecuador, Gal��pagos Arch., Isla Isabela, Volc��n Alcedo, SE crater rim at ���Geyser���, 1000 m, 3/IV/1996, L. Baert, K. Desender & J.-P. Maelfait, B96/0074; (2) PARATYPE / Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) pecki Tauber & Tauber, des. 2010 [yellow]. Etymology. The species is named in honor of Stewart B. Peck, Carlton University (Canada), in recognition of his contributions and devotion to the study of Gal��pagos insects. Specimens examined. Type material only. Intraspecific variation. Sample size very small, but see Tables 2, 4, and 5. Undetermined specimen There is a single specimen from Floreana (a male) that we were unable to place within any of the three species. Externally, it is very similar to C. (N.) nigripilosus, but the genitalia, in part, resemble those of C. (N.) nigricubitus and in part, they are unique. Specifically, the head coloration and markings are very similar to those of C. (N.) nigripilosus from Baltra; the dorsum is largely light brown and the pleural and ventral regions appear to be cream-colored as in the Baltra and Isabela populations. The membrane of the forewing has no markings or suffusion of pigment; the size and pattern of venation and thickened veins do not differ from those of C. (N.) nigripilosus; there are three crossveins below the stigma. The genitalia resemble those of C. nigricubitus in that the gonaracus is relatively flat; the gonarcal arms extend laterally from the gonarcal bridge; and only the tips of the gonarcal arms bend downward toward the mediuncus. However, unlike any other specimens we have examined, the eversible pouches at the tip of S8+9 are relatively short, tapered distally, juxtaposed and partially fused mesally, and the membrane between the pouches is loose and large. Further study, especially analysis of the reproductive pheromones, might demonstrate that this is yet another undescribed, cryptic species. Specimen examined: Floreana (= Charles, Santa Maria). Black Beach, II/17/1964, R. L. Usinger (1M, CAS)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine & Tauber, Maurice, 2010, Two new endemic species of Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) from the Galapagos Islands, pp. 47-78 in ZooKeys 42 (42) on pages 67-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.42.359, http://zenodo.org/record/576652