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Members of the class Myxosporea Bütschli, 1881 have a cosmopolitan distribution in a wide variety of fish species worldwide. In the present study, the black scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus collected from the Sinop coasts of the Black Sea was investigated for myxosporean parasites using both conventional and molecular methods in the period between September 2015 and August 2019. Using morphological and morphometric data, the myxosporean parasite Ceratomyxa scorpaeni Garbouj, Rangel, Castro, Hmissi, Santos, Bahri, 2016 was identified in the gall bladder of host fish. Molecular analysis of the 18S rDNA gene confirmed the identity of this parasite as C. scorpaeni. This is the first report of its occurrence in the Black Sea.

Scorpaena guttata Girard, 1854. California Scorpionfish. To 47 cm (18.5 in) SL (Gartman and Groce 1998); about 57.9 cm (22.3 in) TL based on conversion factors in Love et al. (1987). Santa Cruz, central California to Gulf of California (Miller and Lea 1972). Benthic; depth: intertidal to 266 m (872 ft) (min.: Metz 1912; max.: City of San Diego 2020). A maximum depth record from the NWFSC-FRAM database of 861 m (2,824 ft) is very probably in error., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Gartman, R. & Groce, A. (1998) Demersal fishes and megabenthic invertebrates. In: Vereker, L. & Stebbins, T. (Eds.), City of San Diego Ocean Monitoring Program 1997 Receiving Water Monitoring Report, pp. 69 - 80.","Love, M. S., Axell, B., Morris, P., Collins, R. & Brooks, A. (1987) Life history and fishery of the California scorpionfish, Scorpaena guttata, within the southern California Bight. Fishery Bulletin, 85, 99 - 116.","Miller, D. J. & Lea, R. N. (1972) Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin, 157.","Metz, C. W. (1912) The Fishes of Laguna Beach, California. First Annual Report of the Laguna Marine Laboratory.","City of San Diego. 2020. Comprehensive Listing of Demersal Fish Species Collected by the City of San Diego's Ocean Monitoring Program. City of San Diego, Public Utilities Department, Environmental Monitoring and Technical Services Division, San Diego, CA. Updated August 2020."]}

Scorpaena russula Jordan & Bollman, 1890. Reddish Scorpionfish or Shortspine Red Scorpionfish. To 23 cm (9.1 in) TL (Moncayo-Estrada et al. 2006). Bah��a Abreojos (26��48���N, 113��25���W), southern Baja California (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) to Chimbote, Peru (Chirichigno and V��lez 1998), including Gulf of California (Allen and Robertson 1994). Benthic; depth: 7���160 m (23���525 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Fish Collection, Los Angeles, California; max.: Robertson and Allen 2002)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Moncayo-Estrada, R., Castro-Aguirre, J. L. & de la Cruz-Aguero, J. (2006) A fish checklist for the ichthyofauna of Bahia de Banderas, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 77, 67 - 80 [In Spanish].","Chirichigno, F. N. & Velez D, J. (1998) Clave para identificaticar los peces marinos del Peru (segunda edicion, revisada y actualizada). Instituto de Mar de Peru Publicacion Especial.","Allen, G. R. & Robertson, D. R. (1994) Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama."]}

Scorpaena sonorae Jenkins & Evermann, 1889. Sonora Scorpionfish. To 18 cm (7.1 in) TL (Allen and Robertson 1994). Southern Baja California (26��07.7���N, 113��04.2���W) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), to Gulf of California (Poss in Fischer et al. 1995), to Guerrero State, Mexico (Amezcua Linares 1996). Benthic; depth: surface (nightlight; Personal Communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), 1���91 m (4���300 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Allen, G. R. & Robertson, D. R. (1994) Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.","Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome.","Amezcua Linares, F. (1996) Peces Demersales de la Platforma Continental del Pacifico Central de Mexico. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico."]}

Scorpaena mystes Jordan & Starks, 1895. Pacific Spotted Scorpionfish or Stone Scorpionfish. To 51 cm (20 in) TL (Robertson and Allen 2015). Redondo Beach, southern California (Swift 1986) to Chile (Peque��o 1989), including Gulf of California (Poss in Fischer et al. 1995), Islas Gal��pagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1997), and other offshore islands (Robertson and Allen 2002). Benthic; depth: intertidal to 100 m (328 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: Robertson and Allen 2015)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Jordan, D. S. & Starks, E. C. (1895) The fishes of Puget Sound. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 5, 785 - 855.","Robertson, D. R. and Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 2.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa. http: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages","Swift, C. C. (1986) First record of the spotted scorpionfish, Scorpaena plumieri, from California: the curtain falls on \" a comedy of errors. \" California Fish and Game, 72, 176 - 178.","Pequeno R., G. (1989) Peces de Chile lista sistematica revisada y comentada. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia, 24, 1 - 132.","Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome.","Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama."]}

Scorpaena histrio Jenyns, 1840. Bandfin Scorpionfish, Darkblotch Scorpionfish, or Player Scorpionfish. To 27.3 cm (10.7 in) TL (John Snow, pers. comm. to M.L.). Isla Guadalupe, central Baja California (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) to Chile (Peque��o 1989), including Gulf of California (Robertson and Allen 2002), and Islas Gal��pagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1997). Benthic; depth: 5���200 m (17���656 ft) (Robertson and Allen 2015)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Pequeno R., G. (1989) Peces de Chile lista sistematica revisada y comentada. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia, 24, 1 - 132.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.","Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford.","Robertson, D. R. and Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 2.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa. http: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages"]}

Scorpaena afuerae Hildebrand, 1946. Peruvian Scorpionfish. To 38 cm (15 in) (John Snow, pers. comm. to M.L.). Todos Santos (23��24.6���N, 110��13.8���W), southern Baja California (John Snow, pers. comm. to M.L.), southern Gulf of California (John Snow, pers. comm. to M.L.), to Costa Rica through to Peru; Isla del Cocos (Robertson and Allen 2008). Benthic; depth: 35���100 m (115���320 ft) (Robertson and Allen 2015)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2008) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 1.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa.","Robertson, D. R. and Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 2.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa. http: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages"]}

Scorpaena vesperalis n. sp. New English name: Dwarf Red Scorpionfish Figures 1 C–D, 2B–C, 3E–F, 4, 6, 7G–L; Tables 1–3 Holotype. WAM P. 28521-003, 58.7 mm SL, Busselton Jetty, Western Australia, 33°39′S, 115°21′E, 8 m, J. Hutchins, 12 Apr. 1885. Paratypes. 56 specimens, 16.2–67.6 mm SL, all from the southwestern coast of Western Australia, Australia. AMS I. 20233-014, 6 specimens, 18.5–25.5 mm SL, Canal Rocks, Cape Naturaliste, 33°40′12″S, 115°00′00″E, 1– 15 m, B. Russell, 1 Apr. 1978; AMS I. 20245-031, 5, 20.2–31.7 mm SL, Horse Shoe Reefs, Rottnest Island, 32°00′S, 115°28′E, 12–15 m, B. Russell, 12 Apr. 1978; AMS I. 20247-009, 5, 21.1–38.0 mm SL, Kingston Reefs, Rottnest Island, 31°58′48″S, 115°33′00″E, 8 m, B. Russell, 12 Apr. 1978; AMS I. 20347-001, 67.6 mm SL, off Yallingup, 33°39′00″S, 115°01′12″E, 2 m, N. Coleman, 26 Mar. 1971; CSIRO A 1696, 51.5 mm SL, Strickland Bay, Rottnest Island, 32°00′S, 115°32′E, 21 Jan. 1954; KAUM–I. 142982, 54.7 mm SL, WAM P. 25798-011, 2, 38.0– 44.7 mm SL, Eagle Bay, Geographe Bay, 33°33′S, 115°04′E, 0–4 m, G. Allen et al., 21 Oct. 1976; KAUM–I. 142983, 36.7 mm SL, KAUM–I. 142985, 35.4 mm SL, KAUM–I. 142986, 38.1 mm SL, Rocky Bay, Rottnest Island, 32°00′S, 115°28′E, J. Hutchins et al., 6 Jun. 1980; KAUM–I. 142984, 34.1 mm SL, WAM P. 28520-009, 4, 28.9–48.9 mm SL, Canal Rocks, 33°39′S, 115°01′E, 3–4 m, J. Hutchins et al., 16 Apr. 1985; WAM P. 25806-003, 2, 31.9–41.2 mm SL, off Fremantle, Flinders, 32°18′S, 115°30′E, 37 m, N. Sarti et al., 29 Jun. 1977; WAM P. 26600-007, 28.6 mm SL, Torbay Head, Albany, 35°08′S, 117°38′E, 3 m, J. Hutchins, 12 Apr. 1980; WAM P. 26608-014, 2, 30.4–30.5 mm SL, Cheyne Beach, east of Albany, 34°53′S, 118°25′E, 12–15 m, J. Hutchins et al., 19 Apr. 1980; WAM P. 26617- 005, 3, 29.6–34.9 mm SL, Rocky Bay, Rottnest Island, 32°00′S, 115°30′E, 8 m, J. Hutchins, 9 Jun. 1980; WAM P. 27616-012, 2, 30.1–31.6 mm SL, Fish Hook Bay, Rottnest Island, 32°00′S, 115°30′E, 3–4 m, J. Hutchins et al., 1 Jun. 1982; WAM P. 27951-009, 45.8 mm SL, Osprey Islet, Jurien Bay, 34°53′S, 118°25′E, 2–5 m, J. Hutchins et al., 10 Apr. 1983; WAM P. 27988-004, 24.0 mm SL, Hamelin Bay, 34°12′S, 115°01′E, 1 m, N. Sarti, 21 Jan. 1979; WAM P. 28521-012, 58.8 mm SL, same data as holotype; WAM P. 29250-001, 2, 33.3–44.5 mm SL, Southern Group, Houtman Abrolhos, 1960; WAM P. 32040-001, 48.1 mm SL, northwestern coast of Rottnest Island, 183–188 m, J. Hutchins et al. on FV Bluefin, 14 Aug. 1962; WAM P. 32776-003, 10, 16.2–46.1 mm SL, North Ronsard Rocks, Cervantes, 30°28′42″S, 115°02′48″E, 3–4.7 m, G. Moore, 10 Mar. 2006; WAM P. 26620-001, 55.9 mm SL, Geordie Bay, 32°00′S, 115°30′E, 5 m, J. Hutchins et al., 14 Jun. 1980. Diagnosis. A new species of Scorpaena distinguished from other members of the S. papillosa complex by the following combination of characters: pectoral-fin rays 14–16 (mode 15); scale rows in longitudinal series 37–41 (40); scale rows above lateral line 4–6 (5), below 9–12 (11); scale rows between 6th dorsal-fin spine base and lateral line 4–6 (5), between last dorsal-fin spine base and lateral line 4–6 (5); body depth 32.3–39.5 (mean 36.0) % of SL; upper-jaw length 19.6–22.5 (20.9) % of SL; maxilla depth 5.7–7.3 (6.4) % of SL; postorbital length 18.2–21.3 (19.6) % of SL; least distance between interorbital ridges 1.4–2.7 (1.9) % of SL; 1st anal-fin spine length 7.2–10.0 (8.7) % of SL; anterior lacrimal spine simple, without additional spinous points on posterior margin; a single united pore behind lower jaw symphysial knob; supraocular tentacle relatively large, its length greater than half pupil diameter; all fins of preserved specimens usually uniformly whitish to translucent; largest recorded specimen 67.6 mm SL. Description. Data for the holotype are given first, followed by paratype data (if different) in parentheses. Head spination illustrated in Fig. 1 C–D. Selected meristics and morphometrics, expressed as percentages of SL, are shown in Tables 1–3. Body moderately compressed anteriorly, width at pectoral-fin base 20.1 (14.2–22.2) % SL, progressively more compressed posteriorly; relatively shallow, depth much less than head length [body depth and head length 39.0 (32.3–39.5) % SL and 41.4 (39.2–45.7) % SL, respectively]. Tiny papillae on snout, interorbital space, occipital pit, dorsal surface of head, outer margin of eye membrane, and behind orbit to an area between upper and lower opercular spines. A single tentacle (its length greater than half pupil diameter) on posterior end of supraocular spine base. Several tiny tentacles on upper part of outer eye margin. A short tentacle, with several short branches along distal margin, associated with anterior nostril, its length approximately equal to nasal spine length. Anterior lacrimal spine associated with tiny fleshy tentacles. Posterior lacrimal spine associated with a small and several tiny fleshy tentacles, its lengths shorter than anterior nostril tentacle, posteriorly continuous with head via fringed skin. Tips of preopercular spines without skin flaps (sometimes tips of 3rd–5th spines with tiny flap). Several (sometimes absent) tentacles occasionally scattered on lateral body surface (associated with pored-lateral line, recognized from left side of body in holotype). Underside of lower jaw smooth, without tentacles. Pectoral-fin axil without skin flaps. H Holotype, N Neotype, ALS anterior lacrimal spine, DS dorsal-fin base, LL lateral line, SK symphysial knob, SR scale rows a at vertical midline of eye, b at posterior end of preocular spine base, c least distance between interorbital ridges Dorsal fin with 12 spines and 10 (rarely 9, only 4 of all paratypes) soft rays; fourth (sometimes third) spine longest; fifth to eleventh spines becoming progressively shorter; length of last spine about equal to (or slightly greater than) that of second spine; second (sometimes third) soft ray longest; all soft rays branched, posterior branch of last soft ray joined by membrane to caudal peduncle for about four-fifths (two-thirds to four-fifths) its length. Anal fin with 3 spines and 5 soft rays; first spine shortest, located slightly posterior to vertical through last dorsal-fin spine base; second longest, its length greater than 4th dorsal-fin spine length; all soft rays branched; second soft ray longest. Pectoral fins each with 15 (14–16) rays, 1 (1 or 2) upper unbranched rays, 5 (2–5) branched rays, 9 (9–11) lower unbranched rays (usually all rays unbranched in specimens less than 26.3 mm SL); 8th (or 7th) ray longest, slightly elongated; posterior profile of fin pointed (or slightly rounded); tip of fin just reaching (not reaching or slightly beyond) first anal-fin spine base; lower unbranched rays thickened. Pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 branched soft rays; second soft ray longest; last soft ray joined by membrane to abdomen for about two-thirds its length. Caudal fin with 13 principal rays, posterior margin relatively rounded (or slightly truncate). Gill rakers on upper limb of first gill arch 5 (4–6), lower limb 11 (10–13) [9 (8–10) and 2 (2–4) on ceratohyal and on hypobranchial, respectively], total 16 (14–18), short and spinous, longest raker on first gill arch shorter than gill filaments around angle of gill arch; fourth gill slit closed by membrane. Branchiostegal rays 7. Swimbladder absent. Area enclosed by opercular margin, and upper and lower opercular spine tips lacking scales. Well exposed ctenoid scales on lateral surface of trunk, becoming cycloid and sometimes embedded in thin skin ventrally. Body scales not extending onto fin rays or membranes, except basal caudal fin. Exposed (sometimes embedded in thin skin) cycloid scales covering pectoral-fin base and ventral body surface, including between pelvic fins. Lateral line above opercle tip and pectoral fin sloping moderately downward. Relatively thick skin with numerous small sensory pores covering predorsal area from posterior edge of occipital pit to anterior margin of predorsal scales, upper and lower suborbital ridges, behind orbit to above upper opercular spine, and between parietal and nuchal and pterotic and lower posttemporal spines. Underside of dentary with three well developed sensory pores, first pore slightly posterior to vertical through anterior lacrimal spine tip, second between anterior and posterior lacrimal spine tips, third on posterior margin of dentary. A single united pore behind lower jaw symphysial knob. A pore on each side of symphysial knob. Mouth large, slightly oblique, forming an angle of 20 (20–25)º to horizontal axis of head and body. Posterior margin of maxilla just reaching posterior margin of orbit (usually reaching to vertical through or slightly beyond posterior margin of pupil). Upper edge of posterior maxilla swollen laterally, forming a distinct ridge; lateral surface of maxilla smooth, lacking a ridge or tentacles. Symphysial gap separating premaxillary teeth bands narrow, less than width of each band. Upper jaw with a band of short, incurved, conical teeth, about 9 tooth rows anteriorly, band slightly narrowing posteriorly. Lower jaw with a band of short, incurved, conical teeth; most teeth shorter than those of upper jaw, band distinctly narrowing posteriorly. About 6 tooth rows anteriorly on vomer, reducing to 2 rows posteriorly, forming a V-shaped patch. Width of vomerine plate distinctly shorter than length of palatine plate. Two (or 3) tooth rows on palatine plate; plate slightly narrowing posteriorly. Anterodorsal and lateral surfaces of lacrimal with spines, the former with distinctly larger spine base (anterodorsal lacrimal spine usually indistinct in paratypes less than 26.3 mm SL). Anterior lacrimal spine simple, without small spinous points on its posterior margin, directed forward. Posterior lacrimal spine simple, without small spinous points on its anterior margin, directed ventroposteriorly. Anterior and posterior lacrimal spine sizes about equal. Suborbital ridge with three spines, first below pupil, second extending slightly beyond orbit, third at end of suborbital ridge. Space between ventral margin of eye and suborbital ridge narrow. Suborbital pit absent. Preopercle with 5 pointed spines; uppermost largest with a small supplemental preopercular spine on base; directed posteriorly. Preopercle (between upper end and uppermost preopercular spine) smooth, without serrae or spines. Upper opercular spine simple, with a low median ridge, covered by relatively thick skin with small pores. Lower opercular spine simple, with a distinct median ridge. Space between upper and lower opercular spines smooth, without ridges. Posterior tip of upper opercular spine not reaching opercular margin, posterior tip of lower opercular spine just reaching opercular margin. Dorsal profile of snout steep, forming 50 (45–50)º angle to horizontal axis of head and body. Nasal spine simple, conical, directed upward. Ascending process of premaxilla short, its posterior margin level with (or slightly beyond) posterior end of nasal spine base. Median interorbital ridge present (or indistinct), extending from just behind posterior margin of ascending process of premaxilla onto midline slightly posterior to posterior end of preocular spine base. Interorbital ridges well developed, separated by moderately deep channel, extending from behind nasal spines and conjoined level with coronal spines. Interorbital ridges divergent anteriorly and posteriorly in dorsal view, narrowest separation level with tip of preocular spine. Preocular spine simple, directed dorsoposteriorly, flattened anteriorly and posteriorly. Supraocular spine simple. Postocular spine simple, its length less than tympanic spine. Coronal spine simple, strongly pointed, directed dorsoposteriorly. Tympanic spine simple, strongly pointed with slightly lateral orientation. Pretympanic spines absent. Occipital pit shallow, center slightly convex with an indistinct transverse ridge at rear between bases of nuchal spines, surrounded laterally by tympanic and parietal spines. Parietal spine simple, its base curving into occipital pit. Nuchal spine simple, base continuous with parietal spine base. Sphenotic with 1 (rarely 0 or 2) small spine(s). Postorbital smooth, usually spineless (rarely with spinous points). Pterotic spine simple, located below parietal and nuchal spines. Upper posttemporal spine small, simple, pointed and directed dorsoposteriorly, its length much shorter than lower posttemporal spine. Lower posttemporal spine simple, its base length slightly less than that of pterotic spine. Supracleithral spines simple, flattened. Cleithral spine flattened, with an indistinct median ridge, strongly pointed. Colour (based on all examined specimens). Fresh specimens vary in coloration from reddish-orange to greenishbrown, suffused with irregular dark brownish to blackish markings, males with a black blotch (absent in females) on posterior portion of spinous dorsal fin between 8th (7th) and 10th spines (Fig. 2 B–C). Preserved specimens yellowish-brown, persistent dark brownish markings on body and dorsal fin blotch (Fig. 3 E–F). Distribution. Distributed off southwestern Australia, ranging from Southern Group, Houtman Abrolhos (28°S) to the Albany coast (35°S) (Fig. 4). Specimens examined in this study were collected mainly from shallow rocky reefs at depths between 0–37 m (a single specimen had been collected from 188 m). Etymology. The species name from the Latin vesperalis, meaning west, is derived from the type locality of the species (Western Australia), which is also the westernmost occurrence of the S. papillosa complex., Published as part of Wibowo, Kunto & Motomura, Hiroyuki, 2020, Review of the Scorpaena papillosa species complex (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae) with description of a new species from southwestern Australia, pp. 527-546 in Zootaxa 4852 (5) on pages 532-542, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4852.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4410178, {"references":["Bloch, M. E. & Schneider, J. G. (1801) M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae Iconibus cx Ilustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum, Berolini, 584 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5750"]}

The Scorpaena papillosa complex Included species. Scorpaena papillosa (S. papillosa papillosa and S. papillosa ergastulorum) and Scorpaena vesperalis n. sp. Diagnosis. A species complex distinguished from other Indo-Pacific species of Scorpaena by the following unique characters: dorsal fin with 10 soft rays, coronal spines present, and two upwardly directed spines (anterodorsal and lateral lacrimal spines) on lacrimal bone present (Fig. 1)., Published as part of Wibowo, Kunto & Motomura, Hiroyuki, 2020, Review of the Scorpaena papillosa species complex (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae) with description of a new species from southwestern Australia, pp. 527-546 in Zootaxa 4852 (5) on page 528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4852.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4410178

Scorpaena papillosa ergastulorum Richardson, 1842a English name: Southern Red Scorpionfish Figures 3 C–D, 4, 6, 7A–F; Tables 1–3 Scorpaena ergastulorum Richardson, 1842a: 217 (type locality: Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia); McCulloch 1929: 383 (in part, Australia). Scorpaena militaris Richardson, 1842b: 90 (type locality: Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia) (error as " miles " in Richardson 1843: 18); Richardson 1845: 22, pl. 14, figs. 1–2 (coast of Van Diemen`s Land, Tasmania, Australia). Scorpaena cruenta (not Solander in Richardson): Gunther 1860: 112 (in part, coast of Van Diemen`s Land, Tasmania, Australia); Bleeker 1863: 446 (Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia); Macleay 1881: 430 (Port Jackson, Port Phillip, Tasmania, Australia); Waite 1898: 36 (New South Wales, Australia); Waite 1899: 99 (New South Wales, Australia); McCulloch 1912: 17 (Port Jackson, New South Wales and Tasmania, Australia); McCulloch 1922: 116 (New South Wales, Australia); Mc-Culloch 1926: 36 (Shell Harbour and Narooma, New South Wales and eastern coast of Tasmania, Australia). Ruboralga cardinalis (not Solander & Richardson in Richardson): Whitley 1968: 84 (in part, Australia). Scorpaena papillosa: Kuiter 1993: 120 (coast of southeastern Australia); Kuiter 1997: 86 (Australia); Motomura et al. 2005b: 867 (in part, Australia); Johnson & Motomura 2008: 488 (southern coast of Australia). Specimens examined. 85 specimens, 24.5–148.7 mm SL. New South Wales: AMS I. 6747, 78.3 mm SL, Port Jackson, 33°51′S, 151°16′E, 10 Jul. 1886; AMS I. 16849-024, 2, 81.1–99.1 mm SL, Murrays Head, Jervis Bay, 35°08′S, 150°45′E, 2–9 m, D. Pollard et al., 30 Oct. 1971; AMS I. 16851-034, 47.0 mm SL, southwest of Bowen Island, Jervis Bay, 35°07′S, 150°46′E, D. Pollard & P. Straw, 2 May 1972; AMS I. 16898-001, 1 of 5, 92.7 mm SL, off Darling Road, Jervis Bay, 35°03′S, 150°44′E, 18–20 m, D. Pollard, 22 Sep. 1971; AMS I. 19258-001, 85.8 mm SL, off Sydney, 34°00′S, 151°14′E, R. Kuiter, 3 Oct. 1976; AMS I. 21774-037, 57.8 mm SL, south of Batemans Bay, 35°47′S, 150°13′E, 0–1 m, D. Hoese et al., 21 Feb. 1976; AMS I. 25280-002, 8, 91.9–130.2 mm SL, off Green Cape, 37°16′48″S, 150°04′48″E, 84–95 m, bottom trawl, FRV Kapala, 22 Nov. 1984; AMS I. 28556-002, 3, 59.2–63.6 mm SL, Jervis Bay & Murrays Beach, 35°03′00″S, 150°43′48″E, bottom trawl, M. Lincoln-Smith, May 1988; AMS I. 28732-007, 5 of 7, 26.7–90.5 mm SL, Bittangabee Bay, 37°13′12″S, 150°01′06″E, 1.5 m, AMS Party, 6 Apr. 1989; AMS I. 28738-002, 10, 24.5–102.5 mm SL, Bittangabee Bay, 37°13′S, 150°00′E, 0–4 m, AMS Party, 8 Apr. 1989; AMS I. 30425-002, 108.4 mm SL, northeast of Tathra, 36°37–40′S, 150°09–10′E, 108–111 m, FRV Kapala, 23 Nov. 1984; AMS I. 34520-001, 2, 96.6–128.4 mm SL, off Green Cape, 37°19–22′S, 150°17–18′E, 137–141 m, FRV Kapala, 14 Mar. 1993; AMS I. 45027-036, 1 of 5, 76.0 mm SL, AMS I. 45027-037, 3 of 5, 28.8–69.1 mm SL, Mollymook, Jones Beach, 35°19′19″S, 150°29′00″E, 0–4 m, M. McGrouther, 11 Mar. 2010; AMS I. 45133-003, 2, 56.9–68.5 mm SL, Sydney Harbour, 33°50′52.8″S, 151°17′06.0″E, Macquarie University Fish Class, 23 Sep. 1972; CSIRO A 826, 82.6 mm SL, Eden, 37°05′S, 149°55′E, 23 May 1950; CSIRO CA 602, 52.8 mm SL, Botany Bay, Oct. 1977; CSIRO H 3537-02, 2, 79.6–102.7 mm SL, south of Disaster Bay, 37°22–24′S, 149°58′E, 42–44 m, A. Graham, FRV Southern Surveyor, 13 Aug. 1993; CSIRO H 4251-04, 2, 80.4–85.9 mm SL, precise locality unknown; KAUM–I. 47217, 86.3 mm SL, KAUM–I. 47218, 81.2 mm SL, KAUM–I. 47219, 74.7 mm SL, Kianinny Boat Ramp, Tathra, 36°44′15″S, 149°58′59″E, 0.5–4.5 m, AMS Party, 9 Apr. 2008. Victoria: AMS I. 19248-007, 109.9 mm SL, Port Phillip, 38°19′S, 144°43′E, 5 m, S. Parish & R. Kuiter, 16 Jun. 1976. Tasmania: AMS IA. 4107, 81.2 mm SL, AMS IA. 4108, 66.3 mm SL, d’Entrecasteaux Channel, 43°15′S, 147°16′E, 9 m, M. Ward, Oct. 1929; AMS I. 9260, 119.7 mm SL, Port Arthur, 43°09′S, 147°51′E, C. Hedley, 1908; AMS I. 14197, 66.9 mm SL, Wedge Bay, Hobart, 43°07′S, 147°41′E, 9–18 m, C. Hedley, 13 Apr. 1917; AMS I. 17193-009, 1 of 4, 81.0 mm SL, Wedge Bay, off Maydeena, 43°07′S, 147°40′E, 7 m, T. Garrard, May 1966; AMS I. 17550-011, 5, 46.7–141.3 mm SL, north of Port Arthur, 43°00′S, 147°46′E, 0–2 m, D. Hoese & W. Ivanstoff, 2 Dec. 1972; AMS I. 17551-012, 1 of 5, 115.5 mm SL, Port Arthur, 43°09′S, 147°51′E, 1 m, D. Hoese & W. Ivanstoff, 2 Dec. 1972; AMS I. 17554-010, 2, 56.9–57.3 mm SL, south of Boat Harbour, Bicheno, 41°53′S, 148°18′E, 1 m, D. Hoese & W. Ivanstoff, 5 Dec. 1972; AMS I. 17576-009, 116.3 mm SL, the Gardens, north of Binalong Bay, 1 m, D. Hoese & W. Ivanstoff, 6 Dec. 1972; AMS I. 17905-001, 107.0 mm SL, off Erith Island, 39°27′S, 147°18′E, 5 m, N. Coleman, 10 May 1974; BMNH 1875.11.12.26, 148.7 mm SL, precise locality unknown; BMNH 2004.8.2.1, 116.6 mm SL, Port Arthur; CSIRO B 1531, 4, 72.8–82.9 mm SL, east of Cape Barren Island, 40°19′S, 148°41′E, 60 m, 12 Nov. 1978; CSIRO H 678-1, 72.2 mm SL, off Rocky Cape, 46 m, 16 Oct. 1986; CSIRO T 1071, 147.2 mm SL, off Fossil Island, 43°02′S, 147°57′E, M. McGeary, 14 Sep. 1980; CSIRO T 1115, 66.5 mm SL, Frederick Henry Bay, S. Bell; CSIRO T 1281, 2, 72.8 –77.0 mm SL, northeast coast of Flinders Island, R. Green, 24 Apr. 1980; CSIRO T 1402-02, 132.8 mm SL, southern Tasmania, K. Harris, 2 Feb. 1980; CSIRO T 1705, 3, 65.0– 90.5 mm SL, Point Home Lookout, Mercury Passage, 42°33′S, 147°57′E, B. Hutchins, 19 Feb. 1982; CSIRO T 2001-01, 61.7 mm SL, Waterhouse Point, Dusky Reef, 40°49′S, 147°11′E, 3 m, P. Last, 6 Jan. 1974. Diagnosis. A subspecies of Scorpaena distinguished from other members of the S. papillosa complex by the following combination of characters (all morphometrics based on specimens less than 70 mm SL): pectoral-fin rays 15–17 (mode 16); scale rows in longitudinal series 41–47 (44 or 45); scale rows above lateral line 4–7 (6), below 10–14 (12); scale rows between 6th dorsal-spine base and lateral line 5–7 (5 or 6), between last dorsal-spine base and lateral line 4–7 (5); body depth 29.0–37.6 (mean 33.1) % of SL; upper-jaw length 16.8–20.0 (18.6) % of SL; maxilla depth 4.4–6.1 (5.0) % of SL; postorbital length 17.0–20.2 (18.4) % of SL; least distance between interorbital ridges 0.8–1.7 (1.3) % of SL; 1st anal-fin spine length 9.3–11.8 (10.6) % of SL; anterior lacrimal spine simple or with 1–3 additional spinous points on posterior margin; a single united or two separated pores behind lower jaw symphysial knob; supraocular tentacle tiny or small (usually tiny); all fins of preserved specimens usually blackish or yellowish-brown with many small blackish spots on soft rayed portions; largest recorded specimen 148.7 mm SL. Distribution. Distributed off southeastern Australia, from Port Jackson, New South Wales (33°S) to the south coast of Tasmania (43°S) (Fig. 4) (based on specimens examined in this study). The westernmost specimen-based record of the subspecies (NMV A 11578) is Port Lincoln, Spencer Gulf, South Australia (34°44′25″S, 135°53′04″E) (M. Gomon, pers. comm.). Specimens examined in this study had been collected from shallow rocky reef to deep water habitats at depths between 0–141 m (most commonly in depths less than 25 m)., Published as part of Wibowo, Kunto & Motomura, Hiroyuki, 2020, Review of the Scorpaena papillosa species complex (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae) with description of a new species from southwestern Australia, pp. 527-546 in Zootaxa 4852 (5) on pages 530-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4852.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4410178, {"references":["Richardson, J. (1842 a) Contributions to the ichthyology of Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, New Series, 9, 15 - 31 + 207 - 218.","McCulloch, A. R. (1929) A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part 3. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 5, 329 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.5.1929.475","Richardson, J. (1842 b) Description of Australian fish. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 3, 69 - 131.","Richardson, J. (1843 [dated 1842]) Report on the present state of the ichthyology of New Zealand. Report of the 12 th meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. John Murray, London, pp. 12 - 30.","Richardson, J. (1845) Fishes. In: Richardson, J. & Gray, J. E. (Eds.), The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror, under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, R. N., F. R. S., during the years 1839 to 1843. Vol. 2. E. W. Janson, London, pp. 1 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7364","Gunther, A. (1860) Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 2. Squamipinnes, Cirrhitidae, Triglidae, Trachinidae, Sciaenidae, Polynemidae, Sphyraenidae, Trichiuridae, Scombridae, Carangidae, Xiphiidae. British Museum Trustees, London, 548 pp.","Bleeker, P. (1863) Notices sur une collection de poissons de la Nouvelle Hollande faite a Port-Jackson. Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Natuurkunde, 15, 442 - 451.","Macleay, W. (1881) Descriptive catalogue of the fishes of Australia. Part 2. Proceedings Linnean Society of New South Wales, 5, 302 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 15887","Waite, E. R. (1898) Sea fisheries report upon trawling operations off the coast of New South Wales between the Manning River and Jervis Bay, carried on by H. M. C. S. \" Thetis \", together with scientific report on the fishes. William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, Sidney, 62 pp.","Waite, E. R. (1899) Scientific results of the trawling expedition of H. M. C. S. \" Thetis \", off the coast of New South Wales, in February and March, 1898. Australian Museum Memoir, 4, 3 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.4.1899.428","McCulloch, A. R. (1912) Notes on some Western Australian fishes. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 1, 1 - 20.","McCulloch, A. R. (1922) Check list of the fish and fish-like animals of New South Wales. The Australian Zoologist, 2, 86 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 21645","Whitley, G. P. (1968) A check-list of the fishes recorded from the New Zealand region. The Australian Zoologist, 15, 1 - 102.","Kuiter, R. H. (1993) Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 437 pp.","Kuiter, R. H. (1997) Guide to sea fishes of Australia. A comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen. New Holland Publishers, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, 434 pp.","Motomura, H., Paulin, C. D. & Stewart, A. L. (2005 b) First records of Scorpaena onaria (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) from the southwestern Pacific Ocean, and comparisons with the Northern Hemisphere population. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39, 865 - 880. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288330.2005.9517358","Johnson, J. W. & Motomura, H. (2008) Various scorpaeniform family accounts. In: Gomon, M. F., Bray, D. J. & Kuiter, R. H. (Eds.), Fishes of Australia's Southern Coast. New Holland Publishers, Sydney, pp. 1 - 928."]}

A taxonomic review of the Scorpaena papillosa species complex, defined here as having 10 dorsal-fin soft rays, coronal spines, and two upwardly directed spines on the lacrimal bone, resulted in the recognition of two species and two subspecies, Scorpaena papillosa (Schneider & Forster, 1801) including two subspecies, i.e., S. papillosa papillosa (New Zealand) and S. papillosa ergastulorum Richardson, 1842a (southeastern Australia), and S. vesperalis n. sp. (southwestern Australia). Scorpaena p. papillosa and S. p. ergastulorum, are redescribed, with designation of a neotype for S. p. papillosa. Scorpaena vesperalis n. sp., described from coastal waters off southwestern Western Australia on the basis of 57 specimens, is characterized as follows: pectoral-fin rays 14–16; longitudinal scale rows 37–41; body depth 32.3–39.5 % of SL; upper-jaw length 19.6–22.5 % of SL; maxilla depth 5.7–7.3 % of SL; postorbital length 18.2–21.3 % of SL; least distance between interorbital ridges 1.4–2.7 % of SL; 1st anal-fin spine length 7.2–10.0 % of SL; anterior lacrimal spine simple, without additional small spinous points on its posterior margin; a single united pore behind the lower jaw symphysial knob; relatively large supraocular tentacle; all fins of preserved specimens usually uniformly whitish to translucent; and small body size (maximum recorded length 67.6 mm SL). The new species is likely endemic to southwestern Australia. Morphological ontogenetic changes in the relative lengths of some body proportions in the three taxa are also discussed.

Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus 1758 ���Black scorpionfish Taxonomy. First record from Lebanon as Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus 1758 by George et al. (1964: 23); subsequently recorded as Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus by Mouneimn�� (1977: 65); as Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus 1758 by Mouneimn�� (2002: 118); recently recorded as Scorpaena porcus by Harmelin-Vivien et al. (2005: 629); as Scorpaena porcus by Fanelli et al. (2015: 2169). Material in collection: AUBM, FMNH, SMF, SMNS and USNM. Distribution. Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara, Black Sea, eastern Atlantic: British Isles south to Morocco, including Azores and Canary Islands. Conservation. IUCN: Global (LC: 14 July 2014); Med. (LC: 15 November 2007). Capture and threats: FIT, FIB, unknown. Occurrence: Common. Low priority for conservation action., Published as part of Bariche, Michel & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status, pp. 1-157 in Zootaxa 4775 (1) on page 107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3983887, {"references":["George, C. J., Athanassiou, V. A. & Boulos, I. (1964) The fishes of the coastal waters of Lebanon. Miscellaneous Papers in the Natural Sciences. The American University of Beirut, 4, 1 - 24.","Mouneimne, N. (1977) Liste des poissons de la cote du Liban (Mediterranee orientale). Cybium, 3 (1), 37 - 66.","Mouneimne, N. (2002) Poissons marins du Liban et de la Mediterranee orientale. INCAM-EU / CNRS Lebanon, Beyrouth, 271 pp.","Harmelin-Vivien, M. L., Bitar, G., Harmelin, J. G. & Monestiez, P. (2005) The littoral fish community of the Lebanese rocky coast (eastern Mediterranean Sea) with emphasis on Red Sea immigrants. Biological Invasions, 7, 625 - 637. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 004 - 5852 - 4","Fanelli, E., Azzurro, E., Bariche, M., Cartes, J. E. & Maynou, F. (2015) Depicting the novel Eastern Mediterranean food web: a stable isotopes study following Lessepsian fish invasion. Biological Invasions, 17, 2163 - 2178. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 015 - 0868 - 5"]}

Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus 1758 ���Large-scale scorpionfish Taxonomy. First record from Lebanon as Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus 1758 by George et al. (1964: 23); subsequently recorded as Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus by Mouneimn�� (1977: 65); as Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus 1758 by Mouneimn�� (2002: 118���119); recently recorded as Scorpaena scrofa by Aguillar et al. (2018: 82). Material in collection: AUBM, FMNH and SMF. Distribution. Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic: British Isles south to Cape Verde Islands including Madeira; western Indian Ocean; South Africa to Somalia including Madagascar, Saya de Malha Bank. Conservation. IUCN: Global (LC: 15 July 2014); Med. (LC: 15 November 2007). Capture and threats: FIT, FIB, unknown. Occurrence: Common. Low priority for conservation action., Published as part of Bariche, Michel & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status, pp. 1-157 in Zootaxa 4775 (1) on page 107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3983887, {"references":["George, C. J., Athanassiou, V. A. & Boulos, I. (1964) The fishes of the coastal waters of Lebanon. Miscellaneous Papers in the Natural Sciences. The American University of Beirut, 4, 1 - 24.","Mouneimne, N. (1977) Liste des poissons de la cote du Liban (Mediterranee orientale). Cybium, 3 (1), 37 - 66.","Mouneimne, N. (2002) Poissons marins du Liban et de la Mediterranee orientale. INCAM-EU / CNRS Lebanon, Beyrouth, 271 pp."]}

Scorpaena elongata Cadenat 1943 ���Slender rockfish Taxonomy. First record from Lebanon as Scorpaena elongata Cadenat 1943 by Mouneimn�� (2002: 116); recently recorded as Scorpaena elongata by Colloca & Lelli (2012: 13) and Aguillar et al. (2018: 82). Distribution. Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: Portugal south to Namibia. Conservation. IUCN: Global (LC: 19 May 2013); Med. (LC: 15 November 2007). Capture and threats: FIT, FIB, unknown. Occurrence: Rare. Low priority for conservation action., Published as part of Bariche, Michel & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status, pp. 1-157 in Zootaxa 4775 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3983887, {"references":["Mouneimne, N. (2002) Poissons marins du Liban et de la Mediterranee orientale. INCAM-EU / CNRS Lebanon, Beyrouth, 271 pp.","Colloca, F. & Lelli, S. (2012) Report of the FAO EastMed support to the fishing trials carried out off the South Lebanese Coast. EastMed technical documents 14. FAO, Rome, 38 pp."]}

Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes 1833 ��� Madeira rockfish Taxonomy. First record from Lebanon as Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes 1833 by George et al. (1964: 23); subsequently recorded as Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes by Mouneimn�� (1977: 65); as Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes 1833 by Mouneimn�� (2002: 116���117); recently recorded as Scorpaena maderensis by Harmelin-Vivien et al. (2005: 629). Recent unpublished records from Tyre, Sarafand, Saida, Beirut, Batroun, Tripoli (1998���2019). Material in collection: AUBM, SMF and USNM. Distribution. Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: Morocco south to Senegal, including Azores, Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde islands. Conservation. IUCN: Global (LC: 15 July 2014); Med. (LC: 15 November 2007). Capture and threats: FIT, FIB, unknown. Occurrence: Common. Low priority for conservation action., Published as part of Bariche, Michel & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status, pp. 1-157 in Zootaxa 4775 (1) on page 106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3983887, {"references":["George, C. J., Athanassiou, V. A. & Boulos, I. (1964) The fishes of the coastal waters of Lebanon. Miscellaneous Papers in the Natural Sciences. The American University of Beirut, 4, 1 - 24.","Mouneimne, N. (1977) Liste des poissons de la cote du Liban (Mediterranee orientale). Cybium, 3 (1), 37 - 66.","Mouneimne, N. (2002) Poissons marins du Liban et de la Mediterranee orientale. INCAM-EU / CNRS Lebanon, Beyrouth, 271 pp.","Harmelin-Vivien, M. L., Bitar, G., Harmelin, J. G. & Monestiez, P. (2005) The littoral fish community of the Lebanese rocky coast (eastern Mediterranean Sea) with emphasis on Red Sea immigrants. Biological Invasions, 7, 625 - 637. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 004 - 5852 - 4"]}

Scorpaena hemilepidota Fowler 1938 —Pale scorpionfish (Fig. 43) Status at New Ireland. New record, based on NTUM 12340 (1 specimen, damaged, 68.2 mm SL, St. CP 4260-20, Gazelle Channel), NTUM 12341 (1 specimen, 67.0 mm SL, St. CP 4457-21, northnortheast of Lemus Island), and NTUM 11246 (1 specimen, St. CP 4458-20, 11.5 km west of Kavieng). Distribution and habitat. New Ireland: 2.—General distribution: Philippines. 178–350 m depth. Marine. Remarks. Live colouration rose, marbled with red. Additional specimens collected northeast of Normanby Island, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, NTUM 12342 (3 specimens, 30.8–57.1 mm SL, St. DW4313-1-3, 09°49'S 151°34'E, 105–175 m depth, R/V Alis, 3 May. 2014)., Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on page 101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2988163

* Scorpaena elongata Cadenat, 1943 – Slender rockfish; Rascasso-rosado ①, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

* □ Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 – Red scorpionfish; Rascasso-vermelho ①, Rocaz ②, Palhaço or Peixe-carneiro ③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

Scorpaena plumieri Bloch, 1789 – Pacific spotted scorpionfish; ②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

Scorpaena stephanica Cadenat, 1943 – Spotted-fin rockfish; ③ This species occurs off Madeira, in the PECS area (Josephine Bank), SOC, Discovery No. 785703_210_ FIS_766003, 14.3033º W, 36.7391º N, 11 Apr. 1972., Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

□ Scorpaena canariensis (Sauvage, 1878) – No common name; ②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

Scorpaena laevis Troschel, 1866 – Senegalese rockfish; ②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

□ Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 – Madeira rockfish; ①, Rascasso or Coça ②, Rocaz ③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

Scorpaena azorica Eschmeyer, 1969 – No common name; ②, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

* □ Scorpaena notata Rafinesque, 1810 – Small red scorpionfish; Rascasso-escorpião ①, Rascasso or Coça ②, ③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

□ Scorpaena loppei Cadenat, 1943 – Cadenat’s rockfish; ①②③ S. loppei occurs off the Azores (Great Meteor Tablemount) and off Madeira (Josephine Bank), in the PECS area, SDSC, No. 23054, 28.4966º W, 29.8366º N; SDSC, No. 23056, 28.5250º W, 30.0500º N; SDSC, No. 23055, 28.4000º W, 30.0183º N; SDSC, No. 23052, 14.2533º W, 36.7050º N; SDSC, No. 23053, 14.2916º W, 36.6700º N., Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

* Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758 – Black scorpionfish; Rascasso-de-pintas ①, Rascasso or Coça ②, ③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

The new scorpionfish species Scorpaena wellingtoni is described from two specimens collected from Tagus Cove on Isla Isabela in the Galápagos Archipelago. The barcode COI mtDNA sequence for the holotype of the new species differs by 10.8–14.2% from other members of a set of small related New World scorpionfishes, including S. russula and S. sonorae in the eastern Pacific and S. inermis, S. albifimbria, and S. calcarata in the western Atlantic. The new species is very similar in appearance to the Atlantic Mushroom Scorpionfish, S. inermis, with similar markings, a reduced second preopercular spine, no supplemental preopercular spine, eight dorsal-fin soft rays, two spines on the suborbital ridge, a short snout, and a narrow shallow interorbital space. It shares the tabs extending down from the pigmented corneal drape over the pupil, however they are not mushroom-shaped as in S. inermis. The new species further differs from S. inermis by having a distinct occipital pit, more prominent head spines, and a cleithral spine. S. wellingtoni also resembles the Atlantic Coral Scorpionfish S. albifimbria in markings, a reduced second preopercular spine, a relatively deep body, a short snout, and the presence of the occipital pit and cleithral spines, but it does not share the supplemental preopercular spine or the nine dorsal-fin soft rays and three suborbital-ridge spines found on S. albifimbria. The two widespread eastern-Pacific congeners, S. russula and S. sonorae, also have reduced second preopercular spines, but both differ from the new species in markings and having flat or very shallow occipital pits and an additional dorsal-fin ray and suborbital-ridge spine (S. calcarata in the Atlantic differs in the same characters, except the last). A rare deepwater species from Cocos Island and the Galápagos Archipelago, S. cocosensis, shares most meristic characters but has a less arched upper body, a wider interorbital space with prominent interorbital ridges, and different color and markings. S. wellingtoni is apparently found only in the Galápagos Islands and is thus far the only endemic scorpionfish reported in the Archipelago.

164. Scorpaena pepo Motomura, Poss and Shao, 2007:36, figs. 1, 2A Holotype: ASIZP 65020 (male, 244.3), off NE coast of Taiwan, hook and line fishing, ca. 200 m depth; Taipei Fish Market, 19 May 2005, coll. H. Motomura. Paratypes: AMS I. 43631���001 (1, male, 223.1), same data as for holotype except date, 18 May 2005; ASIZP 65021 (1, female, 245.1), same data as holotype; NTUM 4555 (1, male, 172.9), Nanfangao, Ilan, NE Taiwan, 25 Dec. 1981., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Shao, Kwang-Tsao, 2011, 2957, pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 2957 on page 40, {"references":["Motomura, H., Poss, S. G. & Shao, K. - T. (2007) Scorpaena pepo, a new species of scorpionfish (Scorpaeniformes, Scorpaenidae) from northeastern Taiwan, with a review of S. onaria Jordan and Snyder. Zoological Studies, 46, 35 - 45."]}

Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758 Black Sea: 10900-736 (3 spc.), 12.06.2005, Karaburun, trammel net, L. Eryilmaz. Sea of Marmara: 10900-207 (2 spc.), 24.10.1992, Eastern waters of Kapidag Peninsula, Offshore of ��ayagz Small Bay, dredge, 13 m, L. Eryilmaz. Aegean Sea: 10900-206 (4 spc.), 02.02.1960, G��lbah��e Bay, Izmir. Mediterranean Sea: 10900-735 (1 spc.), January 2003, Iskenderun Bay, trawl, C. Dalyan. Istanbul Fish Market: 10900-200 (1 spc.), 16.03.1989; 10900-524 (1 spa), 16.03.1989., Published as part of Nurettin Meri��, L��tfiye Eryilmaz & M��fit ��zulug, 2007, A catalogue of the fishes held in the Istanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum., pp. 29-54 in Zootaxa 1472 on page 42

Scorpaena notata Rafinesque, 1810 Aegean Sea: 10800-209 (10 spc.), 10.09.1963, Offshore of Altinkum, Çe, beam trawl, 20 m, M. Demir. Mediterranean Sea: 10800-744 (1 spc.), April 2004, Iskenderun Bay, trawl, 250 m, C. Dalyan. Istanbul Fish Market: 10800-208 (1 spc.), 16.03.1989; 10800-201 (1 spa), 16.03.1989.

Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 Mediterranean Sea: 11000-737 (1 spc.), March 2003, Iskenderun Bay, trawl, C. Dalyan.

Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 Mediterranean Sea: 33200-890 (1 spc.), 02.07.2005, Olympos, Antalya, Evrim Tabur, C. Dalyan.

Scorpaena elongata Cadenat, 1943 Mediterranean Sea: 10700-792 (1 spc.), February 2003, Iskenderun Bay, trawl, C. Dalyan. Istanbul Fish Market: 10700-203 (1 spa), 20.02.1992., Published as part of Nurettin Meri��, L��tfiye Eryilmaz & M��fit ��zulug, 2007, A catalogue of the fishes held in the Istanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum., pp. 29-54 in Zootaxa 1472 on page 42

Scorpaena elongata Cadenat, 1943 Mediterranean Sea: 10700-792 (1 spc.), February 2003, Iskenderun Bay, trawl, C. Dalyan. Istanbul Fish Market: 10700-203 (1 spa), 20.02.1992.

Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758 Black Sea: 10900-736 (3 spc.), 12.06.2005, Karaburun, trammel net, L. Eryilmaz. Sea of Marmara: 10900-207 (2 spc.), 24.10.1992, Eastern waters of Kapidag Peninsula, Offshore of Çayagz Small Bay, dredge, 13 m, L. Eryilmaz. Aegean Sea: 10900-206 (4 spc.), 02.02.1960, Gülbahçe Bay, Izmir. Mediterranean Sea: 10900-735 (1 spc.), January 2003, Iskenderun Bay, trawl, C. Dalyan. Istanbul Fish Market: 10900-200 (1 spc.), 16.03.1989; 10900-524 (1 spa), 16.03.1989.

Scorpaena notata Rafinesque, 1810 Aegean Sea: 10800-209 (10 spc.), 10.09.1963, Offshore of Altinkum, ��e, beam trawl, 20 m, M. Demir. Mediterranean Sea: 10800-744 (1 spc.), April 2004, Iskenderun Bay, trawl, 250 m, C. Dalyan. Istanbul Fish Market: 10800-208 (1 spc.), 16.03.1989; 10800-201 (1 spa), 16.03.1989., Published as part of Nurettin Meri��, L��tfiye Eryilmaz & M��fit ��zulug, 2007, A catalogue of the fishes held in the Istanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum., pp. 29-54 in Zootaxa 1472 on page 42

Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 Mediterranean Sea: 33200-890 (1 spc.), 02.07.2005, Olympos, Antalya, Evrim Tabur, C. Dalyan., Published as part of Nurettin Meri��, L��tfiye Eryilmaz & M��fit ��zulug, 2007, A catalogue of the fishes held in the Istanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum., pp. 29-54 in Zootaxa 1472 on page 42

Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 Mediterranean Sea: 11000-737 (1 spc.), March 2003, Iskenderun Bay, trawl, C. Dalyan., Published as part of Nurettin Meri��, L��tfiye Eryilmaz & M��fit ��zulug, 2007, A catalogue of the fishes held in the Istanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum., pp. 29-54 in Zootaxa 1472 on page 42

Scorpaena bulacephala new species New English name: Bullhead Scorpionfish Figures 1-5 Holotype. CSIRO H 6009-05, female, 80.7 mm SL, south of Norfolk Island (28°54-55’S, 167°40-41’E), Norfolk Ridge, Tasman Sea, 111-113 m depth, coll. by FRV Tangaroa, 15 May 2003. Paratypes. AMS I. 43470-001, 32.1 mm SL, southeast of Lord Howe Island (31°49’S, 159°20’E), Lord Howe Rise, Tasman Sea, 86-89 m depth, coll. by FRV Tangaroa, 22 May 2003; CSIRO H 6009-06, 87.5 mm SL, same data as holotype; CSIRO H 6028-03, 49.5 mm SL, same data as AMS I. 43470-001; CSIRO H 6028-07, 2 specimens, 34.3-44.8 mm SL, same data as AMS I. 43470-001; NMV A. 25132-005, 84.2 mm SL, Balls Pyramid (31°52’26”-40”S, 159°14’26”-15’27”E), Lord Howe Rise, Tasman Sea, 76-81 m depth, benthic sled, coll. by FRV Tangaroa, 23 May 2003. Diagnosis. A species of Scorpaena with the following combination of characters: Dorsal-fin soft rays 9; fourth dorsal-fin spine longest; pectoral-fin rays 17; longitudinal scales rows 39-44; pored lateral-line scales 23; ctenoid scales covering lateral surface of trunk; exposed cycloid scales covering anteroventral surface of body and pectoral-fin base; lateral surface of maxilla without a longitudinal ridge; lateral surface of lacrimal without spines; anterior lacrimal spine with 1-3 small spines on its posterior margin; posterior lacrimal spine simple, directed ventroposteriorly; median interorbital ridge and coronal spine absent; occipital pit and supplement preopercular spine present; relatively short fin spines and rays, especially short longest pectoral-fin ray (31.5-33.5% of SL); space between upper and lower opercular spines not covered by skin with sensory pores and canals; supraocular tentacle length less than or approximately equal to pupil diameter; lateral surface of trunk, except pored lateral-line scales, without tentacles. Description. Proportional measurements of the specimens of Scorpaena bulacephala are given as percentages of SL and HL in Table 1. Data for the holotype are presented first, followed by paratype data (if different) in parentheses. Dorsal fin with 12 spines and 9 soft rays; all soft rays branched; length of first spine 1.6 (1.6-2.0; mean 1.7) in second spine; fourth spine longest, its length slightly less than upper-jaw length; fourth to eleventh spines progressively shorter; length of eleventh spine 1.9 (1.5-1.9; mean 1.7) in last spine; membrane of spinous portion of dorsal fin moderately notched; second soft ray longest, approximately equal length with longest dorsal-fin spine; posterior branch of last soft ray joined by membrane to caudal peduncle for approximately one-third its length. Anal fin with 3 spines and 5 soft rays; all soft rays branched; first spine 2.4 (2.0-2.5; mean 2.4) in second spine, 1.8 (1.7-2.1; mean 1.9) in third spine; first soft ray longest; posterior branch of last soft ray joined by membrane to caudal peduncle for less than one-sixth its length. Pectoral fin with 17 rays on each side of body, an uppermost ray and 11 lower rays unbranched, remaining rays branched (1 or 2 upper rays and 10-13 lower rays unbranched in larger paratypes over 49.5 mm SL; all rays unbranched in smaller paratypes less than 44.8 mm SL); ninth ray longest (tenth ray in smallest paratype), length less than head length; lower unbranched rays thickened; posterior margin of fin rounded. Pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 soft rays, all soft rays branched; second soft ray longest, slightly longer than upper-jaw length; last soft ray joined by membrane to abdomen for more than two-thirds its length. Caudal fin with 17 (15-17) segmented rays, 11 (or 10) rays branched, remaining rays unbranched; posterior margin of fin slightly rounded. Caudal-peduncle depth 1.8 (1.7-1.9; mean 1.8) in caudal-peduncle length. Longitudinal scale rows 42 (39-44). Pored lateral-line scales 23. Scales above lateral line 7 (5-7), below 16 (13-16). Scale rows between base of last dorsal-fin spine and lateral line 7 (6 in 4 paratypes). Predorsal scale rows 4 (5 in 2 paratypes). Gill rakers on upper limb 5 (6 in 3 paratypes), lower limb 12 (12-14), including 3 (4 in 2 paratypes) rakers on hypobranchial; total gill rakers 17 (17-20). Gill rakers relatively long and spinous, longest raker on first gill arch approximately equal length with gill filaments around angle of gill arch; fourth gill slit closed by membrane. Branchiostegal rays 7. Swimbladder absent. Body moderately compressed anteriorly, progressively more compressed posteriorly. Nape and anterior body arched. Body depth relatively deep, slightly less than head length. Very few small papillae on head (small papillae scattered on upper half of head, especially dorsal surface of head, in most paratypes). A short, fleshy, slender tentacle, its length less than (or approximately equal to) pupil diameter, on posterior end of supraocular spine base; the tentacle extending beyond tip of tympanic spine when laid back (supraocular tentacle absent in left side of head in one small paratype); supraocular tentacle with several rounded branches along its lateral surface. A short, slender tentacle on posterior end of preocular spine base, its length less than one-third of supraocular tentacle length. No tentacles on outer margin of eye membrane (4 tentacles on upper margin in 2 large paratypes). Anterior lacrimal spine associated with a short, slender tentacle (absent in one small paratype), length of latter approximately equal to that of preocular tentacle. Posterior lacrimal spine associated with a short, fleshy tentacle, length of latter less than that of supraocular tentacle, and 2 (0-2) tiny tentacles occurring on posterior base of the large tentacle; posterior lacrimal spine tentacle linked posteriorly to head by skin. A short tentacle on posterior edge of low membranous tube associated with anterior nostril; the tentacle shorter than supraocular tentacle, but extending beyond posterior margin of posterior nostril when laid back. Five rounded, thin skin flaps (uppermost flap absent in left side of head of holotype; only 3 or 4 flaps in 4 small paratypes) along preopercular margin, each flap occurring near tip of each preocular spine; lengths of flaps less than that of posterior lacrimal spine tentacle. A short, thin tentacle on cheek (absent in 4 paratypes). No tentacles on posterior end of parietal spine base (one slender tentacle present on parietal in one paratype). No tentacles on occipital pit, midinterorbital space, snout, maxilla, lips, underside of lower jaw and opercle. No tentacles on fins and lateral surface of body, except on 9 (0-9) pored lateral-line scales each with a rounded, small, thin skin flap. Pectoral-fin axil without skin flaps. Well-exposed ctenoid scales (cycloid scales in 4 paratypes less than 49.5 mm SL) covering an area surrounded by opercular margin and tips of upper and lower opercular spines, other parts of head not covered with exposed or embedded scales. Well-exposed ctenoid scales on lateral surface of body, scales becoming cycloid on abdomen. Body scales not extending on to rays or membranes of fins, except basal caudal fin. Exposed cycloid scales covering pectoral-fin base. Cycloid scales covering ventral surface of body, except between pelvic fins; some scales embedded by thin skin, but scales on anteroventral surface of body well exposed. Lateral line strongly sloping downward at tip of opercle. Sensory pores of cephalic lateralis system prominent; 3 pores on cheek just below suborbital ridge, first pore largest, located just below posterior end of lacrimal bone, second pore below slightly posterior to first suborbital spine, third below between second and third suborbital spines. Numerous small sensory pores on upper half of head, including interorbital space and posterior to occipital pit, but not extending on to space between upper and lower opercular spines. Underside of dentary with 3 sensory pores on each side, first pore below anterior to tip of anterior lacrimal spine, second pore below and between tips of anterior and posterior lacrimal spines, third pore located on posterior margin of dentary. A pore behind symphysial knob of lower jaw on each side; an indistinct pore each side of symphysial knob. Mouth large, slightly oblique, forming an angle of about 35 (20-35) degrees to horizontal axis of head and body. Posterior margin of maxilla just reaching the vertical at posterior margin of pupil (extending slightly beyond in 4 small paratypes, but not reaching posterior margin of orbit). Upper edge of posterior maxilla swollen laterally, forming a distinct ridge; central part of maxilla slightly convex (nearly flat in 4 small paratypes), but not forming a ridge. Lower jaw with a symphysial knob. Width of symphysial gap separating premaxillary teeth bands slightly greater than (or approximately equal to) width of each band. Upper jaw with a band of short, incurved, conical teeth, tips of teeth not strongly pointed. About 10 tooth rows at front of upper jaw, tooth band narrowing posteriorly. Tooth band of upper jaw wider than that of lower jaw. Lower jaw with a band of short, slightly curved, conical teeth; lengths of most teeth slightly shorter than those of upper jaw, but some teeth much longer than longest teeth on upper jaw. Four rows of small teeth at front of vomer, becoming 1 or 2 rows posteriorly, forming a V-shaped patch on vomer. Width of vomerine plate slightly less than (or approximately equal to) length of palatine plate. About 1 or 2 tooth rows on palatines. Underside of lower jaw smooth without ridges. Dorsal profile of snout steep, forming an angle of about 50 (50-65) degrees to horizontal axis of head and body. Nasal spine simple, sharp, directed dorsally, its length much greater than anterior nostril diameter. Ascending process of premaxilla not intruding into interorbital space, its posterior margin just reaching level with posterior margin of posterior nostril in dorsal view. Median interorbital ridge absent. Interorbital ridges well developed, separated by a deep channel, beginning posterior to nasal spines and joining to low ridges surrounding occipital pit laterally (or joining to tympanic spine base); interorbital ridges branching at level with posterior end of postocular spine base and the branches conjoined to each other, forming a distinct broad ridge to anterior angular edge of occipital pit; interorbital ridges diverging anteriorly and posteriorly in dorsal view, distance between interorbital ridges narrowest at slightly anterior to the vertical midline through eye. Interorbital space moderately deep, about half (to one-third) of orbit extending above dorsal profile of head. Preocular spine simple, directed dorsoposteriorly; tip of spine extending beyond level with upper margin of pupil in lateral view. Supraocular spine simple, its tip just reaching the vertical through posterior margin of pupil in lateral view; spine slightly shorter than preocular, postocular and tympanic spines. Postocular spines simple, strongly canted laterally, its base wider than tympanic spine base. Tympanic spine simple, strongly pointed, directed dorsally, with narrow base. Interorbital, coronal and extra spines absent. A transverse ridge, formed from branches of interorbital ridges, anterior to occipital pit slightly curved posteromedially in dorsal view. Occipital pit remarkably deep (pit becoming deeper and smaller in surface area with growth), centre of pit slightly convex; longitudinal length of pit less than width of pit. A distinct transverse ridge, formed from posterior bases of nuchal spines, in rear of occipital pit between bases of parietal and nuchal spines (the ridge becoming distinct with growth). Occipital pit surrounded laterally by interorbital ridges and parietal spines (or tympanic spines, low ridge between tympanic and parietal spines, and parietal spines if interorbital ridges joining to tympanic spines). Parietal spine simple, its base curving strongly into occipital pit. Nuchal spine simple; nuchal and parietal spines joined at base. Sphenotic with a small spine (or 2 spines). Postorbital without pointed spines. Pterotic spine simple, located below parietal and nuchal spines. An indistinct, oblique (or nearly horizontal) low ridge occurring in an area surrounded by parietal, nuchal, pterotic and lower posttemporal spines. Upper posttemporal spine simple, pointed, small, directed posteriorly (or dorsoposteriorly), its length slightly shorter than that of lower posttemporal spine. Lower posttemporal spine simple, its base length less than (approximately equal to) that of pterotic spine. Supracleithral spine simple, flattened, not strongly pointed. Cleithral spine flattened, pointed with a low median ridge. Lateral surface of lacrimal with 6 ridges radiating from centre and lacking pointed spines; a backward ridge with a distinct median ridge, other ridges with a low median ridges; 2 downward ridges forming anterior and posterior lacrimal spines; anterior end of forward ridge embedded with skin; ends of 2 upward ridges with bumps. Anterior lacrimal spine pointed, directed forward, its tip just reaching dorsal margin of upper lip; a second short spine (left side of head with a bump in holotype; 1-3 spines in paratypes) occurring at near base of anterior lacrimal spine. Posterior lacrimal spine simple, directed ventroposteriorly, its tip not reaching upper lip (reaching in one small paratype); posterior lacrimal spine much greater than anterior spine. Suborbital ridge with 3 spines, first spine below between centre and posterior margin of pupil, tip of second spine just below posterior margin of orbit, third spine on end of suborbital ridge. Space between ventral margin of eye and suborbital ridge remarkably narrow. Suborbital pit absent. Preopercle with 5 spines; uppermost spine largest with a supplemental preopercular spine on its base; second to fifth spines without a distinct median ridge. Preopercle, between uppermost preopercular spine and upper end of preopercle, smooth without serrae or spines. Upper opercular spine simple with a low median ridge. Lower opercular spine simple with a distinct median ridge. Space between upper and lower opercular spines without ridges or scales and covered with thin skin. Posterior tips of upper and lower opercular spines not reaching opercular margin. Origin of first dorsal-fin spine above lower posttemporal spine. Posterior margin of opercular membrane reaching the vertical through fourth dorsal-fin spine base. Posterior tip of pectoral fin extending beyond the vertical through first anal-fin spine base. Origin of pelvic-fin spine slightly posterior to origin of pectoral fin. Posterior tip of depressed pelvic fin extending beyond anus, but not reaching (or reaching) first anal-fin spine base. Origin of first anal-fin spine slightly anterior to origin of last dorsal-fin spine. Color when fresh. Based on colour photographs. Body strongly variegated, mainly brilliant red, suffused with irregular purplish, yellowish brown and white blotches. Female holotype with translucent unpaired fins, covered with reddish patches and spots; edge of first dorsal-fin membrane slightly darker reddish brown, remaining fin with irregular reddish blotches, no enlarged dark spots. Second dorsal fin pale edged with two broad, poorly defined reddish stripes. Caudal fin reddish basally, alternating irregular pale and reddish areas distally over fin rays, membranes translucent. Anal fin similar to dorsal fins, reddish areas most pronounced anteriorly. Pectoral fin similar to side of body. Pelvic fin weakly variegated. Pupil black, iris reddish with yellowish inner margin. Paratype (CSIRO H6028-003, probable male) similar to holotype, with irregular purplish patches along sides and back. Head, and pectoral and pelvic fins more uniformly reddish than holotype. Large, weak purplish oval spot between dorsal-fin spines 7 and 10. Color of preserved specimens. Head and trunk yellowish-white, mottled with poorlydefined grey blotches dorsally; these blotches extending from dorsal surface of head to around ventral margin of orbit and from dorsal-fin base and upper caudal peduncle to below lateral line, but not reaching lower half of head and lower one-third of body. No distinct black spots on head or body. Lips, maxilla, underside of lower jaw and inside mouth uniformly whitish. Spines, rays and membranes of all fins uniformly translucent white (a dark grey blotch, its diameter less than orbit diameter, on distal margin of membrane between sixth and tenth dorsal-fin spines in males). Distribution and habitats. Currently known only from off Norfolk Island on the Norfolk Ridge and off Lord Howe Island on the Lord Howe Rise, in the northern Tasman Sea. Collection data for the species indicated capture depths from 86-113 m. The substrate type was not specified. Etymology. Derived from a combination of the Latin bula (bull) and cephalus (head) with reference to its head shape. Discussion Dissection of the abdomen on the right side of the holotype (80.7 mm SL) of S. bulacephala, which lacks a black spot on the membrane of the spinous portion of the dorsal fin, showed it to have an expanded gonad with relatively large-sized ova, indicating that it is a small species. All other specimens (32.1-87.5 mm SL) of S. bulacephala have a dark grey spot on the membrane between the sixth and tenth dorsal-fin spines typical of the males of most species of Scorpaena. There are slight morphological differences between the holotype (female) and paratypes (probable males). The holotype has very few small papillae on the head, whereas the paratypes have a large number of scattered small papillae on the upper half of the head, especially the dorsal surface. In addition, comparisons of the holotype (80.7 mm SL) with the similar sized paratypes (84.2-87.5 mm SL) showed that several morphometrics differ significantly between them: e.g., body depth (43.1% of SL vs. 39.7-40.3% of SL in the latter), head length (48.3% vs. 44.6-45.8%), orbit diameter (16.9% vs. 13.1- 14.7%), interorbital width, head width, and lengths of some fin spines (see Table 1). These minor differences appear to represent sexual dimorphism (or secondary sexual characteristics), although their confirmation requires examination of more specimens. Examination of a series of life stages between 32.1 and 87.5 mm SL (although there is a size gap between 49.5 and 80.7 mm SL) showed the following morphological changes with growth to be recognized. As well known in most members of the genus Scorpaena, the number of the branched pectoral-fin rays in S. bulacephala also increases with growth. All pectoral-fin rays of all specimens less than 44.8 mm SL were unbranched, 2 rays (third and fifth rays) becoming branched in a 49.5 mm specimen, and then 4-6 rays (second to seventh rays) branched in specimens exceeding 80.7 mm. Initially cycloid, the scales enclosed by the posterior tips of the upper and lower opercular spines and opercular margin, change to ctenoid with growth between 50 and 80 mm SL (cycloid in all specimens less than 49.5 mm SL and ctenoid in all specimens exceeding 80.7 mm SL). This change of the scales is also confirmed in a co-occurring congener, S. onaria (see Motomura et al., 2005). The occipital pit structure also changes with growth. A transverse ridge, formed from the posterior bases of the nuchal spines, at the rear of the occipital pit becomes progressively more distinct (steeper) with growth. As a result, the pit becomes deeper. The posterior margin of the maxilla in specimens over 80.7 mm SL just reaches the vertical through the posterior margin of the pupil, whereas it extends slightly beyond (al

Scorpaena papillosa: BMNH 1872.4.26.3, 159.0 mm SL, Wellington, New Zealand; CAS 13451 (2 specimens), 116.0- 117.2 mm SL, New Zealand; NMNZ P. 6828, 117.0 mm SL, north of Hoho Inlet (48��01.00���S, 166��35.00���E), 40 m depth, craypot, coll. by D. S. Horning, 9 Dec. 1974., Published as part of Hiroyuki Motomura, Peter R. Last & Gordon K. Yearsley, 2005, Scorpaena bulacephala, a new species of scorpionfish (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) from the northern Tasman Sea., pp. 17-32 in Zootaxa 1043 on page 18

Scorpaena bulacephala new species New English name: Bullhead Scorpionfish Figures 1-5 Holotype. CSIRO H 6009-05, female, 80.7 mm SL, south of Norfolk Island (28��54-55���S, 167��40-41���E), Norfolk Ridge, Tasman Sea, 111-113 m depth, coll. by FRV Tangaroa, 15 May 2003. Paratypes. AMS I. 43470-001, 32.1 mm SL, southeast of Lord Howe Island (31��49���S, 159��20���E), Lord Howe Rise, Tasman Sea, 86-89 m depth, coll. by FRV Tangaroa, 22 May 2003; CSIRO H 6009-06, 87.5 mm SL, same data as holotype; CSIRO H 6028-03, 49.5 mm SL, same data as AMS I. 43470-001; CSIRO H 6028-07, 2 specimens, 34.3-44.8 mm SL, same data as AMS I. 43470-001; NMV A. 25132-005, 84.2 mm SL, Balls Pyramid (31��52���26���-40���S, 159��14���26���-15���27���E), Lord Howe Rise, Tasman Sea, 76-81 m depth, benthic sled, coll. by FRV Tangaroa, 23 May 2003. Diagnosis. A species of Scorpaena with the following combination of characters: Dorsal-fin soft rays 9; fourth dorsal-fin spine longest; pectoral-fin rays 17; longitudinal scales rows 39-44; pored lateral-line scales 23; ctenoid scales covering lateral surface of trunk; exposed cycloid scales covering anteroventral surface of body and pectoral-fin base; lateral surface of maxilla without a longitudinal ridge; lateral surface of lacrimal without spines; anterior lacrimal spine with 1-3 small spines on its posterior margin; posterior lacrimal spine simple, directed ventroposteriorly; median interorbital ridge and coronal spine absent; occipital pit and supplement preopercular spine present; relatively short fin spines and rays, especially short longest pectoral-fin ray (31.5-33.5% of SL); space between upper and lower opercular spines not covered by skin with sensory pores and canals; supraocular tentacle length less than or approximately equal to pupil diameter; lateral surface of trunk, except pored lateral-line scales, without tentacles. Description. Proportional measurements of the specimens of Scorpaena bulacephala are given as percentages of SL and HL in Table 1. Data for the holotype are presented first, followed by paratype data (if different) in parentheses. Dorsal fin with 12 spines and 9 soft rays; all soft rays branched; length of first spine 1.6 (1.6-2.0; mean 1.7) in second spine; fourth spine longest, its length slightly less than upper-jaw length; fourth to eleventh spines progressively shorter; length of eleventh spine 1.9 (1.5-1.9; mean 1.7) in last spine; membrane of spinous portion of dorsal fin moderately notched; second soft ray longest, approximately equal length with longest dorsal-fin spine; posterior branch of last soft ray joined by membrane to caudal peduncle for approximately one-third its length. Anal fin with 3 spines and 5 soft rays; all soft rays branched; first spine 2.4 (2.0-2.5; mean 2.4) in second spine, 1.8 (1.7-2.1; mean 1.9) in third spine; first soft ray longest; posterior branch of last soft ray joined by membrane to caudal peduncle for less than one-sixth its length. Pectoral fin with 17 rays on each side of body, an uppermost ray and 11 lower rays unbranched, remaining rays branched (1 or 2 upper rays and 10-13 lower rays unbranched in larger paratypes over 49.5 mm SL; all rays unbranched in smaller paratypes less than 44.8 mm SL); ninth ray longest (tenth ray in smallest paratype), length less than head length; lower unbranched rays thickened; posterior margin of fin rounded. Pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 soft rays, all soft rays branched; second soft ray longest, slightly longer than upper-jaw length; last soft ray joined by membrane to abdomen for more than two-thirds its length. Caudal fin with 17 (15-17) segmented rays, 11 (or 10) rays branched, remaining rays unbranched; posterior margin of fin slightly rounded. Caudal-peduncle depth 1.8 (1.7-1.9; mean 1.8) in caudal-peduncle length. Longitudinal scale rows 42 (39-44). Pored lateral-line scales 23. Scales above lateral line 7 (5-7), below 16 (13-16). Scale rows between base of last dorsal-fin spine and lateral line 7 (6 in 4 paratypes). Predorsal scale rows 4 (5 in 2 paratypes). Gill rakers on upper limb 5 (6 in 3 paratypes), lower limb 12 (12-14), including 3 (4 in 2 paratypes) rakers on hypobranchial; total gill rakers 17 (17-20). Gill rakers relatively long and spinous, longest raker on first gill arch approximately equal length with gill filaments around angle of gill arch; fourth gill slit closed by membrane. Branchiostegal rays 7. Swimbladder absent. Body moderately compressed anteriorly, progressively more compressed posteriorly. Nape and anterior body arched. Body depth relatively deep, slightly less than head length. Very few small papillae on head (small papillae scattered on upper half of head, especially dorsal surface of head, in most paratypes). A short, fleshy, slender tentacle, its length less than (or approximately equal to) pupil diameter, on posterior end of supraocular spine base; the tentacle extending beyond tip of tympanic spine when laid back (supraocular tentacle absent in left side of head in one small paratype); supraocular tentacle with several rounded branches along its lateral surface. A short, slender tentacle on posterior end of preocular spine base, its length less than one-third of supraocular tentacle length. No tentacles on outer margin of eye membrane (4 tentacles on upper margin in 2 large paratypes). Anterior lacrimal spine associated with a short, slender tentacle (absent in one small paratype), length of latter approximately equal to that of preocular tentacle. Posterior lacrimal spine associated with a short, fleshy tentacle, length of latter less than that of supraocular tentacle, and 2 (0-2) tiny tentacles occurring on posterior base of the large tentacle; posterior lacrimal spine tentacle linked posteriorly to head by skin. A short tentacle on posterior edge of low membranous tube associated with anterior nostril; the tentacle shorter than supraocular tentacle, but extending beyond posterior margin of posterior nostril when laid back. Five rounded, thin skin flaps (uppermost flap absent in left side of head of holotype; only 3 or 4 flaps in 4 small paratypes) along preopercular margin, each flap occurring near tip of each preocular spine; lengths of flaps less than that of posterior lacrimal spine tentacle. A short, thin tentacle on cheek (absent in 4 paratypes). No tentacles on posterior end of parietal spine base (one slender tentacle present on parietal in one paratype). No tentacles on occipital pit, midinterorbital space, snout, maxilla, lips, underside of lower jaw and opercle. No tentacles on fins and lateral surface of body, except on 9 (0-9) pored lateral-line scales each with a rounded, small, thin skin flap. Pectoral-fin axil without skin flaps. Well-exposed ctenoid scales (cycloid scales in 4 paratypes less than 49.5 mm SL) covering an area surrounded by opercular margin and tips of upper and lower opercular spines, other parts of head not covered with exposed or embedded scales. Well-exposed ctenoid scales on lateral surface of body, scales becoming cycloid on abdomen. Body scales not extending on to rays or membranes of fins, except basal caudal fin. Exposed cycloid scales covering pectoral-fin base. Cycloid scales covering ventral surface of body, except between pelvic fins; some scales embedded by thin skin, but scales on anteroventral surface of body well exposed. Lateral line strongly sloping downward at tip of opercle. Sensory pores of cephalic lateralis system prominent; 3 pores on cheek just below suborbital ridge, first pore largest, located just below posterior end of lacrimal bone, second pore below slightly posterior to first suborbital spine, third below between second and third suborbital spines. Numerous small sensory pores on upper half of head, including interorbital space and posterior to occipital pit, but not extending on to space between upper and lower opercular spines. Underside of dentary with 3 sensory pores on each side, first pore below anterior to tip of anterior lacrimal spine, second pore below and between tips of anterior and posterior lacrimal spines, third pore located on posterior margin of dentary. A pore behind symphysial knob of lower jaw on each side; an indistinct pore each side of symphysial knob. Mouth large, slightly oblique, forming an angle of about 35 (20-35) degrees to horizontal axis of head and body. Posterior margin of maxilla just reaching the vertical at posterior margin of pupil (extending slightly beyond in 4 small paratypes, but not reaching posterior margin of orbit). Upper edge of posterior maxilla swollen laterally, forming a distinct ridge; central part of maxilla slightly convex (nearly flat in 4 small paratypes), but not forming a ridge. Lower jaw with a symphysial knob. Width of symphysial gap separating premaxillary teeth bands slightly greater than (or approximately equal to) width of each band. Upper jaw with a band of short, incurved, conical teeth, tips of teeth not strongly pointed. About 10 tooth rows at front of upper jaw, tooth band narrowing posteriorly. Tooth band of upper jaw wider than that of lower jaw. Lower jaw with a band of short, slightly curved, conical teeth; lengths of most teeth slightly shorter than those of upper jaw, but some teeth much longer than longest teeth on upper jaw. Four rows of small teeth at front of vomer, becoming 1 or 2 rows posteriorly, forming a V-shaped patch on vomer. Width of vomerine plate slightly less than (or approximately equal to) length of palatine plate. About 1 or 2 tooth rows on palatines. Underside of lower jaw smooth without ridges. Dorsal profile of snout steep, forming an angle of about 50 (50-65) degrees to horizontal axis of head and body. Nasal spine simple, sharp, directed dorsally, its length much greater than anterior nostril diameter. Ascending process of premaxilla not intruding into interorbital space, its posterior margin just reaching level with posterior margin of posterior nostril in dorsal view. Median interorbital ridge absent. Interorbital ridges well developed, separated by a deep channel, beginning posterior to nasal spines and joining to low ridges surrounding occipital pit laterally (or joining to tympanic spine base); interorbital ridges branching at level with posterior end of postocular spine base and the branches conjoined to each other, forming a distinct broad ridge to anterior angular edge of occipital pit; interorbital ridges diverging anteriorly and posteriorly in dorsal view, distance between interorbital ridges narrowest at slightly anterior to the vertical midline through eye. Interorbital space moderately deep, about half (to one-third) of orbit extending above dorsal profile of head. Preocular spine simple, directed dorsoposteriorly; tip of spine extending beyond level with upper margin of pupil in lateral view. Supraocular spine simple, its tip just reaching the vertical through posterior margin of pupil in lateral view; spine slightly shorter than preocular, postocular and tympanic spines. Postocular spines simple, strongly canted laterally, its base wider than tympanic spine base. Tympanic spine simple, strongly pointed, directed dorsally, with narrow base. Interorbital, coronal and extra spines absent. A transverse ridge, formed from branches of interorbital ridges, anterior to occipital pit slightly curved posteromedially in dorsal view. Occipital pit remarkably deep (pit becoming deeper and smaller in surface area with growth), centre of pit slightly convex; longitudinal length of pit less than width of pit. A distinct transverse ridge, formed from posterior bases of nuchal spines, in rear of occipital pit between bases of parietal and nuchal spines (the ridge becoming distinct with growth). Occipital pit surrounded laterally by interorbital ridges and parietal spines (or tympanic spines, low ridge between tympanic and parietal spines, and parietal spines if interorbital ridges joining to tympanic spines). Parietal spine simple, its base curving strongly into occipital pit. Nuchal spine simple; nuchal and parietal spines joined at base. Sphenotic with a small spine (or 2 spines). Postorbital without pointed spines. Pterotic spine simple, located below parietal and nuchal spines. An indistinct, oblique (or nearly horizontal) low ridge occurring in an area surrounded by parietal, nuchal, pterotic and lower posttemporal spines. Upper posttemporal spine simple, pointed, small, directed posteriorly (or dorsoposteriorly), its length slightly shorter than that of lower posttemporal spine. Lower posttemporal spine simple, its base length less than (approximately equal to) that of pterotic spine. Supracleithral spine simple, flattened, not strongly pointed. Cleithral spine flattened, pointed with a low median ridge. Lateral surface of lacrimal with 6 ridges radiating from centre and lacking pointed spines; a backward ridge with a distinct median ridge, other ridges with a low median ridges; 2 downward ridges forming anterior and posterior lacrimal spines; anterior end of forward ridge embedded with skin; ends of 2 upward ridges with bumps. Anterior lacrimal spine pointed, directed forward, its tip just reaching dorsal margin of upper lip; a second short spine (left side of head with a bump in holotype; 1-3 spines in paratypes) occurring at near base of anterior lacrimal spine. Posterior lacrimal spine simple, directed ventroposteriorly, its tip not reaching upper lip (reaching in one small paratype); posterior lacrimal spine much greater than anterior spine. Suborbital ridge with 3 spines, first spine below between centre and posterior margin of pupil, tip of second spine just below posterior margin of orbit, third spine on end of suborbital ridge. Space between ventral margin of eye and suborbital ridge remarkably narrow. Suborbital pit absent. Preopercle with 5 spines; uppermost spine largest with a supplemental preopercular spine on its base; second to fifth spines without a distinct median ridge. Preopercle, between uppermost preopercular spine and upper end of preopercle, smooth without serrae or spines. Upper opercular spine simple with a low median ridge. Lower opercular spine simple with a distinct median ridge. Space between upper and lower opercular spines without ridges or scales and covered with thin skin. Posterior tips of upper and lower opercular spines not reaching opercular margin. Origin of first dorsal-fin spine above lower posttemporal spine. Posterior margin of opercular membrane reaching the vertical through fourth dorsal-fin spine base. Posterior tip of pectoral fin extending beyond the vertical through first anal-fin spine base. Origin of pelvic-fin spine slightly posterior to origin of pectoral fin. Posterior tip of depressed pelvic fin extending beyond anus, but not reaching (or reaching) first anal-fin spine base. Origin of first anal-fin spine slightly anterior to origin of last dorsal-fin spine. Color when fresh. Based on colour photographs. Body strongly variegated, mainly brilliant red, suffused with irregular purplish, yellowish brown and white blotches. Female holotype with translucent unpaired fins, covered with reddish patches and spots; edge of first dorsal-fin membrane slightly darker reddish brown, remaining fin with irregular reddish blotches, no enlarged dark spots. Second dorsal fin pale edged with two broad, poorly defined reddish stripes. Caudal fin reddish basally, alternating irregular pale and reddish areas distally over fin rays, membranes translucent. Anal fin similar to dorsal fins, reddish areas most pronounced anteriorly. Pectoral fin similar to side of body. Pelvic fin weakly variegated. Pupil black, iris reddish with yellowish inner margin. Paratype (CSIRO H6028-003, probable male) similar to holotype, with irregular purplish patches along sides and back. Head, and pectoral and pelvic fins more uniformly reddish than holotype. Large, weak purplish oval spot between dorsal-fin spines 7 and 10. Color of preserved specimens. Head and trunk yellowish-white, mottled with poorlydefined grey blotches dorsally; these blotches extending from dorsal surface of head to around ventral margin of orbit and from dorsal-fin base and upper caudal peduncle to below lateral line, but not reaching lower half of head and lower one-third of body. No distinct black spots on head or body. Lips, maxilla, underside of lower jaw and inside mouth uniformly whitish. Spines, rays and membranes of all fins uniformly translucent white (a dark grey blotch, its diameter less than orbit diameter, on distal margin of membrane between sixth and tenth dorsal-fin spines in males). Distribution and habitats. Currently known only from off Norfolk Island on the Norfolk Ridge and off Lord Howe Island on the Lord Howe Rise, in the northern Tasman Sea. Collection data for the species indicated capture depths from 86-113 m. The substrate type was not specified. Etymology. Derived from a combination of the Latin bula (bull) and cephalus (head) with reference to its head shape. Discussion Dissection of the abdomen on the right side of the holotype (80.7 mm SL) of S. bulacephala, which lacks a black spot on the membrane of the spinous portion of the dorsal fin, showed it to have an expanded gonad with relatively large-sized ova, indicating that it is a small species. All other specimens (32.1-87.5 mm SL) of S. bulacephala have a dark grey spot on the membrane between the sixth and tenth dorsal-fin spines typical of the males of most species of Scorpaena. There are slight morphological differences between the holotype (female) and paratypes (probable males). The holotype has very few small papillae on the head, whereas the paratypes have a large number of scattered small papillae on the upper half of the head, especially the dorsal surface. In addition, comparisons of the holotype (80.7 mm SL) with the similar sized paratypes (84.2-87.5 mm SL) showed that several morphometrics differ significantly between them: e.g., body depth (43.1% of SL vs. 39.7-40.3% of SL in the latter), head length (48.3% vs. 44.6-45.8%), orbit diameter (16.9% vs. 13.1- 14.7%), interorbital width, head width, and lengths of some fin spines (see Table 1). These minor differences appear to represent sexual dimorphism (or secondary sexual characteristics), although their confirmation requires examination of more specimens. Examination of a series of life stages between 32.1 and 87.5 mm SL (although there is a size gap between 49.5 and 80.7 mm SL) showed the following morphological changes with growth to be recognized. As well known in most members of the genus Scorpaena, the number of the branched pectoral-fin rays in S. bulacephala also increases with growth. All pectoral-fin rays of all specimens less than 44.8 mm SL were unbranched, 2 rays (third and fifth rays) becoming branched in a 49.5 mm specimen, and then 4-6 rays (second to seventh rays) branched in specimens exceeding 80.7 mm. Initially cycloid, the scales enclosed by the posterior tips of the upper and lower opercular spines and opercular margin, change to ctenoid with growth between 50 and 80 mm SL (cycloid in all specimens less than 49.5 mm SL and ctenoid in all specimens exceeding 80.7 mm SL). This change of the scales is also confirmed in a co-occurring congener, S. onaria (see Motomura et al., 2005). The occipital pit structure also changes with growth. A transverse ridge, formed from the posterior bases of the nuchal spines, at the rear of the occipital pit becomes progressively more distinct (steeper) with growth. As a result, the pit becomes deeper. The posterior margin of the maxilla in specimens over 80.7 mm SL just reaches the vertical through the posterior margin of the pupil, whereas it extends slightly beyond (al, Published as part of Hiroyuki Motomura, Peter R. Last & Gordon K. Yearsley, 2005, Scorpaena bulacephala, a new species of scorpionfish (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) from the northern Tasman Sea., pp. 17-32 in Zootaxa 1043 on pages 19-31

Scorpaena colorata: BPBM 23928 (9 specimens), 50.9-73.2 mm SL, off Haleiwa (21��40���N, 158��07���W), Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, 95-110 m depth, shrimp trawl, coll. by T Cromwell, 3 May 1968; BPBM 24109 (4 specimens), 47.3-94.7 mm SL, northwest side of Molokai (21��15���N, 157��08���W), Hawaiian Islands, 119 m depth, shrimp trawl, coll. by T. Cromwell, 12 Nov. 1968., Published as part of Hiroyuki Motomura, Peter R. Last & Gordon K. Yearsley, 2005, Scorpaena bulacephala, a new species of scorpionfish (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) from the northern Tasman Sea., pp. 17-32 in Zootaxa 1043 on page 18

Scorpaena sumptuosa: CAS 204410, 105.1 mm SL, off Geraldton, Western Australia, Australia, 1976; CAS 219504, 141.7 mm SL, Shark Bay, Western Australia, Australia, coll. by W. Poole, Aug. 1965; MNHN A. 710, 228.6 mm SL, Australia (precise locality unknown), coll. by F. L. Castelnau; MNHN A. 4409 (dried syntype), 241.2 mm SL, Fremantle(32��07���S, 115��43���E), Western Australia, Australia, coll. by F. L. Castelnau, 1875; MNHN B. 2570 (dried syntype), 229.1 mm SL, same data as MNHN A. 4409., Published as part of Hiroyuki Motomura, Peter R. Last & Gordon K. Yearsley, 2005, Scorpaena bulacephala, a new species of scorpionfish (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) from the northern Tasman Sea., pp. 17-32 in Zootaxa 1043 on page 19

[[Scorpaena Linnaeus]] In May -June 2003, the biodiversity of the northern Tasman Sea was surveyed by an international research team using the New Zealand FRV Tangaroa. This survey, known as NORFANZ, led to the collection of seven unidentified scorpionfish specimens from off Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, at depths of 86-113 m. These specimens belong to the genus Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758 whose Indo -Pacific species are characterized by 12 dorsal-fin spines, teeth on the palatines, an occipital pit, the posterior lacrimal spine directed posteroventrally, some pectoral-fin rays branched in adults, and the pored lateral-line scales continuing on to the caudal-fin base (e.g., Poss, 1999; Motomura et al., 2005), although no definition of the genus on a worldwide basis is available (e.g., Eschmeyer, 1965; Motomura, 2004a). These Tasman Sea specimens share two characters (i.e., absence of spines on the lateral surface of the lacrimal and presence of exposed scales on the anteroventral surface of the body and the pectoral-fin base) with only four species: S. colorata (Gilbert, 1905), S. gibbifrons Fowler, 1938, S. papillosa (Schneider & Forster in Bloch & Schneider, 1801) and S. sumptuosa Castelnau, 1875. However, the specimens differ from these three species in several aspects, including head spine, ridge and scale structures, meristics, and several proportional measurements. The specimens are therefore described herein in detail as a new species. Morphological changes with growth and sexual dimorphism of the species are also discussed., Published as part of Hiroyuki Motomura, Peter R. Last & Gordon K. Yearsley, 2005, Scorpaena bulacephala, a new species of scorpionfish (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) from the northern Tasman Sea., pp. 17-32 in Zootaxa 1043 on pages 17-18

Scorpaena porcus [spec. nov.] S. cirri ad oculos naresque. @/D. {12/22}. P. 18. V. 7. A. 3/8. C. 15. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 68. Zeus cirris supra oculos & nares. @/D. {12/21}. P. 18. V. 1/6. A. 3/8. C. 12. Art. gen. 47. syn. 75. Scorpaena pinnulis ad oculos & nares. @/D. {12/21}. P. 16. V. 1/6. A. 3/8. C. - - Hasselqv. itin. 330. idem. @/D. {12/21}. P. 16. V. 6. A. 3/8. C. 13. Habitat in M. Mediterraneo, Oceano., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 266, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Scorpaena [gen. nov.] Caput magnum, aculeatum: Oculi vicini. Dentes maxillis, palato faucibusque. Membr. branch. radiis VII. Corpus..., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 266, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206