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Key to the identification of Mastinocerinae genera with 12-segmented antennae and the first pro- and mesotarsomere with ventral combs Adapted from Zaragoza-Caballero & Pérez-Hernández (2014), with modifications on couplet 16 and the addition of a new couplet. The key is presented here starting at couplet 12, which includes the Mastinocerinae with 12-segmented antennae and first pro- and mesotarsomere with ventral combs. 12. Only the first pro- and mesotarsomere with ventral combs......................................................... 13 13. Mandibles without internal teeth................................................................................................. 14 13’. Mandibles with internal teeth................................................. Pseudomastinocerus Wittmer, 1963 14. Posterior pronotal margin continuous.......................................................................................... 15 14’. Posterior pronotal margin discontinuous, with medial region projected.......................................................................................................................................................... Phrixothrix Olivier, 1909 15. Antennomere IV–XI with double flabellae.................................................................................. 16 15’. Antennomere IV–X with double flabellae, XI enlarged and without flabellae................................................................................................................................... Eurymastinocerus Wittmer, 1976 16. Tarsal combs as long as tarsus..................................................................................................... 17 16’. Tarsal combs as long as half of tarsus........................................................................................16a 16a. Labial palpi 2-segmented, tarsomere II as long as half of tarsomere I length........................................................................................................................................................ Iviephengus gen. nov. 16a’. Labial palpi 3-segmented, tarsomere II subequal to tarsomere I length............................................................................................................................................ Cephalophrixothrix Wittmer, 1976 17. Tarsal claws simple, without teeth............................................................................................... 18 17’. Tarsal claws with thin teeth on claw base............................................. Ptorthodius Gorham, 1881 18. Labial palpi 3-segmented............................................................................................................. 19 18’. Labial palpi 2-segmented............................................................. Mastinomorphus Wittmer, 1976 19. Two large and uneven tentorial pits, clypeus not projected, labrum dorsally visible............................................................................................................ Mastinocerus (Mastinocerus) Solier, 1849 19’. A single tentorial pit, clypeus projected, labrum not visible dorsally....................................................................................................................... Mastinocerus (Paramastinocerus) Wittmer, 1976, Published as part of Roza, André Silva, 2023, A new genus and a new species of railroad-worm beetle from Peru (Coleoptera, Phengodidae, Mastinocerinae), pp. 64-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 864 (1) on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.864.2087, http://zenodo.org/record/7818076, {"references":["Zaragoza-Caballero S. & Perez-Hernandez C. X. 2014. Sinopse de la familia Phengodidae (Coleoptera): trenecitas, bigotudos, glow-worms, rail-road worms, o besouros trem de ferro. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico. https: // doi. org / 10.22201 / IB. 9786070251832 E. 2014"]}

Genus Iviephengus gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8E421AB8-7EE1-4492-92A8-2D74E89A462A Figs 1–5 Type species Iviephengus ferreirai gen. et sp. nov., here designated. Diagnosis Interantennal distance close to 3× the antennal socket length (Figs 1D, 2A); antenna 12-segmented, IV to XI each with two long symmetrical compressed and apically slightly enlarged branches, longer than respective antennomere (Fig. 2G); labrum fused to frontoclypeus (Fig. 2A); mandible short, not projecting and obliquely crossed, each with a notch on the external margin to fit the other mandible and without extra teeth (Fig. 2H–I); maxillary palpi 4-segmented, last segment digitiform (Fig. 2J); labial palpi 2-segmented (Fig. 2K); posterior tentorial pit consisting of a single small fossa (Fig. 2B); elytron around 2.5× longer than wide, slightly convergent posteriorly and slightly thickened apically (Fig. 1A); wing with radial cell closed and transverse, vein r4 interrupted, r3 absent (Fig. 1E); first tarsomere of pro- and mesotarsus with a ventral comb covering the posterior half of the tarsomere (Fig. 3A–B); claws simple, without any teeth (Fig. 3C); aedeagus with paramere symmetrical, apex unevenly round, toothed inward, with short and sparse bristles (Fig. 4D, G–H). Etymology The name is in honour of the entomologist Michael Ivie, a great Coleoptera researcher who has contributed largely to the knowledge of world beetles, including phengodids, with a major focus on morphology and taxonomy. Michael kindly received me during my visit to the Montana State University and allowed the loan of several Phengodidae specimens. The suffix phengus is found in several Phengodidae genera. Singular genitive, masculine. Description Male HEAD (Figs 1D, 2). Head wider than long, with posterior margin subparallel, slightly convergent posteriorly, usually covered by pronotum, as wide as the pronotum; antenna slightly longer than elytron; 12-segmented, antennomeres IV–XI with two symmetrical compressed and apically slightly enlarged branches, longer than respective antennomere (Fig. 2G); eyes moderately protruding, finely faceted (Fig. 2A–F), frontoclypeus with a declivity between the antennae before labrum, interantennal space close to 3 × antennal socket width; labrum small, fused with frontoclypeus but with vestigial lateral sutures, bilobate (Fig. 2A); mandibles moderately long, continuously tapered towards the apex, around 4× longer than basal width, slightly projected and obliquely crossed, with an external notch to fit the other mandible (Fig. 2H–I); maxilla with palpi 4-segmented, last palpomere digitiform, palpifer distinct, galea distinct, extremely short and free, highly setose, lacinia almost fused with the stipe, highly setose, cardo semitriangular, 2× as wide as long (Fig. 2J); labium with palpi 2-segmented, short, not covered by mandibles, last palpomere digitiform, ligula absent, prementum oval, palpiger absent, mentum and submentum fused in a single piece, which is fused with the head (Fig. 2K); one gular suture, tentorial pit with single fossa (Fig. 2B). THORAX (Figs 1A–D, 3). Pronotum trapezoidal, slightly wider than long, anterior angles dorsally concave, rounded, lateral margins subparallel, laterally curved down in the anterior angles (Fig. 1D); elytron surpassing the fourth abdominal segment, around 2.5× as long as wide, wider in anterior half, slightly convergent posteriorly, subparallel, apex slightly swollen (Fig. 1A); posterior wings with radial cell closed, moderately elongated and transverse, around 2.5 × as wide as long, r4 interrupted both in the radial cell and RP, r3 absent, RP reaching one third of MP1+2 length, medial field containing five main veins: MP3, MP4, CAS and AA4; CuA1 and CuA2 absent, anal lobe well developed, AP3+4 long, J absent (Fig. 1E); legs increasing in length from proleg to metaleg, pro- and mesotarsomere I with a ventral comb covering the posterior half of the tarsomere (Fig. 3A–B), protarsomere I 2× as long as II, II–IV decreasing in length, tarsomere IV of all legs with ½ V length, claws simple, without any teeth (Fig. 3C). ABDOMEN (Fig. 4). Subparallel, tergites and ventrites extremely transverse, around 3–4 × as wide as long, slightly increasing in length from the first to the last, tergite VIII as wide as long; tergites with anterior margin slightly emarginate, lateral margins subparallel, posterior margin straight to slightly rounded (Fig. 4A); tergite IX transverse, with a membranous division in the middle, anterior margin oblique inward, posterior margin curved inwards; tergite X short, conical, lateral margins subparallel (Fig. 4E); sternites each with anterior margin straight, lateral margins subparallel, posterior margin straight to slightly rounded (Fig. 4B), sternite VIII with a membranous, densely setose projection on anterior margin (Fig. 4C), sternite IX elongate, posterior margin slightly emarginate (Fig. 4F); aedeagus trilobed, basal piece attached to the median lobe, feebly sclerotized, and shaped as a ribbon-like stripe, median lobe cylindrical, strongly curved at base, rounded apically; flagellum encircled around median lobe at rest; about 2 × as long as median lobe length; parameres symmetrical, narrowing slightly past the middle towards the apex, which is truncate, toothed inward, with short and sparse bristles (Fig. 4D, G–H). Female and immature stages Unknown. Biology and distribution No specimens of Iviephengus gen. nov. were seen alive, so there is no data regarding their habits. The genus is only known to occur in the Peruvian Amazon. All specimens were collected in March, the end of the summer in the southern hemisphere. Remarks Iviephengus gen. nov. can easily be separated from most of the genera of Mastinocerinae by the presence of a ventral comb in the pro- and mesotarsomere I. When compared with other genera with combs on pro- and mesotarsomere I, it can be separated from all of them, with the exception of Cephalophrixothrix Wittmer, 1976, by the comb covering half of the ventral pro- and mesotarsomere I (vs covering the entire ventral pro- and mesotarsomere I in the other genera). It can be differentiated from Cephalophrixothrix by the mandible with a notch on the external margin to fit the other mandible (vs without a notch in Cephalophrixothrix), the labial palpi with two palpomeres (vs three in Cephalophrixothrix), and the tarsomere II half the length of tarsomere I (vs subequal to tarsomere I length in Cephalophrixothrix)., Published as part of Roza, André Silva, 2023, A new genus and a new species of railroad-worm beetle from Peru (Coleoptera, Phengodidae, Mastinocerinae), pp. 64-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 864 (1) on pages 66-68, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.864.2087, http://zenodo.org/record/7818076

Iviephengus ferreirai gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B494D7AF-5567-4E31-B733-450E353A4F1A Figs 1–5 Diagnosis Body overall yellowish brown, with meso- and metanotum, anterior half of metasternum, and abdominal tergites and ventrites dark brown (with the exception of the last two) (Fig. 1A–C). Eyes occupying about 1/5 of head width in dorsal view; in lateral view, posterior margin vertical, slightly reniform (Fig. 2D). Antennomere IV length subequal to III, crescent until X, X–XII decrescent (Fig. 2G). Pronotum slightly wider than long, anterior margin straight, posterior margin slightly curved (Fig. 1D). Elytron 2.5 × as long as wide (Fig. 1A). Etymology The species name is given in honour of Vinicius S. Ferreira, a good friend and fellow Coleoptera researcher (Lycidae specialist). Vinicius received me during my visit to MAIC and guided my search through the available material. Vinicius also has contributed to my research through collaborations, discussions, and other contributions. Singular genitive, masculine. Type material Holotype PERU • ♂; San Martín, 30 km S of Picota; 6–16 Mar. 2005; M.E. Irwin leg.; Malaise trap; PE11-02; MUSM. Paratypes PERU • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for holotype; DZRJ • 13 ♂♂; same collection data as for holotype; MAIC. Type locality Picota, San Martín, Peru. Description Male MEASUREMENTS (n = 13). Total length: 3.3–3.8 mm (aver. 3.6 mm). Head length: 0.63–0.68 mm (aver. 0.66 mm). Head width: 0.80–0.90 mm (aver. 0.87 mm). Pronotum length: 0.77–0.84 mm (aver. 0.80 mm). Pronotum maximum width: 0.93–0.96 (aver. 0.95 mm). Elytron length: 1.61–1.64 mm (aver. 1.63 mm). Elytron maximum width: 0.62–0.65 mm (aver. 0.64 mm). MORPHOLOGY. Head slightly wider than long, integument glossy, smooth, coarsely punctate, eyes small, feebly protruding, occupying 1/5 of the width in dorsal view (Figs 1D, 2A) post-ocular area subequal to eye length in lateral view, posterior margin straight, slightly reniform (Fig. 2D); antennomere IV length subequal to III, progressively longer from IV to X, X–XII decrescent, XII slightly lanceolate, antennomere IV flabellae 4× as long as antennomere body (Fig. 2G); maxilla with last palpomere as long as the three preceding ones (Fig. 2J); labium with last palpomere five times longer than the first one (Fig. 2K). Pronotum slightly wider than long, integument glossy, smooth, coarsely punctate, anterior margin straight, lateral margins dorsally subparallel, posterior margin slightly curved (Fig. 1D). Elytron heavily setigerous punctate, around 2.5 × as long as wide (Fig. 1A). Posterior wings with venation as in the genus description (Fig. 1E). Tergite IX transverse, 3× as wide as long in the middle line; tergite X 1.5 × as long as wide (Fig. 4E). Sternite VIII with posterior margin slightly curved (Fig. 4C); sternite IX 2× times as long as wide when including membranous area, posterior margin slightly emarginate (Fig. 4F). Aedeagus as in the genus description (Fig. 4D, G–H). COLORATION. Body overall yellowish brown, with meso- and metanotum, anterior half of metasternum, and tergites and ventrites dark brown (with the exception of the last two). Immatures and females Unknown. Biology and distribution Iviephengus ferreirai gen. et sp. nov. is only known to occur in the Peruvian Amazon (Fig. 5). All specimens were collected in March, the end of the Summer in the southern hemisphere. Specimens were never seen alive, so there is no data regarding their habits., Published as part of Roza, André Silva, 2023, A new genus and a new species of railroad-worm beetle from Peru (Coleoptera, Phengodidae, Mastinocerinae), pp. 64-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 864 (1) on pages 69-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.864.2087, http://zenodo.org/record/7818076

Opisthencentrus dentipennis (Germar, 1843) Figures 1–7 Oxygonia dentipennis Germar, 1843: 3, pl. 124. Opisthencentrus dentipennis: W. Horn 1893: 196. Type locality. Brazil. Previous known distribution. Brazil — Rio de Janeiro (Angra dos Reis, Cachoeiras de Macacú), São Paulo (Santo André— Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba) mentioned by Horn (1926). Updated distribution. Brazil — Rio de Janeiro (Angra dos Reis, Cachoeira de Macacú, Mangaratiba, Teresópolis), São Paulo (Santo André— Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba, Ubatuba) (Fig. 7). Material examined. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro. Angra dos Reis, (Jussaral), 1 female, no date, Dario Mendes col. (MNRJ); 12-931, 1 female, L. T. (CEICO); Ilha Grande, (Parque estadual da Ilha Grande, IG 0A, 23°10’04.7” S, 44°11’3.5” W, 160 m) Malaise, 1 female, I.2018, Campello, Silveira & Queiroz col. (DZRJ); Mangaratiba, (Sahy, PE Cunhambebe, Trilha para Rubião), Malaise, 1 male, L.S. e Maia col., (DZRJ); Teresópolis, (Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, PENSA RIO pt.2, 22°26'48” S, 43°00'42.6”, W 1050 m) Malaise, 1 female, 11.III.2014, R. Monteiro col (DZRJ); (Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, PVE 4B, 22°28’35.1” S, 42°59’29” W, 544 m) Malaise, 1 female, XI.2015, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); (Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, PVE 8A, 22º27’11,3” S, 42º59’33,9” W, 544 m) Malaise, 1 male, III.2015, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); (Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, PVE 9A, 22°26’55,1” S, 43°00’16,4” W, 1246 m) Malaise, 1 female, II.2015, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ). São Paulo: Alto da Serra, I.1914, 1 male, Melzer col. (CEIOC); Alto da Serra, I.19, 1 female, I.24, 1 male, 1 female (MZSP); Ubatuba, Rio Picinguaba, XI.1991, 1 male, A. C. Marques col. (MZSP) Variability. Most O. dentipennis specimens examined by Moravec (2016) have a black-copper body, which corresponds with the original description given by Germar (1843). Only two specimens previously examined (a female from Angra dos Reis— Moravec 2016, 2018; and a male from Macacú— Huber 2012) presented the elytra with a bluish tinge. The specimens examined herein presented a bright blue coloration in the entire body (Fig. 1–2), and a black abdomen with a reddish somewhat membranous median areas in females ventrites III-V (Fig. 5–6), thus adding this variability to the species coloration. It is not clear if these differences in coloration are the result of distinct preservation methods. It is also noteworthy that most of specimens examined herein have a distinctively long elytral spine, known previously only for a female from Angra dos Reis (Moravec 2016, 2020)., Published as part of Roza, André Silva, 2022, Synopsis of the distribution of the rare tiger beetle Opisthencentrus dentipennis (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), pp. 395-400 in Zootaxa 5174 (4) on page 396, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5174.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6986431, {"references":["Germar, E. F. (1843) Description de deux Cicindeletes nouvelles. Magasin de Zoologie, 1843, 1 - 4, pl. 124.","Horn, W. (1893) Die Gattung Oxygonia Mannh. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 2, 193 - 196.","Horn, W. (1926) Carabidae, Cicindelinae (Pars 86). In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Junk, Germany, Berlin, 345 pp.","Moravec, J. (2016) Taxonomic and nomenclatorial revision within the Neotropical genera of the subtribe Odontocheilina W. Horn in a new sense - 15. The genus Opisthencentrus W. Horn (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) Zootaxa, 4097 (3), 332 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4097.3.2","Moravec, J. (2018) Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical tiger beetle genera of the Subtribe Odontocheilina. Vol. 1. Odontocheila Laporte de Castelnau, Cenothyla Rivalier and Phyllodroma Lacordaire (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Biosfericka rezervace Dolni Morava: Lednice na Morave, Czech Republic, 623 + 2 pp.","Huber, R. L. (2012) Another locality record for Opisthencentrus dentipennis (Germar) in Brazil. Cicindela, 44 (3 - 4), 55 - 57.","Moravec, J. (2020) Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical tiger beetle genera of the Subtribe Odontocheilina. Vol. 2. A complete revision of other twelve genera of the subtribe (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Biosfericka rezervace Dolni Morava, Lednice na Morave, 591 + 2 pp."]}

Key to the species of Cleidella gen. nov. 1. Body overall dark brown; eyes, in lateral view, with posterior margin vertical and slightly reniform (Fig. 1C); pronotum 1.1× wider than long (Fig. 1E)................................................................ C.picea sp.nov. 1'. Body overall yellowish light-brown; eyes,in lateral view, with posterior margin strongly obliquely projected (Fig. 6E); pronotum 1.4× wider than long (Fig.6F).................................................... C.silveirai sp.nov., Published as part of Roza, André Silva & Mermudes, José Ricardo Miras, 2020, A new genus of railroad-worm beetles from the Atlantic Rainforest from Brazil (Coleoptera: Phengodidae, Mastinocerinae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (Pap. Avulsos Zool., S. Paulo) (Pap. Avulsos Zool., S. Paulo) 60 (10) on page 9, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.special-issue.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4615131

Hylotribus plaumanni Queiroz & Mermudes, 2014 (Figs 16–29) Hylotribus plaumanni Queiroz & Mermudes, 2014: 247. This species was recently described and illustrated by Queiroz & Mermudes (2014) based on females. Here, the description of the ventrites and male terminalia are added. Besides this, the variability of the vestiture and morphology is also commented on, including new information on wing variation within the species; we observe wing development ranging from macropterous to apterous among specimens we examined (Figs 28–29). Male. Pygidium (Fig. 22) slightly wider than long, and weakly sinuous at apical margin. Ventrite V (Fig. 21) at least 1.5 times longer than IV, impressed on disc; apical margin slightly rounded. Terminalia (Figs 23–27): Tergite VIII (Fig. 23) largely membranous at middle; sides subparallel and slightly constricted at middle, apical margin slightly sinuous; sternite VIII (Fig. 23) strongly transverse and membranous, with apical lobes strongly pigmented and pronounced. Sternite IX (Fig. 23) with apodeme almost 2.5x as long as arms. Tegmen (Figs 24–25) with apodeme as long as sclerotized ring, this with angles of pre-apical flange individualized (not bilobate); apex of parameres rounded. Penis (Figs 26–27) elongate, strongly curved in apical fifth; body almost 2.5x as long as apodemes; with sclerotized bridge between apodemes; tectum two times longer than wide, strongly acuminate in apical half; pedon strongly curved, with apodemes sinuous. Internal sac (Fig. 27) slightly longer than apodemes, distinctly spiculate in proximal half, lacking sclerotized pieces. Previously known distribution. Type locality: Seara (300–600 m), in Santa Catarina State (Queiroz & Mermudes 2014). Updated distribution. Minas Gerais. Itamonte, in the Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, at around 2,100 m elevation. Rio de Janeiro. Teresópolis, on the Parque Nacional de Serra dos Órgãos, from 1,799 to 2,140 m. Santa Catarina. Seara. Seasonality. This species seems to occur between September and May, during the Southern Hemisphere spring, summer and autumn. Variability. H. plaumanni was described as having a V-shaped yellowish stripe with obtuse angle on the frons, and a prominent longitudinal carina on the rostrum. These characters were also used in the key to species of Hylotribus, in order to separate H. plaumanni from H. frontispeltastes and H. involucer (Queiroz & Mermudes 2014). In the specimens of H. plaumanni we observed that the V-shaped stripe was highly variable (Figs 18–20). It could either form an acute angle with the longitudinal carina (Figs 18–19), forming a diamond with another inverted Vshaped stripe on the vertex (Fig. 18), or instead be smudged (Fig. 19) and not forming a V-shaped pattern (Fig. 20). The longitudinal carina on the rostrum is always distinct, but a pair of lateral carinae can be slightly elevated or vestigial. Wing variation within the species ranges from macropterous to apterous (Figs 28–29), and was verified in at least three specimens with the elytra partially elevated (allowing examination of wings): 1. The paratype of H. plaumanni (apterous) from Seara, locality with altitude variation of 300–600 m in Santa Catarina, South of Brazil; 2. A specimen compared with the type-series, from Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Trilha da Pedra do Sino, PRE-PVE Pt. 5, 22° 27’ 16.7” S, 43° 01’ 13.7” W, 1,961 m (macropterous, Fig 28), Southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). 3. A third specimen, also compared with the type-series, from Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, PVE Pt. 14B, 22° 27’ 37” S, 43° 01’ 37.4” W, 2125m (micropterous, Fig. 29), Southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). Material examined. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais. Itamonte. Parque Nacional de Itatiaia. Setor Brejo da Lapa, Brejo da Lapa, PNI-M1A, 22° 21’ 32.4” S, 44° 44’ 14.0” W, 2142 m, 1 male, 3.XII.2015 - 15.I.2016; PNI-M1B, 22° 21’ 34.1” S, 44° 44’ 9.4” W, 2162 m, 1 female, 3.XII.2015 - 15.I.2016, Monné col. (MNRJ). Rio de Janeiro. Teresópolis. Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos. Trilha da Pedra do Sino. PRE-PVE Pt. 5, 22° 27’ 16.7” S, 43° 01’ 13.7” W, 1961 m, 1 female, 04.I.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); Teresópolis. Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos. PVE Pt. 12B, 22° 27’ 17,4” S, 43° 00’ 57,3” W, 1799 m, 1 male, IX.2015; PVE Pt. 13B, 22° 27’ 14.3” S, 43° 01’ 13.2” W, 1935 m, 1 female, V.2015; PVE Pt. 14B, 22° 27’ 37” S, 43° 01’ 37.4” W, 2125 m, 1 female, III.2015; PVE Pt. 14A, 22° 27’ 37.3” S, 43° 01’ 39.3” W, 2127 m, 1 female, X.2015; PVE Pt. 15B, 22° 27’ 37,4” S, 43° 01’ 42,9” W, 2140 m, 1 male, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ).

Hylotribus sublimis Queiroz & Mermudes, 2014 (Figs 30–31) Hylotribus sublimis Queiroz & Mermudes, 2014: 245. Previously known distribution. Campos do Jordão, in São Paulo state (Queiroz & Mermudes 2014). Updated distribution. Minas Gerais. Itamonte, on the Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, around 2,150 m. São Paulo. Campos do Jordão. Seasonality. This species seems to occur during the Southern Hemisphere spring and summer, between October and January. Material examined. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais. Itamonte. Parque Nacional de Itatiaia. Setor Brejo da Lapa, Brejo da Lapa, PNI-M1A, 22° 21’ 32.4” S, 44° 44’ 14.0” W, 2142 m, 1 female, 3.XII.2015 - 15.I.2016, Monné col. (MNRJ).

Pseudotelegeusis meloi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 60800BF5-532F-4C2E-8BCC-3F0B6A6573E9 Diagnosis Antennae moniliform or serrate, from antennomere III or IV to X. Maxillary palpi 4-segmented, last palpomere enlarged as long as the preceding three together. Labial palpi composed by one palpomere. One tentorial pit, according to former authors (Wittmer 1976b; Ivie 2002; Zaragoza- Caballero 2008), but during the present study we observe two distinctly separated tentorial pits on the ventral face of the head capsule of Pseudotelegeusis meloi sp. nov. (Fig. 3B) and P. howdeni Wittmer, 1976 (Fig. 3C).The initial error by Wittmer (1976b), observing only one tentorial orifice, is probably related to the limitations of an optical examination of dry material. His work on the morphological evolution of the tentorium in the Phengodidae family had benefitted either from dissections of the cephalic capsule or from scanning electron microscope examination (Wittmer, 1976a). We used the classical steps of dissecting, clearing in potash solution, mounting in a drop of syrup solution of dimethyl hydantoin formaldehyde and examination with compound microscope in transmitted light at 200–400 × (see Liberti 2005). In Pseudotelegeusis, we observed that the organization of the tentorium is similar to that of the Phengodidae Distremocephalus texanus (LeConte), as illustrated by Wittmer (1976a: 444, fig. 28). It consists of two arms separate at the base, basally joined by a bridge, distinct and subparallel in their central portion and obliquely curved against the dorsal surface. Type material Holotype PERU • 1 ♂; ‘‘ Madre de Dios, CICRA Field station, garden; 12.56940° S, 70.10100°W; alt. 260 m; 6–16 Sept. 2010; C. Chaboo & Maria J. Endara leg.; Malaise trap; KUNHM-ENT, PER-10-09- MAT-015’’; MUSM-ENT. Paratypes (34 exx.) PERU – Madre de Dios dept . • 1 ♂; CICRA Field station, garden; 12.56940° S, 70.10100°W; alt. 260 m; 6–16 Sep. 2010; Maria J. Endara leg.; Malaise trap; KUNHM-ENT, PER-10-09-MAT-015, KUNHM / SEMC# 1097969 • 1 ♂; same location as preceding; 29 Jul.–5 Aug. 2010; PER-10-07 - MAT-009, former SEMC 1096735; CCo • 1 ♂; same location as preceding; 26 Aug.–2 Sep. 2010; PER-10-08-MAT-013, KUNHM / SEMC# 1061709 • 1 ♂; same location as preceding; 2–9 Sep.2010; PER-10-09-MAT-014; former SEMC 1096363; MUSM-ENT • 1 ♂; same location as preceding; 23 Sep.–2 Oct. 2010; PER-10-09-MAT-017, former SEMC 1062359; MUSM-ENT. • 1 ♂; 12 rd km E Mazuko, p[uen]te. Mazuko; 13°2′51.1″ S, 70°20′45.9″W, 382m, Malaise trap; 18–22 Aug. 2012; R. R. Cavichiolli. J. A. Rafael, A. P. Santos & D. M. Takiya leg.; DZUP 458.569. • 2 ♂♂; Tambopata prov., 15 km NE Puerto Maldonado, Reserva Cusco Amazônica; 12°33′ S 69°03′ W; 200 m; Plot #Z1U9; 13 Jun. 1989; R.A. Leschen, #035, Light intercept; MTEC • 1 ♂; same location as preceding; Plot #Z2E8, J.S. Ashe, R.A. Leschen, #028; KUNHM • 3 ♂♂; same location as preceding; 25 Jun. 1989, J.S. Ashe, R.A. Leschen, #240, Flight intercept trap; KUNHM • 1 ♂; same location as preceding; 22 Jun. 1989; J.S. Ashe, R.A. Leschen, #184, Flight intercept trap; KUNHM • 2 ♂♂; same location as preceding; 28 Jun. 1989; J.S. Ashe, R.A. Leschen, #308, Flight intercept trap. – Huánuco dept. • 2 ♂♂; provincia de Puerto Inca (150 km ENE of Huanuco), ACP [Area de Conservación Privada y Estación Biologica] Panguana, rio Yuyapichis; 9°36°49” S, 74°56′W; alt. 220 m; 1–20 May 2015, Malaise trap, E. Diller leg.; ZSM 2019-11 A, ZSM 2019-11 B • 1 ♂; same data as preceding; CCo • 5 ♂♂; same location as preceding; 9 Oct. 2015, Malaise trap, E. Diller; MUSM-ENT • 2 ♂♂; same location as preceding; Lupana weg, Licht Boden [Lupana path, light trap on soil], 6 Oct. 2015, A. Gruppe & V. Abbt leg.; ZSM 2019-11 C, ZSM 2019-11 D • 1 ♂; same location as preceding, 7 Oct. 2015; MUSM # • 1 ♂; same data as preceding; BMNH {E} 2019-139 / NHMUK013655401 • 1 ♂; same location as preceding; 12 Oct. 2015; CCo • 1 ♂; same location as preceding, 13 Oct. 2015; BMNH {E} 2019-139 / NHMUK013655402 • 2 ♂♂; same location as preceding; 16 Oct. 2015; ZSM 2019-11 E, ZSM 2019- 11F. – Loreto dept. • 1 ♂; provincia de Requena, Jenaro Herrera, on east bank of Ucayali river (about 145 km SW of Iquitos and 4 km E of Jenaro); 4°55′0″ S, 73°36′49″W; alt. 135 m; Plot 16, flight interception trap 9 (FIT); forest edge on terra firme; 26 Jul. 2011; G. Lamarre leg.; MUSM-ENT • 1 ♂; same location as preceding; Plot 16, FIT 9; 21 Jul. 2011; G. Lamarre leg.; CCo • 1 ♂; same collection data as preceding; Plot 16, FIT 10; 5 Aug. 2011; G. Lamarre leg.; MUSM-ENT. Diagnosis Head light brown, body overall pale yellow. Antennae serrate from antennomere III to X (Figs 1C, 2A). Eyes occupying half of head width, in lateral view. Vertex occupying ³⁄ 5 of head in dorsal view (Fig. 1D). Elytron reaching the anterior margin of the third abdominal segment, covering the basal half of the folded hind wings (Figs 1A, 1B, 2A). Etymology The name meloi is given in honor of Gabriel A.R. Melo, a fellow researcher from the Laboratório de Biologia Comparada de Hymenoptera, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil. Gabriel was responsible for receiving us during our visit to UFPR, and for the loan of the first known specimen of this new species. Description Male COLORATION. Body overall pale yellow, except for brown head. HEAD. Antennae 11-segmented, serrate from antennomere III to X (Figs 1C, 2A). Eyes dorsally protruding; occupying half of head width, in lateral view. Vertex occupying ³⁄ 5 of head in dorsal view (Figs 1D, 2B). Maxillary palpi 4-segmented, last segment as long as first three segments combined length (Fig. 3A). Labial palpi 1-segmented. Two distinct tentorial pits (Fig. 3B). Head slightly wider than long (Fig. 1D), cephalic surface smooth, without distinct punctures. THORAX. Pronotum transverse (Figs 1E, 2B), 1.4 times as wide as than long. Anterior edge regularly rounded, posterior edge more arched. Lateral edges almost rectilinear. Disc slightly transversally convex, smooth, without distinct punctures, bordered by a furrow and a complete rounded bead except in the median fourth of the anterior and posterior margins. Anterior corners with a deep dimple. Elytron 3.5 × as long as wide (Fig. 1F), reaching the anterior margin of the third abdominal segment (Fig. 1A, 1B). Both elytra dehiscent, narrowing towards the rounded tips. The two basal thirds of the elytral surface shiny, shallowly punctate; apical third of elytra rugulose, with a dense vestiture of brown setae inserted in minute vesicles. ABDOMEN. With eight ventrites. Tergite IX transverse, 1.5 × wider than long, apical margin slightly emarginate medially. Tergite X narrow, half-tube shaped (Fig. 2E). Sternite IX cordiform, as long as broad, the apical edge slightly emarginated (Fig. 2F). Aedeagus (Fig. 2D). Phallobase elongate, lateral walls subparallel; apical part of lateral lobes (parameres) laterally straight, their summit roundly truncate; lateral lobes bound on the ventral side by a median styliform blade, prolonged by a gutter guiding the apex of the median lobe; median lobe regularly narrowing from base to apex. Immatures and females Unknown. Measurements Holotype: TL: 4.6 mm; HW: 0.92 mm; AL: 2.08 mm; IOW: 0.52 mm; OL: 0.38 mm; PL: 0.55 mm; PW: 0.79mm; EL: 1.72 mm; EW: 0.98. Paratypes from the region of Madre de Dios (9): TL: 3.5–4.5 mm (aver. 4.15 mm); AL: 1.76–2.0 mm (aver. 1.86 mm); HW: 0.7–0.92 mm (aver. 0.84 mm); IOW: 0.39–0.53 mm (aver. 0.49 mm); OL: 0.3– 0.37 mm (aver. 0.33 mm); PL: 0.43–0.57 mm (aver. 0.52 mm); PW: 0.6–0.78 mm (aver. 0.72 mm); EL: 1.42–1.72 mm (aver. 1.56 mm); EW: 0.72–0.92 mm (aver. 0.85 mm); ratio PW/PL: 1.73–2 (aver. 1.83). Paratypes from Huanuco, ACP Panguana (16): TL: 3.2–4.3 mm (aver. 3.55 mm); AL: 1.3–1.78 mm (aver. 1.55 mm); HW: 0.63–0.87 mm (aver. 0.73 mm); IOW: 0.38–0.54 mm (aver. 0.47 mm); OL: 0.26– 0.31 mm (aver. 0.29 mm); PL: 0.41–0.54 mm (aver. 0.48 mm); PW: 0.57–0.75 mm (aver. 0.66 mm); EL: 1.08–1.48 mm (aver. 1.26 mm); EW: 0.6–0.84 mm (aver. 0.72 mm); ratio PW/PL: 1.59–1.952 (aver. 1.76). Paratypes from Loreto, Jenaro Herrera (3): TL: 4.2–4.3 mm (aver. 4.23 mm); AL: 1.82–1.9 mm (aver. 1.85 mm); HW: 0.8–0.9 mm (aver. 0.84 mm); IOW: 0.43–0.49 mm (aver. 0.45 mm); OL: 0.33–0.37 mm (aver. 0.35 mm); PL: 0.49–0.54 mm (aver. 0.51 mm); PW: 0.72–0.79 mm (aver. 0.75 mm); EL: 1.42– 1.72 mm (aver. 1.56 mm); EW: 0.82–0.86 mm (aver. 0.83 mm); ratio PW/PL: 1.76–1.83 (aver. 1.79). Intra-specific variability The general coloration does not show any variability. Paratypes originating from the region of Madre de Dios do not differ significantly from the holotype. At a distance of 800 km from the type station, the series of specimens from ACP Panguana (Huanuco) is distinguished by the smaller size and significantly shortened elytra of the specimens, which still remain within the range of variability of the Madre de Dios specimens. All other morphological characters are identical. At a distance of 1300 km from the type station, specimens from Jenaro-Herrera (Loreto) differ only in the slightly narrower interocular interval of the vertex, the longer eyes, the pronotum more transverse, the shorter elytra. All the other morphological characteristics, including the aedeagus, ensure its unequivocal specific identity as P. meloi sp. nov. Biology and distribution The holotype of Pseudotelegeusis meloi sp. nov. was collected in September, during the beginning of autumn. It inhabits low altitudinal areas of 260 m in the Peruvian Amazonian Rainforest of Madre de Dios. Paratypes were collected by interception trap, either Malaise traps, or window interception trap. With one series attracted by a UV light trap at the ACP Panguana. Differential diagnosis The new species differs markedly from P. jiliotupaensis by the serrate antennae (moniliform in P. jiliotupaensis) and the abdomen with eight ventrites (seven in P. jiliotupaensis). Also, this new species differs from P. oculatus by the antennae serrate from antennomeres III to X (from IV to X in P. oculatus) and the convex posterior margin of pronotum (more pointed medially in P. oculatus). The new species most closely resembles P. howdeni by their similar antennae, but can be distinguished by the yellowish coloration, the protruding eyes, smaller vertex and the straight anterior margin of pronotum (brown coloration, eyes not protruding, big vertex and the anterior margin of pronotum slightly pointed medially in P. howdeni).

Genus Mesochila Rivalier, 1969 Pentacomia (Mesochila) Rivalier 1969: 219 Mesochila: Moravec 2018:138, Published as part of Roza, Andr�� Silva & Mermudes, Jos�� Ricardo Miras, 2019, A new species of Mesochila Rivalier, 1969 (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) from the Brazilian Caatinga, pp. 295-300 in Zootaxa 4688 (2) on page 296, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4688.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/3516064

Mesochila (Mesochila) moraveci sp. nov. (Figs 1 –7) Type material. Holotype male: Brasil. Piauí. Caracol. Parque Nacional / da Serra das Confusões. Ao lado da estrada. / Rio seco, Malaise G, Terra 05. / 09° 12’ 53.7” S, 43° 30’ 13.5” W, 477 m, / 11–15.XII.2018, Gonçalves, C.C., Prando, J.S., / Carrenho, R., Rodrigues, J.M.S. & Magalhães, O.M. col. // Holótipo / Mesochila moraveci sp. nov. / Roza det. 2019 // DZRJ. Type locality. Brazil: Caracol, state of Píauí, Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, Rio seco, 09°12´53.7´´S, 43°30´13.5´´W, 477m. Differential diagnosis. Mesochila moraveci sp. nov. is similar to M. (M.) brevipennis, M. (M.) drechseli and M. (M.) prepusula by its comparatively short and narrow aedeagus, with a thick, moderately hooked apex (Figs 6 and 7), and the internal sac with three distinct sclerites characteristic of the species-complex: a ventral spur with double-wing “stingray-like” base, an oval upper sclerite with a echinulate surface and a dorso-basal semitriangular piece (Fig. 7). Externally, it is most easily distinguished from these three species by the distinct humeral band (Fig. 1 and 5). Mesochila (M,) brasiliensis (Dejean, 1825) and Mesochila (Paramesochila) horni (Schilder, 1953) possesses similar humeral band, but can be distinguished by their very different aedeagi; moreover, the former also by its different pronotal surface, the latter by its more elongate pronotum and more uneven elytral surface. In addition, none of these externally similar species have the whitish lateromedian macula prolonged along the outer margin in form of a thin stripe as it is in the new species (Fig.5). Description of the male holotype. Body (Fig. 1) small, 9.2 mm long, 2.9 mm wide. Head (Fig. 2) moderately large with wide eyes, 2.6 mm wide, almost as wide as body and markedly wider than pronotum, metallic purple with green-blue luster; all head portions glabrous. Frons distinctly convex in middle and anteriad slopes towards clearly separated clypeus, confluent with vertex over rounded fold, metallic purple with faint green-blue luster; almost smooth in apical portion, middle with rather distinctly longitudinally parallel-striate, the striae become transversely parallel and arcuate when passing onto convex vertex-frons median area forming there arcuate-transverse striae; supra-antennal plates rather wide, irregularly triangular, longitudinally parallel-striate and shiny-purple, their apex forming short and distinct lateral frons-vertex edge. Vertex metallic purple with green luster particularly on posterior and juxtaorbital areas, convex in middle with small shallow anteromedian impressions; anteromedian and median area oblique-parallel striate, striae on posterior become more transverse along with longitudinal striae running along sublateral and lateral areas passing onto temples, and juxtaorbital areas, posteromedian and occipital areas covered with irregularly transverse-wavy to vermicular rugae. Genae shiny metallic green, with parallel longitudinal striae running across it. Clypeus metallic-purple with green anterior and posterior margins, and small portion of median area, slightly bulged in middle, finely irregularly wrinkled with vermicular rugae. Labrum (Fig. 3) 4-setose, ochraceous, with several darker patches, 1.5x longer than wide, 0.8 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, lateral margins moderately arcuate with slightly distinct lateral indentation; anterolateral teeth distinct, right-angled, rounded; anterior lobe moderately prolonged anteriad, lateral margins forming indistinct and rounded anterior teeth, anterior margin raised in middle in form of triangular median tooth. Mandibles (Fig. 3) normally shaped with arcuate lateral margins, rather long, almost symmetrical (except for the typically longer terminal teeth in right mandible), each mandible with four teeth (and basal molar), two inner teeth gradually smaller towards basal molar, ivory-yellow except for black-brownish teeth with black margins. Palpi (Fig. 3). Maxillary palpi normally shaped with terminal palpomeres gradually dilated towards apex, ivory ochraceous with gradually brown to black-brownish terminal palpomeres; labial palpi ochraceous with blackbrownish terminal palpomeres; penultimate (longest) palpomere of labial palpi elongate and slightly flat, not enlarged towards apex. Antennae (Fig. 1) short, reaching back a fourth of the elytra length; scape dark green with only one apical seta, pedicel brownish-ochraceous with a dark green ring in middle, antennomere 3–4 with sparse and indistinct setae, ochraceous, slightly clavate-dilated towards apex, but antennomere 4 much shorter; antennomeres 5–11 with typical micropubescence, ochraceous and gradually darkened. Thorax. Pronotum (Fig. 4) glabrous, metallic purple with faint green luster throughout and more intensively within anterior sulcus and on posterior lobe, slightly longer than wide, length 1.85 mm, width 1.75 mm, sulci well pronounced; anterior lobe slightly wider than posterior lobe, surface of anterior lobe indefinitely rugose with arcuate wrinkled striae; disc almost quadrangular with distinctly convex lateral margins (including clearly visible proepisterna), notopleural sutures thin but distinct in dorsal view; medial line distinct in middle of the disc length; discal surface rather coarsely striate, with parallel-wavy striae becoming obliquely-parallel near medial line; narrow juxtanotopleural area smooth and shiny-green; posterior lobe with scattered, irregular rugae of indefinite shape, with distinct posterior rim; all ventral and lateral sterna glabrous and almost smooth, metallic dark green with almost no luster. Elytra (Figs 1 and 5) elongate, 5.8 mm long, 2.9 mm wide, slightly dilated posteriad after the anterior third, with rounded humeri, anteapical angles arcuate and running obliquely towards apices which are rounded towards almost indistinct sutural spine; microserrulation indistinct, partly absent; elytral dorsal surface moderately convex, humeral impressions long and deep, basodiscal convexity distinct, clearly delineated by rather deep discal impression; additional, rather deep impression present mesad of whitish lateromedian macula; anteapical-apical impressions distinct; elytral coloration uniformly purple with faint purple and green luster; surface coarsely punctate, punctures isolated, some of them anastomosing in chains, slightly larger on elytral base, iridescent green, punctures becoming slightly smaller and shallower on posterior declivity and lateral areas, nearly effaced on bulged area of anteapical angles; elytral surface glabrous except for the usual, indistinct, only occasional and easily abraded hair like sensory setae; whitish elytral maculation consisting of three maculae: large humeral-lateral band which is visible from above that almost reaches lateromedian macula; lateromedian subtriangular macula, distinctly mesad-prolonged; anteapical triangular macula dilated in middle and then narrowed distinctly distant from apex. Legs. Coxae dark-green with faint purple luster, anterior and lateral posterior area of pro- and mesocoxae whitish setose; metacoxae with faint green luster, with one central seta and lateral margin fringed with dense setae; trochanters glabrous, ochre; femora basely purple, apically ochraceous with apex testaceous; femoral surface covered with rather sparse, short, whitish semierect setae; tibiae concolored with femora apex, and becoming darker towards apex, covered with scattered, semierected, whitish setae that are scattered and somewhat thicker on metatibiae; apical-ventral area of protibiae and mesotibiae with usual, dense whitish to rusty setose pad; tarsi black with brown-darkened apex of first tarsomere, first three dilated protarsomeres in male with dense greyish-white pad; claws black-brown. Abdomen. Ventrites metallic dark green with green luster, surface of ventrites smooth and glabrous (except for typical, long hair like sensory seta (easily abraded) on each side at posterior margin of last three ventrites). Aedeagus (Figs 6 and 7) short and narrow, 7.25 times longer than wide, 2.90 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, apical portion rather short and parallel, with slight apical constriction forming thick slightly hooked apex; internal sac formed by three distinct sclerites: a ventral spur with double-wing “stingray-like” base, an oval upper sclerite with a echinulate surface and a dorso-basal semitriangular piece. Biology and distribution. The male Holotype of Mesochila moraveci sp. nov. was collected during the summer of the Southern Hemisphere, in December. It inhabits low altitude areas, around 480 m, of the Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, Piauí State, northeastern Brazil. Etymology. The name is in honor to Jiří Moravec, a fellow entomologist, who develops research with Tiger beetles, currently working on the thorough revision of the subtribe Odontocheilina in the Neotropics. Singular genitive, masculine. Remarks. The last three abdominal segments and the aedeagus of the Holotype of this new species were somewhat fragile, breaking during the dissection. Fortunately, as obvious from Fig. 7, the aedeagus was broken before the internal sac and did not damage the sclerites integrity.

Akamboja monteirorum sp. nov. Roza, Quintino, Mermudes & Silveira (Figs 27–30 and 43) Etymology. The name is in honor to the Monteiro family, especially our dear friends, Drs. Ricardo and Margarete. Their enthusiasm and contributions to Neotropical insect ecology are noteworthy. They also helped the last author to collect specimens of three species. Genitive, plural. Diagnosis. Male. Eyes occupying two thirds of head width, in lateral view (Fig. 29). Apical maxillary palpomere 3.5x longer than subapical (Fig. 29). Vertex occupying? of head in dorsal view (Fig. 30). Elytron reaching the posterior margin of the fourth abdominal segment (Fig. 27). Description, male. Measurements (n=5): Total length: 4.1–4.5 mm (aver. 4.3 mm). Head length: 0.5–0.7 mm (aver. 0.6 mm). Head width: 0.6–0.7 mm (aver. 0.6 mm). Pronotum length: 0.5–0.6 mm (aver. 0.55 mm). Pronotum maximum length: 0.5–0.6 mm (aver. 0.55 mm). Elytron length: 1.5–1.6 mm (aver. 1.55 mm). Elytron maximum width: 0.4 mm (aver. 0.4 mm). Elytral spot length: 0.2–0.3 mm (aver. 0.25 mm). Morphology: Eyes occupying two thirds of head width, in lateral view (Fig. 29). Vertex occupying? of head in dorsal view (Fig. 30). Apical maxillary palpomere 3.5x longer than subapical (Fig. 30). Head as wide as long (Fig. 30). Elytron 3.5x longer than wide (Fig. 27), reaching the posterior margin of the fourth abdominal segment, elytron apical spot occupying a fifth of the elytron (Fig. 27). Color. Body overall light brown. Pronotum dark to light brown. Elytron almost black to light brown, apex pale yellow, sometimes light brown. Wing venation black to light brown. Immature and females. Unknown Biology and distribution. Akamboja monteirorum sp. nov. seems to occur only during spring and summer. It inhabits high altitudinal areas of Itatiaia, on the Itatiaia massif, in the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range, from 1280 to 1442 m. It is found on the montane forest. Remarks. This species resembles Akamboja minimum sp. nov., but can be distinguished by its bigger size, elytron (the elytron of Akamboja minimum sp. nov. reaches the anterior margin of the second abdominal segment, while in Akamboja monteirorum sp. nov. it reaches the posterior margin of the third), smaller vertex (bigger in Akamboja minimum sp. nov.) and its high altitude occurrence (low altitude occurrence in Akamboja minimun sp. nov.). Akamboja monteirorum sp. nov. occurs only in montane forest (from 830 m to 1442 m), while Akamboja minimum sp. nov. occurs in lower montane forest (below 800 m) and partially in the montane forest (beginning in 600 m). Type material. Holotype (male): BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro. Itatiaia. Parque Nacional de Itatiaia. PENSA RIO Pt. 3, 22°25’42.6’’ S, 44°37’42,2’’ W, 1442 m, 1 male, 12.X.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ). Paratypes (all male): BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro. Itatiaia. Parque Nacional de Itatiaia. PENSA RIO Pt. 2, 22° 25’ 59,6” S, 44° 37’ 39,7” W, 1280 m, 1 male, 12. II.2015, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PENSA RIO Pt. 3, 22°25’42.6’’ S, 44°37’42,2’’ W, 1442 m, 1 male, 7.I.2015, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); Parque Nacional de Itatiaia. Setor Lago Azul, Mata, Ponto M 3B, 22°27’01.10’’S, 44°36’55.30’’W, 830m, 2 males, 04.XII.2015 – 06.I.2016 (MNRJ). Serra Negra, 2 males, 17.VII.2012, Mermudes col (MZSP).

Akamboja gen. nov. Roza, Quintino, Mermudes & Silveira Type species. Akamboja minimum Roza, Quintino, Mermudes & Silveira sp. nov., by original designation. Etymology. The following radicals come from the Guarani language: Akã = branch, and Mboja = fused, glued (Dooley 1998). The name denotes the fused branches of ninth antennomere. Gender neutrum. Diagnosis. Body overall small, around 4 mm (Figs 1 and 2); antenna with ten antennomeres, IV to VIII with two short symmetrical branches, 1.5 to 2x the size of the antennomere; branches of antennomere IX fused in a singular flabellum, slightly depressed medially (Figs 3 and 10); mandible small, curved downwards (Figs 7 and 8); posterior tentorial pit consisting of a single small fossa (Figs 11 and 12); pronotum narrower than humeral distance (Fig. 1); elytron short, surpassing the second to fourth abdominal segment (depending on species), 3– 4x longer than wide, slightly convergent posteriorly, thickened apically, sometimes with a white or pale yellow spot (Fig. 15); first tarsomere of anterior leg with a ventral comb as long as the tarsomere (Figs 17 and 18); claws with six long and asymmetrical teeth (Figs 19 and 20); aedeagus with patch of bristles at paramere apex (Figs 21 and 22). Description, male. Coloration: Body overall light brown to dark yellow. Pronotum dark to light brown. Elytron almost black to light brown, apex pale yellow, sometimes light brown. Wing venation black to light brown. Head (Figs 6 and 7). Head wider than long or as wide as long, fully exposed, prognathous; slightly wider than pronotum; integument glossy, coarsely punctured; antenna shorter than elytron; 10-segmented, antennomere short, IV and IX slightly smaller than V-VIII, X flattened and rounded, IV-VIII with two short, symmetrical branches, IX with branches fused in a singular flabellum, slightly depressed medially (Figs 3 and 10); eyes finely faceted, almost spherical, as long as 1/2 to 1/3 head length in lateral view, frons plan, wider than antennomere I length, clypeus fused to frons, both coarsely punctured; labrum small and free, apically notched (Figs 7 and 8), 5x wider than long; mandibles very thin, 3x longer than wide, curved down; Maxillary palpi 4-segmented, IV securiform, 3– 4x longer than the third, coarsely punctured on anterior half, finely punctured on posterior half (Fig. 9); labial palpi 2- segmented, small and thin, covered by mandibles, last segment rounded; tentorial pit consisting of a single fossa (Figs 6, 11 and 12), apodeme indistinct; gular sutures contiguous. Thorax (Figs 5–6, 13 and 15). Pronotum quadrangular, as long as wide, anterior angles dorsally concave, lateral margins divergent posteriad, posterior angles medially notched, integument glossy, finely punctured (Fig. 5); Mesesternum, mesepimeron and mesepisternum with lateral setae and obliterated sutures (Figs 13 and 14). Elytron short, surpassing the second or third abdominal segment, 3– 4x longer than wide, wider in anterior half, subparallel, apex swollen, moderately setigerous punctured (Fig. 15); posterior wings with radial cell closed, reduced, and variable in size (sometimes in the same individual), vein r4 interrupted (Fig. 16); legs increasing in length, protarsomere I with ventral comb as long as the tarsomere (Figs 17 and 18), 1/2 the length of meso and metatarsomere I, tarsomere IV of all legs 1/ 2 V length, claws pectinate, with six long and asymmetrical teeth (Figs 19 and 20). Abdomen (Fig. 2, 21–22). Densely punctate and setose; aedeagus (Figs 21 and 22) trilobed, median lobe cylindrical, strongly curved at base, acuminate apically, with many tiny glandular openings; flagellum encircled around median lobe at rest; about as long as median lobe length; base of flagellum with two protuberances (Fig. 22); parameres parallels, elongate, oval, narrowed to apex, setose and bidentate at the inner side. Length. 3.3 to 4.8 mm. Female and immature stages. Unknown. Biology and distribution. Akamboja gen. nov. only occurs on mountain areas, with at least 150m of altitude. It is usually caught during spring and summer, which in Brazil begins at end of September and lasts to the end of March. Only one specimen of Akamboja monteirorum sp. nov. was caught outside this margin, in May, that corresponds to autumn in the southern hemisphere. Species of this genus were never seen alive, so there is no data regarding their habits. It occurs in montane and ombrophilous forests, along several localities of the Serra do Mar and the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain ranges. Remarks. Zaragoza-Caballero’s key (2010) to Mastinocerinae genera would place Akamboja in Decamastinocerus Wittmer, 1988 from Venezuela, as it has antenna with ten antennomeres. Although Akamboja gen. nov. is morphologically similar to Decamastinocerus, it can be easily distinguished by the larger size (from 3.3 to 4.8 mm in Akamboja, 2.5 mm in Decamastinocerus), interantennal space almost twice scape length (smaller in Decamastinocerus), fused branches of the ninth segment (separated in Decamastinocerus), larger eyes (occupying less than half of head in Decamastinocerus), head wider than the pronotum (as wide as pronotum in Decamastinocerus), and elytron completely setose (apically setose in Decamastinocerus); claws with six long and asymmetrical teeth (with three small medial teeth in Decamastinocerus). This new genus is very homogeneous morphologically. However, species have remarkable intraspecific variation, especially in color patterns, eyes, palpomeres, wing and elytra size. The radial cell, for example, can be very small in a wing and large in the other wing of the same individual. As for the colour pattern, the older specimens, which are exposed to ethanol for longer periods, show more pale and homogeneous coloration. Therefore, the color variation could be an artifact of the method of conservation.

Akamboja minimum sp. nov. Roza, Quintino, Mermudes & Silveira (Figs 1–22 and 41) Etymology. minimum is an adjective, and means small in Latin. It is a reference to the small size of the species compared to the others of the genus. Name in apposition. Diagnosis. Eyes occupying two thirds of head width, in lateral view (Fig. 4). Apical maxillary palpomere 3.5x longer than subapical (Fig. 4). Vertex occupying? of head in dorsal view (Fig. 5). Elytron reaching the anterior margin of the third abdominal segment (Fig. 1). Description, male. Measurements (n=31): Total length: 3.3–3.8 mm (aver. 3.6 mm). Head length: 0.5–0.6 mm (aver. 0.5 mm). Head width: 0.5–0.7 mm (aver. 0.6 mm). Pronotum length: 0.4–0.6 mm (aver. 0.5 mm). Pronotum maximum length: 0.4–0.6 (aver. 0.5 mm). Elytron length: 1.1–1.3 mm (aver. 1.2 mm). Elytron maximum width: 0.3–0.4 mm (aver. 0.3 mm). Elytral spot length: 0.2 mm. Morphology: Eyes occupying two thirds of head width, in lateral view (Fig. 4). Vertex occupying? of head in dorsal view (Fig. 5). Apical maxillary palpomere 3.5x longer than subapical (Fig. 4). Head wider than long. Elytron 3.5 to 4x longer than wide (Fig. 1), reaching the anterior margin of the third abdominal segment, apical spot occupying the apical sixth of the elytron (Fig. 1). Coloration. Body overall light brown. Pronotum dark to light brown. Elytron almost black to light brown, apex pale yellow, sometimes light brown. Wing venation black to light brown. Immatures and females. Unknown Biology and distribution. Akamboja minimun sp. nov. seems to occur only during spring and summer. It inhabits low altitudinal areas of Teresópolis, on the Serra dos Órgãos, in the Serra do Mar mountain range, from 250 to 860 m. It is found on lower montane forest and partially the montane forest. Remarks. This species resembles Akamboja monteirorum sp. nov., but can be distinguished by its shorter size and elytron (the elytron of Akamboja minimum sp. nov. reaches the anterior margin of the second abdominal segment, while in Akamboja monteirorum sp. nov. it reaches the posterior margin of the third), bigger vertex (smaller in Akamboja monteirorum sp. nov.) and its occurrence in low altitude (high altitude occurrence in Akamboja monteirorum sp. nov.). Akamboja minimum sp. nov. occurs in lower montane forest (below 800 m) and partially on the montane forest (beginning in 600 m), while Akamboja monteirorum sp. nov. occurs only in montane forest (from 1280 m to 1442 m). Type material. Holotype (male): BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro. Teresópolis. Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos. PVE Pt. 4A, 22° 28’ 36.1” S, 42° 59’ 31.3” W, 563m, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ) Paratypes (all males): BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro. Teresópolis. Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos. PVE Pt. 2A, 22° 31’ 0” S, 43° 0’ 23.6” W, 252m, 3 males, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt. 2B, 22° 30’ 2.1” S, 43° 0’ 22.2” W, 248m, 4 males, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt. 3A, 22° 29’ 40.8” S, 42° 59’ 53.9” W, 360m, 1 male, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt. 4A, 22° 28’ 36.1” S, 42° 59’ 31.3” W, 563m, 10 males, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); idem, 2 males, III.2015, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt. 4B, 22° 28’ 35.1” S, 42° 59’ 29” W, 544m, 1 male, III.2015, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt. 5A, 22° 28’ 38.3” S, 42° 59’ 45.6” W, 699m, 2 males, XII. 2014, R. Monteiro col. (MZSP); PVE Pt. 5B, 22° 28’ 37.6” S, 42° 59’ 45.5” W, 691m, 5 males, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); idem, 2 males (MZSP); PVE Pt. 6B, 22° 28’ 11” S, 43° 0’ 5.3” W, 868m, 1 male, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (dissected) (DZRJ). Rio de Janeiro. Parque Nacional da Tijuca, Malaise 2, 22°57.269’S, 43°17.923’W, 814m, 3 males, Silveira, Mermudes & Clarckson col (DZRJ). Akamboja cleidae sp. nov. Roza, Quintino, Mermudes & Silveira (Figs 23–26 and 42) Etymology. The name is in honor of the biologist Cleide Costa, a great researcher who largely contributed to the knowledge of bioluminescent beetles, including phengodids. Singular genitive, feminine. Diagnosis. Eyes occupying half head width, in lateral view (Fig. 25). Last maxillary palpomere 4.5x longer than the previous one (Fig. 25). Description, male. Measurements (n=23): Total length: 4.2–4.8 mm (aver. 4.5 mm). Head length: 0.6–0.7 mm (aver. 0.65 mm). Head width: 0.6–0.7 mm (aver. 0.6 mm). Pronotum length: 0.5–0.6 mm (aver. 0.6 mm). Pronotum maximum length: 0.5–0.6 (aver. 0.6 mm). Elytron length: 1.5–1.9 mm (aver. 1.7 mm). Elytron maximum width: 0.3–0.4 mm (aver. 0.4 mm). Elytral spot length: 0.2–0.3 mm (aver. 0.25 mm). Morphology: Eyes occupying half head width, in lateral view (Fig. 25). Vertex occupying? of head in dorsal view (Fig. 26). Last maxillary palpomere 4.5x longer than the previous one (Fig. 25). Elytron 4– 5x longer than wide, reaching the second or third abdominal segment, elytral apical spot occupying the sixth to seventh part of the elytron (Fig. 23). Coloration. Body overall light brown. Pronotum dark to light brown. Elytron almost black to light brown, apex pale yellow, sometimes light brown. Wing venation black to light brown. Immatures and females. Unknown Biology and distribution. Akamboja cleidae sp. nov. seems to occur only during spring and summer, except for one specimen collected during autumn. It inhabits high altitudinal areas of Teresópolis, on the Serra dos Órgãos, São José do Barreiro, on the Serra da Bocaina, Paranapiacaba, on the Serra de Paranapiacaba (all part of the Serra do Mar mountain range) and Itatiaia, on the Itatiaia massif on Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range, from 950 to 1850 m. It is found on montane forest, high montane forest and ombrophilous dense forest. Remarks. This species occurs on both the Serra do Mar and the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain ranges, always on higher altitudes than both Akamboja minimum sp. nov. and Akamboja monteirorum sp. nov. (species that resemble Akamboja cleidae sp. nov.), on montane and high montane forest. It presents significant differences between the specimens in each region. The specimens of Itatiaia and Bocaina have larger body and longer elytron, about 1.2x the size of specimens from the Teresópolis’ sampling. In Teresópolis the species seems to occur from 900m to 1400m of altitude. At Itatiaia and Bocaina it occurs on higher altitudes, beginning from 1400 and reaching almost 1900m. In addition, the populations have a disjunct distribution, isolated by an unsuitable environmental matrix consisting of lowland forests, whereas the populations herein recognized occur in montane forests. Wiens and Graham (2005) suggested that such distribution should be taken as an evidence of allopatric speciation and phylogenetic niche conservatism of climatic ranges. However, evidence was not enough to recognize populations as two or three different species. Future studies should address the question of species identity and delimitation. It is also noteworthy that one specimen of Akamboja cleidae sp. nov. has the branches of the antennomere IX of the left antenna separated, while the right one is fused. We interpret this as an atavic malformation. Type material. Holotype (male): BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro. Teresópolis. Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos. PVE Pt. 10B, 22° 26’ 51” S, 43° 0’ 46.4” W, 1444 m, 1 male, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ). Paratypes (all males): BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro. Teresópolis. Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos. PENSA RIO Pt. 2, 22° 25’ 59,6” S, 44° 37’ 39,7” W, 1280 m, 2 males, 29.V.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); idem, 1 male, 26.X.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PENSA RIO Pt. 3, 22° 26’ 55,6” S, 43° 0’ 44,3” W, 1250m, 1 male, 31.VIII.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt. 7A, 22° 27’ 29.1” S, 42° 59’ 11.4” W, 957m, 1 male, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt. 9B, 22° 26’ 57.8” S, 43° 0’ 13.7” W, 1236 m, 2 males, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (MZSP); Itatiaia. Parque Nacional de Itatiaia. PENSA RIO Pt. 3, 22°25’42.6’’ S, 44°37’42,2’’ W, 1442 m, 2 males, 7.VII.2013, Monteiro e Macedo col. (MZSP); idem, 1 male, 16.I.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PENSA RIO Pt.5, 22° 25’ 01,0” S, 44° 38’ 32,9” W, 1846 m, 6 males, 9.VIII.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); idem, 1 male, 12.X.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); idem, 2 males, 26.XII.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); idem, 2 males, 12. II.2015, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); São Paulo. São José do Barreiro. Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina. Cachoeira do Lajeado, 22° 42’ 48,9” S, 44° 37’ 17,6” W, 1557 m, 1 male, 10–13.XII.2011, J. Nessimian & A. Oliveira col. (DZRJ); Paranapiacaba. Rebio Alto da Serra Paranapiacaba. 23°46’38,4’’S, 46°18’45,3’’W, Malaise, 1 male, 13VIII–19.IX.2009, Lamas, Nihei e Eq. col (DZRJ); Idem, 1 male (MZSP).

Akamboja tenebrae sp. nov. Roza, Quintino, Mermudes & Silveira (Figs 31–35 and 44) Etymology. tenebrae is an adjective, and means shades or darkness of the night in Latin. It is a reference to the dark coloration of the pronotum of the species compared to the others of the genus. Name in apposition. Diagnosis. Pronotum dark brown (Fig. 31). Eyes occupying half of head width, in lateral view (Fig. 33). Vertex occupying? of head in dorsal view (Fig. 35). Apical maxillary palpomere 3.5x longer than subapical (Fig. 33). Elytron reaching the anterior margin of the second abdominal segment (Fig. 31). Description, male. Measurements (n=6): Total length: 3.4–4.3 mm (aver. 3.9 mm). Head length: 0.57–0.61 mm (aver. 0.58 mm). Head width: 0.55–0.61 mm (aver. 0.59 mm). Pronotum length: 0.53–0.59 mm (aver. 0.55 mm). Pronotum maximum width: 0.5–0.55 (aver. 0.52 mm). Elytron length: 1.05–1.23 mm (aver. 1.13 mm). Elytron maximum width: 0.37–0.43 mm (aver. 0.39 mm). Elytral spot length: 0.16–0.24 mm (aver. 0.2 mm). Morphology: Eyes occupying half head width, in lateral view (Fig. 33). Lateral region of the head sparsely setose posterior to eyes (Fig. 34). Vertex occupying? of head in dorsal view (Fig. 35). Apical maxillary palpomere 3.5x longer than subapical (Fig. 33). Head as wide as long. Elytron 3x longer than wide (Fig. 31), Elytron reaching the anterior margin of the second abdominal segment (Fig. 31), apical spot occupying a fifth of the elytron (Fig. 31). Coloration. Body overall brown to dark brown. Pronotum dark brown. Elytron almost black to dark brown, apex pale yellow. Wing venation dark brown. Immatures and females. Unknown. Biology and distribution. Akamboja tenebrae sp. nov. seems to occur only on spring, although this can be an artifact due to the low number of specimens. It inhabits high altitudinal areas of Andradas, on the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range, around 1000 m. Remarks. This species resembles Akamboja caparaoensis sp. nov., but can be distinguished mainly due to its smaller size and elytron (the elytron of Akamboja tenebrae sp. nov. reaches the anterior margin of the second abdominal segment, while in Akamboja caparaoensis sp. nov. it reaches the anterior margin of the third), head more sparsely setose behind the eyes (densely setose in Akamboja caparaoensis sp. nov.), bigger vertex (smaller in Akamboja caparaoensis sp. nov.) and its lower altitude occurrence (higher altitude occurrence in Akamboja caparaoensis sp. nov.). Type material. Holotype (male): BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Andradas. Malaise VI, 22°04’40.3’’S, 46°35’53.7’’W, 1066 m, 1 male, 16.X.2009 (MZSP). Paratypes (all males): BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Same label as holotype, 3 males (MZSP); Same label as holotype, 3 males (DZRJ).

Akamboja caparaoensis sp. nov. Roza, Quintino, Mermudes & Silveira (Figs 36–40 and 45) Etymology. The name is in reference to the Serra do Caparaó, location of occurrence of the species. Name in apposition. Diagnosis. Pronotum dark brown. Eyes occupying half of head width, in lateral view (Fig. 38). Vertex occupying ½ of head in dorsal view (Fig. 40). Apical maxillary palpomere 3.5x longer than subapical (Fig. 38). Elytron reaching the anterior margin of the third abdominal segment (Fig. 36). Description, male. Measurements (n=1): Total length: 4.7 mm. Head length: 0.65 mm. Head width: 0.61 mm. Pronotum length: 0.63 mm. Pronotum maximum width: 0.6 mm. Elytron length: 1.7 mm. Elytron maximum width: 0.4 mm. Elytral spot length: 0.3 mm. Morphology: Eyes occupying half of head width, in lateral view (Fig. 38). Lateral region of the head sparsely setose posterior to eyes (Fig. 39). Vertex occupying ½ of head in dorsal view (Fig. 40). Apical maxillary palpomere 3.5x longer than subapical (Fig. 38). Head longer than wide. Elytron 4x longer than wide (Fig. 36), Elytron reaching the anterior margin of the third abdominal segment (Fig. 36), apical spot occupying a fifth of the elytron (Fig. 36). Coloration. Body overall dark brown. Pronotum dark brown. Elytron dark brown, apex pale yellow. Wing venation black. Immatures and females. Unknown Biology and distribution. Akamboja caparaoensis sp. nov. seems to occur only on summer, although this can be an artifact due to the low number of specimens. It inhabits high altitudinal areas of Dores do Rio Preto, on the Serra do Caparaó, in the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range, around 1500 m. It is found on dense ombrophilous high montane forest. Remarks. This species resembles Akamboja tenebrae sp. nov., but can be distinguished mainly due to its bigger size and elytron (the elytron of Akamboja tenebrae sp. nov. reaches the anterior margin of the second abdominal segment, while in Akamboja caparaoensis sp. nov. it reaches the anterior margin of the third), head more densely setose behind the eyes (sparsely setose in Akamboja caparaoensis sp. nov.), smaller vertex (bigger in Akamboja caparaoensis sp. nov.) and its higher altitude occurrence (lower altitude occurrence in Akamboja tenebrae sp. nov.). Type material. Holotype (male): BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: Dores do Rio Preto. Parque Nacional do Caparaó, afluente do Rio Preto (Laje), 20°29’26,2’’S, 41°49’17,1’’W, 1567m, Malaise, 1 male, 11–15.I.2015, J. L. Nessimian, A. L. H. Oliveira, S. P. Gomes and C. P. Souza col (DZRJ).

Roza, André Silva, Mermudes, José Ricardo M. (2015): Description of the immature stages of Pentacomia (Mesochila) smaragdula (Dejean 1825) (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Cicindelinae), with notes on the species distribution. Zootaxa 4057 (3): 399-408, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4057.3.6

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