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The taxonomy of ribbon worms (Nemertea) is particularly challenging due to the sparsity of distinct morphological characters, causing a significant underestimation of the group’s true diversity. The number of named deep-sea species is very limited and there is a vast number of undescribed deep-sea nemerteans still to be discovered. In this paper we figuratively ‘cut the ribbon’ and name seven new species of monostiliferous hoplonemerteans from seeps and seamounts along the Costa Rican margin, one from seeps along the Oregon margin, and one from vents of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, USA. The species Chernyshevia escarpiaphila gen. et sp. nov. and five species of the genus Alvinonemertes gen. nov. (Alvinonemertes dariae gen. et sp. nov., Alvinonemertes dagmarae gen. et sp. nov., Alvinonemertes christianeae gen. et sp. nov., Alvinonemertes claudiae gen. et sp. nov., Alvinonemertes tatjanae gen. et sp. nov.) represent Oerstediina, whereas the three species Tetrastemma sundbergi sp. nov., Tetrastemma polyakovae sp. nov., and Tetrastemma strandae sp. nov. represent Amphiporina. One species of tubulanid palaeonemerteans is described but not provided with a species name due to lacking sequence data for comparison. Additionally, we provide sequence data for one lineid heteronemertean, one reptant hoplonemertean, and two further eumonostiliferan hoplonemertean species. We use an integrative, turbotaxonomic approach combining DNA sequence data with concise morphological descriptions and fully digitized serial histological sections made available as cybertypes.

Family Tubulanidae Bürger, 1904 Tubulanidae is the only palaeonemertean family that was represented in the Costa Rican samples. In total, six tubulanid specimens were collected at depths around 1000 m from two nearby localities (Mound 11 & Mound 12). A DNA analysis of four specimens collected over different years showed that all specimens belong to the same species that is firmly nested within Tubulanidae (Fig. 2)., Published as part of Sagorny, Christina, Döhren, Jörn von, Rouse, Greg W. & Tilic, Ekin, 2022, Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species, pp. 132-174 in European Journal of Taxonomy 845 (1) on page 142, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.845.1959, http://zenodo.org/record/7258852, {"references":["Burger O. 1904. Nemertini. In: Das Tierreich 20. Lieferung Platyhelminthes. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin."]}

Tubulanus cf. lutescens Cantell, 2001 Figs 3A–B, 4 Diagnosis Tubulanus cf. lutescens can be clearly identified as a member of the genus Tubulanus based on the amount of body wall, proboscis, and rhynchocoel muscle layers, the position of the nervous system, the composition of the cerebral organs, and several other internal characteristics (Gibson 1982; Sundberg & Hylbom 1994; Gibson & Sundberg 1999). As in other members of the genus, the body wall is composed of three muscle layers (outer circular, median longitudinal, and inner circular musculature), whereas the proboscis is composed of two layers (outer longitudinal, inner circular) and the rhynchocoel wall of only one circular muscle layer. The nervous system is located between the epidermal basement membrane and the outer circular body wall musculature and the cerebral organs consist of ciliated canals in the epidermis. Moreover, a mid-dorsal blood vessel and eyes are absent. The collected specimens are of bright red coloration and lacks a conspicuous colour pattern. A lower dorsal nerve is absent. Material examined COSTA RICA • 1 spec. (fixed in paraformaldehyde and prepared as 67 slides with transverse sections); methane seep Mound 12; 8.930° N, 84.313° W; depth 990–999 m; 22 May 2017; Lisa Levin and Charlotte Seid leg.; collected by HOV Alvin, Dive 4907; SIO-BIC N277 (ex SIO-BIC N233) (image series: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6368041) • 1 spec. (anterior fixed in paraformaldehyde, posterior fixed in ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; GenBank: ON186263, ON036061, ON021853, ON182046; SIO-BIC N233 • 1 spec. (fixed in paraformaldehyde); same collection data as for preceding; MZUCR Nemertea Collection MZUCR-103-01 (ex SIO-BIC N233) • 1 spec. (piece in ethanol); methane seep Mound 11; 8.920° N, 84.306° W; depth 1019–1045 m; 26 Feb. 2009; Greg Rouse and Mike Skowronski leg.; collected by HOV Alvin, Dive 4505; GenBank: ON186261, ON036062, ON021852, ON182043; SIO-BIC N107 • 1 spec. (piece in ethanol); methane seep Mound 12; 8.931° N, 84.313° W; depth 982–1000 m; 7 Jan. 2010; Lisa Levin and Graham Nash leg.; collected by HOV Alvin, Dive 4586; GenBank: ON186262, ON036063, ON021854, ON182044; SIO-BIC N120 • 1 spec. (ethanol); methane seep Mound 12; 8.93037° N, 84.31319° W; depth 996 m; 20 Oct. 2018; Lisa Levin and Kyle Metcalfe leg.; collected by HOV Alvin, Dive 4974; GenBank: ON186264, ON036060, ON021851, ON182045; SIO-BIC N257. Description Specimens up to 20 cm in length, up to 4 mm in diameter. Body more or less cylindrical. Tapered head slightly wider than rest of body (Fig. 3A). One pair of dorsal, V-shaped cephalic furrows in front of brain lobes (Fig. 3B). Body bright red, trunk slightly translucent. Anterior tip brighter than rest of head (Fig. 3A–B). Epidermal constrictions along whole body length. Gut and gonads visible through body wall (Fig 3A). Epidermis in foregut region 150–200 µm thick. Body wall composed of outer circular, middle longitudinal and inner circular musculature (Fig. 4E). Rhynchocoel wall only with circular muscle layer (Fig. 4E). Proboscis with two layers of musculature (outer longitudinal, inner circular), with two nerves, no proboscis armature (Fig. 4C). Proboscis pore subterminal, ventral (Fig. 4A); mouth opening separate, behind cerebral ganglia (Fig. 4B). Cerebral ganglia with only outer neurilemma, neurochord cells absent. Dorsal and ventral ganglia fused, located in ventral part of head (Fig. 4D). Lateral nerve cords without accessory nerves, myofibrillae absent (Fig. 4F). Precerebral nerves numerous, not grouped (Fig. 4A); buccal nerves paired. Upper dorsal nerve present (Fig. 4E). Nervous system between epidermal basement membrane and outer circular body wall musculature (Fig. 4D, F). Eyes lacking. Cerebral organs as simple ciliated canals in epidermis, posterior to ventral ganglia (Fig. 4D). Apical organ as depression frontal of rhynchopore, cephalic glands in anterior half of head, scattered between muscle fibres of head. Blood vascular system consisting of cephalic loop giving rise to two paired postcerebral, lateral vessels (Fig. 4A–B). Mid-dorsal blood vessel absent, smaller vessels splitting from lateral blood vessels in foregut region. Remarks The Costa Rican specimens are attributed to the genus Tubulanus, based on the phylogenetic analyses and the similarity of external and internal characteristics. In the phylogenetic analysis, this species belongs to a highly supported clade containing Tubulanus eozensis Yamaoka, 1940, Tubulanus polymorphus, and an undescribed tubulanid from the Sea of Okhotsk (Fig. 3). A clade of undescribed abyssal and hadal tubulanids is sister to that clade. The pairwise distances of the COI gene between the four deepsea specimens are below 1%. Interestingly, pairwise distances between Tubulanus cf. lutescens and two sequences of Tubulanus lutescens, a shallow water species collected in Sweden, are only 1–1.3%. In a TCS haplotype network analysis of the mitochondrial COI gene Tubulanus lutescens is only separated from our specimens by six nucleotide substitutions (Fig. 3). However, the two species differ by body coloration as Tubulanus cf. lutescens is bright red, whereas Tubulanus lutescens is yellow. Moreover, Tubulanus cf. lutescens lacks a lower dorsal nerve which is present in Tubulanus lutescens. The markedly dissimilar habitats of both species (T. lutescens intertidal from Northern Europe vs T. cf. lutescens from ca 1000 m depth in Eastern Pacific) might indicate that they represent different species. Future analyses of nuclear sequences of T. lutescens are warranted to determine whether Tubulanus cf. lutescens and T. lutescens are indeed two different species., Published as part of Sagorny, Christina, Döhren, Jörn von, Rouse, Greg W. & Tilic, Ekin, 2022, Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species, pp. 132-174 in European Journal of Taxonomy 845 (1) on pages 142-144, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.845.1959, http://zenodo.org/record/7258852, {"references":["Cantell C. - E. 2001. On the anatomy and taxonomy of Tubulanus lutescens n. sp. (Nemertini) from the West Coast of Sweden. Ophelia 54: 213 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785236.2001.10409467","Gibson R. 1982. British Nemerteans. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.","Sundberg P. & Hylbom R. 1994. Phylogeny of the nemertean Subclass Palaeonemertea (Anopla, Nemertea). Cladistics 10: 347 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / clad. 1994.1025","Gibson R. & Sundberg P. 1999. Six new species of palaeonemerteans (Nemertea) from Hong Kong. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 125: 151 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1999. tb 00590. x"]}

From a biodiversity survey of a subterranean habitat near Sinan County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China, a new atyid shrimp of the genus Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837, C. sinanensissp. nov. was discovered. The new species can be separated from other congeners based on a combination of characters including depigmentation in body and reduction of eyes, small pigment spot at the centre of the cornea, the shape of rostrum and the endopod of the 1st male pleopod, and the relatively longer appendix interna on the appendix masculina of the 2nd pleopod. Mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences also support the establishment of the new species. Information on the habitat, and the levels of threat are discussed to guide the conservation of C. sinanensissp. nov.

Chernyshev, Alexei V., Polyakova, Neonila E. (2021): An integrative description of a new Cephalothrix species (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) from the South China Sea. Zootaxa 4908 (4): 584-594, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4908.4.10

Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (Figs 1A, B; 2 A-I; 3A-I) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 602F23A5-7D8A-47BF-AB88-10D40D72C6BA syn. Cephalothrix sp. VIE: Chen et al., 2010, tab. 2, N 21. Cephalothrix suni: Chernyshev, 2016, p. 288 (nomen nudum) Type material. Holotype No. 40373 (MIMB), slides with transverse sectionas, Nam Du Island (09��43��� N, 104��23��� E), South China Sea, Vietnam, May 15, 2010, intertidal, calcareous red algae, collected by A. V. Chernyshev. Paratype No. 40374 (MIMB), Van Phong Bay (12��34��� N, 109��24��� E), South China Sea, Vietnam, January 13, 2005, intertidal, calcareous red algae, collected by A. V. Chernyshev. Other material examined. Three specimens, Van Phong Bay (12��33��� N, 109��23��� E), South China Sea, Vietnam, January 18, 2005, intertidal, calcareous red algae, collected by A. V. Chernyshev. GenBank accession numbers. Holotype (KU 840272 ��� Sundberg et al. 2016; see Table 2), paratype (GU726621 ��� Chen et al. 2010). Etymology. The specific epithet honors Prof. Sun Shichun (Ocean University of China). Description. External features. Body 50���80 mm long but less than 1 mm wide. Bluntly rounded head not narrower than trunk; anterior tip of head red (holotype) or orange (paratype), demarcated posteriorly by white band (Fig 1). Eyes absent. Background colour pale yellowish; dark pigment present on ventral side only. Small round mouth rimmed by brown ring with thicker anterior and posterior margins; two thin brown longitudinal stripes connected with in posterior part of the ring and extend to gut region (Fig. 1). Gut region with transverse dark drown bands; very thin transverse ring (epidermal furrow?) runs through each band. Brown spots also arranged between bands, sometimes forming irregular longitudinal stripes. Worms crawl on the dorsal side of their bodies, with the ventral side facing up. Internal morphology. Body wall: E = 20���26 ��m, D = 5���8 ��m, OCM = 4���7 ��m, LM = 18���35 ��m; outer part of LM and inner part of split OCM present (Figs 2B; 3 C-E;); in cerebral and foregut regions, crisscrossed DM located between dermis and OCM (Fig. 2D, F); in foregut region, dorsal muscular cross present between OCM and rhynchocoel wall (Fig. 2F); very thin ICM adjoins ventral wall of anterior foregut portion and connected with musculature of lateral blood vessel (Fig. 2A, B, E); posterior foregut portion lacks ICM (Fig. 2C). Longitudinal muscle plate between rhynchocoel and digestive tract present (Fig. 2F). Proboscis musculature consists of OCM, DM, LM, and very thin ICM (Fig. 2G); large pseudocnidae 5.6���6.5 �� 1.9���2.5 ��m, small pseudocnidae 3.3���4.1 �� 0.9���1.3 ��m (Fig. 2H); proboscis epithelium with longer (23���26 ��m) and shorter (14���17 ��m) collars of sensory cells (Fig. 2I). Ratio of brain���head tip to brain���mouth distances 1: 1.4 (based on transverse sections). Gut epithelium with dark pigment (Fig. 3I). Four cephalic nerves present (Fig. 3A). Single large median ventral nerve extends backwards from ventral brain commissure (Fig. 3C) and forms two buccal nerves immediately in front of mouth (Fig. 3D); two buccal nerves (Fig. 3E, F) join together (Fig. 3G) and become invisible immediately behind mouth (Fig. 3H). Dorsal nerve located between DM and OCM (Fig. 2F). Blood system typical for cephalotrichids; rhynchocoel vessel of type A according to Kajihara���s (2010) classification (Fig. 3B). Mushroom-like excretory organs present. Comparison. Almost all species of the genus Cephalothrix s.l. have more or less uniformly coloured body without any pattern, except for Cephalothrix queenslandica which, the same as the new species, possesses a distinct colour pattern consisting of transverse brown bands. However, according to the original description (Sundberg et al. 2003), Cephalothrix queenslandica has a brown anterior tip (in contrast to orange or red tip in C. suni), transverse brown bands on the dorsal body surface (in contrast to the bands on the ventral surface in C. suni), and two cephalic nerves (in contrast to four ones in C. suni). The uncorrected p -distance between the 18S rRNA sequences (no other sequences for C. queenslandica are known) of C. queenslandica and C. suni constitutes 0.5%. For comparison, the p -distance between the 18S rRNA sequences of Cephalothrix hongkongiensis Sundberg, Gibson & Olsson, 2003 and C. suni is 0.2%. Geographical and ecological distribution. South China Sea, South Vietnam, Van Phong Bay, and off Nam Du Island; intertidal zone, among calcareous red algae. Remarks. C. suni is apparently the most common species of Cephalothrix in coastal waters off Vietnam. In addition, another Cephalothrix species (Chernyshev 2016; GenBank accession no. MW118027) has been found in coastal waters off Vietnam (Cu Lao Cham Islands). The latter is similar to the undescribed species C. fasciculus sensu Leasi & Norenburg 2014 from Belize (GenBank accession no. KM083814.1). Phylogenetic analysis. According to a phylogenetic analysis, the genus Cephalothrix is monophyletic and includes three highly supported clades: Cephalothrix sensu Chernyshev & Kajihara 2019, Procephalothrix sensu Chernyshev & Kajihara 2019, and ���interstitial cephalotrichids��� with two undescribed species. The new species belongs to clade Procephalothrix, where Cephalothrix suni, C. rufifrons (Johnston, 1837), C. hongkongiensis, Cephalothrix mokievskii Korotkevitsch, 1982 (see Chernyshev 2020), and C. simula (Iwata, 1952) form a highly supported subclade of species with orange, red, or dark yellow anterior tip. This subclade is sister to subclade with two undescribed Cephalothrix from Arctic and Antarctic waters. Recently, Chernyshev & Kajihara (2019) have shown that the name Procephalothrix may be ���resurrected��� for the clade that contains Cephalothrix filiformis (Johnston, 1828) (type species of Procephalothrix) and other species with the outer part of LM located between the lateral nerve cord and OCM., Published as part of Chernyshev, Alexei V. & Polyakova, Neonila E., 2021, An integrative description of a new Cephalothrix species (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) from the South China Sea, pp. 584-594 in Zootaxa 4908 (4) on pages 588-591, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4447032, {"references":["Chen, H., Strand, M., Norenburg, J. L., Sun, S., Kajihara, H., Chernyshev, A. V., Maslakova, S. A. & Sundberg P. (2010) Statistical Parsimony Networks and Species Assemblages in Cephalotrichid Nemerteans (Nemertea). PLoS One, 5 (9), e 12885. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012885","Chernyshev, A. V. (2016) Nemerteans of the coastal waters of Vietnam. In: Adrianov, A. V. & Lutaenko, K. A. (Eds.), Biodiversity of the Western Part of the South China Sea. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 279 - 314.","Sundberg, P., Kvist, S. & Strand, M. (2016) Evaluating the utility of single-locus DNA barcoding for the identification of ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea). PLoS ONE 11: e 0155541.","Sundberg, P., Gibson, R. & Olsson, U. (2003) Phylogenetic analysis of a group of palaeonemerteans (Nemertea) including two new species from Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zoologica Scripta, 32, 279 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6409.2002.00032. x","Leasi, F. & Norenburg, J. L. (2014) The necessity of DNA taxonomy to reveal cryptic diversity and spatial distribution of meiofauna, with a focus on Nemertea. PLoS ONE, 9 (8), e 104385. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0104385","Chernyshev, A. V. & Kajihara, H. (2019) Comparative muscular morphology in Archinemertea (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea). Zoomorphology, 138, 193 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 019 - 00440 - w"]}

Kajihara, Hiroshi (2020): Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines. Species Diversity 25: 251-273, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.25.251

Tubulanus rhabdotus Corr��a, 1955 (Figure 2 [1]) Tubulanus rhabdotus: Corr��a, 1955: 12, pl. 1, figs 1���6, pl. 2, figs 7���9, pl. 3, figs 10, 11, pl. 4, figs 12���18; Corr��a, 1961: 5, figs 5, 6; Corr��a, 1963: 42; Fox & Ruppert, 1985: 37; Norenburg, 1985: 40, fig. 4; Jespersen & L��tzen, 1987: 187; Jespersen, 1994: 124; Gibson, 1995: 531; Reunov & Klepal, 1997: 132; Stricker et al. 2001: 225; Thollesson & Norenburg, 2003: 409; Ritger & Norenburg, 2006: 932; Santos & Norenburg, 2011. Material examined. One specimen, MZUSP 0 0 0 0 1, Brazil, Cear��, S��o Gon��alo do Amarante, Pec��m harbor, 3 �� 32.08 ��� S 38 �� 47.78 ��� W, on settlement plates, coll. PROCAD team, 29.I. 2010. Two specimens, MZUSP 0 0 0 0 2, Brazil, Cear��, S��o Gon��alo do Amarante, Pec��m harbor, 3 �� 32.08 ��� S 38 �� 47.78 ��� W, on settlement plates, coll. PROCAD team, 13.X. 2010. Three specimens, MZUSP 0 0 0 0 3, Brazil, Cear��, S��o Gon��alo do Amarante, Pec��m harbor, 3 �� 32.08 ��� S 38 �� 47.78 ��� W, on settlement plates, coll. PROCAD team, 12.VIII. 2011. One specimen, MZUSP 0 0 0 0 4, Brazil, Cear��, S��o Gon��alo do Amarante, Pec��m harbor, 3 �� 32.08 ��� S 38 �� 47.78 ��� W, on settlement plates, coll. PROCAD team, 01.IX. 2011. One specimen, MZUSP 0 0 0 0 5, Brazil, Cear��, S��o Gon��alo do Amarante, Pec��m harbor, 3 �� 32.08 ��� S 38 �� 47.78 ��� W, on settlement plates, coll. PROCAD team, 01.XI. 2011. One specimen, MZUSP 0 0 0 0 6, Brazil, Cear��, S��o Gon��alo do Amarante, Pec��m harbor, 3 �� 32.08 ��� S 38 �� 47.78 ��� W, on settlement plates, coll. PROCAD team, 16.VIII. 2012. Two specimens, MZUSP 0 0 0 0 7, Brazil, Cear��, S��o Gon��alo do Amarante, Pec��m harbor, 3 �� 32.08 ��� S 38 �� 47.78 ��� W, on settlement plates, coll. PROCAD team, 20.XI. 2012. One specimen (26 mm long after preservation), MZUSP 0 0 0 0 8, Brazil, Cear��, Caucaia, Praia do Pacheco, 3 �� 41.11 ' S 38 �� 37.91 ' W, between algae, coll. Cecili Mendes, 03.I. 2013. Field diagnosis. Body beige with transverse black rings variably spaced; color persists after fixation; first four rings widest; first ring with median constriction dorsally, interrupted ventrally by mouth. Body with scattered small black dots surrounded by greenish halos; halos can disappear after fixation. Lateral sensory organs visible at fourth black ring as non-pigmented small circular depressions. No eye spots evident. Rhynchopore sub-terminal near anterior margin of cephalic lobe. Distribution. Western Atlantic: USA (Florida [Corr��a 1961]; South Carolina [Fox & Ruppert 1985]); Panama (Bocas del Toro region [Norenburg unpublished data]); Cura��ao (Gibson 1995); Brazil (Cear�� [present study] and S��o Sebasti��o [Corr��a 1955]). Ecology. Worms of this species live in the littoral zone, between algae on rocks, on recruitment plates, on old mangrove roots, under logs in tide pools, in seagrass or algae beds (Corr��a 1955; Corr��a 1961). Most of the specimens in this study were found on offshore recruitment plates installed at Pec��m harbor but one was found among algae. These animals, as others of the genus, produce thin cellophane-like tubes in which they shelter (Corr��a 1961). None of the specimens found in this study were encased in those tubes, some tubes were found on the recruitment plates. Remarks. The only species that can be confused with T. rhabdotus is Tubulanus riceae Ritger and Norenburg, 2006; however adult specimens of the latter generally are smaller, body ground color is whitish, and the lateral sensory organs are in the third dark ring (in the fourth black ring in T. rhabdotus). Specimens collected during the PROCAD project could not be measured because most of them fragmented during the fixation process. Two specimens remained intact and measured 92 mm and 75 mm long. Corr��a (1955; 1961; 1963) reports specimens up to 25 mm long., Published as part of Mendes, Cecili B., Matthews-Cascon, Helena & Norenburg, Jon L., 2016, New records of ribbon worms (Nemertea) from Cear��, Northeast Brazil, pp. 146-156 in Zootaxa 4061 (2) on page 148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4061.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/263586, {"references":["Correa, D. D. (1955) Nemertinos do Litoral Brasileiro. Boletim da Faculdade de filosofia, ciencias e letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 19, 1 - 119.","Correa, D. D. (1961) Nemerteans from Florida and Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 11, 1 - 44.","Correa, D. D. (1963) Nemerteans from Curacau. Studies on the Fauna of Curacau and other Caribbean islands, 17, 41 - 56.","Fox, R. S. & Ruppert, E. E. (1985) Shallow-Water Marine Benthic Macroinvertebrates of South Carolina. Species Identification, Community Composition, and Symbiotic Associations. Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science No. 14. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 43 pp.","Norenburg, J. L. (1985) Structure of the nemertine integument with consideration of its ecological and phylogenetic significance. American Zoology, 25, 37 - 51.","Jespersen, A. & Lutzen, J. (1987) Ultrastructure of the nephridio-circulatory connections in Tubulanus annulatus (Nemertini, Anopla). Zoomorphology, 107, 181 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00312311","Jespersen, A. (1994) Spermiogenesis, sperm structure and fertilization in the palaeonemertean Cephalothrix rufifrons (Nemertini, Anopla). Zoomorphology, 114, 119 - 124. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00396644","Gibson, R. (1995) Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution. Journal of Natural History, 29, 271 - 562. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939500770161","Reunov, A. A. & Klepal, W. (1997) Ultrastructural investigation of spermatogenesis in the nemertine worm Procephalothrix sp. (Palaeonemertini, Anopla). Helgolander Meeresunters, 51, 125 - 135. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02908703","Stricker, S. A., Smythe, T. L., Miller, L. & Norenburg, J. L. (2001) Comparative biology of oogenesis in nemertean worms. Acta Zoologica, 82, 213 - 230. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6395.2001.00080. x","Thollesson, M. & Norenburg, J. L. (2003) Ribbon worm relationships: a phylogeny of the phylum Nemertea. The Royal Society, 270, 407 - 415. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.2254","Ritger, R. K. & Norenburg, J. L. (2006) Tubulanus riceae new species (Nemertea: Anopla: Palaeonemertea: Tubulanidae), from South Florida, Belize and Panama. Journal of Natural History, 40, 931 - 942. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930600833867","Santos, C. & Norenburg, J. L. (2011) Nemertea. In: Amaral, A. C. Z. & Nallin, S. A. H. (Eds.), Biodiversidade e Ecossistemas Marinhos do Litoral Norte de Sao Paulo Sudeste do Brasil. Biota FAPESP, Campinas, pp. 85 - 99."]}

Carinomella cf. lactea Coe, 1905 (Figure 2 [2 a��� 2 b]) Carinomella lactea: Coe, 1905: 127, Pl. 5, figs. 45���49, Pl. 6, figs. 50���54, Pl. 7, figs. 55, 56, Pl. 8, figs. 57, 58, Pl. 9, figs. 59���61, Pl. 10, figs. 63���65, Pl. 11, figs. 66 ��� 62; Boesch, 1973: 230; Turbeville & Ruppert, 1983: 103; Fox & Ruppert, 1985: 37; Norenburg, 1993: 212; Hochberg & Lunianski, 1998: 295; Ritger & Norenburg, 2006: 941; Turbeville, 2006: 968, figs. 4, 5, 6 c; Chernyshev, 2010: 2288. Material examined. One specimen (26 mm), MZUSP 0 0 0 12, Brazil, Cear��, Paracuru, Praia da Pedra Rachada, 3 �� 23.95 ' S 39 �� 0.85 ' W, on mud sand, coll. Cecili Mendes, 16. VI. 2014. Field diagnosis. Body small, rounded anteriorly, flattened intestinal region; translucent, whitish anteriorly and yellowish-orange posteriorly. No eye spots, white dorsomedian line on head. Large mouth, immediately posterior to cerebral ganglia. Alimentary canal divided into two portions, anterior clear and less opaque than yellowish intestinal region, as seen by Coe (1905). Lateral organs present posterior to start of intestine; circular orange band formed in this region after preservation. Distribution. Western Atlantic: USA (Florida [Corr��a 1961], South Carolina [Fox & Ruppert 1985] and Virginia [Boesch 1973]) and Brazil (Cear�� [present study]) Eastern Pacific: USA (California [Coe, 1905]) Ecology. The present specimen was found in muddy sand, under rocks in the lower intertidal zone, which agrees with Coe (1905). However, Corr��a (1961) reports a specimen dredged from about 4 m in Biscayne Bay. Remarks. This species can be confused with Carinoma mutabilis because of the ground color, but C. mutabilis lacks lateral sense organs. Identification of the present specimens remains uncertain because there are few internal and external characters that can be compared with other species. A firmer identification awaits genetic study. A factor favouring the probability that this is conspecific with worms reported as C. lactea from Florida is the significant taxonomic overlap among nemerteans from Florida and Brazil. However, given the lack of morphological diagnostics, the identity for all Atlantic reports of this species must be held in doubt until compared with northeastern Pacific Ocean specimens from the vicinity of the type locale., Published as part of Mendes, Cecili B., Matthews-Cascon, Helena & Norenburg, Jon L., 2016, New records of ribbon worms (Nemertea) from Cear��, Northeast Brazil, pp. 146-156 in Zootaxa 4061 (2) on page 149, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4061.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/263586, {"references":["Coe, W. R. (1905) Nemerteans of the west and northwest coasts of America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 47, 1 - 318.","Boesch, D. F. (1973) Classification and community structure of macrobenthos in the Hampton Roads area, Virginia. Marine Biology, 21, 226 - 244. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00355253","Turbeville, J. M. & Ruppert, E. E. (1983) Epidermal muscles and peristaltic burrowing in Carinoma tremaphoros (Nemertini): correlates of effective burrowing without segmentation. Zoomorphology, 103, 103 - 120. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00312241","Fox, R. S. & Ruppert, E. E. (1985) Shallow-Water Marine Benthic Macroinvertebrates of South Carolina. Species Identification, Community Composition, and Symbiotic Associations. Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science No. 14. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 43 pp.","Norenburg, J. L. (1993) Riserius pugetensis gen. n., sp. n. (Nemertina: Anopla), a new mesopsammic species, and comments on phylogenetics of some anoplan characters. Hydrobiologia, 266, 203 - 205. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00013369","Hochberg, F. G. & Lunianski, D. N. (1998) Nemertean collections at the Santa Barbara museum of Natural History: type specimens and vouchers for Wesley R. Coe's 1940 publication. Hydrobiologia, 365, 291 - 300. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003178404193","Ritger, R. K. & Norenburg, J. L. (2006) Tubulanus riceae new species (Nemertea: Anopla: Palaeonemertea: Tubulanidae), from South Florida, Belize and Panama. Journal of Natural History, 40, 931 - 942. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930600833867","Turbeville, J. M. (2006) Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility. Journal of Natural History, 40 (15 - 16), 967 - 979. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930600834006","Chernyshev, A. V. (2010) Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of the phalloidin-labelled musculature in nemerteans. Journal of Natural History, 44, 37 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2010.504890","Kvist, S., Laumer, C. E., Junoy, J. & Giribet, G. (2014) New insights into the phylogeny, systematics and DNA barcoding of Nemertea. Invertebrate Systematics, 28, 287 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 13061","Correa, D. D. (1961) Nemerteans from Florida and Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 11, 1 - 44."]}

Carinoma hamanako sp. nov., the ninth member of the genus, is described based on three specimens collected in Lake Hamana, Shizuoka Prefecture, Pacific coast of Honshu, Japan. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the blind-ending rhynchocoelic villar vessels, the lateral rhynchocoel vessels rejoining the lateral vessels, the unbranched excretory canals, the situation of the posterior part of the mid-dorsal nerve within the longitudinal muscle layer of the body wall, and the absence of a vascular plexus in the foregut region. A phylogenetic analysis based on the nuclear 28S rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes shows that C. hamanako sp. nov. forms a clade with two congeners, C. mutabile Griffin, 1898 and C. tremaphoros Thompson, 1900, thus supporting the generic placement of the new species.

The morphology of the rhynchocoel blood vessel was studied in 26 specimens representing 14 species of the family Cephalotrichidae. In eight specimens the vascular system could not be traced because of their small size, poor fixation, or contraction during fixation. In the other 18 specimens, a short mid-dorsal rhynchocoel vessel was found. In Cephalothrix adriatica, C. hongkongiensis, C. kefersteini, C. oestrymnica, C. orientalis, C. rufifrons, C. cf. fasciculus and C. cf. simula, the mid-dorsal rhynchocoel vessel penetrates the dorsal side of the proboscis insertion, and extends backward abutting the mid-dorsal rhynchocoel wall (Type A). In C. filiformis sensu Iwata (1954), the vessel is pendant in the rhynchocoel above the proboscis (Type B). In C. filiformis s.str., the vessel runs in the proboscis wall, after passing through the proboscis insertion (Type C). Morphology of the rhynchocoelic vessel might have taxonomic significance in cephalothrichids.

Of 45 species of nemerteans reported for the Brazilian coast, only two were recorded from Brazil’s Northeast coast. Here we report seven new records for the state of Ceará, in Northeast Brazil: Tubulanus rhabdotus Côrrea, 1954, Carinomella cf. lactea Coe, 1905, Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle-Chiaje 1825), Cerebratulus cf. lineolatus Coe, 1905, Cerebratulus sp. 1, Cerebratulus sp. 2 and Lineidae sp. 1. Specimens were collected at the following beaches: Praia dos Dois Coqueiros, Praia do Pacheco, Pecém harbor, Praia da Pedra Rachada and Praia do Guajiru. T. rhabdotus is a new record for Northeast Brazil, Carinomella cf. lactea and Cerebratulus cf. lineolatus are new records for the South Atlantic Ocean and both genera are new records for Brazil.

Callinera emiliae sp. nov., the ninth member of the genus, is described based on three specimens collected in Dumaguete, Negros Island, Republic of the Philippines. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following characteristics: lateral sensory organs present; sub-epidermal glandular cells absent; blood vascular system without a ventral cephalic connective; nervous system with two dorsal cerebral commissures; and foregut nerves fused to form a ganglion in front of the mouth. In living specimens, epidermal constrictions were observed in the intestinal region; the presence of intestinal sphincters was confirmed in sectioned material and these correspond with the epidermal constrictions.

A survey of the nemertean fauna along the Swedish west coast found specimens of 20 genera and 32 species, of which one genus and species is new to science (Tetraneuronemertes lovgreni gen. et sp. n.). The proportions of the three taxa Hoplonemertea, Heteronemertea, and Palaeonemertea are 34, 55, and 11%, respectively, with respect to specimen numbers, and the proportions for species within these taxa are 53, 31 and 16%, respectively. The most common species encountered during the survey were the heteronemerteans Lineus bilineatus, Micrura fasciolata, and Micrura purpurea, the hoplonemertean Nipponnemertes pulcher, and the palaeonemertean Cephalothrix rufifrons.

Sundberg, Per, Chernyshev, Alexey. V., Kajihara, Hiroshi, Kånneby, Tobias, Strand, Malin (2009): Character-matrix based descriptions of two new nemertean (Nemertea) species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 264-294, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00514.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00514.x

Kajihara, Hiroshi (2006): Four palaeonemerteans (Nemertea: Anopla) from a tidal flat in middle Honshu, Japan. Zootaxa 1163: 1-47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2645302, {"references":["Bergendal, D. (1900a) Studier ofver nemertiner. I. Callinera burgeri Bergendal, en representant for ett afvikande slagte bland Palaonemertinerna. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 36, 1-47.","Bergendal, D. (1900b) Till kannedomen om de nordiska Nemertinerna. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 57, 581-602.","Bergendal, D. (1900c) Uber ein Paar sehr eigenthumliche nordische Nemertinen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 23, 313-328.","Bergendal, D. (1901) Studier ofver nemertiner. I. Callinera burgeri Bergendal, en representant for ett afvikande slagte bland Palaonemertinerna. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 37, 49-116.","Bergendal, D. (1902a) Zur Kenntnis der nordischen Nemertinen. 2. Eine der construierten Urnemertine entsprechende Palaeonemerine aus dem Meere der schwedischen Westkuste. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 25, 421-432.","Bergendal, D. (1902b) Zur Kenntniss der nordischen Nemertinen. Bergens Museums Arbog, 4, 1- 22.","Bergendal, D. (1903) Till kannedomen om de nordiska Nemertinerna. 4. Forteckning ofver vid Sveriges vestkust iakttagna Nemertiner. Arkiv for Zoologi, 1, 85-156.","Burger, O. (1892) Zur Systematik der Nemertinenfauna des Golfs von Neapel. Nachrichten von der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg-Augusts-Universitat zu Gottingen, 5, 137-178.","Burger, O. (1904a) Nemertini. Das Tierreich, 20, 1-151.","Burger, O. (1904b) Nemertinen. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897-1899, Zoologie, 1- 10.","Burger, O. (1897-1907) Nemertini (Schnurwurmer). In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs, wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild, Vierter Band, Supplement. C. F. 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