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Lasiurus varius (n = 7). Argentina: Neuquén, Las Coloradas (MACN 13617 β, MACN 13621 β, MACN 13626 β), Isla Victoria (CML 2005 β); Río Negro, Bariloche (MVZ 158311 β), Beatriz (BMNH 9.1.1.1 β, BMNH 9.1.1.2 β)., Published as part of Málaga, Brian A., Díaz, Darwin R., Arias, Sandra & Medina, César E., 2020, Una especie nueva de Lasiurus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) del suroeste de Perú, pp. 1-14 in Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 91 on page 12, DOI: 10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3096, http://zenodo.org/record/4447341

Lasiurus blossebillii (n = 16). Argentina: Jujuy, Yuto (CML 483 β); Catamarca, Río Potrero (IML 2070 β); Tucuman, Ciudad (IML 400 β); Corrientes, Laguna Paiva (Julio Rafael Contreras 991 β); Salta, El Arrazayal (RMB 1000 β); La Pampa, General Pico (MACN 15570 β). Brasil: Ceará: Crato, Floresta Nacional do Araripe (MZUSP 18722 β– 18725 β); São Paulo: São Paulo (MZUSP 2448 β). Uruguay: Montevideo (FMNH 42420 β), Salto (FMNH 63811 β- 63814 β)., Published as part of Málaga, Brian A., Díaz, Darwin R., Arias, Sandra & Medina, César E., 2020, Una especie nueva de Lasiurus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) del suroeste de Perú, pp. 1-14 in Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 91 on page 12, DOI: 10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3096, http://zenodo.org/record/4447341

Lasiurus atratus (n = 10) Guyana: Reserva Iwokrama, Potaro-Siparuni (ROM 109207 β,Δ). Guyana Francesa: Saul, Clear Waters (984 Tβ). Surinam: Kaiserberg (FMNH 93235 β, Holotipo); Bakhuis, Sipaliwini (ROM 117037 β,Δ). Venezuela: El Dorado (UCV 5409 β, UCV 5410 β); Imataca (Ochoa 506 β, Ochoa 2587 β, Ochoa 2588 β, Ochoa 3183 β)., Published as part of Málaga, Brian A., Díaz, Darwin R., Arias, Sandra & Medina, César E., 2020, Una especie nueva de Lasiurus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) del suroeste de Perú, pp. 1-14 in Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 91 on page 12, DOI: 10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3096, http://zenodo.org/record/4447341

Lasiurus castaneus (n = 4). Costa Rica: Puntarenas, Estación de Campo San Gerardo (UCR 2538 β,Δ, UCR 2539 β,Δ, UCR 4971 β,Δ). Panamá: Darién, Río Pucro, Villa Tacarcuna (USNM 310263 β,Δ)., Published as part of Málaga, Brian A., Díaz, Darwin R., Arias, Sandra & Medina, César E., 2020, Una especie nueva de Lasiurus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) del suroeste de Perú, pp. 1-14 in Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 91 on page 12, DOI: 10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3096, http://zenodo.org/record/4447341

Lasiurus arequipae sp. nov. Málaga, Díaz, Arias y Medina Murciélago acanelado de Arequipa http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 802A8349-47BB-495C-9140-95F1D50584F2 Diagnosis. Lasiurus arequipae sp. nov. se distingue de las otras especies del género Lasiurus por la siguiente combinación de caracteres: antebrazo de tamaño intermedio (46.4-47.6 mm); pelaje denso de coloraci ón dorsal canela o anaranjado, mezclado con marrón oscuro (jaspeado) (fig. 1); membrana alar negruzca, moteada de rojo a ambos lados de los antebrazos y metacarpos (fig. 2); borde anterior de los huesos nasales en forma de “ V ”; órbitas oculares de forma ovalada en vista dorsal; proceso medial del paladar poco desarrollado; fosa mesopterigoidea en forma de “ V ”; anillo timpánico de forma circular. Descripción. Lasiurus arequipae sp. nov. presenta un pelaje denso, cuya coloración dorsal es canela o anaranjado, con pelos tricoloreados (banda basal negra, banda media amarillenta, y banda terminal, canela o marrón oscuro); mientras que la coloración ventral es amarillenta, con pelos bicoloreados (base negra y puntas amarillentas). Hocico romo, rostro de color moreno, fosas nasales bien separadas, sin hoja nasal. Orejas gruesas, cortas y anchas, redondeadas, sobresalen a penas de la coronilla. Hombros con parche de pelos blanquecinos o cremosos amarillentos. Membrana alar negruzca, moteada de naranja pálido a ambos lados de los antebrazos y metacarpos. Cola larga incluida dentro del uropatagio, el cual está cubierto dorsalmente de pelos en su totalidad sin sobrepasar su borde. Cráneo con perfil del rostro recto; interparietal ligeramente proyectado posteriormente, con una terminación globular; borde anterior de los huesos nasales en forma de “ V ”; cresta lacrimal bien desarrollada; órbitas oculares ovaladas en vista dorsal; crestas supraorbitales fusionadas al nivel de la constricción postorbital; ancho del paladar (M-M) intermedio (6.5-6.8 mm); borde posterior lateral del paladar sin muesca; proceso medial del paladar poco desarrollado; fosa mesopterigoidea en forma de “ V ”; fisura esfenorbital bien desarrollada; anillo timpánico de forma circular; procesos mastoideos rectos; procesos paraoccipitales poco desarrollados. Resumen taxonómico Holotipo: macho adulto, preservado en líquido con cráneo removido y tejido preservado en alcohol etílico 96°, depositado en la Colección Científica del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (Número de catálogo: MUSA 21058), colectado el 20 agosto 2017 por Brian A. Málaga con el número de recolecta original BMT-027. Localidad tipo: Huatiapa; 11.5 km al norte de Aplao, provincia de Castilla, departamento de Arequipa, Perú (15°58’39.6” S, 72°27’52.9” O), altitud 726 m. Paratipos: 2 especímenes, 1 macho adulto (MUSA 21853), preservado en líquido con cráneo removido y tejido preservado en alcohol etílico 96°, colectado el 7 noviembre 2018 (BMT-70) en la localidad de Chaucalla, distrito de Ocoña, provincia de la Unión, departamento de Arequipa, Perú (15°36’11.99” S, 73°4’58.62” O), altitud 860 m; 1 hembra adulta (MUSA 21891), preservada en líquido con cráneo removido y tejido preservado en alcohol etílico 96°, colectada el 10 de enero 2019 por Darwin R. Díaz (DDV-2600) en la localidad tipo. Distribución: Lasiurus arequipae sp. nov. es conocido de 2 localidades ubicadas al suroeste del Perú, vertiente occidental de los Andes (fig. 3). Adicionalmente, se sospecha de una tercera localidad, basada en fotografías de un ejemplar de Lasiurus capturado y liberado en las cataratas de Sogay, distrito de Yarabamba, departamento de Arequipa (16°34’14.65” S, 71°24’45.66” O), altitud 2,760 m. Dicho individuo presentó caracteres morfológicos y medidas externas similares a las del holotipo (coloración anaranjada y AB ≈ 48 mm). Historia natural: Lasiurus arequipae sp. nov. habita en valles costeros encañonados, con pendientes> 60°, del sur de Perú (fig. 4), los cuales se caracterizan por tener un clima caluroso, cuyas temperaturas medias anuales oscilan entre 15 y 24 °C, con precipitaciones escasas e irregulares (Kosaka et al., 2001). La principal actividad económica es la agricultura, con predominio de monocultivos de arroz, maíz, papa, alfalfa, entre otros. La vegetación nativa está restringida al borde de los ríos, donde es posible encontrar algunos ejemplares de Prosopis pallida Kunth, y un predominio de especies arbustivas como Tessaria integrifolia Ruíz et Pav., Salix humboldtiana Willd., Baccharis salicifolia (Ruíz et Pav.) Pers. La vegetación acuática está dominada por Nasturtium aquaticum Wahlenb. y Veronica anagallis-aquatica Linneo. Etimología: el epíteto específico “arequipae” es dado en honor a la Ciudad Blanca de Arequipa, ubicada en el suroeste del Perú, cuyo centro histórico fuese reconocido como Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) en noviembre de 2000. Cabe resaltar que en el departamento de Arequipa se encuentran los cañones más profundos del mundo, cañones de Cotahuasi y del Colca, los cuales delimitan los rangos de distribución de varias especies de flora y fauna en la vertiente occidental de los Andes (Pearson, 1982). Comentarios taxonómicos Los análisis de máxima verosilimitud y bayesiano recuperaron topologías similares con elevados valores de soporte en sus nodos (fig. 5), ubicando a Lasiurus arequipae sp. nov. dentro de las especies rojizas del género Lasiurus (Baird et al., 2015, 2017). La nueva especie se ubica como grupo hermano de L. atratus, con valores de soporte elevados (boostrap = 80 y probabilidad a posteriori = 1.00), los cuales, a su vez, forman un grupo hermano con el resto de especies rojizas del género Lasiurus. Curiosamente, L.atratus habita en los bosques lluviosos de tierras bajas del norte de Sudamérica (Gardner y Handley, 2008), a una distancia de 2,700 km al noreste de la localidad tipo de L. arequipae. La distancia promedio de pares de bases del Citocromo b entre las especies de Lasiurus incluidas en el presente estudio tuvo un rango de 1.2% (L. seminolus - L. pfeifferi) a 30.2% (L. frantzii - L. egregius) (tabla 2); mientras que la distancia promedio entre L. arequipae y otras especies de Lasiurus fue de 9.4%, con L. frantzii, hasta 25.6% con L. egregius, valores muy por encima de aquellos típicamente utilizados para separar otras especies de mamíferos (Medina et al., 2014; Zeballos et al., 2018). Lasiurus arequipae sp. nov. es un miembro de tamaño intermedio del género Lasiurus, siendo de tamaño similar a L. castaneus y L. atratus, pero notoriamente más grande que L. blosevillii y L. varius (tabla 3). Los 3 primeros componentes del ACP recuperaron el 94.23% de la variación total, observándose una separación espacial de L. arequipae del resto de especies rojizas analizadas (fig. 6). El componente principal 1 (CP 1) recuperó el mayor porcentaje de variación (81.61%) y sus vectores mostraron valores positivos, siendo la longitud hilera maxilar de dientes, el ancho entre molares (M-M) y la longitud del antebrazo los caracteres que presentaron los mayores valores (tabla 4). El AFD mostró que 76.20% y 17.62% de la variación es explicado por el primer y segundo eje canónico (tabla 4). La matriz de factores discriminantes indica que la longitud de la hilera maxilar de dientes, la longitud del antebrazo y el ancho entre molares (M-M), tienen una alta correlación positiva con el axis de la primera función discriminante; mientras que la longitud del antebrazo y la constricción postorbital tienen una alta correlación positiva con el axis de la segunda función discriminante. El AFD muestra una correcta asignación de los individuos a los grupos previamente definidos, sin embargo, utilizando la prueba de jackknifed solo 85.37% de los casos estarían correctamente asignados. Lasiurus arequipae sp. nov. se distingue fácilmente de L atratus, L. castaneus y L. blossevillii por su colocación canela a anaranjado, versus color rojizo a marrón oscuro; borde anterior de los huesos nasales en forma de “ V ”, versus forma de U y anillo timpánico circular, versus anillo ovalado (fig. 7). Así mismo, L. arequipae presenta una coloración dorsal similar a L. varius (canela o anaranjado), pero fácilmente diferenciable por su membrana alar negruzca, moteada de naranja pálido a ambos lados de los antebrazos y metacarpos, versus membrana alar completamente negruzca (tabla 5). Por consiguiente, la combinación de datos moleculares, morfométricos y morfológicos respaldan el reconocimiento de Lasiurus arequipae sp. nov. como una especie nueva para la ciencia., Published as part of Málaga, Brian A., Díaz, Darwin R., Arias, Sandra & Medina, César E., 2020, Una especie nueva de Lasiurus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) del suroeste de Perú, pp. 1-14 in Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 91 on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3096, http://zenodo.org/record/4447341, {"references":["Kosaka, R., Palza, H., Farfan, E., Minaya, A., Ticona, J. y Campano, J. (2001). Estudio geodinamico y evaluacion de peligros del valle de Majes. Convenio UNSA - INDECI. Proyecto PER 98 / 018 PNUD - INDECI. Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa.","Pearson, O. P. (1982). Distribucion de pequenos mamiferos en el altiplano y los desiertos de Peru. En P. Salinas (Ed.), Actas del VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoolog i a (pp. 263 - 284). Merida, Venezuela.","Baird, A. B., Braun, J. K., Mares, M. A., Morales, J. C., Patton, J. C., Tran, C. Q. et al. (2015). Molecular systematic revision of tree bats (Lasiurini): doubling the native mammals of the Hawaiian Island. Journal of Mammalogy, 96, 12553 - 12574. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmammal / gyv 135","Baird, A. B., Braun, J. K., Engstrom, M. D., Holbert, A. C., Huerta, M. G., Lim, B. K. et al. (2017). Nuclear and mtDNA phylogenetic analyses clarify the evolutionary history of two species of native Hawaiian bats and the taxonomy of Lasiurini (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Plos One, 12, e 0186085. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0186085","Gardner, A. L. y Handley, C. O. Jr. (2008). Genus Lasiurus. En A. L. Gardner (Ed.), Mammals of South America Vol 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews and bats, 2 nd edition. Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.","Medina, C. E., Gregorin R., Zeballos, H., Zamora, H. T. y Moras, L. M. (2014). A new species of Eumops (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from southwestern Peru. Zootaxa, 3878, 19 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3878.1.2","Zeballos, H., Pino, K., Medina, C. E., Pari, A., Chavez, D., Tinoco, N. et al. (2018). A new species of small-eared shrew of the genus Cryptotis (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Soricidae) from the northernmost Peruvian Andes. Zootaxa, 4377, 51 - 73. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4377.1.4"]}

Cryptotis evaristoi, new species Zeballos, Pino, Medina, Pari and Ceballos Holotype. MUSA 7427, adulT male, collecTed on 20 OcTober 2009 by K. Pino (KPB-191, Figs 8, 9). The specimen includes skin, skull, mandibles, Tissues, and parTial skeleTon in good condiTion. Measurements of holotype. ToTal lengTh 120 mm; head and body lengTh 88 mm; Tail lengTh 32 mm; hind fooT lengTh 15.6 mm; body mass 12 g; condylobasal lengTh 22.6 mm; breadTh of braincase 10.9 mm; breadTh of zygomaTic plaTe 2.3 mm; posTorbiTal breadTh 5.6 mm; breadTh across firsT unicuspids 2.8 mm; breadTh across Third unicuspids 3.3 mm; breadTh across second molars 5.7 mm; lengTh of palaTe 10 mm; lengTh of maxillary TooThrow 8.4 mm; lengTh of unicuspids TooTh row 2.5 mm; lengTh of molariform TooTh row 6.0 mm; posTerior widTh of upper firsT molar 2.0 mm; lengTh of mandible 7.7 mm; heighT of coronoid process 4.7 mm; heighT of condylar valley 3.3 mm; heighT of arTicular process 4.7 mm; breadTh of arTicular condyle 3.3 mm; arTicular process To lower Third molar 4.7 mm; lengTh of mandibular TooTh row 6.8 mm; and lengTh of lower firsT molar 1.9 mm. ProporTions: IO/CBL 0.25; PL/CBL 0.44; ZP/CBL 0.10; ZP/PL 0.23; UTR/CBL 0.11; M2B/PL 0.57; HCP/ML 0.61; AC3/ML 0.60; and AC3/HCP 1.27. Type locality. Miraflores, San Ignacio, Cajamarca, Peru (5° 12´S and 79° 12´w) aT 2,800 m above sea level (Fig. 1). Paratypes. Several addiTional specimens were collecTed by KaTeryn Pino, near The ponds in ArrebiaTadas, DisTricT of Tabaconas, Province of San Ignacio, and Cajamarca DeparTmenT, norThern Peru (5.2 ° S and 79.3 ° w) aT 3,200 m above sea level: Three adulTs males (MUSA 7412 [KPB 50]; MUSA 7418 [KPB 87]; MUSA 7419 [KPB 126]), collecTed on SepTember 26, OcTober 0 1 and 0 6 of 2009; an adulT female (MUSA 7428 [KPB 201]), collecTed aT The Type localiTy, on 22 OcTober of 2009. The adulT's males paraTypes (MUSA 7412 [KPB 50]; MUSA 7418 [KPB 87]; MUSA 7419 [KPB 126]) are preserved as dried skins, skulls, and parTial skeleTons in good condiTions. The adulT female paraType (MUSA 7428 [KPB 201]) is preserved in alcohol. Diagnosis. Cryptotis evaristoi is a member of The C. thomasi group (for characTers defining This group, see ChoaTe 1970; woodman et al. 2003; and below in descripTion). C. evaristoi is disTinguished from all oTher species of The genus by The following combinaTion of characTers: large body size; grayish color on dorsal side; Tail shorT; large forepaws and elongaTed foreclaws; The face elongaTed; inflaTed cranium in dorsal view (Fig. 8) is more rounded To hexagonal; fronTo-occipiTal suTure is rounded To Triangular in shape; nasal narrow and opening wider; anTerior border of nasal does noT have a spine-shaped process; pTerygoid fossa is wider and shorTer; larger zygomaTic plaTe, posTorbiTal breadTh, palaTal lengTh, The widTh of M1, mandibular lengTh, and lengTh of The arTicular process of M3, and M1; secondary cusp of upper incisors are very reduced and abouT one-Third The size of The anTerior cusp; inTerorbiTal parallel in The dorsal view and noT convergenT; fourTh unicuspid is noT in line wiTh oTher unicuspids; posTerior border of The lower incisor reaches The anTerior border of PM4; opTic foramen parTially visible in a laTeral view of The skull; and U4 is small and usually visible in The labial view. Description. Cryptotis evaristoi is a large-sized (HBL = 70–96 mm, w = 11–16 g, CBL = 21.9–22.8 mm) member of The genus Cryptotis. HBL averaging 85.5 mm; body mass averaging 14 g; condylobasal lengTh averaging 22.34 mm; shorT Tail wiTh an average lengTh of 33.7 mm, or abouT 39.92% of The head and body lengTh. Pelage is dense wiTh a darker back and a paler belly, dorsal side is deep olive To meTallic bronze color (Fig. 9), venTral side is a drab ciTrine color, and hairs are bicolored wiTh a gray base and clearer Tips. Ear pinnae are reduced and covered wiTh fur, and The helix, anTihelix, and anTiTragus are poorly developed. ShorT mysTacial vibrissae exTend To The anTerior edge of The ear. VenTral parT of The Toes has well-developed granular scales arranged in Two longiTudinal rows. Claws are long (2.5 mm) and curved, and The Thenar pad is developed in The rear posiTion in relaTion To The hypoThenar pad. Skull is moderaTely inflaTed and hexagonal in The dorsal view, and The fronTooccipiTal suTure is rounded To Triangular. InTerorbiTal area is comparaTively wide (24.78% of The CBL) and in The dorsal view, iT is parallel while The anTerior border of The nasal lacks a spine-shaped process. OpTic foramina are parTially visible in a laTeral view. RosTrum is comparaTively long (45% of CBL) and The zygomaTic plaTe is moderaTely wide (10.04% of The CBL). Secondary cusp of The upper incisors is much reduced To abouT one-Third The size of The anTerior cusp. Molar hypocone shows a lower developmenT. EnToconids are usually absenT and The mesopTerygoid fossae are shorT. U4 are reduced To one-Third To one-fourTh The size of The unicuspids and are noT visible in The labial view and are noT in line wiTh oTher unicuspids. M3 complex. Premolars wiTh proTocone are developed buT do noT have a paraconule. PosTerior border of The lower incisor reaches The anTerior border of P4. There are Two dorsal foramina along The suTure beTween The righT and lefT fronTal, and The righT is parTially obliTeraTed. Mandible has a shorT posTerior region and The sigmoid noTches are shallow. Coronoid process is large, high, and leaning back. An upper maxillary row has moderaTely long unicuspid TeeTh (11.06% of The CBL). CresTs of The proTocone and hypocone of The upper firsT and second molar are pigmenTed. Third upper molar complex wiTh The posTcenTrocrisTa is developed and The mesosTyle, meTacone, and hypocone are presenT. EnToconids of m1 and m2 have rounded cusps. Etymology. The specific name is dedicaTed To EvarisTo Lopez-Tejeda because of his dedicaTion and supporT for The developmenT of Museo de HisToria NaTural de la Universidad Nacional de San AgusTín (MUSA) of Arequipa, Peru; and for his pledge and devoTion To educaTing and guiding several generaTions of Peruvian zoologisT. Distribution. The species is found in The monTane foresT and páramo in The Tabaconas Namballe NaTional SancTuary aT an alTiTude of 2,700 To 3,780 m above sea level (Fig. 1). Variation. There was no sexual dimorphism observed wiTh The excepTion of body mass (STudenT’s T-TesT, p = 0.04, 4 females and 13 males), wiTh males heavier Than females. In mosT specimens, The four unicuspids were noT visible in a laTeral view, buT was parTially visible on one side only in some specimens. AddiTionally, in some specimens, The dorsal foramina along The suTure beTween The righT and lefT fronTal are parTially obliTeraTed. Comparisons. Cryptotis evaristoi is larger and heavier, wiTh 14 of 20 cranial measuremenTs greaTer (HBL = 70–96 mm; w = 11–16 g) Than C. peruviensis (HBL = 63 mm, w = 9 g). The nasal sTrucTure of C. evaristoi is narrow, The face elongaTed, and The inflaTed cranium in a dorsal view is rounded (while iT is flaTTened in The C. peruviensis). C. evaristoi differs from C. peruviensis by iTs proporTional shorTer Tail (Table 6). Compared To C. osgoodi, C. equatoris and C. montivaga, C. evaristoi has a wider nasal opening, The inflaTed cranium in a dorsal view is more rounded To hexagonal, and The pTerygoid fossa is wider and shorTer. However, C. evaristoi differs from C. equatoris and C. osgoodi by iTs larger size and The lighTer color compared To The blackish color of C. equatoris (See Table 6 for more deTail comparisons). C. evaristoi differs from C. montivaga of Peru and Ecuador by iTs larger zygomaTic plaTe, posTorbiTal breadTh, palaTal lengTh, The widTh of M1, mandibular lengTh, and lengTh of The arTicular process of M3, and M1. C. evaristoi is disTinguishable from C. montivaga by iTs larger body size, Tail, and condyle basal lengTh; breadTh of skull, posTorbiTal, and firsT unicuspid, palaTal lengTh, and mandibular measuremenTs, and The lengTh of The unicuspids TooThrow is smaller. The inTerorbiTal of The C. evaristoi is parallel in dorsal view and noT convergenT as in C. montivaga. The fourTh unicuspid is noT in line wiTh oTher unicuspids, and The posTerior border of The lower incisor reaches The anTerior border of PM4, whereas The posiTion is variable for The C. montivaga. The opTic foramen is parTially visible in a laTeral view of The skull of The C. evaristoi and compleTely visible in C. montivaga. Compared To C. niausa, C. evaristoi is very similar in iTs cranial measuremenTs buT differs in body size (Table 1). Habitat. Cryptotis evaristoi inhabiTs The páramo and monTane foresT of The Tabaconas Namballe NaTional SancTuary. The páramo is locaTed above 3,000 m and is characTerized by vegeTaTion adapTed To exTreme weaTher condiTions such as high daily TemperaTure variaTions, organic-rich volcanic soils, a high capaciTy for waTer regulaTion, and a high level of endemic species (Mena-Vásconez and HofsTede 2006). we conducTed our sTudy in SepTember and OcTober of 2009 aT Two localiTies in The SNTN. Our firsT sTudy siTe, in The Lagunas ArrebiaTadas (5° 12´S and 79° 18´w; 3,200–3,280 m above sea level), had high humidiTy and was represenTaTive of The Andean páramo. The dominanT vegeTaTion was herbaceous (genera Chaptalia, Dorobaea, Valeriana, Begonia, Sisyrinchum, Calamagrostis, Festuca and Neurolepis); shrub (genera Hypericum, Desfontainia, Brachyotum, Miconia, Tibouchinia, Loricaria, Baccharis, Senecio, and Diplostephyum); and pTeridophyTes or vascular crypTogams (genera Huperzia, Lycopodium, Elaphoglossum, Cyathea, Blecnum, and Selaginella). The second sTudy siTe, The Miraflores (5° 12´S and 79° 12´w; 2,700–2,970 m above sea level) was characTerized by elfin foresT and norTh Andean evergreen foresTs consisTing of Thin branched Trees covered wiTh mosses and epiphyTes. The dominanT vegeTaTion included sclerophyllous Trees (genera Clethra, Clusia, Weinmannia, Escallonia, Hesperomeles, Gynoxys, Hedyosmum, Oreopanax and Schefflera); shrubs (genera Baccharis, Pentacalia, Berberis, Pernnetya, Vaccinum, Bejaria, Miconia, Piper, Centropogon, Syphocampilus and Monnina); an herbaceous layer (genera Bomarea, Anturium, Philodendrum); and vascular planTs (genera Dicksonia, Cyathea and Blecnum). ……continued on the next page

Cryptotis evaristoi, new species Zeballos, Pino, Medina, Pari and Ceballos Holotype. MUSA 7427, adulT male, collecTed on 20 OcTober 2009 by K. Pino (KPB-191, Figs 8, 9). The specimen includes skin, skull, mandibles, Tissues, and parTial skeleTon in good condiTion. Measurements of holotype. ToTal lengTh 120 mm; head and body lengTh 88 mm; Tail lengTh 32 mm; hind fooT lengTh 15.6 mm; body mass 12 g; condylobasal lengTh 22.6 mm; breadTh of braincase 10.9 mm; breadTh of zygomaTic plaTe 2.3 mm; posTorbiTal breadTh 5.6 mm; breadTh across firsT unicuspids 2.8 mm; breadTh across Third unicuspids 3.3 mm; breadTh across second molars 5.7 mm; lengTh of palaTe 10 mm; lengTh of maxillary TooThrow 8.4 mm; lengTh of unicuspids TooTh row 2.5 mm; lengTh of molariform TooTh row 6.0 mm; posTerior widTh of upper firsT molar 2.0 mm; lengTh of mandible 7.7 mm; heighT of coronoid process 4.7 mm; heighT of condylar valley 3.3 mm; heighT of arTicular process 4.7 mm; breadTh of arTicular condyle 3.3 mm; arTicular process To lower Third molar 4.7 mm; lengTh of mandibular TooTh row 6.8 mm; and lengTh of lower firsT molar 1.9 mm. ProporTions: IO/CBL 0.25; PL/CBL 0.44; ZP/CBL 0.10; ZP/PL 0.23; UTR/CBL 0.11; M2B/PL 0.57; HCP/ML 0.61; AC3/ML 0.60; and AC3/HCP 1.27. Type locality. Miraflores, San Ignacio, Cajamarca, Peru (5° 12´S and 79° 12´w) aT 2,800 m above sea level (Fig. 1). Paratypes. Several addiTional specimens were collecTed by KaTeryn Pino, near The ponds in ArrebiaTadas, DisTricT of Tabaconas, Province of San Ignacio, and Cajamarca DeparTmenT, norThern Peru (5.2 ° S and 79.3 ° w) aT 3,200 m above sea level: Three adulTs males (MUSA 7412 [KPB 50]; MUSA 7418 [KPB 87]; MUSA 7419 [KPB 126]), collecTed on SepTember 26, OcTober 0 1 and 0 6 of 2009; an adulT female (MUSA 7428 [KPB 201]), collecTed aT The Type localiTy, on 22 OcTober of 2009. The adulT's males paraTypes (MUSA 7412 [KPB 50]; MUSA 7418 [KPB 87]; MUSA 7419 [KPB 126]) are preserved as dried skins, skulls, and parTial skeleTons in good condiTions. The adulT female paraType (MUSA 7428 [KPB 201]) is preserved in alcohol. Diagnosis. Cryptotis evaristoi is a member of The C. thomasi group (for characTers defining This group, see ChoaTe 1970; woodman et al. 2003; and below in descripTion). C. evaristoi is disTinguished from all oTher species of The genus by The following combinaTion of characTers: large body size; grayish color on dorsal side; Tail shorT; large forepaws and elongaTed foreclaws; The face elongaTed; inflaTed cranium in dorsal view (Fig. 8) is more rounded To hexagonal; fronTo-occipiTal suTure is rounded To Triangular in shape; nasal narrow and opening wider; anTerior border of nasal does noT have a spine-shaped process; pTerygoid fossa is wider and shorTer; larger zygomaTic plaTe, posTorbiTal breadTh, palaTal lengTh, The widTh of M1, mandibular lengTh, and lengTh of The arTicular process of M3, and M1; secondary cusp of upper incisors are very reduced and abouT one-Third The size of The anTerior cusp; inTerorbiTal parallel in The dorsal view and noT convergenT; fourTh unicuspid is noT in line wiTh oTher unicuspids; posTerior border of The lower incisor reaches The anTerior border of PM4; opTic foramen parTially visible in a laTeral view of The skull; and U4 is small and usually visible in The labial view. Description. Cryptotis evaristoi is a large-sized (HBL = 70–96 mm, w = 11–16 g, CBL = 21.9–22.8 mm) member of The genus Cryptotis. HBL averaging 85.5 mm; body mass averaging 14 g; condylobasal lengTh averaging 22.34 mm; shorT Tail wiTh an average lengTh of 33.7 mm, or abouT 39.92% of The head and body lengTh. Pelage is dense wiTh a darker back and a paler belly, dorsal side is deep olive To meTallic bronze color (Fig. 9), venTral side is a drab ciTrine color, and hairs are bicolored wiTh a gray base and clearer Tips. Ear pinnae are reduced and covered wiTh fur, and The helix, anTihelix, and anTiTragus are poorly developed. ShorT mysTacial vibrissae exTend To The anTerior edge of The ear. VenTral parT of The Toes has well-developed granular scales arranged in Two longiTudinal rows. Claws are long (2.5 mm) and curved, and The Thenar pad is developed in The rear posiTion in relaTion To The hypoThenar pad. Skull is moderaTely inflaTed and hexagonal in The dorsal view, and The fronTooccipiTal suTure is rounded To Triangular. InTerorbiTal area is comparaTively wide (24.78% of The CBL) and in The dorsal view, iT is parallel while The anTerior border of The nasal lacks a spine-shaped process. OpTic foramina are parTially visible in a laTeral view. RosTrum is comparaTively long (45% of CBL) and The zygomaTic plaTe is moderaTely wide (10.04% of The CBL). Secondary cusp of The upper incisors is much reduced To abouT one-Third The size of The anTerior cusp. Molar hypocone shows a lower developmenT. EnToconids are usually absenT and The mesopTerygoid fossae are shorT. U4 are reduced To one-Third To one-fourTh The size of The unicuspids and are noT visible in The labial view and are noT in line wiTh oTher unicuspids. M3 complex. Premolars wiTh proTocone are developed buT do noT have a paraconule. PosTerior border of The lower incisor reaches The anTerior border of P4. There are Two dorsal foramina along The suTure beTween The righT and lefT fronTal, and The righT is parTially obliTeraTed. Mandible has a shorT posTerior region and The sigmoid noTches are shallow. Coronoid process is large, high, and leaning back. An upper maxillary row has moderaTely long unicuspid TeeTh (11.06% of The CBL). CresTs of The proTocone and hypocone of The upper firsT and second molar are pigmenTed. Third upper molar complex wiTh The posTcenTrocrisTa is developed and The mesosTyle, meTacone, and hypocone are presenT. EnToconids of m1 and m2 have rounded cusps. Etymology. The specific name is dedicaTed To EvarisTo Lopez-Tejeda because of his dedicaTion and supporT for The developmenT of Museo de HisToria NaTural de la Universidad Nacional de San AgusTín (MUSA) of Arequipa, Peru; and for his pledge and devoTion To educaTing and guiding several generaTions of Peruvian zoologisT. Distribution. The species is found in The monTane foresT and páramo in The Tabaconas Namballe NaTional SancTuary aT an alTiTude of 2,700 To 3,780 m above sea level (Fig. 1). Variation. There was no sexual dimorphism observed wiTh The excepTion of body mass (STudenT’s T-TesT, p = 0.04, 4 females and 13 males), wiTh males heavier Than females. In mosT specimens, The four unicuspids were noT visible in a laTeral view, buT was parTially visible on one side only in some specimens. AddiTionally, in some specimens, The dorsal foramina along The suTure beTween The righT and lefT fronTal are parTially obliTeraTed. Comparisons. Cryptotis evaristoi is larger and heavier, wiTh 14 of 20 cranial measuremenTs greaTer (HBL = 70–96 mm; w = 11–16 g) Than C. peruviensis (HBL = 63 mm, w = 9 g). The nasal sTrucTure of C. evaristoi is narrow, The face elongaTed, and The inflaTed cranium in a dorsal view is rounded (while iT is flaTTened in The C. peruviensis). C. evaristoi differs from C. peruviensis by iTs proporTional shorTer Tail (Table 6). Compared To C. osgoodi, C. equatoris and C. montivaga, C. evaristoi has a wider nasal opening, The inflaTed cranium in a dorsal view is more rounded To hexagonal, and The pTerygoid fossa is wider and shorTer. However, C. evaristoi differs from C. equatoris and C. osgoodi by iTs larger size and The lighTer color compared To The blackish color of C. equatoris (See Table 6 for more deTail comparisons). C. evaristoi differs from C. montivaga of Peru and Ecuador by iTs larger zygomaTic plaTe, posTorbiTal breadTh, palaTal lengTh, The widTh of M1, mandibular lengTh, and lengTh of The arTicular process of M3, and M1. C. evaristoi is disTinguishable from C. montivaga by iTs larger body size, Tail, and condyle basal lengTh; breadTh of skull, posTorbiTal, and firsT unicuspid, palaTal lengTh, and mandibular measuremenTs, and The lengTh of The unicuspids TooThrow is smaller. The inTerorbiTal of The C. evaristoi is parallel in dorsal view and noT convergenT as in C. montivaga. The fourTh unicuspid is noT in line wiTh oTher unicuspids, and The posTerior border of The lower incisor reaches The anTerior border of PM4, whereas The posiTion is variable for The C. montivaga. The opTic foramen is parTially visible in a laTeral view of The skull of The C. evaristoi and compleTely visible in C. montivaga. Compared To C. niausa, C. evaristoi is very similar in iTs cranial measuremenTs buT differs in body size (Table 1). Habitat. Cryptotis evaristoi inhabiTs The páramo and monTane foresT of The Tabaconas Namballe NaTional SancTuary. The páramo is locaTed above 3,000 m and is characTerized by vegeTaTion adapTed To exTreme weaTher condiTions such as high daily TemperaTure variaTions, organic-rich volcanic soils, a high capaciTy for waTer regulaTion, and a high level of endemic species (Mena-Vásconez and HofsTede 2006). we conducTed our sTudy in SepTember and OcTober of 2009 aT Two localiTies in The SNTN. Our firsT sTudy siTe, in The Lagunas ArrebiaTadas (5° 12´S and 79° 18´w; 3,200–3,280 m above sea level), had high humidiTy and was represenTaTive of The Andean páramo. The dominanT vegeTaTion was herbaceous (genera Chaptalia, Dorobaea, Valeriana, Begonia, Sisyrinchum, Calamagrostis, Festuca and Neurolepis); shrub (genera Hypericum, Desfontainia, Brachyotum, Miconia, Tibouchinia, Loricaria, Baccharis, Senecio, and Diplostephyum); and pTeridophyTes or vascular crypTogams (genera Huperzia, Lycopodium, Elaphoglossum, Cyathea, Blecnum, and Selaginella). The second sTudy siTe, The Miraflores (5° 12´S and 79° 12´w; 2,700–2,970 m above sea level) was characTerized by elfin foresT and norTh Andean evergreen foresTs consisTing of Thin branched Trees covered wiTh mosses and epiphyTes. The dominanT vegeTaTion included sclerophyllous Trees (genera Clethra, Clusia, Weinmannia, Escallonia, Hesperomeles, Gynoxys, Hedyosmum, Oreopanax and Schefflera); shrubs (genera Baccharis, Pentacalia, Berberis, Pernnetya, Vaccinum, Bejaria, Miconia, Piper, Centropogon, Syphocampilus and Monnina); an herbaceous layer (genera Bomarea, Anturium, Philodendrum); and vascular planTs (genera Dicksonia, Cyathea and Blecnum). ……continued on the next page, Published as part of Zeballos, Horacio, Pino, Kateryn, Medina, César E., Pari, Alexander, Chávez, Daniel, Tinoco, Nicolás & Ceballos, Gerardo, 2018, A new species of small-eared shrew of the genus Cryptotis (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Soricidae) from the northernmost Peruvian Andes, pp. 51-73 in Zootaxa 4377 (1) on pages 61-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4377.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1163246

Rhogeessa io Thomas 1903 Thomas’s Yellow Bat Specimen examined: sub-adult male (MUSA 12903), collected at Aguas Claras Camp, Pampas del Heath, Madre de Dios (12°57’20”S, 68°54’46”W, 216 m). Measures see Table 3. Remarks: Pacheco et al. (2007) were the first to report Rhogeessa in Peru, the species R. io, based in specimens from northwest Peru (Zarumilla, Tumbes), however Pacheco et al. (2009), following Baird et al. (2008, 2009), tentatively assign that samples as R. velilla and therefore R. io was not considered in the last list of mammals of Peru. Nevertheless, here we present the first report of R. io for Peru based on a specimen caught in a mist net installed 2 m above level ground in the ecotone. MUSA 12903 was identified as Rhogeessa io by the following character combinations: one upper and three lower incisors on each side; space between upper incisors narrow; one upper premolar on each side; upper surface of uropatagium not densely furred; dorsal coloration light brown and ventral coloration pale yellow; pads inconspicuous above the muzzle. Forearm greater than 27.1 mm. Parietals not inflated at juncture of the sagittal crest with the lambdoidal crests (helmet lacking) (Figure 4); greatest length of skull less than 12.6 mm; width across first upper canines less than 3.7 mm (Table 3). All this characters agreed with the description of R. io (Thomas, 1903; Bickham & Ruedas, 2007; Aires et al., 2011), however it necessary carry out citogenetic and molecular studies for confirm that (Backer, com. pers.). Habitat: Rhogeessa io is the most widely distributed Rhogeessa in South America and it inhabits a variety of habitats, including evergreen and deciduous forest, thorn shrub, open areas, and villages (Bickham & Ruedas, 2007; Soriano & Tavares, 2008). Our specimen was caught in the ecotone of Refugio Juliaca, in the second night that the mist net was set. Others bats species caught in the same net were Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus obscurus, Carollia brevicauda, Carollia perspicillata, Uroderma bilobatum, and Vampyriscus bidens. Distribution: The specimen MUSA 12903 extends the distribution range of R. io 444 km westward from Caravana, Beni, Bolivia (Bickham & Ruedas, 2007). Our results suggest the existence of at least 111 species of mammals in Pampas del Heath and surrounding habitats, resulting number of the 69 species recorded here, 74 documented by Emmons et al. (1994) and 72 listed by Luna et al. (2002). However, due to isolated location of Pampas del Heath from rest of Cerrado, it possible that several forms of small mammals reported here (e.g., Lutreolina crassicaudata, Cerradomys maracajuensis or Pseudoryzomys simplex) could be different afterward taxonomic studies more detailed (molecular analyzes). Others small mammals species that could be potentially registered in the Pampas del Heath and surrounding are Kunsia tomentosus, Caluromysiops irrupta, Marmosa rubra, Marmosa (Micoureus) demerarae, Metachirus nudicaudatus, Holochilus sciureus, Juscelinomys sp., Diclidurus albus, Peropteryx kappleri, Saccopteryx leptura, S. canescens, Desmodus rotundus, Diphylla ecaudata, Micronycteris minuta, Phylloderma stenops, Artibeus anderseni, Vampyrum spectrum, Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum, Noctilio leporinus, Pteronotus parnelli, and Myotis simus. Because of they have been recorded Protected Areas near to Pampas del Heath, or are commonly caught in the Bolivian’s savanna (Emmons et al., 2002; Emmons et al., 2006a; 2006b; Solari et al., 2006; Terán et al., 2008; Emmons & Patton, 2012). Our new records for Peru add one more genus and three species to the country reaching to 541 mammal species in Peru (Pacheco et al., 2009; Lim et al., 2010; Velazco et al., 2010a, 2010b; Gregorin & Almeida, 2010; Gutiérrez et al., 2010; Mantilla-Meluk & Baker, 2010; Díaz, 2011; Velazco & Cadenillas, 2011; Hice & Velazco, 2012; Larsen et al., 2012; Medina et al., 2012; Jiménez et al., 2013; Marsh, 2014; Medina et al., 2014; Pacheco et al., 2014; Rengifo et al., 2014; Velazco et al., 2014; Zeballos et al., 2014; Patton et al., 2015; Hurtado & Pacheco, 2015; Vermeer & Tello-Alvarado, 2015). That show the importance of conduced Flora and Fauna Monitoring Programs for knowing better the diversity of Peruvian mammals in Peru as a whole and in Pampas del Heath in particular. Sampling effort Graphs of the species accumulation of small mammals built with the observed data show a trend of increasing richness species if it rises the sampling effort in each of the vegetation forms studied (Figure 5), suggesting that not overall species richness was registered. Clench models obtained for the savanna, ecotonal area and forest had a good adjust with R2 values of 0.9992, 0.9993 and 0.9997, respectively. The model estimated a total of 45 species for the savanna, 53 for the ecotonal area and 49 for the forest (Figure 4), but in neither case is the asymptote reached (pending 1.52 in savanna, 1.65 in ecotonal area and 1.52 in forest). Moreover, the model indicates that 61% of total species have been registered during our assessment in the Savanna, while in the ecotone and forest have been 53% and 51%, respectively. The model estimated that 17, 28.9 and 29.8 days (sampling events) of assessment would be capable of recording the 80% of predicted species in the savanna, ecotonal area and forest (respectively), while Aguirre (2002) estimated 30 nigths of sampling effort for to register the 88% of bats species in Bolivian’s savanna. Relative density The marsupial Marmosops bishopi, the rodent Necromys lenguarum, and the bats Artibeus lituratus and A. planirostris were the most abundant during the survey. Less abundant species were usually represented by a single individual: the marsupials Cryptonanus unduavensis, Lutreolina crassicaudata, Marmosa lepida, M. (Micoureus) regina and Marmosops noctivagus; the rodents Oligoryzomys microtis, Oligoryzomys sp.; and the bats Myotis riparius, Platyrrhinus incarum, Rhogeessa hussoni, R. io, and Trachops cirrhosus (Table 1). In the savanna, only two species of marsupials were reported and this were equally abundant (Marmosops sp. and Lutreolina crassicaudata). The most abundant rodents were Necromys lenguarum and Pseudoryzomys simplex, meanwhile in the bats were Artibeus lituratus and Myotis nigricans (Table 1). Respect to the bats, our relative densities in the savanna are similar to the surveys in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park and Espiritu’s savanna, when frugivores bats (Carollia spp. and Artibeus lituratus) and slow-flying insectivores bats (Myotis nigricans and Noctilio albiventris) were the most commons, respectively (Aguirre, 2002; Emmons et al., 2006b). In the ecotonal area, the marsupial Monodelphis peruviana, the rodents Euryoryzomys nitidus and Hylaeamys perenensis, and the bats Glossophaga soricina and Carollia perspicillata were the most abundant species, meanwhile in the forest were the marsupial M. bishopi, the rodents H. perenensis and E. nitidus, and the bats Artibeus gnomus, A. lituratus, Artibeus obscurus and A. planirostris (Table 1). There were species occupying the three vegetation forms but these have fluctuation in their densities surely as response to the environments resources in each vegetation form (Mohammadi, 2010). Thus, we found some species more abundant in forest environments (e.g., Marmosops sp., E. nitidus, H. perenensis and A. gnomus) than in open environments (e.g., Uroderma bilobatum and A. lituratus), and vice versa (Table 1). Diversity The diversity of marsupial and rodents in the ecotonal area (DMg = 3.53 and DMn = 2.26) and forest (2.49 and 1.64) were upper than savanna (1.26 and 0.91), however the diversity of bats was similar between the Savanna (3.52 and 2.51), Ecotonal area (3.51 and 2.50) and Forest (3.53 and 2.52). These fluctuations could be explained since several approaches (resource foods, refuges, temperature, between others) nevertheless we suspect of the influence of moonlight on behavior of the marsupials and rodents, due to during the survey in the savanna the moon was in waxing crescent (November 31), likewise in the ecotonal area and forest that was full (December 10) to waning gibbous (December 14) (US Naval Oceanography, 2012). Effect of moonlight has been well documented for several nocturnal mammals by reducing their use of open space, or restricting their activity to darker periods of the night (Morrison, 1978; Gilbert & Boutin, 1991; Wolfe & Summerlin, 1989; Upham, 2008). Community structure Savanna’s range-abundance curves showed bats assemblagesdominated bytwo species, onefrugivorous and other insectivorous, being remarkable the presence of a greater number of insectivores species (1 sp.) compared with the rest of trophic groups (eight sp., frugivorous and nectarivorous). On the other hand the marsupials and rodents assemblages showed a wide variety of trophic groups, which were greatly dominated by insectivorous species (Figure 6). Both curves resemble the Fishers’s logarithmic series model (Fisher et al., 1943), which describes a community dominated by one or two species very abundant followed by many with lower abundances. This model generally applies to small communities under stress or pioneers, where one or a few factors dominate the ecology of the community (Moreno, 2001; Magurran, 1988). Ecotone’s range-abundance curves showed a bats assemblages dominated by frugivorous species, followed by some insectivorous and nectarivorous species. Whereas for the marsupials and rodents community showed a wide variety of trophic groups, whose species had similar abundances (Figure 6). Forest’s range-abundance curves showed a bats assemblages dominated by two species, one nectarivorous and other frugivorous, with the presence of a greater number of frugivorous species (nine sp.) compare with the rest of trophic groups. Whereas the marsupials and rodents assemblages showed a slight dominance by frugivorous species and there was a greater richness of insectivorous species (six species) compared with the other trophic groups (four species, frugivorous and granivorous) (Figure 6). Curves constructed for the ecotonal area and forest seem fit to a Log normal distribution model (Sugihara, 1980), which describe communities with light equilibria between number of the most abundant species and least abundant species. This model generally characterize samples of large, mature and diverse communities due to there is a hierarchical segregation of niche used by the organisms (Moreno, 2001; Magurran, 1988). Emmons et al. (1994) and Luna et al. (2002) reported a high richness of insectivorous bat species in Pampas del Heath, however it is notable replacement of organisms between the savanna, ecotonal area and forest. Our data showed a great dominance of insectivorous species in open habitats, like savanna, which are gradually replaced by frugivorous species conform the vegetation change forward arboreal habitats, like ecotonal area and forest (Figure 6). Conservation status Thirteen species are categorize as threatened according to Peruvian and international law, which two are in Data insufficient (IUCN, 2012; MINAGRI, 2014). Additionally 24 suffer pressure of International Trade (CITES, 2013), which seven are categorized on Appendice I, 15 on Appendice II and two on Appendice III (Table 4). Eightspecies corresponding toendemic mammals from Neotropical savannas (Table 4) (Emmons et al., 1994; Luna et al., 2002; Voss et al., 2005; Emmons et al., 2002; 2006a; 2006b; Percequillo et al., 2008). Future studies that may be interesting to Pampas del Heath are the dynamic between particular vegetation of the savanna and mammal with the skilled of modifying that such as Cavia aperea and Blastocerus dichotomus (herbivorous species), or studies about population status of carnivorous species (Lutreolina crassicaudata and Chrysocyonbrachyurus)., Published as part of Medina, César E., Pino, Kateryn, Pari, Alexander, Llerena, Gabriel, Zeballos, Horacio & López, Evaristo, 2016, Mammalian Diversity In The Savanna From Peru, With Three New Addictions From Country, pp. 9-26 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 56 (2) on pages 18-23, DOI: 10.1590/0031-1049.2016.56.02, {"references":["THOMAS, O. 1903. Two South American forms of Rhogeessa. 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The influence of lunar light on nocturnal activity of the old field mouse. Animal Behavior, 37: 410 - 414.","UPHAM, N. S. 2008. Rodent activity in relation to moonlight in sandy and open habitats of the great basin desert. Los Angeles Occidental College. Ms Thesis.","MORENO, C. E. 2001. Metodos para medir la biodiversidad. - Zaragoza, M & T. (Manuales y Tesis SEA, vol. 1).","MAGURRAN, A. E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurements. New Jersey, Princeton University Press.","SUGIHARA, G. 1980. Minimal community structure: an explanation of species abundance patterns. The American Naturalist, 116: 770 - 787.","IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. Available in: www. iucnredlist. org. Access: 20 jan. 2014.","MINAGRI, 2014. Actualizacion de la lista de Clasificacion y Categorizacion de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna Silvestre legalmente protegidas por el Estado. In: Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego del Peru (Ed.). El Peruano: Decreto Supremo Nº 004 - 2014. 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Rhogeessa io Thomas 1903 Thomas’s Yellow Bat Specimen examined: sub-adult male (MUSA 12903), collected at Aguas Claras Camp, Pampas del Heath, Madre de Dios (12°57’20”S, 68°54’46”W, 216 m). Measures see Table 3. Remarks: Pacheco et al. (2007) were the first to report Rhogeessa in Peru, the species R. io, based in specimens from northwest Peru (Zarumilla, Tumbes), however Pacheco et al. (2009), following Baird et al. (2008, 2009), tentatively assign that samples as R. velilla and therefore R. io was not considered in the last list of mammals of Peru. Nevertheless, here we present the first report of R. io for Peru based on a specimen caught in a mist net installed 2 m above level ground in the ecotone. MUSA 12903 was identified as Rhogeessa io by the following character combinations: one upper and three lower incisors on each side; space between upper incisors narrow; one upper premolar on each side; upper surface of uropatagium not densely furred; dorsal coloration light brown and ventral coloration pale yellow; pads inconspicuous above the muzzle. Forearm greater than 27.1 mm. Parietals not inflated at juncture of the sagittal crest with the lambdoidal crests (helmet lacking) (Figure 4); greatest length of skull less than 12.6 mm; width across first upper canines less than 3.7 mm (Table 3). All this characters agreed with the description of R. io (Thomas, 1903; Bickham & Ruedas, 2007; Aires et al., 2011), however it necessary carry out citogenetic and molecular studies for confirm that (Backer, com. pers.). Habitat: Rhogeessa io is the most widely distributed Rhogeessa in South America and it inhabits a variety of habitats, including evergreen and deciduous forest, thorn shrub, open areas, and villages (Bickham & Ruedas, 2007; Soriano & Tavares, 2008). Our specimen was caught in the ecotone of Refugio Juliaca, in the second night that the mist net was set. Others bats species caught in the same net were Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus obscurus, Carollia brevicauda, Carollia perspicillata, Uroderma bilobatum, and Vampyriscus bidens. Distribution: The specimen MUSA 12903 extends the distribution range of R. io 444 km westward from Caravana, Beni, Bolivia (Bickham & Ruedas, 2007). Our results suggest the existence of at least 111 species of mammals in Pampas del Heath and surrounding habitats, resulting number of the 69 species recorded here, 74 documented by Emmons et al. (1994) and 72 listed by Luna et al. (2002). However, due to isolated location of Pampas del Heath from rest of Cerrado, it possible that several forms of small mammals reported here (e.g., Lutreolina crassicaudata, Cerradomys maracajuensis or Pseudoryzomys simplex) could be different afterward taxonomic studies more detailed (molecular analyzes). Others small mammals species that could be potentially registered in the Pampas del Heath and surrounding are Kunsia tomentosus, Caluromysiops irrupta, Marmosa rubra, Marmosa (Micoureus) demerarae, Metachirus nudicaudatus, Holochilus sciureus, Juscelinomys sp., Diclidurus albus, Peropteryx kappleri, Saccopteryx leptura, S. canescens, Desmodus rotundus, Diphylla ecaudata, Micronycteris minuta, Phylloderma stenops, Artibeus anderseni, Vampyrum spectrum, Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum, Noctilio leporinus, Pteronotus parnelli, and Myotis simus. Because of they have been recorded Protected Areas near to Pampas del Heath, or are commonly caught in the Bolivian’s savanna (Emmons et al., 2002; Emmons et al., 2006a; 2006b; Solari et al., 2006; Terán et al., 2008; Emmons & Patton, 2012). Our new records for Peru add one more genus and three species to the country reaching to 541 mammal species in Peru (Pacheco et al., 2009; Lim et al., 2010; Velazco et al., 2010a, 2010b; Gregorin & Almeida, 2010; Gutiérrez et al., 2010; Mantilla-Meluk & Baker, 2010; Díaz, 2011; Velazco & Cadenillas, 2011; Hice & Velazco, 2012; Larsen et al., 2012; Medina et al., 2012; Jiménez et al., 2013; Marsh, 2014; Medina et al., 2014; Pacheco et al., 2014; Rengifo et al., 2014; Velazco et al., 2014; Zeballos et al., 2014; Patton et al., 2015; Hurtado & Pacheco, 2015; Vermeer & Tello-Alvarado, 2015). That show the importance of conduced Flora and Fauna Monitoring Programs for knowing better the diversity of Peruvian mammals in Peru as a whole and in Pampas del Heath in particular. Sampling effort Graphs of the species accumulation of small mammals built with the observed data show a trend of increasing richness species if it rises the sampling effort in each of the vegetation forms studied (Figure 5), suggesting that not overall species richness was registered. Clench models obtained for the savanna, ecotonal area and forest had a good adjust with R2 values of 0.9992, 0.9993 and 0.9997, respectively. The model estimated a total of 45 species for the savanna, 53 for the ecotonal area and 49 for the forest (Figure 4), but in neither case is the asymptote reached (pending 1.52 in savanna, 1.65 in ecotonal area and 1.52 in forest). Moreover, the model indicates that 61% of total species have been registered during our assessment in the Savanna, while in the ecotone and forest have been 53% and 51%, respectively. The model estimated that 17, 28.9 and 29.8 days (sampling events) of assessment would be capable of recording the 80% of predicted species in the savanna, ecotonal area and forest (respectively), while Aguirre (2002) estimated 30 nigths of sampling effort for to register the 88% of bats species in Bolivian’s savanna. Relative density The marsupial Marmosops bishopi, the rodent Necromys lenguarum, and the bats Artibeus lituratus and A. planirostris were the most abundant during the survey. Less abundant species were usually represented by a single individual: the marsupials Cryptonanus unduavensis, Lutreolina crassicaudata, Marmosa lepida, M. (Micoureus) regina and Marmosops noctivagus; the rodents Oligoryzomys microtis, Oligoryzomys sp.; and the bats Myotis riparius, Platyrrhinus incarum, Rhogeessa hussoni, R. io, and Trachops cirrhosus (Table 1). In the savanna, only two species of marsupials were reported and this were equally abundant (Marmosops sp. and Lutreolina crassicaudata). The most abundant rodents were Necromys lenguarum and Pseudoryzomys simplex, meanwhile in the bats were Artibeus lituratus and Myotis nigricans (Table 1). Respect to the bats, our relative densities in the savanna are similar to the surveys in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park and Espiritu’s savanna, when frugivores bats (Carollia spp. and Artibeus lituratus) and slow-flying insectivores bats (Myotis nigricans and Noctilio albiventris) were the most commons, respectively (Aguirre, 2002; Emmons et al., 2006b). In the ecotonal area, the marsupial Monodelphis peruviana, the rodents Euryoryzomys nitidus and Hylaeamys perenensis, and the bats Glossophaga soricina and Carollia perspicillata were the most abundant species, meanwhile in the forest were the marsupial M. bishopi, the rodents H. perenensis and E. nitidus, and the bats Artibeus gnomus, A. lituratus, Artibeus obscurus and A. planirostris (Table 1). There were species occupying the three vegetation forms but these have fluctuation in their densities surely as response to the environments resources in each vegetation form (Mohammadi, 2010). Thus, we found some species more abundant in forest environments (e.g., Marmosops sp., E. nitidus, H. perenensis and A. gnomus) than in open environments (e.g., Uroderma bilobatum and A. lituratus), and vice versa (Table 1). Diversity The diversity of marsupial and rodents in the ecotonal area (DMg = 3.53 and DMn = 2.26) and forest (2.49 and 1.64) were upper than savanna (1.26 and 0.91), however the diversity of bats was similar between the Savanna (3.52 and 2.51), Ecotonal area (3.51 and 2.50) and Forest (3.53 and 2.52). These fluctuations could be explained since several approaches (resource foods, refuges, temperature, between others) nevertheless we suspect of the influence of moonlight on behavior of the marsupials and rodents, due to during the survey in the savanna the moon was in waxing crescent (November 31), likewise in the ecotonal area and forest that was full (December 10) to waning gibbous (December 14) (US Naval Oceanography, 2012). Effect of moonlight has been well documented for several nocturnal mammals by reducing their use of open space, or restricting their activity to darker periods of the night (Morrison, 1978; Gilbert & Boutin, 1991; Wolfe & Summerlin, 1989; Upham, 2008). Community structure Savanna’s range-abundance curves showed bats assemblagesdominated bytwo species, onefrugivorous and other insectivorous, being remarkable the presence of a greater number of insectivores species (1 sp.) compared with the rest of trophic groups (eight sp., frugivorous and nectarivorous). On the other hand the marsupials and rodents assemblages showed a wide variety of trophic groups, which were greatly dominated by insectivorous species (Figure 6). Both curves resemble the Fishers’s logarithmic series model (Fisher et al., 1943), which describes a community dominated by one or two species very abundant followed by many with lower abundances. This model generally applies to small communities under stress or pioneers, where one or a few factors dominate the ecology of the community (Moreno, 2001; Magurran, 1988). Ecotone’s range-abundance curves showed a bats assemblages dominated by frugivorous species, followed by some insectivorous and nectarivorous species. Whereas for the marsupials and rodents community showed a wide variety of trophic groups, whose species had similar abundances (Figure 6). Forest’s range-abundance curves showed a bats assemblages dominated by two species, one nectarivorous and other frugivorous, with the presence of a greater number of frugivorous species (nine sp.) compare with the rest of trophic groups. Whereas the marsupials and rodents assemblages showed a slight dominance by frugivorous species and there was a greater richness of insectivorous species (six species) compared with the other trophic groups (four species, frugivorous and granivorous) (Figure 6). Curves constructed for the ecotonal area and forest seem fit to a Log normal distribution model (Sugihara, 1980), which describe communities with light equilibria between number of the most abundant species and least abundant species. This model generally characterize samples of large, mature and diverse communities due to there is a hierarchical segregation of niche used by the organisms (Moreno, 2001; Magurran, 1988). Emmons et al. (1994) and Luna et al. (2002) reported a high richness of insectivorous bat species in Pampas del Heath, however it is notable replacement of organisms between the savanna, ecotonal area and forest. Our data showed a great dominance of insectivorous species in open habitats, like savanna, which are gradually replaced by frugivorous species conform the vegetation change forward arboreal habitats, like ecotonal area and forest (Figure 6). Conservation status Thirteen species are categorize as threatened according to Peruvian and international law, which two are in Data insufficient (IUCN, 2012; MINAGRI, 2014). Additionally 24 suffer pressure of International Trade (CITES, 2013), which seven are categorized on Appendice I, 15 on Appendice II and two on Appendice III (Table 4). Eightspecies corresponding toendemic mammals from Neotropical savannas (Table 4) (Emmons et al., 1994; Luna et al., 2002; Voss et al., 2005; Emmons et al., 2002; 2006a; 2006b; Percequillo et al., 2008). Future studies that may be interesting to Pampas del Heath are the dynamic between particular vegetation of the savanna and mammal with the skilled of modifying that such as Cavia aperea and Blastocerus dichotomus (herbivorous species), or studies about population status of carnivorous species (Lutreolina crassicaudata and Chrysocyonbrachyurus).

Eumops chiribaya, sp. nov. Chiribaya's Bonneted Bat Figure 4 Holotype. Dried skin, skull, and partial skeleton of an adult female (MUSA 8493), deposited at the Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agust��n (MUSA). The specimen was captured on 1 June 2010 by a local person and was taken to the MUSA, where it was received and prepared by Hugo T. Zamora (original number HZM 670). Tissues are deposited at MUSA. The specimen is in good condition, except by the broken lower left canine. Type locality. El Algarrobal, 111 m; 8.4 km NE of Ilo; Ilo Province; Moquegua Department; Peru, 17 �� 37 ' 21.6 " S, 71 �� 16 '06.6" W (Fig. 3). Etymology. The specific epithet chiribaya is given in honor of the Chiribaya culture (900���1,350 A.D.). Chiribayans were settled in the basin of the Ilo River, and expanded north to the Tambo valley (Arequipa) and the south to the Azapa valley (Chile), including the high altitude regions, up to nearly 3,000 m of elevation. Distribution. Eumops chiribaya is known only from the type locality (Fig. 3). Diagnosis. Eumops chiribaya is distinguished from all other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: medium body size; relatively large ears (25.7 mm); dorsal coloration light olive-brown, with slightly lighter belly; dorsal hairs bicolored, with white base that conspicuously contrast with the tip; square-shaped tragus; cranium with elongated rostrum; narrow post-orbital constriction; tiny incisive foramen; basisphenoid pits rectangular, deep and separated by a narrow septum; opisthocranion curved dorsally and anteriorly; mastoid foramen present; premetacrista equal to half the length of postparacrista on M 3; mandible gracile with a welldeveloped keel (Fig. 4). Description. Eumops chiribaya is a medium size species (Table 5). Dorsal coloration is light olive-brown, with a lighter belly. Pelage is soft, long (6 mm taken at the level of the shoulder region) with bicolored dorsal hairs (basal third of each hair white in color). Face naked; upper lip smooth to weakly wrinkled on distal edge of snout. Nose blackish; upper border of narial region surrounded by small and pointed warts, internarial ribs covered by small, spoon-like and blackish hairs. Ears large (25.7 mm), round, blackish and joined on the forehead; upper border smooth, but the inner face with brown hairs distributed from the dermal keel to the top of the ear. Tragus square-shaped. Antitragus semicircular, wider than higher. Dorsal surface of propatagium and plagiopatagium near to forearm and dactilopatagium at basal middle of fifth metacarpal covered with short light olive-brown hairs. Feet blackish; external edges and ventral surface of the first and fifth toes of the feet covered by short hairs, silver in color, with claws covered by longer hairs of the same color. Calcar longer than feet. Uropatagium dull brown with free portion of the tail blackish. Skull with elongated and narrow rostrum in dorsal view, and straight in profile (Fig. 4). Braincase rounded, tending to be angular anteriorly; opisthocranion curved dorsally and anteriorly. Nasal process of the premaxilla well-developed. Postorbital constriction narrow. Medial sagittal crest poorly developed. Palate long and slightly wide. Medial process of posterior margin of palate bridge absent. Incisive foramina tiny, with two concentric cusps longitudinally. Mesopterygoid fossa broad and rectangular. Foramen ovale well-developed. Sphenorbital fissure narrow. Basisphenoid pits large, deep, rectangle-shaped, and separated from each other by a narrow septum. Mastoid foramen present. Premetacrista equal to half the length of postparacrista on M 3. Mandible gracile with well-developed keel. Measurements of the holotype. The external measurements (mm) and weight (g) are: total length 134; tail length 52; hindfoot length 13.5; ear length 25.7; forearm length 61.1; and weight 20.3. Measures used in the morphometric analysis are indicated in table 5. Comparisons. Eumops chiribaya is a medium-sized member of Eumops (Table 5) phylogenetically related to medium-large sized species and morphologically more similar to E. perotis and E. trumbulli (Fig. 1). The smaller size distinguishes E. chiribaya from the large species E. perotis and E. trumbulli, also E. dabbenei and E. underwoodi (FA greater than 68 mm; Eger 1977). Eumops bonariensis, E. patagonicus, E. nanus, and E. hansae (here, E. bonariensis clade) are comparatively small (FA less than 49 mm; Table 1, Eger 1977) and differentiated in morphology and molecular data (Fig. 1). E. chiribaya is also distinguished from E. bonariensis and its relatives by smooth upper lips (finely wrinkled in E. bonariensis clade), blackish pelage (light or grayish brown in E. bonariensis clade), long rostrum (shorter in E. bonariensis clade), occipital region in lateral view is mildly curved (straight in E. bonariensis clade complex and E. wilsoni ��� Fig. 4), and reduced premetacrista on M 3 (long, N-shapped in E. bonariensis clade). From the species that occur in Peru, Eumops chiribaya has similar external and cranial dimensions to E. wilsoni and E. auripendulus (Table 5). Eumops auripendulus (and also E. maurus) is easily distinguished from E. chiribaya because it has a blackish pelage (cocoa brown in E. maurus), pointed tragus, different shape of skull, in particular, extended posterior portion of basicranium, and reduced premetacrista on M 3 (V-shaped) (Fig. 4). Eumops wilsoni (and also E. glaucinus) is similar to E. chiribaya (i.e. light brown dorsal pelage, square-shaped tragus, and premetacrista on M 3 slightly longer), but the shape of skull (shorter rostrum and wider post-orbital constriction) and ears relatively smaller (21.8 mm in E. wilsoni, 17-23 mm in E. glaucinus) distinguish both species from the E. chiribaya (Fig. 5). Very deep and wide basisphenoid pits also distinguish E. chiribaya from E. auripendulus, E. glaucinus, and E. wilsoni (Fig. 4). Eumops chiribaya differs from E. perotis and E. trumbulli based on the following combination of characteristics: smaller size (E. chiribaya has a medium body size and forearm shorter than in E. trumbulli and E. perotis - FA = 61, 65, and 79 mm, respectively); smaller ears, with ratio of length of ears/length of forearm reaching 0.42 in comparison with E. trumbulli and E. perotis, which have very developed ears (> to 0.49); basisphenoid pits are proportionally deeper in E. chiribaya than E. trumbulli and E. perotis; and its opisthocranion is curved dorsally and anteriorly whereas it is extended posteriorly in E. trumbulli and E. perotis (Fig. 4). Natural history. Eumops chiribaya inhabits in Coastal desert of southern Peru. The holotype was captured alive by a police officer during his patrolling in the locality El Algarrobal, Moquegua, Peru. He mentioned that the bat struck the top of a gate (approximately 5 meters high) and fell on the road, allowing him to catch the specimen with his own hands. The holotype had no ectoparasites nor showed signs of reproductive activity. The stomach content was not analyzed., Published as part of Medina, C��sar E., Gregorin, Renato, Zeballos, Horacio, Zamora, Hugo T. & Moras, Ligiane M., 2014, A new species of Eumops (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from southwestern Peru, pp. 19-36 in Zootaxa 3878 (1) on pages 27-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3878.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/287330, {"references":["Eger, J. L. (1977) Systematics of the genus Eumops (Chiroptera: Molossidae). Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum, 110, 1 - 69."]}

Medina, César E., Gregorin, Renato, Zeballos, Horacio, Zamora, Hugo T., Moras, Ligiane M. (2014): A new species of Eumops (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from southwestern Peru. Zootaxa 3878 (1): 19-36, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3878.1.2