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Lepiota atrobrunneodisca sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on collections from Shanxi Province in North China. This species is characterized by the pileus with dark brown to black-brown umbonate disc, irregularly shaped squamules on a whitish surface, annulus often adhering to stipe, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, binucleate basidiospores, numerous cheilocystidia, the absence of pleurocystidia, and the hymeniform pileus covering made up of tightly packed subglobose, sphaeropedunculate to clavate terminal elements. The phylogenetic analyses were performed using ITS and four combined loci (ITS-nrLSU-IGS-mtSSU) datasets, which supported that L. atrobrunneodisca formed a distinct clade.

Gymnopus wutaishanensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from north China. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and LSU sequences supported the establishment of the new species and positioned it in Gymnopus sect. Impudicae. Morphologically, this new species is diagnosed by the combination of basidiomata with tangy and unpleasant odor when fresh, pale orange to pinkish brown pileus, white and relatively dense lamellae, hairy stipes and small basidiospores of (4–)5–6(–7) × (2–)2.5–4 μm.

Key to the Lepiota species with a hymeniform pileus covering from China 1. Pileus surface usually smooth, not breaking up into scales.......................................................................................... L. coloratipes 1. Pileus surface covered with scales.....................................................................................................................................................2 2. Basidiospores ellipsoid, oblong-ellipsoid in side-view......................................................................................................................3 2. Basidiospores subtriangular to triangular in side-view with or without lateral knobs in frontal view..............................................6 3. Annulus covered by minute yellowish brown squamules on lower surface................................................... L. sinorecondita ad int. 3. Annulus white, smooth.......................................................................................................................................................................4 4. Basidia> 22 μm long......................................................................................................................................... L. atrobrunneodisca 4. Basidia L. apalochroa 5. Pileus surface covered by grey to greyish brown small scales.................................................................................... L. micropholis 6. Basidiospores with lateral knobs in frontal view..................................................................................... L. cristata var. macrospora 6. Basidiospores not as above.................................................................................................................................................................7 7. Basidiospores> 6 μm long.............................................................................................................................. L. cristata var. cristata 7. Basidiospores L. cristatanea, Published as part of Mao, Ning, Xia, Lu, Xu, Yu-Yan & Fan, Li, 2023, Lepiota atrobrunneodisca (Agaricaceae, Agaricales), a new species with a hymeniform pileus covering from North China, pp. 186-198 in Phytotaxa 595 (2) on page 196, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.595.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7905882

Key to the known species of Hygrophorus subgenus Colorai from China 1. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia absent...........................................................................................................................................2 1. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia present..........................................................................................................................................3 2. Pileus surface dry, raw umber to pale ochre...................................................................................................................... H. robustus 2. Pileus surface glutinous, dark yellow or olivaceous brown...................................................................................... H. viridiflavidus 3. Floccules at the stipe apex absent.......................................................................................................................................................4 3. Floccules at the stipe apex present...................................................................................................................................................13 4. Stipe apex has an annular zone...........................................................................................................................................................5 4. Stipe apex has none annular zone.......................................................................................................................................................7 5. Pileus blackish-brown to brown...................................................................................................................................... H. annulatus 5. Pileus light yellow to yellow..............................................................................................................................................................6 6. Pileus plane, with a broad small umbo........................................................................................................................... H. esculentus 6. Pileus plane, with a depressed center................................................................................................................................ H. xiangjun 7. Pileus has reddish to purplish tinge....................................................................................................................................................8 7. Pileus has brown tinge......................................................................................................................................................................11 8. Pileus> 15 cm diam.; basidiospores small, 5.5–7 × 3.5–4.8 μm.................................................................................... H. orientalis 8. Pileus 9. Pileus> 10 cm diam.; associated with Fagaceae..............................................................................................................................10 9. Pileus 10. Pileus applanate, context thick (up to 2.4 cm.................................................................................................................. H. deliciosus 10. Pileus wavy and uplifted, context thin (0.4–0.9 cm.................................................................................................... H. qinggangjun 11. Pileus broadly convex or flat, slender basidia (41–57 × 6–10 μm)..................................................................................... H. alpinus 11. Pileus plane with a small umbo, shorter and wider basidia (33–45 × 8–11 μm................................................. H. pseudohypothejus 12. Basidiospores broad ellipsoid, Qm = 1.48, surface bacillate ornamentation.............................................................. H. parvirussula 12. Basidiospores narrow ellipsoid, Qm = 1.86, surface smooth...................................................................................... H. yunnanensis 13. Odor sweetish, reminiscent of bitter almonds..................................................................................................................................14 13. Odor indistinct..................................................................................................................................................................................15 14. Associated with Picea spp...................................................................................................................................... H. agathosmoides 14. Associated with Pinus spp............................................................................................................................................. H. pinophilus 15. Habitat in broad-leaved forests....................................................................................................................................... H. atrofuscus 15. Habitat in mixed broadleaf-conifer tree forests................................................................................................................................16 16. Pileus 4–7cm diam., yellowish-brown to brown, margin wavy and ruffled like the hem of a skirt........................... H. brunneiceps 16. Pileus 3–4.5 cm diam., applanate, margin usually uplifted at maturity; fawn-colored to yellowish-brown near the margin, brown at centre............................................................................................................................................................................... H. habaensis

Hygrophorus viridiflavidus, a new species from Shanxi Province in northern China, belonging to subgenus Colorati, section Limacini, is proposed in this study based on morphology and molecular systematics. Hygrophorus viridiflavidus is similar and closely related to H. glutinifer, but can be distinguished from the latter by its shorter and narrower basidia (35.0–46.5 × 8.0–10.5μm). Morphological characteristics and ITS-phylogeny support Hygrophorus viridiflavidus as a distinct species.

Hygrophorus viridiflavidus L. Fan & Y.X. Zhang sp. nov. (Fig. 2, 3) MycoBank:— MB846250 Diagnosis: differs from the other species of subgenus Colorati section Limacini in its medium-sized basidiomata, lamellae partially turning yellowish green when bruised, shorter and narrower basidia 35.0–46.5×8.0–10.5 μm, cystidioid elements absent, and longer and narrower basidiopores (8.5–)9.0–10.5(–11.0) × (4.5–)4.8–5.8(–6.0) μm. Etymology: viridiflavidus, viridi -, meaning green, flavidus, meaning yellowish, referring to the lamellae gradually turning light yellowish green when bruised. Holotype: CHINA. Shanxi Province, Qinshui County, Lishan Mountains, Zhongcun Forest Farm, on the ground in forest of Quercus spp., 112°1’27’’E, 35°29’7’’N, elev. 1,680 m, 24 August 2020, collected by H. Liu LH 1116 (BJTC FM978, GenBank Acc. No.: ITS = OP699731, nrLSU = OP699736, tef1-α = OP723351). Description: Basidiomata medium-sized, firm, fleshy, with dark greenish tone. Pileus 41–57(–98) mm, hemispherical or obtusely conical with strongly involute margin at first, then expanded to almost flat with prominent obtuse umbo, first rather dark yellow (#917625) or olivaceous brown (#676700) with dark greyish (#1b1b00) to blackish brown (#424200) centre, then paler especially in marginal zone towards light greyish (#786e4c) or olivaceous brown (#676700), mostly with olivaceous (#9b8957) or dark greenish (#4e4e00) tinge, centre always much darker, very strongly glutinous. Lamellae adnate to subdecurrent, thick and waxy, white (#ffffff), partly gradually turning light yellowish green (#cccc00) to drying cream (#ffeb07) when bruised. Stipe 38–79 × 10–23 mm, cylindro-clavate to ventricose, often flexuous or bent and tapering-rooting towards the base, connected with margin of cap by a glutinous hyaline veil when young, then veil burst and disappear with maturity, with an unconspicuous annular zone at the apex, pale yellowish white (#ffffd6), smooth or with white (#ffffff) floccules above the annular zone, covered by successive bands of thickly glutinous, dark brown (#856731) or greyish brown (#433419) flocci below, drying greybrown (#686042). Context thick, pure white (#ffffff), in stem also white or slightly yellowish at base. Smell indistinct. Taste not recorded. Spore deposit white. Basidiopores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid or somewhat ovoid, measuring (8.5–)9.0–10.5(–11.0) × (4.5–)4.8–5.8(– 6.0) μm; Q =1.58–2; Qm =1.79±0.11, with an oblique hilar appendage 1–2 μm long; inamyloid, hyaline and smooth or microguttulate in water, appearing monoguttulate in KOH. Basidia 2-spored or 4-spored, clavate, 35.0–46.5 × 8.0–10.5 μm, some with oily refractive content in KOH; sterigmata 3.5–5.5 μm long. Cystidioid elements absent. Hymenophoral trama divergent, comprised of cylindrical, interwoven, branched hyphae 3–13 μm wide. Pileipellis an ixotrichoderm composed of thick-walled, hyaline or brown-pigmented interwoven hyphae 2.5–4 μm wide, hyaline or with olive green intracellular pigment, sparsely branching and embedded in a gelatinous matrix; incrustations or extracellular pigment not seen. Subpellis composed of more or less parallel hyphae up to 9 μm wide. Stipitipellis an ixotrichoderm, made up of branched hyphae 3–5 μm wide, with yellowish brown intracellular pigment; terminal elements rounded to attenuated, not enlarged. Stipititrama composed of densely packed, more or less parallelly arranged, subhyaline hyphae up to 9 μm wide. Floccules at the apex composed of compact fascicles of branched hyphae with cylindrical or slender clavate terminal elements 37–74 × 5–9 μm. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Ecology & Distribution: associated with Quercus spp. in elevation 1,680 m, only known from Shanxi Province, northern China. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): CHINA. Shanxi Province, Qinshui County, Lishan Mountains, Zhongcun Forest Farm, on the ground in forest of Quercus spp., 112°1’21’’E, 35°29’3’’N, elev. 1,680 m, 24 August 2020, collected by H. Liu LH 1139 (BJTC FM999, GenBank Acc. No.: ITS = OP699730, nrLSU = OP738418, tef1-α = OP723352)., Published as part of Zhang, Yu-Xin, Mao, Ning & Fan, Li, 2023, Hygrophorus viridiflavidus sp. nov. (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), from North China, pp. 187-197 in Phytotaxa 579 (3) on pages 191-192, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7550376

Cyprinids (carps, chubs and minnows) possess well-developed hearing and high sensitivity to sound pressure. The sensitive hearing may assist cyprinids with searching for food, territory defense, and mating behavior. Many paired fishes violently shake in sand and gravel while spawning in rivers. However, no study has examined the ecological importance of the collision sound made by the behavior. This study examined whether cohabitated chubs (Opsariichthys evolans and Zacco platypus) use the collision sound as a signal to locate spawning events so they can be a male satellite or egg eater. Three types of sounds (i.e., collision sound, music noise and ambient noise) were played with or without jerkbaits at the midstream of the Keelung River, Taiwan during the spawning season in 2018 and 2019. Generalized linear mixed models were then built to examine the effects of the sound types and the presence of jerkbaits on the number of individuals that the two chubs attracted. Results showed significantly different levels of attractiveness among the three sound types, with the collision sound attracting most fishes, including both females and males, followed by music noise and ambient noise. The presence of jerkbaits increased the number of fishes attracted, but the effect was only statistically marginally significant. These results suggest that the collision sound as an acoustic signal may be more important than a visual signal for the chubs to locate spawning events of other mating pairs, probably because of the longer transmission distance of the former. The present study demonstrates the ecological meanings of the collision sounds made in association with spawning activities of the chubs and implies that the native chub's spawning activities may be affected by the introduced Z. platypus. More studies on the interactions between these cohabitated chubs will benefit the conservation of native chubs.

Gymnopus wutaishanensis L. Fan & N. Mao, sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 4) Mycobank:— MB841244 Diagnosis:—It is distinguished from phylogenetically closest species G. densilamellatus and G. polyphyllus by its tangy odor and stipe covered with white hairs; morphologically, it differ from other species in Gymnopus by its unpleasant favour of basidiomata, pale orange to pinkish brown pileus, crowded lamellae, stipe covered with white hairs, and ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid basidiospores. Etymology:—‘ wutaishanensis’, Wutaishan Moutains, refers to the type locality. Holotype:— CHINA. Shanxi province, Wutai county, Wutaishan Mountains, 38°57’9’’N, 113°30’9’’E, 2070 m elev., 23 July 2019, on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr., Y.Y. Xu (BJTC FM484!, holotype). Description:— Basidiomata single or in groups. Pileus 10–60 mm diam, low convex to plane convex when young, then plane to slightly depressed center, not translucently striate or sometimes with fine striate at the margin only, margin cracking with age, surface smooth or radially rugulose, pale orange (#e19e87) to pinkish brown (#cc8263), centre dark orange (#a64929) to brown (#924024). Lamellae close, L = 70–80, l = 1–2, adnate, white (#ffffff); edge smooth, lamellulae concolorous with lamellae. Stipe 30–60 × 2–5 mm, cylindrical or laterally compressed, hollow, equal or sometimes slightly broadened at base, light gray (#cccccc) to pale white (#f7f7f7), sometimes dark grayish orange (#8f857b) at apex when old, surface often densely covered with white hairs. Context concolorous with lamellae. Odor tangy and unpleasant. Taste not recorded. Basidiospores [25/3/3] (4–)5–6(–7) × (2–)2.5–4 μm; [Q = (1.50–)1.67–2.05(–2.22), avQ = 1.82 ± 0.23]; ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, thin-walled. Basidia 25–35 × 5–8 μm, clavate, hyaline, with four sterigmata. Cheilocystidia numerous, 18–40(–60) × 3–7 μm, variable in shape, cylindrical, clavate, mostly irregular, rostrate, or coralloid at apex, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar trama regular, made of cylindrical or subinflated 2–9 μm, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae. Pileipellis a cutis composed of cylindrical, 3–10 μm, brownish or hyaline, thinto slightly thick- walled hyphae; terminal cells and lateral projections 25–60 × 4–8 μm, cylindrical, narrowly clavate, sometimes irregular, thin-walled, smooth. Pileocystidia absent. Stipitipellis a thin cutis of parallel cylindrical hyphae of 2.5–8 μm, with hyaline to pale brown content. Caulocystidia 20–40(–55) × 4–6 μm, cylindrical, clavate, sometimes irregular. Hairs of the stipe surface 58–105 μm long, 10–43 μm wide at the base, composed of parallel cylindrical hyphae of 2–6(–9) μm wide, hyaline, thin- walled. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Habit, habitat and distribution:—solitary, gregarious to cespitose on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii, Shanxi province, China. Additional specimens examined:— CHINA. Shanxi province, Wutai county, Wutaishan Mountains, 38°57’9’’N, 111°30’7’’E, 1990 m elev., 23 July 2019, on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii, H. Liu (BJTC FM508!). ibid. Wutai county, Wutaishan Mountains, 38°47’47’’N, 113°48’0’’E, 2060 m elev., 25 July 2019, on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii, H. Liu (BJTC FM583!). ibid. Hebei province, Laiyuan county, Baishishan Mountains, 21 August 2019, G.J. Li and Y.B. Guo (HBAU15111!).

Bonomyces pseudoarnoldii L. Fan & N. Mao, sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 4) MycoBank:— MB841875 Diagnosis:—differing from the phylogenetically and morphologically closest related species B. arnoldii by its crowded lamellae, absence of granules at the top of the stipe, well-differentiated mediostratum and stipitipellis, genetic profile, and distribution in north China. Etymology:—‘ pseudoarnoldii ’, refers to this species being similar to B. arnoldii. Holotype:— CHINA. Shanxi Province, Linfen City, Yicheng County, Zhongtiaoshan Mt., 1950 m elev., 8 July 2021, on the ground under Pinus armandi, N. Mao MNM 239 (BJTC FM1672). Description:— Pileus 12–49 mm, at first convex, then flat to slightly depressed or umbilicate; margin not striate, revolute or flat when young, later slightly uplifted and wavy, sometimes split; surface dry, finely to coarsely fibrillose near the margin, occasionally cracking into minute squamules towards the center; reddish brown (#b95d30) to dark brown (#a56829), pale orange (#e67028), sometimes light yellow (#f3bc9b) or dark reddish brown (#3f1010) in the center. Lamellae 1.5–3.0 mm broad, L = 40‒60, l = 1‒3, crowded, subdecurrent to decurrent, whitish (#ff0000), becoming beige (#f5f5dc), edge turning reddish brown (#b95d30) with age. Stipe central, 18–45 × 3–9 mm, terete, usually equal, occasionally inflated at the apex and slightly tapering at base, granules absent at the top, sometimes curved, longitudinally fibrillose, solid, pale white (#fafafa) to reddish brown (#b95d30) or pale orange (#ee9e6d), with a cluster of large white rhizomorphs at the base. Context white when young later pale brown under the pileus and stipe surface. Odor not recorded. Taste not recorded. Spore print white. Basidiospores [120/4/3] (6.5–)7–8.5(–9) × (4–)4.5–5.5(–6) μm (avg. ± SD = 7.6 ± 0.65 × 4.8 ± 0.57 μm), [Q = (1.35–) 1.40–1.75 (–1.90), Q av = 1.58 ± 0.16], mostly oblong-ellipsoid or amygdaliform in side-view, a few somewhat cylindrical, usually uni-guttulate, smooth, slightly thick-walled (0.3–0.6 µm), with a thick lateral apiculus. Basidia (27–)30–35(–37) × 5–8 μm, mostly 4–spored, occasionally 2–spored, cylindrical to clavate, mostly hyaline, with sterigmata 3–6 μm long. Subhymenium 10–15 µm thick, pavimentous (bottom of hymenophore), weakly developed, made of small polygonal elements 2–4 µm wide. Hymenopodium, 15–20 µm thick, slightly divergent, composed of slender hyphae 1.5–5 µm wide. Mediostratum 70–105 µm thick, well differentiated, regular, composed of parallel hyphae 3–9 μm diam, smooth, colorless. Hymenial cystidia not seen. Pileipellis a trichoderm, 120–150 µm thick, composed of parallel cylindrical to clavate hyphae, 3–11 μm in diam, smooth, with walls sometimes slightly thickened, with yellow to brown minute intracellular pigment, often with numerous cystidioid terminal elements measuring about 30–55 × 5–9(–13) μm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate or sometimes irregular, prostrate or erect, in fascicles. Subpellis not differentiated. Stipitipellis well-differentiated, 90–105 µm thick, composed of parallel hyphae 2.5–6 μm diam. with pale yellow to light brown content, thin-walled. Stipititrama well-differentiated, made of parallel hyaline hyphae 2.5–9.0 µm wide. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Habit, habitat and distribution:—Solitary or scattered, on the ground in conifer forests dominated by Pinus armandi, known from the north of China. Additional specimens examined:— CHINA. Shanxi Province, Linfen City, Yicheng County, Zhongtiaoshan Ms., 35°29’41’’N, 111°54’15’’E, 1950 m elev., 8 July 2021, on ground under Pinus armandi, N. Mao MNM 238 (BJTC FM1671); ibid. 35°29’51’’N, 111°55’1’’E, 1920 m elev., 8 July 2021, on ground under Pinus armandi, N. Mao MNM 240 (BJTC FM1673).

Key to the species of Bonomyces known in the world. 1. Pileus covered by fibrillose to squamulose........................................................................................................................................2 1. Pileus smooth.................................................................................................................................................................... B. sinopicus 2. Subpellis present and distinctly differentiated, 25–30 µm thick................................................................................ B. afrosinopicus 2. Subpellis absent or weakly differentiated...........................................................................................................................................3 3. Terminations cylindrical to clavate in pileipellis................................................................................................................................4 3. Terminations cylindrical, not clavate in pileipellis...................................................................................................... B. squamulosus 4. Lamellae slightly distant, L = 30‒40, having granules at the top of the stipe.................................................................... B. arnoldii 4. Lamellae slightly crowded, L = 40‒60, no granules at the top of the stipe............................................................. B. pseudoarnoldii, Published as part of Mao, Ning, Lv, Jing-Chong, Zhao, Tao-Yu & Fan, Li, 2022, Bonomyces pseudoarnoldii (Biannulariaceae, Agaricales), a new species from China revealed by morphology, and multilocus phylogenetic analysis, pp. 69-78 in Phytotaxa 545 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.545.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6520388

Recordings of bat echolocation and social calls are used for many research purposes from ecological studies to taxonomy. Effective use of these relies on identification of species from the recordings, but comparative recordings or detailed call descriptions to support identification are often lacking for areas with high biodiversity. The ChiroVox website (www.chirovox.org) was created to facilitate the sharing of bat sound recordings together with their metadata, including biodiversity data and recording circumstances. To date, more than 30 researchers have contributed over 3,900 recordings of nearly 200 species, making ChiroVox the largest open-access bat call library currently available. Each recording has a unique identifier that can be cited in publications; hence the acoustic analyses are repeatable. Most of the recordings available through the website are from bats whose species identities are confirmed, so they can be used to determine species in recordings where the bats were not captured or could not be identified. We hope that with the help of the bat researcher community, the website will grow rapidly and will serve as a solid source for bat acoustic research and monitoring.

Mao, Ning, Xu, Yu-Yan, Fan, Li (2021): Three new species of Tricholomopsis (incertae sedis) from North China based on morphological and molecular data. Phytotaxa 507 (2): 155-166, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.507.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.2.3