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Subfamily BERNDTIINAE Utinomii, 1950 Berndtiidae Utinomi, 1950: 457. Weltneriinae Kolbasov & Newman, 2005: 40. Diagnosis. Females with five pairs of terminal cirri. Caudal appendages present in Weltneria, but not in Berndtia. Remarks. Currently there are two genera described from this monophyletic subfamily, Berndtia Utinomi, 1950 and Weltneria. No species of Berndtia are reported from Africa (Kolbasov, 2009), however further investigation of coral species could potentially reveal their presence, as corals are their preferred substrate (Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov, 2014; Chan et al., 2014)., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Utinomi, H. (1950) General account of Acrothoracica. In: Nakamura, K. (Ed.), Some Problems in Modern Biology. Zoshindo, Osaka, pp. 428 - 461. [in Japanense]","Kolbasov, G. A. & Newman, W. A. (2005) Revision of the Lithoglyptidae sensu Tomlinson, 1969 and Lithoglyptes Aurivillius, 1892 (Cirripedia, Acrothoracica), including a new species from Bermuda. Zootaxa, 1013 (1), 35 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1013.1.3","Kolbasov, G. A. (2009) Acrothoracica, burrowing crustaceans. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 452 pp.","Chan, B. K. K., Hsieh, W-P. & Kolbasov, G. A. (2014) Crustacean Fauna of Taiwan: Barnacles. Vol. III. Cirripedia: Acrothoracica. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 107 pp."]}

Australophialus utinomii Tomlinson, 1969 Figs 5, 6 Australophialus utinomii Tomlinson, 1969: 119–121.— Kolbasov 2009: 354, fig. 127. Deposited material. SAMC-A091096, near East London, Eastern Cape, April 2017, 79 specimens in 7 Burnupena cincta shells (4 not deposited, used for SEM and genetic analyses). SAMC-A091097, near East London, Eastern Cape, April 2017, 29 specimens in 5 Burnupena cincta shells (11 not deposited, used for SEM and genetic analyses). SAMC-A091099, Gonubie, Eastern Cape, 27 April 2017, 6 specimens in Mancinella capensis shell. SAMC-A091098, Chintsa West, Eastern Cape, 26 April 2017, 6 specimens in 2 Dinoplax gigas shell plates. SAMC- A091100, near East London, Eastern Cape, April 2017, 7 specimens in 3 Turbo sarmaticus shells. SAMC-A091101, near East London, Eastern Cape, April 2017, 81 specimens from 4 Turbo sarmaticus shells (4 not deposited, used for dissections). SAMC-A091102, Gonubie, Eastern Cape, 27 April 2017, 4 specimens in Ranella gemmifera shell. SAMC-A091093, Isipingo, KwaZulu-Natal, 21 September 2017, 44 specimens in Purpura panama shell (34 deposited, 10 used for dissections). SAMC-A091091, Banana Beach, Port Shepstone, KwaZulu-Natal, 20 September 2017, 35 specimens from 2 Purpura panama shells. SAMC-A091092, Banana Beach, Port Shepstone, KwaZulu-Natal, 20 September 2017, 5 specimens in Purpura panama shell. SAMC-A091094, Banana Beach, Port Shepstone, KwaZulu-Natal, 20 September 2017, 7 specimens in Purpura bufo shell. SAMC-A091095, Port Shepstone, KwaZulu-Natal, 19 September 2017, 1 specimen from Dinoplax validifossus shell plate. Other records. PP08, Banana Beach, Port Shepstone, KwaZulu-Natal, 20 September 2017, 2 specimens from Purpura panama shell. Diagnosis. Similar to A. turbonis, but without the distinctive notch in opercular margin, rather has an entire margin in shape of small shield, no prominent hooks or spines, fringed with small, numerous bifid teeth. Description. Female, body shape characteristic of cryptophialids, with mantle bottle-like and neck elongated (fig. 5A). Length 0.65–2 mm (mean = 1.18 mm), width 0.4–0.95 mm (mean = 0.68 mm). Opercular bars with average length 0.35 mm, with plenty of setae and simple, bifid and rarely trifid teeth on margin (fig. 6D, E). Large teeth and setae present in posterior part of opercular bar (fig. 6B). Anterior end of opercular bar elongated with several teeth and setae (fig. 6E). Comb collar consisting of small projections fused at their bases (fig. 6A). Surface of opercular area striated (as is whole of mantle), with small multifid scales (fig. 6F). Pair of lateral bars support either side of mantle, these bars pointed and associated with 3–4 rows of small teeth. Reinforcing bar found within apertural region at anterior end. Colour light brown/white when fresh, becoming slightly paler when preserved in alcohol. Burrow opening small, oval-shaped (fig. 5B). Four pairs of biramous, multi-annulated terminal cirri present (fig. 5C). Pair of rudimentary uniramous, unsegmented mouth cirri present on anterio-ventral thorax area, posterior to mouth. Labrum pronounced, tongue-shaped and extends far beyond opercular area; large in comparison to others of this genus (fig. 6D). Mouthparts typical of genus, a pair of mandibles with palps present, along with a pair of maxillae and maxillules. One dorsal body process present. Females with maximum of four dwarf males recorded. Dwarf males 0.29 x 0.16 mm. Cypris larvae 0.25 x 0.15 mm (fig. 5D) Hosts. Previously known only from Dinoplax gigas. Additional hosts in the Eastern Cape include Burnupena cincta, Mancinella capensis, Ranella gemmifera and Turbo sarmaticus. Additional hosts in KwaZulu-Natal include Dinoplax validifossus, Purpura bufo and P. panama. Distribution. Type locality Qolora (3241’50.5”S, 2822’25.1”E), Eastern Cape, roughly 50 km east of East London. Ranges from Gonubie (3256’33.8”S, 2802’00.9”E) to Isipingo (2959’44.1”S, 3057’00.8”E). Endemic to Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Remarks. Common, often in association with Kochlorine bocqueti Turquier, 1977, Kochlorine sp. A and Weltneria spinosa Berndt, 1907. Due to its small size, attempts to dissect this species were not as successful as others., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on pages 52-55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Tomlinson, J. T. (1969) The burrowing barnacles (Cirripedia: Order Acrothoracica). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 296, 1 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.296.1","Kolbasov, G. A. (2009) Acrothoracica, burrowing crustaceans. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 452 pp.","Turquier, Y. (1977) Etude de quelques Cirripdes Acrothoraciques de Madagascar. III. Kochlorine bocquette n. sp. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 118 (2), 133 - 154.","Berndt, W. (1907) Uber das System der Acrothoracica. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 73 (1), 287 - 289."]}

Genus Australophialus, Tomlinson, 1969 Australophialus Tomlinson, 1969: 117. Diagnosis. Characterised by having four pairs of terminal cirri and one whip-like dorsal body process (Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov, 2014). Remarks. Globally, there are currently five species in this genus, two of which are found in South Africa (both endemic)., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Tomlinson, J. T. (1969) The burrowing barnacles (Cirripedia: Order Acrothoracica). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 296, 1 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.296.1","Chan, B. K. K., Hsieh, W-P. & Kolbasov, G. A. (2014) Crustacean Fauna of Taiwan: Barnacles. Vol. III. Cirripedia: Acrothoracica. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 107 pp."]}

Superorder ACROTHORACICA Gruvel, 1905 Cryptosomata Hancock, 1849: 313. Abdominalia Darwin, 1854: 583. Acrothoracica Gruvel, 1905: 310. Diagnosis. Small, soft-bodied barnacles. Females burrowing into calcareous substrates (molluscs, corals, limestone, thoracicans, etc.). Minute dwarf males attached either to the female, or to her burrow. Lacking calcareous shell plates, but possessing a single pair of chitinous plates, also known as opercular bars, guarding the aperture. 3–5 pairs of terminal cirri, a single pair of mouth cirri developed or reduced, adults with reduced abdomen. Caudal appendages present (some lithoglyptids) or absent (all cryptophialids). Remarks. Currently the Acrothoracica consists of two orders, the Cryptophialida and the Lithoglyptida (Kolbasov, 2009)., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Gruvel, A. (1905) Monographie des cirrhipedes ou thecostraces. Masson et Cie, Paris, 472 pp.","Hancock, A. (1849) Notice of the occurrence on the British coast of a burrowing barnacle belonging to a new order of the class Cirripedia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 4 (23), 305 - 314. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745486009494840","Darwin, C. (1854) A monograph on the sub-class Cirripedia. Vol. II. The Balanidae. In: Barrett, P. & Freeman, R. B. (Eds.), The Works of Charles Darwin. Vol. 12. New York University Press, Washington Square, New York, pp. vii - viii + 1 - 684, figs. 1 - 7.","Kolbasov, G. A. (2009) Acrothoracica, burrowing crustaceans. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 452 pp."]}

Kochlorine bocqueti Turquier, 1977 Figs 18–20 Kochlorine bocqueti Turquier, 1977: 134.—1978: 107.— Kolbasov 1999: 139.— 2002: 536, 540, fig. 7 (u).—2009: 222 fig. 10 (в), fig. 13 (З), fig. 15 (е), fig. 109.. Deposited material. ELMC 0420, Kwelera Bay, Eastern Cape, 7 January 1986, 21 specimens in Charonia lampas shell (7 specimens not deposited, used for SEM, dissections and genetic analyses). SAMC-A091087, Gonubie, Eastern Cape, 27 April 2017, 4 specimens in Ranella gemmifera shell (1 not deposited, used for genetic analyses). SAMC-A091086, Gonubie, Eastern Cape, 27 April 2017, 2 specimens in 2 Turbo sarmaticus shells. SAMC- A091089, Gonubie, Eastern Cape, 27 April 2017, 2 specimens in 2 Haliotis midae shells. SAMC-A091088, Chintsa West, Eastern Cape, 26 April 2017, 1 specimen in Dinoplax gigas. Other records. Gonubie, Eastern Cape, 27 April 2017, 1 specimen on Mancinella capensis shell (specimen used for genetic analyses). Diagnosis. Opercular bars with a pair of small posterior processes, and with bifid and 8–13 long, lance-shaped teeth. Description. Female, length 1. 7–3.4 mm (mean = 2.69 mm) and width 0.85–1.85 mm (mean = 1.56 mm). Mantle sac oval-shaped (fig. 18C; 20A). Opercular bars average 0.98 mm long, armed by medial row of ‘arrowhead-shaped’ teeth and setae, also lined with lateral row of bifid teeth and more setae (fig. 19D, E). Two posterior processes on opercular bar with several bifid and simple teeth (fig. 19A). Comb collar feather-like, with small projections along entire edge (fig. 19B). Orificial knob well developed (fig. 20B). Surface below opercular bars smooth and ‘plate-like’, in contrast to surface of rest of animal, which is smooth (fig. 19A). Developed lateral bars running from opercular bar downwards, reinforcement bars running from anterior part of opercular bar downwards. Female bright red below opercular area, rest of body brownish-red (fig. 18A), becoming dark brown when preserved (fig. 18C). Burrow opening slit-like, elongated (fig. 18B). Three pairs of terminal cirri and caudal appendages two-segmented (fig. 20C). Mouth cirri with four-segmented posterior ramus shorter than six-segmented anterior ramus, both rami with long, plumose setae on each segment; rami extending off two-segmented protopod (fig. 20H). Mandible with three large teeth, first separated from remainder by notch; inferior angle with small teeth and setae (fig. 20E). Maxillule with two cuspidate setae above notch, with several setae, lower two-thirds of cutting edge with several sharp setae (fig. 20F). Maxilla triangular, with long dense setae at tip (fig. 20D). Mandibular palp trapezoid with long dense setae at tip (fig. 20G). No males observed. Hosts. Previously described from Charonia tritonis and Conus terebra. Collected in South Africa in the areas surrounding East London from Charonia lampas, Dinoplax gigas, Haliotis midae, Mancinella capensis, Ranella gemmifera and Turbo sarmaticus. Distribution. Previously known from Madagascar and Socotra Island (Kolbasov, 2002). In South Africa found intertidally, and subtidal to 30 m depth, in the Eastern Cape, ranging from Kwelera Bay (3250’08.0”S, 2807’09.5”E) to Gonubie (3256’33.8”S, 2802’00.9”E). In South Africa found only in Eastern Cape Province. Remarks. Differences were observed in the number of segments of each ramus of the mouth cirri; the posterior ramus with 6 segments, the anterior with 4. There are currently 7 species in this genus, with the removal of K. bihamata (now considered a nomen nudum, see above), the addition of Kochlorine sp. A. (below), and not including two undescribed species reported by Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov (2014). Our identification is based partly on similarity in overall body shape and length to Kochlorine bocqueti, which has a length of 2.1 mm and maximum width of 1.2 mm (Kolbasov, 2002 a), both being within the ranges of the South African specimens (1.7–3.4 mm and 0.85–1.85 mm, respectively). Similarly, the reported opercular bar size (0.75 mm) is within the range found in South Africa (0.6–1.35 mm). More importantly, the South African specimens fit the diagnosis reported for K. bocqueti, which is (translated from Russian) “Opercular bars with a pair of small posterior processes armed with bifid and 8–13 long, sharp lance-shaped teeth”. Finally, K. bocqueti is already known from sites in the western Indian Ocean (Madagascar and Socotra Island) and thus its discovery in the East London area represents a plausible range extension down the east coast of Africa. This discovery not only represents a considerable range extension but adds several new hosts. The species was also found in association with A. utinomii, W. cf. hirsuta and W. spinosa., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on pages 70-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Turquier, Y. (1977) Etude de quelques Cirripdes Acrothoraciques de Madagascar. III. Kochlorine bocquette n. sp. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 118 (2), 133 - 154.","Kolbasov, G. A. (1999 a) The external mantle morphology of burrowing barnacles of the families Lithoglyptidae and Cryptophialidae (Cirripedia, Acrothoracica). Crustaceans and the Biodiversity Crisis. Proceedings of the Fourth International Crustacean Congress, 1998, 1, 139 - 149.","Kolbasov, G. A. (2002) A new species of burrowing barnacles, Kochlorine grebelnii, from the Cape Verde Islands. Description of external ultrastructure of the genus Kochlorine (Thecostrata, Cirripedia, Acrothoracica). Zoological Journal, 81 (5), 529 - 546.","Chan, B. K. K., Hsieh, W-P. & Kolbasov, G. A. (2014) Crustacean Fauna of Taiwan: Barnacles. Vol. III. Cirripedia: Acrothoracica. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 107 pp."]}

Australophialus turbonis (Barnard, 1925) Figs 2–4 Cryptophialus turbonis Barnard, 1925: 5 (type material lost).— Newman & Ross, 1971: 26. Australophialus turbonis Tomlinson, 1969: 121–125, fig. 33.—1987: 66, fig. 3.— Kolbasov & Høeg 2007: 129, fig. 3 (F), fig. 4 (K), fig. 10 (A).— Kolbasov 2009: 352, fig. 3 (a), fig. 7 (в), fig. 19 (б), fig. 20 (б, e, ж), fig. 21 (u), fig. 22 (б), fig. 24 (б), fig. 28 (б, e), fig. 38 (ж), fig. 50 (a), fig. 52 (г), fig. 55 (ж), fig. 59 (a), fig. 126. Deposited material. SAMC-A091103, False Bay, Western Cape, February 2017, 30 specimens in 3 Turbo cidaris shells. SAMC-A091104, Wooley’s Pool, False Bay, Western Cape, 30 January 2017, 3 specimens in 2 Turbo sarmaticus shells. SAMC-A091105, False Bay, Western Cape, January and February 2017, 308 specimens in 4 Turbo sarmaticus shells (19 not deposited, used for dissections, SEM, light microscopy and genetic analyses). SAMC-A091106, Melkbosstrand, Western Cape, 28 February 2017, 1 specimen in Fusinus ocelliferus shell. SAMC- A091107, Melkbosstrand, Western Cape, 28 February 2017, 2 specimens in Haliotis midae shell. SAMC-A091108, Bloubergstrand, Western Cape, April 2017, 2 specimens from 2 Argobuccinum pustulosum shells. SAMC-A091109, False Bay, Western Cape, 15 March 2017, 1 specimen in Burnupena cincta shell. SAMC-A091110, False Bay, Western Cape, 15 March 2017, 1 specimen in Burnupena cincta shell. SAMC-A091111, False Bay, Western Cape, 27 September 2018, 17 specimens from 3 Crepidula porcellana shells. SAMC-A091112, False Bay, Western Cape, 15 March 2017, 1 specimen in Burnupena cincta shell. Diagnosis. Australophialid with a notch one-third distance from anterior end on apertural margin, otherwise similar to other South African australophialid, Australophialus utinomii. Description. Female, mantle bottle-shaped, with characteristic elongated neck of all cryptophialids (Figs 2C; 4A). Length 1–3 mm (mean 1.95 mm), width 0.6–1.6 mm (mean 1.19 mm). Opercular bars ~ 300 m long and wellarmed on margins by long, simple teeth and setae, with nodules on flat surface of opercular bar (fig. 3A, D, F). Distinct notch on opercular bars about one-third from anterior end (fig. 3D, F; 4B). An infolded velum with lamellae extends into comb collar, which is composed of long, fine projections, ending in bristles (fig. 3E). Lateral surfaces of operculum with dense rows of multifid scales, with setae (fig. 3B). Mantle surface striated, with no obvious projections other than small teeth that are mostly bifid and uniformly distributed. Large reinforcing bars present, with one extending dorsally toward attachment area on dorsal end of aperture (fig. 4B). Pair of lateral bars extends from apertural notch downward along mantle on either side (fig. 4B), with fewer teeth on their surface, as normal for this genus. Attachment area masked by layers of previous moults (cemented exuviae) that form a hard disk onto which males attach (Tomlinson, 1969). Colour similar to W. spinosa, light reddish and white colour when fresh turning light brown/white when preserved in ethanol (fig. 2C). Burrow oval-shaped (fig. 2B), averaging 0.3 x 0.25 mm. Terminal cirri with four pairs, without caudal appendages (fig. 4C). One whip-like dorsal body process (fig. 4D). Mouth cirrus (paired) reduced, consisting only of small processes with several bristles (Tomlinson, 1969). Characteristic of the genus, labrum elongated and tongue-shaped, extending out of aperture, with setae at tip (fig. 4F). Mouthparts typical of genus, with ovate maxilla with distal setae (fig. 4E). Mandible with three teeth on cutting edge. Maxillule with no notch, no dense and long setae (fig. 4E). Mandibular palp elongated, with setae at distal end. Mature attached males averaging 0.45 x 0.25 mm. As many as 17 males attached to single female. Hosts. Type host Turbo sarmaticus. Previously known to bore into shells of Burnupena cincta and Burnupena limbosa. New hosts reported here are Argobuccinum pustulosum, Crepidula porcellana, Fusinus ocelliferus, Haliotis midae and Turbo cidaris. Distribution. Type locality False Bay (3407’57.8”S, 1826’44.1”E), South Africa. Ranges from Paternoster (3248’28.90”S, 1753’29.05”E) to Hermanus (3425’1.62”S, 1914’55.46”E). Endemic to the Western Cape. Remarks: Australophialus turbonis was previously reported from the Western Cape in various hosts (Barnard, 1925) and at Umpangazi in KwaZulu-Natal (Tomlinson, 1969) from Purpura persica (previously Thais rudolphi). However, this was probably a misidentification and likely was a specimen of A. utinomii, which is morphologically similar to A. turbonis (see below). Australophialus turbonis is only known from the Western Cape, whereas A. utinomii occurs in the Eastern Cape around East London and in KwaZulu-Natal. Moreover, A. utinomii is also known from two Purpura species (see below), while this is not a known host for A. turbonis. Commonly found in the same hosts in association with Weltneria spinosa., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on pages 49-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Barnard, K. H. (1925) Report on a collection of Cirripedia (barnacles) from South African waters. Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, Report, 4 (6), 1 - 5.","Newman, W. A. & Ross, A. (1971) Antarctic Cirripedia: Monographic Account Based on Specimens Collected Chiefly Under the United States Antarctic Research Program, 1962 - 1965. Vol. 14. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C., 257 pp.","Tomlinson, J. T. (1969) The burrowing barnacles (Cirripedia: Order Acrothoracica). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 296, 1 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.296.1","Kolbasov, G. A. & Hoeg, J. T. (2007) Cypris larvae of acrothoracican barnacles (Thecostraca: Cirripedia: Acrothoracica). Zoologischer Anzeiger-A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 246 (2), 127 - 151. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2007.03.001","Kolbasov, G. A. (2009) Acrothoracica, burrowing crustaceans. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 452 pp."]}

Genus Kochlorine Noll, 1872 Kochlorine.— Tomlinson, 1969: 65. Diagnosis. Females with three pairs of terminal cirri, caudal appendages present (two-segmented), developed lateral bars and orificial knob. Dwarf males with elongated attachment stalk and lateral projections (Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov, 2014). Remarks. There are currently seven described species in this genus, of which K. bihamata, was previously thought to occur in South Africa. Below we suggest that report be discounted. However, two other species belonging to this genus are reported for the first time from the region, one of which is considered new to science., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Noll, F. C. (1872) Kochlorine hamata N., ein bohrende Cirripede. Bericht uber die Senckenbergische naturf. Gesellsch 1871 - 1872, 4, 50 - 58","Tomlinson, J. T. (1969) The burrowing barnacles (Cirripedia: Order Acrothoracica). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 296, 1 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.296.1","Chan, B. K. K., Hsieh, W-P. & Kolbasov, G. A. (2014) Crustacean Fauna of Taiwan: Barnacles. Vol. III. Cirripedia: Acrothoracica. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 107 pp."]}

Subfamily KOCHLORININAE Gruvel, 1905 Gruvel, 1905: 335. Diagnosis. Females with three pairs of biramous terminal cirri, two-segmented caudal appendages present. Remarks. Consists of two genera; Kochlorine Noll, 1872 and Kochlorinopsis Stubbings, 1967, with only the former present in South Africa. Globally these genera contain 7 and 1 species, respectively., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Gruvel, A. (1905) Monographie des cirrhipedes ou thecostraces. Masson et Cie, Paris, 472 pp.","Noll, F. C. (1872) Kochlorine hamata N., ein bohrende Cirripede. Bericht uber die Senckenbergische naturf. Gesellsch 1871 - 1872, 4, 50 - 58","Stubbings, H. G. (1967) The cirriped fauna of tropical West Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 15 (6), 229 - 319. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 27518"]}

Genus Weltneria Berndt, 1907 Weltneria Berndt, 1907: 289. Diagnosis. Females with five pairs of biramous terminal cirri, two-segmented caudal appendages. This is considered plesiomorphic, as this represents the ground pattern for all thecostracans (Kolbasov & Newman, 2005). Lateral bars weak or absent, orificial knob absent. Dwarf males pear-shaped, tapering towards the top, no lateral projections, attachment antennules with stalk absent (Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov, 2014). Remarks. At present, there are 12 Weltneria species globally (Kolbasov, Chan & Cheng, 2017). Two of these occur in South Africa, of which W. spinosa is endemic., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Berndt, W. (1907) Uber das System der Acrothoracica. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 73 (1), 287 - 289.","Kolbasov, G. A. & Newman, W. A. (2005) Revision of the Lithoglyptidae sensu Tomlinson, 1969 and Lithoglyptes Aurivillius, 1892 (Cirripedia, Acrothoracica), including a new species from Bermuda. Zootaxa, 1013 (1), 35 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1013.1.3","Chan, B. K. K., Hsieh, W-P. & Kolbasov, G. A. (2014) Crustacean Fauna of Taiwan: Barnacles. Vol. III. Cirripedia: Acrothoracica. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 107 pp.","Kolbasov, G. A., Chan, B. K. K. & Cheng, Y. R. (2017) Weltneria acanthostoma sp. nov., a burrowing barnacle (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica) from deep-waters of the South China Sea. Zootaxa, 4290 (3), 591 - 599. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4290.3.12"]}

Order CRYPTOPHIALIDA Kolbasov, Newman & Høeg (Cited in Kolbasov, 2009) Cryptophialida Kolbasov, Newman & Høeg in Kolbasov, 2009: 241.— Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov 2014: 2. Diagnosis. Mainly characterised by females having long, narrow-necked operculum, with small circular aperture and developed lateral and reinforcing bars, tongue-shaped labrum, no caudal appendages and special gastric mill at end of stomach. Rudimentary mouth cirri, thorax with one or two whip-like dorsal processes (Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov, 2014). Posterior end of dwarf males with circular, cuticular ribs and frequently with mantle teeth; simple attachment antennules without stalk. Cypris larvae posses rudimentary thorax and thoracopods, carapace covers body incompletely. Burrow opening rounded and small. Remarks. Cryptophialida consists of the monotypic family Cryptophialidae., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Kolbasov, G. A. (2009) Acrothoracica, burrowing crustaceans. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 452 pp.","Chan, B. K. K., Hsieh, W-P. & Kolbasov, G. A. (2014) Crustacean Fauna of Taiwan: Barnacles. Vol. III. Cirripedia: Acrothoracica. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 107 pp."]}

Family LITHOGLYPTIDAE Aurivillius, 1892 Lithoglyptidae Aurivillius, 1892: 133.— Kolbasov 2009: 239.— Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov 2014: 13. Diagnosis. Females with well-developed opercular bars, comb collar, thoracic lappets and mouth appendages; twosegmented protopod mouth cirri, biramous multi-annulated terminal cirri, caudal appendages present in some species, intestine with anus. Dwarf males pear-shaped, with pair of lobes at base of attachment antennules (Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov, 2014). Remarks: Consist of three subfamilies: Berndtiinae, Lithoglyptinae and Kochlorininae, all present in South Africa., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Aurivillius, C. W. S. (1892) Neue Cirripeden aus dem Atlantischen, Indischen und Stillen Ocean. Koniglich Vetenskapakademiens Forhandlingar, 3, 123 - 134.","Kolbasov, G. A. (2009) Acrothoracica, burrowing crustaceans. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 452 pp.","Chan, B. K. K., Hsieh, W-P. & Kolbasov, G. A. (2014) Crustacean Fauna of Taiwan: Barnacles. Vol. III. Cirripedia: Acrothoracica. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 107 pp."]}

Weltneria spinosa Berndt, 1907 Figs 7–9 Weltneria spinosa Berndt, 1907: 289.— Tomlinson 1969: 32–36, fig. 1.— Tomlinson 1987: 65, fig. 2.— Kolbasov & Høeg 2007: 129, fig. 3 (A), fig. 5 (A, F), fig. 7 (A), fig. 8 (C), 1 fig. 9 (E), fig. 11 (E).— Kolbasov 2009: 284 (in Russian), fig. 2 (a), fig. 5 (ж), fig. 14 (е, ж), fig. 25 (г), fig. 28 (б), fig. 37 (a), fig. 39 (e), fig. 49 (a), fig. 51 (a), fig. 53 (a, e, ж, З, u), fig. 55 (в), fig. 56 (б, u), fig. 58 (б), fig. 60 (б), fig. 85. Deposited material. SAMC-A091113, False Bay, Western Cape, January and February 2017, 34 specimens from 6 Turbo sarmaticus shells (5 not deposited, used for genetic analyses). SAMC-A091114, False Bay, Western Cape, January and February 2017, 376 specimens from 8 Turbo sarmaticus shells (10 not deposited, used for dissections and light microscopy). SAMC-A091115, Chintsa West, Eastern Cape, April 2017, 25 specimens from 4 Turbo sarmaticus shells (2 not deposited, used for SEM). SAMC-A091116, Gonubie, Eastern Cape, April 2017, 105 specimens from 5 Turbo sarmaticus shells. SAMC-A091117, Gonubie, Eastern Cape, 27 April 2017, 12 specimens from Haliotis midae shell. SAMC-A091118, Gonubie, Eastern Cape, 27 April 2017, 223 specimens from Haliotis midae shell (3 not deposited, used for genetic analyses). SAMC-A091119, Melkbosstrand, Western Cape, 28 February 2017, 13 specimens from Haliotis midae shell. SAMC-A091120, Gonubie, Eastern Cape, 27 April 2017, 30 specimens from Ranella gemmifera shell. SAMC-A091121, Gonubie, Eastern Cape, 27 April 2017, 6 specimens from Ranella gemmifera shell. SAMC-A091122, False Bay, Western Cape, 19 February 2017, 1 specimen from Argobuccinum pustulosum shell (2 not deposited, used for SEM). SAMC-A091123, False Bay, Western Cape, 17 February 2017, 9 specimens from Argobuccinum pustulosum shell. SAMC-A091124, False Bay, Western Cape, 14 March 2017, 11 specimens from Argobuccinum pustulosum shell. SAMC-A091125, False Bay, Western Cape, 14 March 2017, 3 specimens from Argobuccinum pustulosum shell. SAMC-A091126, Melkbosstrand, Western Cape, 28 February 2017, 5 specimens from Turbo cidaris shell. SAMC-A091127, Melkbosstrand, Western Cape, February 2017, 30 specimens from 2 Turbo cidaris shells. SAMC-A091128, Chintsa West, Eastern Cape, 26 April 2017, 3 specimens from Dinoplax gigas. SAMC-A091129, False Bay, Western Cape, 15 March 2017, 2 specimens from Burnupena cincta shell. SAMC-A091130, East London surrounds (Gonubie, Chintsa West), Eastern Cape, April 2017, 8 specimens from 2 Mancinella capensis shells (2 not deposited, used for genetic analyses). SAMC-A091131, Gonubie, Eastern Cape, 27 April 2017, 51 specimens from Mancinella capensis shell. SAMC-A091132, Summerstrand, Eastern Cape, 4 July 2017, 6 specimens from Mancinella capensis shell. SAMC-A091133, L’Agulhas, Western Cape, 15 June 2010, 1 specimen in Heydrichia woelkerlingii. SAMC-A091134, Summerstrand, Algoa Bay, Eastern Cape, 4 July 2017, 30 specimens in Lithophyllum sp. SAMC-A091135, Morgan Bay, Eastern Cape, 13 July 2010, 12 specimens from Lithophyllum neoatalayense Masaki. SAMC-A091136, False Bay, Western Cape, 4 August 2016, 4 specimens from Scutellastra tabularis shell. Diagnosis. Females with pair of large hooks forming posterior processes of operculum, inner and outer margins of operculum with simple or bifid teeth. Also characterised by presence of pair of weak and irregular lateral bars. Description. Female, body oval-shaped (fig. 7B; 9A). Length 2.1–4.7 mm (mean = 2.98 mm), width 1.05–2.85 mm (mean = 1.69 mm). Opercular bars on average 0.87 mm long, with pair of large, curved posterior processes at top of operculum armed with several simple teeth and setae (fig. 8B, D; 9B). Both inner and outer margins of operculum lined with bifid or simple teeth and setae (fig. 8C, D, E). Rostral end of opercular bar with simple spines and setae (fig. 8E). Lateral surface of operculum lined with several teeth, setae and large multifid scales (fig. 8B, F). Comb collar consisting of long feather-like projections (fig. 8A). Developed orificial knob absent. Feeble lateral bars present running down mantle near operculum (fig. 9A). Row of small, mostly bifid teeth running down ventral surface on mantle. Females bright red when fresh, cirri also bright red (fig. 7A, C). Aperture resembles typed apostrophe, with one end having more pointed tapered slit (fig. 7C). Five pairs of terminal cirri, with pair of two-segmented caudal appendages (fig. 9C, D), two conical processes present (fig. 9C). Mouth cirri with four-segmented posterior ramus shorter than five-segmented anterior ramus, both with long setae (fig. 9G). Labrum saddle-shaped, mandibular palp trapezoid, with dense setae (fig. 9H). Mandible with three teeth, excluding inferior angle (fig. 9E), first tooth separated from second and third by large notch, inferior angle with several small spines and setae. Maxillule with single notch in middle of outer margin, two long cuspidate setae below notch, with three short, sharp setae above notch (fig. 9F). Male much smaller than female, average of 0.66 x 0.32 mm, with up to four on a single female. Hosts. The type-host is Haliotis midae. Also previously known from Argobuccinum pustulosum and Turbo sarmaticus (Tomlinson, 1969). New hosts in the Western Cape include Burnupena cincta, Dinoplax gigas, Scutellastra tabularis and Turbo cidaris. Collected in the Eastern Cape from two new hosts, Ranella gemmifera and Mancinella capensis, as well as from T. sarmaticus and H. midae. Also found inhabiting coralline red algae (Botha, Griffiths & Maneveldt, 2020) in the Eastern Cape in a rhodolith (Lithophyllum sp.), a discoid species, Lithophyllum neoatalayense, also from Heydrichia woelkerlingii in the Western Cape. Distribution. Type locality Hermanus (3425’1.62”S, 1914’55.46”E) in the Western Cape. Ranges from Melkbosstrand (3344’08.1”S, 1826’15.2”E) to Qolorha (3250’08.0”S, 2807’09.5”E). Endemic to Western and Eastern Cape provinces. All specimens were collected in water Remarks: Weltneria spinosa Berndt, 1907 is the type species of the genus and is the most common acrothoracican in South Africa, with up to 235 individuals found in a single Haliotis midae shell. Often found in the same host with Australophialus turbonis in the Western Cape and Australophialus utinomii and Kochlorine bocqueti in the Eastern Cape. In the Western Cape, empty burrows of this barnacle are often occupied by the unique amphipod Ampelisca excavata, which appears to be restricted to, and anatomically adapted, to live in this specialised niche (Gray & Barnard, 1970). We recorded this amphipod in W. spinosa holes on both T. sarmaticus and, in great abundance, on the coralline algae H. woelkerlingii., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Berndt, W. (1907) Uber das System der Acrothoracica. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 73 (1), 287 - 289.","Tomlinson, J. T. (1969) The burrowing barnacles (Cirripedia: Order Acrothoracica). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 296, 1 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.296.1","Tomlinson, J. T. (1987) The burrowing barnacles (Acrothoracica). In: Southward, A. J. (Ed.), Barnacle Biology. Crustacean Issues. Vol. 5. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 63 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781315138053 - 3","Kolbasov, G. A. & Hoeg, J. T. (2007) Cypris larvae of acrothoracican barnacles (Thecostraca: Cirripedia: Acrothoracica). Zoologischer Anzeiger-A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 246 (2), 127 - 151. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2007.03.001","Kolbasov, G. A. (2009) Acrothoracica, burrowing crustaceans. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 452 pp.","Botha, T. P., Griffiths, C. L. & Maneveldt, G. W. (2020) Coralline red algae - a new host taxon for burrowing barnacles (Cirripedia, Acrothoracica). Marine Biodiversity, 50 (1), 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 019 - 01038 - 7","Gray, W. S. & Barnard, J. L. (1970) South African Ampelisca excavata KH Barnard (Amphipoda, Gammaridea), a redescription with notes on the domicile. Crustaceana, 19 (1), 67 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854070 X 00644"]}

Kochlorine bihamata Noll, 1883 (deletion from fauna list) Kochlorine bihamata.— Barnard 1924: 99.— Tomlinson, 1969: 72.— Kolbasov, 2009: 320. Diagnosis. Females with no anterior conical processes, mantle aperture with two posterior hooks and spiny teeth on rim; size 5 mm (Tomlinson, 1969). Hosts. Collected as dried specimens observed in an Haliotis shell. Although not explicitly stated which Haliotis species is referred to, it can be assumed this is the abalone, Haliotis midae, which is known to host other acrothoracicans. Remarks. This species has not been observed since its description from Cape Town by Noll (1883) and there remains grave doubt regarding the validity of the species. Noll (1883) mentioned that: “Should new specimens of Kochlorine arise from Cape Town, one can well label it Kochlorine bihamata ”. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the genus Kochlorine occurs from Cadiz, Spain to Cape Town, South Africa and burrows into shells of Haliotis spp.. Although Tomlinson (1969) calls into question the validity of the species, he later states that K. bihamata should be treated as a valid species. However, following our survey no trace of this species was found, despite the type host being collected at the type locality and several adjacent localities. Thus, we consider that it is safe to assume that this is a nomen nudum., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Barnard K. H. (1924) Contributions to the crustacean fauna of South Africa, 7. Cirripedia. Annals of the South African Museum, 20, 1 - 103.","Tomlinson, J. T. (1969) The burrowing barnacles (Cirripedia: Order Acrothoracica). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 296, 1 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.296.1","Kolbasov, G. A. (2009) Acrothoracica, burrowing crustaceans. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 452 pp."]}

Weltneria cf. hirsuta (Tomlinson, 1963) Lithoglyptes hirsutus Tomlinson, 1963b: 299, figs 1–7. Utinomia newmani Tomlinson, 1963a: 265: 265, figs 1–5. Weltneria hirsuta Kolbasov, 2009: 280 (in Russian), fig. 8 (a), fig. 12 (a), fig. 14 (б), fig. 15 (a), fig. 17 (в), fig. 18 (e), fig. 26 (г), fig. 37 (б, в), fig. 39 (a, в), fig. 82.— Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov 2014: 49, fig. 42, fig. 43. Deposited material: ELMC 0421, Kwelera Bay, Eastern Cape, 7 January 1986, 14 specimens on Charonia lampas shell (7 specimens not deposited, used for SEM, dissections and genetic analyses). Diagnosis. Weltneria with opercular bars that have numerous sharp, simple teeth and long setae, opercular bars terminating in tapered, conspicuous, spine-shaped posterior process. Description. Female, length 1.6–2.5 mm (mean = 2.05 mm) and width 1–1.7 mm (mean = 1.31 mm). Body oval-shaped, except opercular area flat surface, not rounded (fig. 10A; 12A). Opercular bars broad, concave on outer surface, average of 1.05 mm, with large upper surface and pair of posterior processes (fig. 11C, D), simple teeth along edges and down lateral surface of opercular area (fig. 11C, A, F). Occludent margins of opercular bars forming small, narrow aperture with almost no internal structures visible (fig. 11C). Row of simple and bifid teeth on either side of opercular bars, with several others randomly distributed on dorsal surface (Fig. 11A). Comb collar of long, feather-like projections (fig. 11B). Several bifid and trifid teeth on surface of mantle. Lateral surface below opercular bars with spines, setae and broad multifid scales, similar to those of W. spinosa (fig. 11E, F). Opercular knob and lateral bars absent. Mantle surface with several, randomly distributed, bifid teeth. Live colour unknown; dark brown/orange when preserved in ethanol (fig. 10A). Burrow oval-shaped, opercular bars well-fitted to burrow (fig. 10B). Terminal cirri five pairs with two-segmented caudal appendages, with setae at distal segment (fig. 12B, C). Mouth cirri with three-segmented posterior ramus shorter than four-segmented anterior ramus (fig. 12D, E). Both rami with setulated setae. Labrum saddle-shaped, bullate, upper edge convex, armed with developed dorsal process, while anterior edge horseshoe-shaped, smooth (fig. 12D). End of mandibular palp trapezoid, with dense simple setae as well as setae with small sparse setules on tip (Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov, 2014). Mandible with three major teeth becoming smaller towards inferior angle, first upper tooth separated from the rest. Inferior angle with several denticles, inferior angle ending in two large denticles (Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov, 2014). Maxillule with single notch, two large cuspidate and small setae above notch, more than five sharp setae at margin below notch (fig. 12F). Lateral surfaces with dense serrate setae. Maxilla sub-triangular with many simple setae on outer margin and apex (fig. 12E). Hosts. Originally found in two corals, Psammocora and Porites, in Hawaii, and shells of Bursa in Japan and Murex in Taiwan (Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov, 2014). Found in South Africa in Charonia lampas from Kwelera Bay, collected in 1986 and stored in the East London Museum (ELMW0952). This is a new record for South Africa. Distribution. Type locality is Hawaii (Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov, 2014). Also Japan, Taiwan and a single sample from South Africa at Kwelera Bay (3250’08.0”S, 2807’09.5”E), near East London, Eastern Cape. In South Africa only occuring in the Eastern Cape. Remarks. Live colour unknown. Some mouthparts could not be dissected out. Only 14 individuals were available from a single sample, collected in 1986 and held at the East London Museum. The individuals were in bad condition. Given that only a single, poorly-preserved South African sample, collected more than 30 years ago, was available for examination, and that this record is so geographically distant from the type locality, this identification should be confirmed using genetic methods and is recorded here as ‘cf’. It is possible that this is a cryptic new species., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on pages 60-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Tomlinson, J. T. (1963 b) Lithoglyptes hirsutus (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica), a new burrowing barnacle from Hawaii. Pacific Science, 17, 299 - 301.","Tomlinson, J. T. (1963 a) Two new acrothoracican cirripeds from Japan. Publications of the Seto Marine Biology Laboratory, 11, 263 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 175342","Kolbasov, G. A. (2009) Acrothoracica, burrowing crustaceans. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 452 pp.","Chan, B. K. K., Hsieh, W-P. & Kolbasov, G. A. (2014) Crustacean Fauna of Taiwan: Barnacles. Vol. III. Cirripedia: Acrothoracica. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 107 pp."]}

Family CRYPTOPHIALIDAE Gerstaecker, 1866 Cryptophialidae Gerstaecker, 1866: 534. Diagnosis. As for Cryptophialida. Remarks. Contains the genera Australophialus Tomlinson, 1969 and Cryptophialus Darwin, 1854 with five and 16 species, respectively. In South Africa, only Australophialus observed., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Gerstaecker, A. (1866 - 1879) Arthropoda. In: Winter, C. F. (Ed.), Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Vol. 5. C. F. Winter, Leipzig und Heidelberg, pp. 406 - 589.","Tomlinson, J. T. (1969) The burrowing barnacles (Cirripedia: Order Acrothoracica). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 296, 1 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.296.1","Darwin, C. (1854) A monograph on the sub-class Cirripedia. Vol. II. The Balanidae. In: Barrett, P. & Freeman, R. B. (Eds.), The Works of Charles Darwin. Vol. 12. New York University Press, Washington Square, New York, pp. vii - viii + 1 - 684, figs. 1 - 7."]}

Order LITHOGLYPTIDA Kolbasov, Newman & Høeg (Cited in Kolbasov, 2009) Lithoglyptida Kolbasov, Newman & Høeg in Kolbasov, 2009: 239.— Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov 2014: 12. Diagnosis. Females with wide aperture, sac-like mantle, operculum without a neck, with opercular bar less than aperture length, well-developed mouth cirri, large, saddle-like labrum and lack special gastric mill at end of stomach (Kolbasov, 2009; Chan, Kolbasov & Cheang, 2012; Chan, Hsieh & Kolbasov, 2014). Thorax without long dorsal processes. Burrow shape elongated. Males have surfaces with several cuticular denticles and lack mantle teeth. Cypris larvae with developed thorax and thoracopods with an unperforated carapace with fronto-lateral pores. Remarks. Consists of two families, the Lithoglyptidae and Trypetesidae. No members of the Trypetesidae known from South Africa (although reported from south-west of Madagascar)., Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Kolbasov, G. A. (2009) Acrothoracica, burrowing crustaceans. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 452 pp.","Chan, B. K. K., Hsieh, W-P. & Kolbasov, G. A. (2014) Crustacean Fauna of Taiwan: Barnacles. Vol. III. Cirripedia: Acrothoracica. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 107 pp.","Chan, B. K. K., Kolbasov, G. A. & Cheang, C. C. (2012) Cryptic diversity of the acrothoracican barnacle Armatoglyptes taiwanus in the Indo-Pacific waters, with description of a new species from the Mozambique Channel collected from the MAIN- BAZA cruise. Zoosystema, 34 (1), 5 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2012 n 1 a 1"]}

Balanodytes flexuosus (Chan, Kolbasov & Cheang, 2012) Figs 13, 14 Material examined. CLP14-4, Port Shepstone, Eastern Cape, August 2017, 1 specimen in Charonia lampas shell (specimen used for dissection). Diagnosis. Balanodytes with opercular bars with bifid teeth, posterior processes L-shaped, strongly bent/recurved at tip. Description. Female, mantle sac oval-shaped, narrowing below to opercular bars (figs 13, 14A). Length 1.65 mm, width 1.05 mm, opercular bars 500 µm in length, with row of bifid teeth and setae (fig. 14B). Posterior processes hook-like (anteriorly bent/recurved), L-shaped, with bifid teeth and setae along length (Figs 13, 14B). Comb collar with long, feather-like projections, fused at bases. Orificial knob distinct, with setae and simple or bifid teeth (fig. 14B). Lateral area below opercular bar covered with sparse, simple setae and rows of large, multifid scales. Feeble lateral bars. Burrow opening narrow, oval-shaped. Four pairs of terminal cirri and pair of two-segmented caudal appendages (fig. 14C, D). Mouth cirri with both rami three-segmented, with anterior ramus shorter than posterior ramus, both rami with plumose setae (fig. 14H). Labrum saddle-like, with small, blunt teeth on anterior margin (fig. 14E). Mandible with three large teeth, two smaller teeth close to lower margin, large notch between first and second teeth. Inferior angle with two sharp denticles and setae (fig. 14F). Maxillule with two long, sharp upper and single, smaller lower cuspidate setae. Notch with short, sharp seta, lower 2/3 of cutting edge with numerous short, sharp setae (fig. 14G). Maxilla triangular with setae on both exterior and interior margins. Mandibular palp trapezoidal, with simple setae along exterior margin. Hosts. Previously found in the coral Pavona sp. from Mozambique Channel (Chan, Kolbasov & Cheang, 2012). Collected in South Africa from Charonia lampas shell. Distribution. Originally described from Mozambique Channel (2611’00”S, 3501’00”E). Collected in South Africa only in Port Shepstone (3044’38.8”S, 3027’28.7”E). This is the first record of this species from South Africa. Remarks. Only one individual collected, found in association with Balanodytes sp. A, Published as part of Botha, Thomas P. A. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2021, South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), pp. 45-78 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on pages 63-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4635765, {"references":["Chan, B. K. K., Kolbasov, G. A. & Cheang, C. C. (2012) Cryptic diversity of the acrothoracican barnacle Armatoglyptes taiwanus in the Indo-Pacific waters, with description of a new species from the Mozambique Channel collected from the MAIN- BAZA cruise. Zoosystema, 34 (1), 5 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2012 n 1 a 1"]}

Hygrosoma petersii (A. Agassiz, 1880) Fig. 19 A–C. Phormosoma petersii: A. Agassiz, 1879: 76. Hygrosoma petersi: Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 220. Hygrosoma petersii: Mortensen, 1935: 202 –208. Pls. XIII–XVII. Pl. XVIII, Fig. 2. Pl. XIX, Fig. 2. Pl. LXXVIII, Figs I, 3–5, 24, 25; Schultz, 2011: 1099, Figs 1923–1924. Echinosoma petersii: H.L. Clark, 1925a: 56. Material examined. A9812-079-DT; A22124; A22219; A22248; A22251. Identification. Preserved test collapsed, with circular outline. Large oral tubercles with distinctive areoles, disappearing towards peristome. Pore-pairs in single series. Preserved test purple. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 180 mm. Global distribution. Widely distributed in North Atlantic from off South-West Ireland to Azores and Senegal and from off New Jersey, USA to West Indies, also reported from West coast of South Africa; at 200–3200 m depth range (Schultz 2011). Remarks. Clark & Courtman-Stock (1976) have flagged Clark’s (1923 & 1924) East coast record of the species as they point out it “is queried by Mortensen as unlikely to refer to this Atlantic species; at least one locality off Natal is duplicated by the British Museum specimen which proved to be referable to Sperosoma biseriatum ”. Differs from Araeosoma paucispinum in arrangement of pore-pairs, where Hygrosoma petersii has pore-pairs in a single series and A. paucispinum in oblique arcs forming three ventral series., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Agassiz, A. (1880) Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea in 1878 - 79, and along the Atlantic Coast of the United States during summer of 1880, by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer \" Blake \". IX. Preliminary report on the Echini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 8, 69 - 84.","Agassiz, A. (1879) Preliminary report on the Echini of the Exploring Expedition of H. M. S \" Challenger \". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Series, 6, 190 - 212.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Mortensen, T., (1935) A Monograph of the Echiniodea. II. Bothriocidarioda, Melonechinoida, Lepidocebtroida, and Stirodonta. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 647 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp."]}

Echinocardium capense Mortensen, 1907 Fig. 68 A���D. Echinocardium flavescens: A. Agassiz, 1881: 175; Bell, 1904: 174. Echinocardium capense: D��derlein, 1910:248; H.L. Clark, 1923: 405. Pl. XIII; H.L Clark, 1924: 15; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 232; Schultz, 2010: 416, Fig. 785. Material examined. MBC-A 022294; MBC-A 022303; MBC-A027879. Identification. Test oval, with short spines. Apical disc somewhat sunken, saddle-like in appearance. Anterior aboral ambulacra flushed; petals not widened at short internal fasciole, parallel. Anal fasciole and subanal fasciole joined. Preserved specimen brown. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 50 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to West and South coasts of South Africa, at 55���310 m depth (D��derlein 1910; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976). Remarks. According to David & Laurin (1996), this species has been synonymized with the Mediterranean E. mortenseni and the Japanese E. lymani, however, Mironov (2006) has suggested that more information on pedicellarial variation amongst these species is needed before such conclusions are confirmed. We thus retain it for the present as a valid species., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1907) The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. Vol. 4. No. 2. Echinoidea. Part 2. Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, 200 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","David, B. & Laurin, B. (1996) Morphometrics and cladistics: measuring phylogeny in the sea urchin Echinocardium. Evolution, 50 (1), 348 - 359.","Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic; onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133."]}

Temnopleurus reevesii (Gray, 1855) Fig 38 A–B. Temnopleurus reevesi: Döderlein, 1906: 200 –201. Pl XXV, Figs 3–6. Pl. XLVI, Fig. 7; Döderlein, 1910: 247; H.L. Clark, 1923: 381; H.L. Clark, 1924:6; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 81; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 232 –233. Temnopleurus reevesii: Mortensen, 1904: 62 –64. Pl. VI, Figs 3, 10, 12. Pl. VII, fig. 37; Schultz, 2010: 172, Figs 319–322. Temnopleurus (Toreumatica) reevesii: Mortensen, 1943a: 92 –94. Pl. III, Figs. 1–2, 12, 16–20. Material examined. MBC-A 022805; MBC-A077818. Identification. Naked test greenish aborally, naked zones darker, white orally. Suranal plate conspicuously large, genital plates having ring of tubercles on inner parts; pits broad or shallow below primary spines, and sometimes angular at edges of plate. Spines appearing brown with green tints Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 35 mm. Global distribution. Japan to China Sea, through Malayan Archipelago to East Africa (Clark & Rowe 1971; Schultz 2010), South and East coast regions of South Africa at 5–565 m depth (Schultz 2010)., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1855) Catalogue of the Recent Echinida, or Sea Eggs: in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Echinida Irregularia. Woodfall & Kinder, London, 69 pp.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1904) The Danish Expedition to Siam 1899 - 1900. III. Echinoidea (1). Kongelige Danske Videnskabelige Selskabs, Skrifter, 7, 1 - 124.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1943 a). A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 2. Camarodonta. I. Orthopsidae, Glyphocyphidae, Temnopleuridae and Toxopneustidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 553 pp.","Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 238."]}

Araeosoma paucispinum H.L. Clark, 1925c Fig. 18 A���C. Araeosoma paucispinum H.L. Clark, 1924: 4. Pl. II; Mortensen, 1935: 251 ���254. Pls. XLI���XLII. Pl. LXXIX, Figs 1���9; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 219; A.M. Clark, 1977: 133; Schultz, 2011: 1081, Fig. 1887. Material examined. MBC-A 022777; MBC-A 022814; MBC-A023304; MBC-A 022221. Identification. Test of live specimen high with circular outline. Apical plates small and widely spaced; madreporite divided into two or more parts, in some cases extending over some of the periproctal plates. Secondary ambulacra plates reduced to tablet around pore-pairs, slightly horizontal arcs. Tridentate pedicellariae with strongly involute, curved valves absent. Live specimen dark violet, when preserved reddish in color. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 135 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to East coast region of South Africa, at 360���454 m depth (Clark & Courtman- Stock 1976). Remarks. Specimens in very poor condition, making it difficult to report on tubercles and some other structures., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Clark, H. L. (1925 c) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Part I: Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey Report, 4, 1 - 16.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Mortensen, T., (1935) A Monograph of the Echiniodea. II. Bothriocidarioda, Melonechinoida, Lepidocebtroida, and Stirodonta. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 647 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Clark, A. M. (1977) The South African Museum's Meiring Naude cruises. 4. Echinoderms. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (6), 133 - 147.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp."]}

Histocidaris elegans (A. Agassiz, 1879) Fig. 5 A–B. Porocidaris elegans: A. Agassiz, 1881: 40. Pl. III, Pl. XXXVIII, Figs 12–16, Pl. XLIV, Figs 6–14. Histocidaris elegans: Döderlein, 1906: 117 –120. Pl. XIII, Figs 1–3, Pl. XL, Fig. 3; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 37 –38; Mortensen, 1928: 72–77. Pls. I, Figs 1–5, Pl. II, Figs 1–3, Pl. LXVIII, Fig. 6, Pl. LXXV, Fig. 16, Pl. LXXVI, Figs 9–13; Clark & Courtman- Stock, 1976: 215–216; Schultz, 2010: 29, Fig. 49. Material examined. None, entry based on literature (A22212). Identification. Test with stout, rigid and round outline with smaller peristome found at the opposite pole of the periproct. Large sparsely-tuberculated apical disc, with ocular plates being exsert. Primary spines long, thin, serrated orally, numerous scrobicular spines. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 67 mm. Global distribution. South Japan to South Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, 200–2000 m depth (Schultz 2010). Remark. Represented by one sample (SAMC-A 22212) in the Iziko collection, but this specimen lacks any associated data. It thus seems likely that that specimen is the same one reported on, without locality data, by Mortensen (1932). This species thus remains a dubious record for South Africa and more samples are needed to document its true distribution in South African waters., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Agassiz, A. (1879) Preliminary report on the Echini of the Exploring Expedition of H. M. S \" Challenger \". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Series, 6, 190 - 212.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1932 b) New contributions to the knowledge of the cidarids. 1. Notes on some recent cidarids (echinoderms, echinoids, taxonomy). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 145 - 174."]}

Gymnopatagus magnus A. Agassiz & H.L. Clark, 1907c Fig. 72 A���C. G ymnopatagus magnus: Mortensen, 1951: 447 ���449. Pl. XXVI, Figs 7���9. Pl. XXVII, Figs 8���10. Pl. LXI, Figs 19���26; A.M. Clark, 1977 *: 139, 145���146; Schultz, 2010: 693, Figs 1176���1179. Material examined. MBC-A 022887 Identification. Test heart-shaped, relatively low, highest at apical disc, sloping towards posterior end; somewhat distally closed petals. Preserved specimen yellowish, denuded test light brown. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 111 mm. Global distribution. Japan to Indian Ocean, East coast of South Africa; at 730���2350 m depth (Schultz 2010). Remarks. Distinguished from Spatagobrissus mirabilis by its frontal notch., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 62-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Agassiz, A. & Clark, H. L. (1907 c) Preliminary report on the Echini collected in 1906, from May to December, among the Aleutian Islands, in Bering Sea, and along the coasts of Kamchatka, Saghalin, Korea, and Japan, by U. S. Fish Commission steamer \" Albatross \", in charge of Lieut. - Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S. N., commanding. B ulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 51, 107 - 139.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Clark, A. M. (1977) The South African Museum's Meiring Naude cruises. 4. Echinoderms. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (6), 133 - 147.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp."]}

Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816) Fig. 32 A–C. Stomopneustes variolaris: Alcock & Anderson, 1894: 193; Döderlein, 1910: 248; Mortensen, 1935: 507 –512. Pl. LXXI, Figs 3–5. Pl. LXXII, Figs 1–2. Pl. LXXXIX, Figs 16–26; H.L. Clark, 1923: 378; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 68; Clark & Courtman- Stock, 1976: 228; Richmond, 1997: 296; Samyn, 2003: 208, Fig. 4 A; Branch et al., 2010: 234, Fig. 105.3; Schultz, 2010: 114, Figs 203–206. Material examined. MBC-A023321; MBC-A077791; MBC-A077790. Identification. Test hard, robust; arched aborally, flattened orally; outline circular; denuded test white. Spines striated, stout, fusiform, black in color. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 110 mm. Global distribution. Widely distributed in Indo-Pacific, from East coast region of South Africa through East Africa to Samoa Islands, from Japan to north Australia and New Caledonia; littoral (Mortensen 1935; Schultz 2010)., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la d´etermination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp.","Alcock, A. & Anderson, A. R. S. (1894) Natural history notes from HM Indian marine survey steamer '' Investigator' ', commander CF Oldham, RN, commanding. Series II, No. 14. An account of a recent collection of deep sea Crustacea from the Bay of Bengal and Laccadive Sea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 63, 141 - 185.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Mortensen, T., (1935) A Monograph of the Echiniodea. II. Bothriocidarioda, Melonechinoida, Lepidocebtroida, and Stirodonta. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 647 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Richmond, M. D. (1997) A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, 448 pp.","Branch, G. M., Griffiths, C. L., Branch, M. L. & Beckley, L. (2010) Two Oceans: a Guide to the Marine Life of southern Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 456 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp."]}

Brissopsis lyrifera capensis Mortensen, 1907 Fig. 65 A–D. Brissopsis lyrifera: A. Agassiz, 1881: 189; Bell, 1904: 175; Döderlein, 1906: 256 –258. Pl. XXXIV, Figs 4–8, Pl. XLIX, Figs 1– 2; H.L. Clark, 1923: 401; H.L. Clark, 1924: 12 –13; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 213 –214; Mortensen, 1951: 387 –389. Pls. XXX, Figs. 1–4, 7–13, Pl. XXXII, Figs 15, 20, 22; Pl. LVII, Fig. 15; Schultz, 2010: 381, Figs 720–721. Brissopsis lyrifera var capensis: Döderlein, 1910: 248. Brissopsis lyrifera capensis: Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 249. Material examined. MBC-A077919; MBC-A077927; MBC-A077910; MBC-A077917; MBC-A077928; MBC- A077923; MBC-A077932; MBC-A077915; MBC-A077914; MBC-A077924; MBC-A077916; MBC-A077930; MBC-A077921; MBC-A077926; MBC-A 022334; MBC-A 022335; MBC-A 022337; MBC-A 022338; MBC- A 022339; MBC-A 022347; MBC-A023305; MBC-A027735; MBC-A077922; MBC-A077912; MBC-A077921; MBC-A077925; MBC-A077918; MBC-A077913; MBC-A077913; MBC-A077911; A23073; A23087; MBC- A077929; MBC-A077931; A23083. Identification. Test heart-shaped; petals straight and divergent. Petals with reduced inner pores. Anterior ambulacrum with differentiated pores, associated with tube feet. Apical disc ethmolytic, with four gonopores. Peripetalous and bilobed subanal fascioles present; apical disc being sub-central; sternal plates tuberculated. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 70 mm. Global distribution. Eastern Atlantic from Norway to Iceland, along European coasts of Mediterranean and southward to Canary Islands and West Africa (Mortensen, 1951; Schultz 2010) at 5–1400 m (Döderlein 1910; Mortensen 1951; Schultz 2010), West and East coast regions of South Africa, Remarks. Samples identified through this study extend previously known distribution eastwards towards Richards Bay and Sodwana Bay. According to Mortensen (1951) there are variations in the size of the posterior petals amongst South African and Atlantic-Mediterranean species. Thus B. lyrifera (Forbes 1841) was separated into two subspecies B. lyrifera capensis (South African subspecies) and B. lyrifera lyrifera (Atlantic- Mediterranean subspecies), Furthermore, B. lyrifera capensis has pedicellariae densely packed in the posterior ambulacrum and around the peristome, seldom on the aboral side; whereas pedicellariae are found on the aboral side in the midline of the interambulacrum, in the case of B. lyrifera lyrifera., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1907) The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. Vol. 4. No. 2. Echinoidea. Part 2. Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, 200 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Forbes, E. A. (1841) A History of British Starfishes and other Animals of the Class Echinodermata. John van Voorst, London, 267 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2129"]}

Trigonocidaris monolini A. Agassiz, 1879 Fig. 41 A���B. Orechinus monolini: D��derlein, 1906: 196 ���198. Pl. XXV, Fig. 1. Pl. XXXV, Fig. 6. Pl. XLVI, Fig. 5; D��derlein, 1910: 247; H.L. Clark, 1912: 300 ���301; H.L. Clark, 1923: 383; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 230 ���231. Orechinus monoli: Mortensen, 1943a: 330 ���333. Pls. XVI, Figs. 23���29; Figs. 1���10. Trigonocidaris monolini: Schultz, 2011: 1242, Figs 2199���2200. Material examined. None, entry based on literature. Identification. Tubercles encircling apical disc, gonopores on elevated ridges. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 14 mm. Global distribution. Hawaii through Malayan region and Kermadec Island to South coast of South Africa, at 318 ��� 2300 m depth (Schultz 2011). Remarks. Single record off South coast region (Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976), which is not represented in Iziko Museum collection. Similar South African distribution range as T. nitidus, but T. monolini has a tuberculated apical disc and T. nitidus a smooth one., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Agassiz, A. (1879) Preliminary report on the Echini of the Exploring Expedition of H. M. S \" Challenger \". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Series, 6, 190 - 212.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Clark, H. L. (1912) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. The Pedinidae, Phymosomatidae, Stomopneustidae, and Echinometridae.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1943 a). A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 2. Camarodonta. I. Orthopsidae, Glyphocyphidae, Temnopleuridae and Toxopneustidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 553 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp."]}

* Eucidaris metularia (Lamarck, 1816) Fig. 6 A–C. Genocidaris metularia: A. Agassiz, 1863: 17. Cidaris metularia: A. Agassiz, 1872: 98, 254, 385. Pl. I, Figs 23–24, Pl. XXXV, Fig. 3. Cidarites (Gymnocidaris) metularia: Bell, 1904: 138; Döderlein, 1906: 101. Eucidaris metularia: H.L. Clark, 1925a: 20; H.L. Clark, 1923: 370; H.L. Clark 1925: 20; Mortensen, 1928a: 386. Pl. XLI, Figs 1–8, Pl. LXXIII, Fig. 6. Pl. LXXXVI, Figs 11–14; Richmond, 1997: 295 –296; Samyn, 2003: 197, Fig. 2 A; Schultz, 2010: 36, Figs 61–63; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 48, 50). Pl. I, Fig. A. Material examined. MBC-A 022206; MBC-A 022233; SAMC-A28199; SAMC-A28200; SAMC-A28201; SAMC-A28202; SAMC-A28203; SAMC-A23712; SAMC-A28204; SAMC-A28205; SAMC-A28206; SAMC- A28226; SAMC-A28227; SAMC-A28228; SAMC-A28237; SAMC-A28238; SAMC-A28239; SAMC-A28240. Identification. Test with well-defined plate outline, conspicuous apical disc, flat or evenly sunken, naked ocular usually exsert, but in some cases ocular I, IV and V may be insert; apical disc smaller than protruding peristome. Interporiferous zone of ambulacra somewhat naked. Spines short, stout, distally crown-shaped and sometimes tapered, distinctively banded, with longitudinal ridges distally. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 30 mm. Global distribution. Mozambique, East coast region of South Africa (Filander & Griffiths 2014), and Red Sea to Fiji, Gilbert and Hawaiian Islands, and from South Japan to north coast of Australia, at 5 – 570 m depth (Mortensen 1928a; Schultz 2010). Remarks. Marshall & Hodgons (1991) reported on a specimen collected in Presley Bay housed in the East London Museum, but gives no accession number for it. Seven records have been logged in the Royal Museum of Central Africa database and these form part of the samples collected by Samyn & Thandar (2003). Mortensen (1928a) highlights variations within the species, which include spines of some specimens being stout and blunt, whereas in other cases spines are fusiform, latter usually a feature of deep-water specimens. Moreover, color variation amongst adults and juveniles may also exist; young specimens being more vividly colored than adults. The number of longitudinal ridges may also vary with age, being greater in adults than in juveniles. However, none of the above variations where observed in specimens analysed by the authors., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la d´etermination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1863) List of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1, 253 - 308.","Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 3, 1 - 378.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Richmond, M. D. (1997) A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, 448 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56.","Marshall, D., Hodgson, A. & Pretorius, R. (1991) New southern geographical records of intertidal sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), with notes on abundance. South African Journal of Zoology, 26 (4), 204 - 205.","Samyn, Y. & Thandar, A. S. (2003) Towards an understanding of the shallow-water echinoderm biodiversity of KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa. Echinoderm Research, 2001, 41 - 47."]}

Sperosoma biseriatum Döderlein, 1901 Fig. 20 A–C. Sperosoma biseriatum: Döderlein, 1906: 150 –153. Pl. XIX, Fig. I. Pl. XL, Fig. I; Mortensen, 1935: 191 –193. Pl. XI, Figs 1–2. Pl. LXXVI, Fig. 13; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 221; Schultz, 2011: 1102, Figs 1930–1931. Echinosoma petersii: H.L. Clark, 1923:375; 1924:5. Material examined. None, entry based on the literature. Identification. Preserved test fragile, with irregularly arranged tubercles, larger tubercles restricted to ambitus. Pore-pairs in oblique/horizontal arcs, forming three ventral series. Preserved specimen reddish-brown. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 120 mm. Global distribution. East Africa and Arabian Sea, East coast region of South Africa, at 800–1020 m depth (Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976). Remarks. Mortensen (1935) reports on specimens from the “ South African Marine Survey ” but neglects to give locality data. Record of species in Natal is based on Mortensen (1935) suspecting Clark’s (1925) Echinosoma petersii entries to be S. biseriatum (Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976). Unfortunately, there is no specimen of this species in the Iziko Museum, thus we were unable to verify this record. Differs from Hygrosoma petersii in that the tubercles diminish in size towards mouth, rather than totally disappearing., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Doderlein, L. (1901) Diagnosen einiger von der Valdivia-Expedition gesammelter Seeigel-Arten aus dem Indischen Ocean. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 23, 9 - 23.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Mortensen, T., (1935) A Monograph of the Echiniodea. II. Bothriocidarioda, Melonechinoida, Lepidocebtroida, and Stirodonta. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 647 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435."]}

* Plococidaris verticillata (Lamarck, 1816) Fig. 15 A–C. Phyllacanthus verticillata: A. Agassiz, 1881: 40. Plococidaris verticillata: Mortensen, 1928a: 428 –433. Pl. LI, Figs 3–7. Pl. LXXIV, Fig. 5. Pl. LXXXIII, Figs 19–21; Schultz, 2010: 50, Figs 88–92; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 51. Pl. I, Fig. F. Prionocidaris verticillata: H.L. Clark, 1925a: 17; Richmond, 1997: 294; Samyn, 2003: 200, Figs 2 E, E’. Material examined. SAMC-A28236. Identification. Test robust, low and flattened above and below, with arched sides; pores not distinctively conjugate. Apical disc star-shaped, dark, ocular and genital plates with a series of tubercles along the outer and inner edge. Peristome conically raised. Primary spines with three to four crown-like structures, with sharp ends; scrobicular spines adpressed. Generally green/brownish in color, primary spines somewhat banded, whorls having white tips; secondary spines greenish with a light brown base. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 40 mm. Global distribution. Kenya (Samyn 2003), Zanzibar, East coast of South Africa (Filander & Griffiths 2014), East Africa to Fiji and Hawaiian Islands, from southern Japan to Australian east coast; from littoral to 50 m (Schultz 2010). Remarks. Distinguishable from Acanthocidaris maculicollis by its stout spines, bearing 3–4 crown structures, and its conically raised peristome., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la d´etermination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Richmond, M. D. (1997) A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, 448 pp."]}

Brisaster capensis (Studer, 1880) Fig. 74 A–D. Schizaster fragilis: A. Agassiz, 1881: 201 –202; Bell, 1904: 175 Brisaster fragilis: H.L. Clark, 1923 *: 399–400. Pl. XIII; H.L. Clark, 1924: 12; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 206 –207. Brisaster capensis: Döderlein, 1910: 248; Mortensen, 1951: 286 –288. Pl XXV, Figs 4–10; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 248; Schultz, 2010: 791, Fig. 1367. Material examined. MBC-A077984; MBC-A077985; A 22295; MBC-A077983; A22333; MBC-A077986. Identification. Test low, heart-shaped, truncated posteriorly, with distinctive anterior groove; genital pores three. Marginal and peripetalous fascioles well developed. Global maximum size. Maximum length 50 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to West coast of South Africa, at 122–400 m depth (Döderlein 1910; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976)., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 64-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Studer, T. (1880) Ubersicht uber die wahrend der Reise SMS \" Gazelle \" um die Erde. 1874 - 76 gesammelten Echinoiden. Monatsbericht der Koniglich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1880, 861 - 885.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp."]}

Schizaster lacunosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fig. 75 A–D. Schizaster ventricosus: A. Agassiz, 1872 –1874: 158, 614. Schizaster japonicus: A. Agassiz, 1881: 202, Pl. XXXVI, Figs 8–13. Pl. XLIII, Fig. 26. Pl. LXV, Figs 7–10; Döderlein, 1906: 254. Schizaster lacunosus: H.L. Clark, 1924: 12; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 210; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 248. Ova (Aplospatangus) lacunosus: Schultz, 2010: 443, Fig. 826. Material examined. MBC-A 022232; MBC-A 022888; MBC-A 022889; MBC-A023318; MBC-A027744; MBC- A027745; MBC-A077988; MBC-A077987; MBC-A077767; MBC-A077990; MBC-A077989. Identification. Test heart-shaped, pointed towards the end, very high posteriorly, with indented anterior ambulacra, adjoining interambulacra rising as vertical wall covering frontal pore-pairs, posterior interambulacra keeled forming a hook above periproct; genital pores two. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 82 mm. Global distribution. Japan, East Coast of Africa extending to South coast of South Africa, Northeast Australia (Mortensen 1951), at 5–198 m depth. Remarks. Samples identified through this study extend previously known distribution southwards to off Port Elizabeth; and illustrate that species may be found in deeper waters of 198 m than the previously thought 90 m. Very similar to Brisaster capensis, but differs in number of gonopores, of which S. lacunosus has two and B. capensis three. Other differences that distinguish the two species are the posterior keel and the two vertical walls formed by the adjoining anterior interambulacra in S. lacunosus. Schultz (2010) reported this species as Ova (Aplospatangus) lacunosus on the basis of fossil type known to have four gonopores, thus resulting in the genus Schizaster being synonymized with Paraster and species with two gonopores being transferred to genus Ova. However, this change has not been implemented on the WED database and this study follows the taxonomic naming of the WED database., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 3, 1 - 378.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp."]}

* Astropyga radiata (Leske, 1778) Fig. 25 A–C. Astropyga radiata: Alcock & Anderson, 1984: 192; Mortensen, 1904: 18 –22. Pl. III, Figs 15, 19. Pl. IV, Figs 9, 17. Pl. V. Fig. 27; H.L. Clark, 1923: 373; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 46 –47; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 224; Richmond, 1997: 296; Samyn, 2003: 201, Figs 2 F, F’, F”; Schultz, 2010: 88, Figs 157–161; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 52. Pl. I, Fig. I. Material examined. MBC-A 022214; SAMC-A28211. Identification. Test red, with v-shaped, naked interambulacra zones aborally, with dark spots, shinning blue in live animal; pore-pairs almost in contact orally, distant aborally; madreporite extending into interambulacra. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 118 mm. Global distribution. East coast region of South Africa (Filander & Griffiths 2014). Kenya (Samyn 2003), Zanzibar to Queensland, Australia, and Hawaiian Islands; littoral to 60 m depth (Schultz 2010). Remarks. Spines of adults and juveniles vary in colour, juvenile spines banded white and purplish-brown and those of adults a uniform color., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Leske, N. G. (1778) Jacobi Theodori Klein naturalis disposition echinodermatum..., edita et Identificationibus novisque inventis et synonomis auctorem aucta. Addimenta ad I. T. Klein naturalem dispositionem Echinodermatum. G. E. Beer, Leipzig, 278 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1904) The Danish Expedition to Siam 1899 - 1900. III. Echinoidea (1). Kongelige Danske Videnskabelige Selskabs, Skrifter, 7, 1 - 124.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Richmond, M. D. (1997) A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, 448 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56."]}

Bathysalenia phoinissa (A. Agassiz & H.L. Clark, 1908) Fig. 31 A–C. Salenia phoenissa: Döderlein, 1910: 247, 256–257. Salenia phoinissa: Mortensen, 1935: 377 –379. Pl. LXXXIV, Fig. 1; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 227. Bathysalenia phoinissa: Schultz, 2011: 1170, Fig. 2065. Material examined. MBC-A077789; MBC-A077788; MBC-A077787; SAMC-A22266; SAMC-A22291. Identification. Test small, low hemispherical with flat apical disc. Apical disc large, with dark v-shaped structures below genital plates and above oculars, suranal plate distinctive. Primary spines very long, slender and ridged yellow, with red bands. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 11 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to South and East coast regions of South Africa (Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976; Schultz 2011), at 100–150 m depth. Remarks. Specimens identified through this study extend previously known distribution from Mossel Bay/ Knysna area, northwards towards the Durban area. Also a 48 m depth extension from the previously known maximum depth of 102 m (Döderlein 1910; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976) to 150 m.

* Echinometra oblonga (Blainville, 1825) Fig. 48 A–B. Echinometra oblonga: A. Agassiz, 1863: 21; A. Agassiz, 1872 –1874: 116, 433. Pl. XXXVI, Fig. 5; H.L. Clark, 1912: 373 –374; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 144; Schultz, 2011: 1276, Fig. 2275; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 53. Pl. II, Fig. C. Echinometra mathei oblonga: Mortensen, 1943: 393 –395. Pl. XLVIII, Figs 1–20. Material examined. None, entry based on literature. Identification. Closely related to Echinometra mathaei, difficult to distinguish the two with just morphological characters. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 90 mm. Global distribution. East coast region of South Africa (Filander & Griffiths 2014). East Africa, Mauritius and Maldives through to Philippines, Indonesia and New Guinea to Okinawa, Guam and Hawaii, plus south Pacific Islands; strictly littoral (Schultz 2011). Remarks. Previously recognized as a morph of E. mathaei (Mortensen 1943); however subsequent genetic (Palumbi and Metz 1991, Landry et al. 2003), reproductive (Rahman & Uehara 2004) and ecological (Nishihira et al. 1991) studies led to recognition of the two as separate species (Kroh & Mooi 2015). Maher (2011) documents E. oblonga in South African waters for the first time., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 44-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Blainville, H. M. D. (1825) Oursin, Echinus (Actinozoaires.). In: Levrault, F. G. (Eds.), Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. F. G. Levrault & Le Normant, Strasbourg & Paris, pp. 59 - 98.","Agassiz, A. (1863) List of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1, 253 - 308.","Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 3, 1 - 378.","Clark, H. L. (1912) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. The Pedinidae, Phymosomatidae, Stomopneustidae, and Echinometridae.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56.","Mortensen, T. (1943 a). A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 2. Camarodonta. I. Orthopsidae, Glyphocyphidae, Temnopleuridae and Toxopneustidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 553 pp.","Palumbi, S. R. & Metz, E. C. (1991) Strong reproductive isolation between closely related tropical sea urchins (genus Echinometra). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 8 (2), 227 - 239.","Landry, C., Geyer, L., Arakaki, Y., Uehara, T. & Palumbi, S. R. (2003) Recent speciation in the Indo - West Pacific: rapid evolution of gamete recognition and sperm morphology in cryptic species of sea urchin. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 270 (1526), 1839 - 1847. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2003.2395","Rahman, M. A. & Uehara, T. (2004) Interspecific hybridization and backcrosses between two sibling species of Pacific sea urchins (genus Echinometra) on Okinawan intertidal reefs. Zoological Studies-Taipei, 43 (1), 93 - 111.","Nishihira, M., Sato, Y., Arakaki, Y. & Tsuchiya, M. (1991) Ecological distribution and habitat preference of four types of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei on the Okinawan coral reefs. In: Yanagisawa, T., Yasumasu, I., Oguro, C., Suzuki, N. & Motokawa, T. (Eds.), Biology of Echinodermata. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 91 - 104.","Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2015) World Echinoidea Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / echinoidea (accessed 11 April 2015)","Maher, J., (2011) The phylogeographic population structure of the oval urchin, Echinometra mathaei in KwaZulu-Natal. Unpublished Master thesis. University of KwaZulu-Natal."]}

Trigonocidaris nitidus (Döderlein, 1905) Fig. 40 A–B. Lamprechinus nitidus: Döderlein, 1910: 247; H.L. Clark 1923: 383; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 230. Lamprechinus nitidus: Mortensen, 1943a: 335 –336. Trigonocidaris nitidus: Schultz, 2011: 1243, Figs 2201–2202. Material examined. None, entry based on literature. Identification. Test small, low hemispherical; denuded test white to creamish. Spines relatively short, somewhat serrated, also cream to white in color. Global maximum size. Maximum diameter 15 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to South Africa, at 500 m depth (Döderlein 1910; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976; Schultz 2011). Remarks. Single record off South coast region of South Africa (Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976). Not represented in the Iziko Museum collection., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Doderlein, L. (1905) Ueber Seeigel der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Z oologischer Anzeiger, 282, 621 - 624.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1943 a). A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 2. Camarodonta. I. Orthopsidae, Glyphocyphidae, Temnopleuridae and Toxopneustidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 553 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp."]}

Diadema savignyi (Audouin, 1809) Fig. 27 A–B. Diadema savignyi: H.L. Clark, 1925a: 43; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 225; Coleman et al., 1991: 169; Samyn, 2003: 201, Fig. 2 g; Schultz, 2010: 102, Figs 183–186. Material examined. MBC-A023308. Identification. Maximum of five interambulacra tubercles, in horizontal series. Blue iridescent lines along aboral plates, interambulacra with white spots; anal cone black. Spines black, banded in juveniles. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 100 mm. Global distribution. Kenya (Samyn, 2003), Red Sea to East coast of South Africa, eastwards to Easter Islands, from Japan to Australia; littoral to 70 m depth (Schultz 2010). Remarks. Unlike Chaetodiadema africanum, aboral interambulacra area is not distinctively naked., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Audouin, V. (1809) Explication sommaire des planches d'Echinoderms de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par J. C. Savigny, membre de l'Institut; offrant un expose des caracteres naturels des genres avec la distinction des especes, par Victor Audouin. In: J. C. de Savigny, Identification de l'Egypte ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'Expedition de l'Armee Francaise, publie par les ordres de sa majeste l'empereur Napoleon le Grand. Histoire naturelle, Tome premier, Quatrieme Partie: Explication sommaire des planches dont les dessins ont ete fournis par M. J. Savigny, pour l'histoire naturelle de l'ouvrage. L'Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris, 203 - 212.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Coleman, N., Bennett, I., Campbell, A. & Hadfield, M. (1991) Encyclopedia of Marine Animals. Blandford, London, 324 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp."]}

Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant, 1777) Fig. 69 A–E. Amphidotus cordatus: Forbes, 1841: 190 –193. Echinocardium cordatum: A. Agassiz, 1872: 109; 349. Pl. XIX, Figs 10–17. Pl. XX, Figs 5–7; Döderlein, 1910: 248; H.L. Clark, 1923 *: 405. Pl. XIII; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 232 –233; Mortensen, 1951: 152 –157. Pl. XVIII, Figs 6, 7. (1–3, 8); Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 251 –252; Schultz, 2010: 411 –412, Figs 772–774; Branch et al., 2010: 236, Fig. 106.5. Echinocardium australe. A. Agassiz, 1872 –74: 109; 580. Pl. XXXVII, Fig. 15; Bell, 1904: 174. Material examined. MBC-A077941; MBC-A 022287; MBC-A 022288; MBC-A 022289; MBC-A 022293; MBC- A023309; MBC-A023402; MBC-A027879; MBC-A077955; MBC-A077956; MBC-A077959; MBC-A077963; MBC-A077961; MBC-A077962; MBC-A077958; MBC-A077957; MBC-A077960; MBC-A077954; A27739; A6457; MBC-A077965; MBC-A077966; MBC-A077967; MBC-A077968; MBC-A077969; MBC-A077970; MBC-A077971; MBC-A078006; A 22354; A 22355; MBC-A 022287; MBC-A 022288; MBC-A 022289; MBC- A 022293. Identification. Test moderately high, with deep anterior notch. Apical disc posteriorly positioned. Anterior ambulacrum distinctively sunken, two-series of irregularly arranged, large pores, associated with tube feet; paired petals sunken, wide at internal fasciole, tapering distally. Periproct opening at truncated end, variable in shape. Internal fasciole conspicuously long, subanal fasciole shield-shaped, with four pore-pairs, pointed at end; anal fasciole extending along periproct, onto upper side, separated from subanal fasciole. Spines uniform. Live specimen brownish, denuded test white. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 90 mm. Global distribution. From northern Norway along European coasts into Mediterranean and Morocco, South Africa, Japan, New Zealand and southern Australia; from littoral to 500 m (Döderlein 1910; Schultz 2010). Remarks. Samples identified through current study extend previously known distribution northwards towards Sodwana Bay. Differs from E. capense in large shield shape internal fasciole and frontal notch., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Pennant, T., (1777) British Zoology. Vol. 4. Crustacea, Mollusca, Testacea. Benjamin White, London, 156 pp.","Forbes, E. A. (1841) A History of British Starfishes and other Animals of the Class Echinodermata. John van Voorst, London, 267 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2129","Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 3, 1 - 378.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Branch, G. M., Griffiths, C. L., Branch, M. L. & Beckley, L. (2010) Two Oceans: a Guide to the Marine Life of southern Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 456 pp.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175."]}

Coelopleurus interruptus D��derlein, 1910 Fig 33 A���C. Coelopleurus floridanus: D��derlein, 1906: 181 ���182. Pl. XLV, Fig. 2. [misidentification] Coelopleurus floridanus var. interrupta: D��derlein, 1910: 247, 257���258. Coelopleurus interruptus: H.L. Clark, 1923: 379 ���381. Pl. XXI, Fig. 3; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 74; Mortensen, 1935: 626. Pl. LXXXVIII, Fig. 30; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 229; Schultz, 2010: 124. Material examined. MBC-A077792; MBC-A077793. Identification. Test low hemispherical, dark reddish, with naked interambulacra zone, which is brown with transverse light violet bands, white lateral borders. Spines long, fusiform, color greenish with red patches. Global maximum size. Maximum diameter 40 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to South Africa, at 55 ��� 140 m depth (Mortensen 1935; Clark & Courtman- Stock 1976). Remarks. Samples identified through current study extends previously known distribution of Mossel Bay/ Knysna and Port Elizabeth, northwards towards Durban., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T., (1935) A Monograph of the Echiniodea. II. Bothriocidarioda, Melonechinoida, Lepidocebtroida, and Stirodonta. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 647 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp."]}

* Lovenia elongata (Gray, 1825) Fig. 70 A–C. Lovenia elongata: A. Agassiz, 1872 –74: 139, 575. Pl. XIX, Figs 1–4, Pl. XXV, Fig. 3. Pl. XXVI, Fig. 35–36. Pl. XXXVII, Figs 18–19, Pl. XXXVIII, Figs 27–28; Alcock & Anderson, 1894: 195; Döderlein, 1906: 265. Pl. XLVIII, Fig. 5; Döderlein, 1910: 248; Mortensen, 1951: 97 –104. Pl. VII, Figs 1–10. Pl. VIII, Fig. I. Pl. XII, Fig. 5. Pl. XLVII, Figs 10–23; H.L. Clark, 1923: 404; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 230; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 252; Richmond, 1997: 300 –301; Schultz, 2010: 419, Fig. 789; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 55 –56. Pl. II, Fig. I. Material examined. SAMC-A28213; SAMC-A28215; SAMC-A28216; SAMC-A28219; A27738. Identification. Test delicate, elongated, conspicuous anterior notch. Apical disc subcentral, with four gonopores. Peristome kidney-shaped; labral plate narrow, elongated; sternal plates appearing naked, posteriorly tuberculated. Anterior ambulacrum somewhat indented, with pore-pairs differentiated; paired petals, wide at internal fasciole, narrowing towards distal ends. Primary tubercles large, with deep areoles. Periproct positioned at upper side of posterior invagination. Spines long, aboral ones particularly elongate and banded. Denuded test white, live specimen brown to reddish. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 85 mm. Global distribution. Red Sea along East African coast to Mozambique and East coast of South Africa, and from south Japan to east coast of Australia, from littoral to 183 m (Döderlein 1910; Mortensen 1951; Schultz 2010). South African records: Noted as a new South African record by Filander & Griffiths (2014), but in fact previously recorded by Döderlein (1910) from off Umhloti River (Natal) at 155–183 m. However, that historic record was not captured in Filander & Griffiths (2014). Remarks. May be mistaken for Eurypatagus parvituberculata, however, differs in having an anterior notch and deep aboral areoles., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 61-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1825) An attempt to divide the Echinida, or sea eggs, into natural families. Annals of Philosophy, 26, 423 - 431.","Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 3, 1 - 378.","Alcock, A. & Anderson, A. R. S. (1894) Natural history notes from HM Indian marine survey steamer '' Investigator' ', commander CF Oldham, RN, commanding. Series II, No. 14. An account of a recent collection of deep sea Crustacea from the Bay of Bengal and Laccadive Sea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 63, 141 - 185.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Richmond, M. D. (1997) A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, 448 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56."]}

* Metalia robillardi (de Loriol, 1876) Fig. 66 A–C. Metalia robillardi: Clark & Rowe, 1971: 166; Schultz, 2010: 394, Fig. 742; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 55. Pl. II, Fig. H. Material examined. SAMC-A28231. Identification. Large, oval test; anterior side steep, with deep notch. Apical disc anteriorly positioned, with four gonopores. Anterior ambulacra narrow, somewhat sunken, simple pore-pairs; anterior petals directed posteriorly, posterior petals more flexed. Oral side with short, narrow labrum, slightly covering peristome; large periproct at short posterior end. Subanal fasciole with five (to six) pores on either side. Preserved specimen white, with short spines. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 125 mm. Global distribution. East coast of South Africa, Australia, Mauritius, Réunion and Madagascar (Schultz 2010); at 2–50 m depth. Remarks. Records collected in this study show that this species inhabits deeper waters than the previously reported 14 m (Filander & Griffiths 2014). Distinguished from Brissopsis lyrifera capensis by anterior part of test distinctively raised; by anterior petals being directed downwards and by white color., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Loriol, P. de. (1876) Echinodermes. Memoires de la Societe de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve, 24, 59 - 673.","Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 238.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56."]}

Echinocyamus elegans Mazzetti, 1893 Fig. 60 A���D. Echinocyamus elegans: H.L. Clark, 1923 *: 393���394; Mortensen, 1948d: 184���185. Pl. XLVI, Figs 29���31; Clark & Courtman- Stock, 1976: 242; Schultz, 2009: 558, Fig. 954.d. Material examined. MBC-A 022304; MBC-A 022305; MBC-A 022306; MBC-A 022307; MBC-A 022308; MBC- A 022309; MBC-A 022310; MBC-A 022311; MBC-A 022312; MBC-A 022313; MBC-A 022314. Identification. Test convex aborally, concave orally; petals well-developed, almost extending to ambitus, pores large, maximum of eight pore-pairs, conspicuous, pore zones as wide as interporiferous zones, not meeting distally. Specimen white. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 6 mm. Global distribution. Red Sea to West and East coast regions of South Africa; at 110 ��� 275 m depth (Mortensen 1948d; Schultz 2009). Remarks. Samples from the Iziko Museum collection extend distribution westwards towards Saldanha Bay., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Mazzetti, (1893) Catalogo degli Echinidi del Mar Rosso, Atti della Societa dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena, 12 (3), 238 - 243.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Mortensen, T., (1948 d) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IV. 2. Clypeasteroidea. Arachnoididae, Fibulariidae, Laganidae and Scutellidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, pp. 471.","Schultz, H. (2009) Sea-Urchins II, Worldwide Irregular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 849 pp."]}

Prionocidaris pistillaris (Lamarck, 1816) Fig. 16 A–C. Prionocidaris pistillaris: A. Agassiz, 1863: 18; Mortensen, 1928a: 452 –456. Pl. XLIX. Pl. L. Pl. LI, Fig. 1. Pl. LXXIII, Fig. 18. Pl. LXXXVI, Figs 20–21; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 216 –217; Richmond, 1997: 295; Samyn, 2003: 200, Figs 2 D, D’, D”; Branch et al., 2010: 236, Fig. 106.1; Schultz, 2010: 61, Fig. 111. Cidaris sp.: Bell, 1904: 168. Prionocidaris baculosa: H.L. Clark, 1923 *: 370. Pl. XIII; H.L. Clark, 1924: 1. Prionocidaris baculosa var. lineata var. nov.: H.L. Clark, 1925a: 14. Material examined. MBC-A023316; A22665; MBC-A077765; MBC-A077770; MBC-A077780; MBC- A077761; MBC-A077755; MBC-A077754; MBC-A077764; A23724; MBC-A077753; MBC-A077751; MBC- A077756; MBC-A077752; MBC-A077760; MBC-A077763; MBC-A077762; MBC-A077769; MBC-A077759; MBC-A077766; MBC-A077758; MBC-A077757; MBC-A077757. Identification. Test circular, tubercles not crenulated, pores distinctively conjugated. Apical disc tuberculated, tubercles along inner edge of genital plates appearing larger, oculars insert. Well-developed peristome. Primary spines uniformly set with thorns, becoming small towards end of the shaft; collar striped. Scrobicular spines having rounded point, miliary rather adpressed. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 60 mm. Global distribution. Kenya (Samyn 2003), Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar and East Africa from Tanzania to East coast of South Africa (Schultz 2010); from littoral to 200 m depth. Remarks. Iziko Museum samples identified through this study document a 109 m depth extension from the previously known maximum depth of 91 m, to 200 m. Adults and juveniles differ in appearance, juveniles having fewer spines and being more vivid in color (Branch et al. 2010). Species similar to Plococidaris verticillata in oculars being insert, distinguished from one another in the spines, where P. verticillata has distinct whorls and P. pistillaris has a striped collar., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la d´etermination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1863) List of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1, 253 - 308.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Richmond, M. D. (1997) A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, 448 pp.","Branch, G. M., Griffiths, C. L., Branch, M. L. & Beckley, L. (2010) Two Oceans: a Guide to the Marine Life of southern Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 456 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp."]}

Tropholampas loveni (Studer, 1880) Fig. 54 A–C. Tropholampas loveni: H.L. Clark, 1923 *: 395–397; Mortensen, 1948d: 342 –343. Pl. I, Figs 15–21. Pl. XII, Figs 2–4, 11; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 245; Schultz, 2009: 531, Figs 894–899. Material examined. A23325; A 6431. Identification. Test fragile, small, aborally raised. Apical disc with single genial plate (monobasal) in males, four gonopores; in females evolved to a brooding structure. Peristome sub-central, no bourrelets. Ambulacra simple, non-petaloid arrangement, pores small orally, none aboral. Primary tubercles slightly perforated, crenulated. Spines short, uniform, densely covering marsupium. Test and spines white. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 8 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to West and South coasts of South Africa; at 135–350 m depth (Mortensen 1948d; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976; Schultz 2009). Remarks. This deep-water species displays sexual dimorphism, where females have evolved a deep and elongated apical disc to brood the young; males having a monobasal apical disc., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Studer, T. (1880) Ubersicht uber die wahrend der Reise SMS \" Gazelle \" um die Erde. 1874 - 76 gesammelten Echinoiden. Monatsbericht der Koniglich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1880, 861 - 885.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Mortensen, T., (1948 d) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IV. 2. Clypeasteroidea. Arachnoididae, Fibulariidae, Laganidae and Scutellidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, pp. 471.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2009) Sea-Urchins II, Worldwide Irregular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 849 pp."]}

Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Fig. 51 A–C. Tripneustes gratilla: H.L. Clark, 1912: 286, 313–314; H.L. Clark, 1923: 387; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 124 –125; Mortensen, 1943a: 500 –508. Pls. XXXIII. Figs 1–3, Pls. XXXIV. Figs. 2–6, Pls. XXXV. Figs. 3–4, Pls. XXXVII. Figs. 1–2, 4–10, Pls. XXXVIII. Figs. 1–4, Pls LVI. Fig. 11; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 234; Richmond, 1997: 298; Samyn, 2003: 210, Fig. 4 G; Branch et al., 2010: 234, Fig. 105.5; Schultz, 2010: 275, Figs 527–533. Material examined. MBC-A 022253; A22254; A23084; MBC-A023324; MBC-A077884; A7015; MBC- A077883. Identification. Test small, hemispherical with circular outline. Spines short, thin. Denuded test creamish, pores lighter; primary spines variable in color, may be orange, purplish or whitish; secondaries white. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 145 mm. Global distribution. East and South coasts of South Africa, from central Japan to Australia and from Norfolk Islands to Hawaii; littoral to 75 m (H.L. Clark 1912; Schultz 2010). Taxonomic notes. T. gratilla differs from Toxopneustes pileolus by its naked, dark median zones and test color., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1912) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. The Pedinidae, Phymosomatidae, Stomopneustidae, and Echinometridae.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1943 a). A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 2. Camarodonta. I. Orthopsidae, Glyphocyphidae, Temnopleuridae and Toxopneustidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 553 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Richmond, M. D. (1997) A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, 448 pp.","Branch, G. M., Griffiths, C. L., Branch, M. L. & Beckley, L. (2010) Two Oceans: a Guide to the Marine Life of southern Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 456 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp."]}

Genus Calvadosia Clark, 1863 Remarks. Calvadosia was originally proposed by Clark (1863) to accommodate a species described by Lamouroux (1815), ��� Lucernaire campanul��e ��� (or Lucernaria campanulata), from Calvados, France, therefore proposing the name Calvadosia campanulata (Lamouroux, 1815). Its main difference from other Lucernaria is the ���four pilasters [���] not muscular, as are the pilasters in the pedicel of Lucernaria quadricornis ��� (Clark 1863: 556), i.e., absence of interradial longitudinal muscles associated with the septa of the peduncle. However, Clark���s (1863) proposal was overlooked for many years. Later, Uchida (1929) proposed a new genus, Lucernariopsis, for the same ��� Lucernaria campanulata ���, including species with one-chambered peduncle without muscles, overlooking the availability of the older name Calvadosia Clark, 1863. Apparently, Gwilliam (1956: 10) was the only author to notice this nomenclatural issue, concluding that according to the ���law of priority, the proper generic name of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 is Calvadosia Clark, 1863 ���, but he never published his PhD Dissertation on the taxonomy of the Stauromedusae. More recently, Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 was officially recognized as a synonym of Calvadosia Clark, 1863 (Miranda et al. 2016b). In addition, based on molecular and morphological evidence, the former genera Kishinouyea Mayer, 1910 and Sasakiella Okubo, 1917 were also incorporated into Calvadosia (Miranda et al. 2016b). Therefore, Calvadosia is currently one of the most diverse genera in Staurozoa, with 11 species: Calvadosia campanulata (Lamouroux, 1815), Calvadosia nagatensis (Oka, 1897), Calvadosia vanhoeffeni (Browne, 1910), Calvadosia cruciformis (Okubo, 1917), Calvadosia hawaiiensis (Edmondson, 1930), Calvadosia tsingtaoensis (Ling, 1937), Calvadosia capensis (Carlgren, 1938), Calvadosia cruxmelitensis (Corbin, 1978), Calvadosia corbini (Larson, 1980), Calvadosia tasmaniensis (Zagal, Hirano, Mills, Edgar & Barrett, 2011), and Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov. described in this study., Published as part of Miranda, Luc��lia S., Branch, George M., Collins, Allen G., Hirano, Yayoi M., Marques, Antonio C. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2017, Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov., pp. 369-389 in Zootaxa 4227 (3) on pages 371-372, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4227.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/268342, {"references":["Clark, H. J. (1863) Prodromus of the history, structure, and physiology of the order Lucernariae. Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7, 531 - 567.","Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1815) Memoire sur la Lucernaire campanulee. Memoirs du Museum d' Histoire Naturelle, II, 460 - 473.","Uchida, T. (1929) Studies on the Stauromedusae and Cubomedusae, with special reference to their metamorphosis. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 2, 103 - 193.","Gwilliam, G. F. (1956) Studies on West Coast Stauromedusae. PhD. Dissertation. University of California, Berkeley, 192 pp.","Miranda, L. S., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Falconer, A., Fenwick, D., Marques, A. C. & Collins, A. G. (2016 b) Systematics of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa). PeerJ, 4, e 1951.","Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume III. Scyphomedusae. Carnegie Institution Publishing, Washington, Publication 109, pp. 499 - 735.","Okubo, T. (1917) Preliminary note on a new genus of Stauromedusae from Hokkaido. Zoological Magazine, 29, 317 - 322.","Oka, A. (1897) Sur une nouvelle espece Japonaise du genre Lucernaria. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 1, 141 - 145.","Browne, E. T. (1910) Reports of the natural history results of the voyage of the SS Discovery in the Antarctic regions in 1901, under Captain R F Scott RN. Coelentera. V. Medusae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 62 pp.","Edmondson, C. H. (1930) New Hawaiian medusae. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 9, 1 - 16.","Ling, S. W. (1937) Studies on Chinese Stauromedusae. I. Stauromedusae from Tsingtao. Amoy Marine Biological Bulletin, 3, 1 - 35.","Carlgren, O. (1938) Eine neue sudafrikanische Lucernariidae, Lucernariopsis capensis. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets i Lund Forhandlingar, 8, 1 - 6.","Corbin, P. G. (1978) A new species of the stauromedusan genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 285 - 290.","Larson, R. J. (1980) A new stauromedusa, Kishinouyea corbini (Scyphozoa, Stauromedusae) from the tropical western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science, 30, 102 - 107.","Zagal, C. J., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. (2011) New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research, 7, 651 - 666."]}

* Acanthocidaris maculicollis (de Meijere, 1904) Fig. 14 A–B. Acanthocidaris maculicollis: Mortensen, 1928a: 329 –333. Pl. XLIII, Figs 1–2. Pl. XLIV, Fig. 1. Pl. LIV, Figs 5–6. Pl. LXXXIII, Figs 12–15; Mortensen, 1932b: 157 –158. Pl. V, Fig. 6. Pl. XI, Fig. 5; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 214; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 51. Pl. I, Fig. E. Acanthocidaris curvatispinis: Schultz, 2011: 875, Figs 1469–1473 [misidentification]. Material examined. SAMC-A28233. Identification. Test moderately high, flattened aborally, with circular outline; primary tubercles crenulated. Ocular plates usually insert, apical disc slightly larger than peristome. Primary spines long, longitudinally with reddish bands, collar conspicuously marked with red spots, secondaries loosely packed. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 61 mm. Global distribution. East coast of South Africa (Filander & Griffiths 2014), East Indies and South of Japan (Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976); at 40–225 m depth (Mortensen 1928a). Remarks. Based on the single sample from southern KwaZulu-Natal housed at the Iziko Museum. Although, Schultz (2011) reports on Acanthocidaris curvatispinis in the region, this record might be dubious, therefore further investigation is required to confirm A. curvatispinis in South Africa., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Meijere, J. C. H. (1904) Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga Expeditie, 43, 1 - 252.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1932 b) New contributions to the knowledge of the cidarids. 1. Notes on some recent cidarids (echinoderms, echinoids, taxonomy). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 145 - 174.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp."]}

Clypeaster rarispinus de Meijere, 1903 Fig. 58 A���D. Clypeaster audouini: H.L. Clark, 1923: 392; H.L. Clark, 1924: 9 ���10; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 148. Clypeaster (Leptoclypus) rarispinus: Mortensen, 1948d: 58 ���62. Pl. VI, Figs 1���15. Pl. XL, Figs 4���9. Pl. LXIV, Figs 11���12, 14��� 17, 20. Clypeaster rarispinus: Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 241; Schultz, 2009: 550, Figs 938���934. Material examined. MBC-A023307; MBC-A077888; A23718; MBC-A077889; MBC-A077892; MBC- A077890; A23716; MBC-A077891. Identification. Differs from Clypeaster species in the region in test being pentagonal, longer than wide, concave sides, posterior side convex, margin sometimes thickened; petaloid area slightly raised, petals opened; zigzag bands along food grooves. Live animal yellowish-green, oral bands along food grooves darker. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 190 m. Global distribution. Red Sea to East coast region of South Africa, from the Persian Gulf over the Indian Ocean to Malayan Archipelago (Schultz 2009); from littoral to 369 m Remarks. Samples from the Iziko Museum collection demonstrate a 100 m increase from previously known maximum depth of 269 m. Differs from C. fervens in having narrow, distally opened petal., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Meijere, J. C. H. (1903) Vorlaufige Beschreibung der neuen, durch die Siboga-Expedition gesammelten Echiniden. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging, Series 2, 8 (1), 1 - 16.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T., (1948 d) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IV. 2. Clypeasteroidea. Arachnoididae, Fibulariidae, Laganidae and Scutellidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, pp. 471.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2009) Sea-Urchins II, Worldwide Irregular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 849 pp."]}

Stereocidaris squamosa Mortensen, 1928b Fig. 13 A���C. Stereocidaris squamosa Mortensen, 1928a: 245 ���247. Pl. XX, Figs 4���6, Pl. LXX, Fig. 7. Pl. LXXX, Figs 10���16; Mortensen, 1928b: 70; Mortensen, 1932b: 151; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 218; Schultz, 2011: 1060, Figs 1844���1845. Material examined. MBC-A077750. Identification. Has a less aborally elevated test than Stereocidaris excavata, greenish apical disc (Mortensen 1928b), and gonopores centrally positioned; primary spines with broad tips, with about 15 longitudinal ridges, yellowish, slightly tapered, dark line towards neck of spines; naked lines along test plates. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 47 mm. Global distribution. East coast region of South Africa, Tanzania, Saya da Malha Bank, at 270���374 m depth (Mortensen 1928b; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976). Remarks. Differs from the two endemic species S. capensis and S. excavata in primary spines and genital plates, respectively. Both S. capensis and S. squamous have slightly elevated genital plates with distally positioned gonopores, but differ in the number of longitudinal ridges on the spine; the latter having about 15 and the former 12 ridges. Differs from S. excavata in raised greenish apical disc, S. excavata having a sunken one., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1928 b) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16, 44: New Cidaridae. (Preliminary Notice.). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Kobenhavn, 85, 65 - 74.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1932 b) New contributions to the knowledge of the cidarids. 1. Notes on some recent cidarids (echinoderms, echinoids, taxonomy). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 145 - 174.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp."]}