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Ischaemum amboliense S.A.Bokil, Datar & R.K.Choudhary, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Type: — INDIA. Maharashtra: Sindhudurg, Satuli, at the base of Amboli Ghat, 15.91719° N, 73.89581° E, 85 m. asl., 22 October 2019, M. N . Datar & S. A. Bokil 1605 (holotype: AHMA, isotypes: AHMA, BSI). Annuals. Culms tufted with stilt roots, erect, 150–180 cm tall, nodes hairy. Leaf-sheath laterally compressed, keeled on back, shorter than internodal region, 7–9 × ca. 0.6 cm; ligule sub-coriaceous, ovate, 0.4–0.5 cm long, hairy. Leaf blade lanceolate, 10–15 × 0.5–0.7 cm, rounded at the base without the petiole, apex acute, sparsely hairy on both sides. Racemes 2, paired, appressed, 7–9 cm long, well-exerted on long peduncle 7–8 cm from the leaf sheath, glabrous. Joints of rachis linear turbinate, 0.4–0.5 cm long, crustaceous, glabrous. Callus crustaceous, glabrous. Sessile spikelets: glabrous. Lower glume of sessile spikelets asymmetrically oblong 0.5–0.6 × ca. 0. 2 cm, with 3 – 4 distinct side nodules, margins entirely and evenly inflexed from base to apex with distinctly winged on one side and obscurely winged on another side, crustaceous in lower one-third region and herbaceous towards apical two-third regions. Upper glume of sessile spikelet boat-shaped, 0.4–0.5 × ca. 0.2 cm, apex bicuspidate, with a membranous wing on one side. Lower staminate florets: lower lemma lanceolate, 0.3–0.4 × ca. 0.1 cm, hyaline, distinctly winged on both sides towards apex, apex acute, hyaline; lower palea lanceolate, 0.3–0.4 × ca. 0.1 cm, hyaline, apex acute; stamens 3, ca. 0.2 cm long. Upper sterile florets: upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, 0.3–0.4 × ca. 0.1 cm, cleft at basal region, awned, hyaline, lobes acute at apex; awn geniculate, 1.5–2 cm long; upper palea oblong-lanceolate, 0.3–0.4 × ca. 0.1 cm, obtuse at apex, hyaline. Stamens and carpel absent. Pedicelled spikelets: asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate, 0.5–0.6 × ca. 0.1 cm, unawned, glabrous. Pedicel 0.1–0.2 cm long, crustaceous, glabrous, less than one third the length of sessile spikelet. Lower glume deltoid, asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate, 0.4–0.5 × 0.1–0.2 cm, coriaceous; margins narrowly and evenly inflexed from base to apex, broadly winged on one margin, lodicules 2, cuneate, 600–700 µm long. Upper glume boat-shaped, 0.4–0.5 × ca. 0.1 cm; apex acute. Lower staminate floret: lower lemma 0.4–0.5 × 0.1 cm, lanceolate, apex acute, hyaline; lower palea elliptic-lanceolate, 0.4–0.5 × 0.1 cm, apex sub-acute, sub-hyaline; stamens 3. Upper hermaphrodite florets: upper lemma ovate-oblong, 0.3–0.4 × ca. 0.1 cm; apex subacute, hyaline; upper palea ellipticlanceolate, 0.3–0.4 × ca. 0.1 cm, hyaline; stamens 3; ovary oblong-lanceolate; style, 0.1–0.2 cm long; stigma ca. 0.2 cm long, lodicules 2, 300–400 µm long. Caryopsis not seen. Phenology:— Ischaemum amboliense is a therophyte with stilt roots. Flowering is seen during October–December. Pollination occurs through anemophily. The plant starts drying in late December when the water surrounding it recedes. In the areas which retain water till the start of summer, flowering can be seen up to March. Though we have not observed caryopsis on the spikelet, the newly sprouted seedlings were observed in the surrounding region. In addition to its prominent vegetative reproduction by sprouting shoots on old tillers, the plant also seems to be propagated through caryopsis. Habitat:— Ischaemum amboliense grows in marshy places along the muddy banks of annual streams, where it grows in association with Isachne sp. and Cyperus sp. It is also found in the abandoned rice fields where monsoon water gets accumulated and stays till winter.

Capparis diversifolia Wight & Arnott (1834: 27). Fig. 1 Lectotype (first step designated by Jacobs 1965):— INDIA, s.loc., s. d. Wight & Arnott 952, K000247306 (K, image!) and K000247307 (K, image!). Second-step lectotype, designated here K000247306 (K, image!); Isolectotypes K 000247307 (K, image!), G00237950 (G, image!), E00174093 (E, image!). Distribution:— INDIA and SRI LANKA (Sundararaghavan 1993, Maurya et al. 2020). Notes:— While searching for the type specimen of Capparis diversifolia, we came across three specimens, two deposited at K, and one at G. The G specimen (G00237950) has annotations of De Candolle as “Herb. Wight. Propr. 952, Capparis diversifolia W. & A., Prod. by R.Wight and Arn. pg. 27, Peninsula Ind. Orientalis, 1836”, and two labels indicating “HERBIER DE CANDOLLE”, and “TYPUS”. Further, a determinavit by Jacobs (1960) indicating “Isotype of Capparis diversifolia W. & A.”. Whereas the two specimens housed at K (K000247306 and K000247307) have Wight & Arnott’s annotation, collection number ‘ 952 ’ and species number ‘ 95 ’ in “ Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis ” without mention of any locality. Further, a determinavit slip by Jacobs (1961) indicated both of them as ‘Type’ and the same is cited as holotype in his treatment (Jacobs 1965). Much later, Noltie (2005) indicated a specimen (WC952, image!) housed in E as syntype bearing annotations by Wight & Arnott as “Herb. Wight. Propr. n 952, Capparis heterophylla W & A, Peninsula Ind. orientalis” and by Jacobs as “ Capparis diversifolia W. & A., Type, in Blumea 12:448 (1965) ” and stated that “a specimen ex herb. Arnott with HWP label annotated by Arnott Capparis heterophylla W&A [WC] n. 952. Contemplating all, the citation of ‘Holotype’ by Jacobs (1965) has to be considered the first step lectotype of C. diversifolia as per Art. 9.17, and a correctable error following Art. 9.10 (Turland et al. 2018). Hence, we designate K000247306 here as a second-step lectotype for C. diversifolia., Published as part of Maurya, Satish, Datar, Mandar N. & Choudhary, Ritesh Kumar, 2021, Lectotypification of four names in the genus Capparis (Capparaceae), pp. 125-132 in Phytotaxa 500 (2) on page 125, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.500.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5424505, {"references":["Wight, R. & Arnott, G. A. W. (1834) Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis. Vol. 1 Parbury, Allen & Co. London, pp. 27.","Jacobs, M. (1965) The genus Capparis (Capparaceae) from the Indus to the Pacific. Blumea 12: 385 - 541.","Sundararaghavan, R. (1993) Capparaceae. In: Sharma, B. D. & Balakrishnan, N. P. (Eds.) Flora of India. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 249 - 335.","Maurya, S., Datar, M. N. & Choudhary, R. K. (2020) The Genus Capparis L. in India. MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India, pp. 1 - 96. [ISBN: 978 - 81 - 946051 - 0 - 2; http: // aripune. org / wp-content / uploads / 2020 / 11 / The % 20 Genus % 20 Capparis % 20 in % 20 India _ Web _ protected. pdf]","Noltie, H. J. & Wight, R. (2005) The Botany of Robert Wight. Published by ARG Gantner Verlag KG, Liechtenstein.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

Capparis grandis Linnaeus f. (1781: 263). Fig. 2 Lectotype (designated here, (perhaps neotype)):— INDIA, s. loc., s. d. König s.n. C10009043 (C) image!; Syntype: C10009041, C10009042 (C, image!), and BM013824965 (BM, image!). Distribution: — INDIA, CAMBODIA, CHINA, LAOS, MYANMAR, PAKISTAN (Maurya et al. 2020). Notes: — Jacobs (1965) studied the genus Capparis and cited ‘Type: Koenig (n.v.), Ceylon’ for the name Capparis grandis L.f. While tracing the type specimens of Capparis grandis we found that Koenig’s collections were housed at BR, C, GM, LE, LINN, MO, and UPS (https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?id=28251). After a thorough search of these herbaria, we could locate four specimens (C10009041, C10009042, C10009043, and C10009044) of C. grandis at C and one at BM. Out of these, C10009041 and C10009042 do not have any collection number or locality information, but have an annotation slip “KOENIG HERBARIUM, Recorded in the catalogue of the Koenig collection”. Further, C10009043 (designated here as lectotype (perhaps, neotype)) has the annotation ‘ K ’ (abbreviation for Johann Gerhard Koenig), and “ Capparis grandis, Ind. Orient. ” by Koenig. These sheets (C10009041, C10009042, and C10009043) have another annotation “ Capparis grandis Linn. f., 20/11/1986 ” by K. Chayamarit. The specimen C10009044 also indicates “ Capparis grandis L. det. Ove Paulsen 1919 Ex hb. Morck 1918.” but the collector’s information is uncertain (leg. Koenig? Klein? Rottler?). An annotation on the same indicates “ Capparis maxima, 1106, Roxb. Stipul. spinos rarioribus. Ind. Orient”. The annotation by Chayamarit indicates it again as “ Capparis grandis Linn. f. (20/11/1986)”. The only specimen we could locate at BM herbarium (BM013824965- designated here as Syntype) has annotations of Dr. Heyne and Jacobs as “ Capparis grandis Koenig, Capparis maxima Roth. Nov. sp. Ind. Or.” and “ Capparidaceae, revised by M. Jacobs, 1961, Capparis grandis L.f.”. As none of the specimens were designated as a “Type or Holotype ” for C. grandis L.f., we designate the lectotype and syntype for the same as per Art. 9.3, and 9.4 of ICN (Turland et al. 2018). Capparis grandis was first described in 1781 by Linnaeus f., and in protologue he mentioned the location as “ habitat in Zeylona ” and type as König’s collection. Linnaeus f. was either correct or incorrect in citing “Zeylona” (= Ceylon = Sri Lanka), since this species occurs both in India and Sri Lanka and Koenig collected it from both countries, the protologue info may be correct or incorrect (L. f. might have loosely used the term “Zeylona” to refer to India or India and Sri Lanka). We believe the Indian elements could be the original materials as the geographical names in 18 th century were loosely used by European Botanists (Pers. Comm. Dr. K.N. Gandhi, 18/10/2020)., Published as part of Maurya, Satish, Datar, Mandar N. & Choudhary, Ritesh Kumar, 2021, Lectotypification of four names in the genus Capparis (Capparaceae), pp. 125-132 in Phytotaxa 500 (2) on pages 126-128, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.500.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5424505, {"references":["Maurya, S., Datar, M. N. & Choudhary, R. K. (2020) The Genus Capparis L. in India. MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India, pp. 1 - 96. [ISBN: 978 - 81 - 946051 - 0 - 2; http: // aripune. org / wp-content / uploads / 2020 / 11 / The % 20 Genus % 20 Capparis % 20 in % 20 India _ Web _ protected. pdf]","Jacobs, M. (1965) The genus Capparis (Capparaceae) from the Indus to the Pacific. Blumea 12: 385 - 541.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

Capparis rotundifolia Rottler (1803: 185). Fig. 3 Lectotype (designated here):— INDIA, between Pondichery and Alamparvei, 1 st and 2 nd October 1799, Rottler M.J., s.n. lectotype, designated here P04022372 (P, image!); isolectotype: K000247323 (K, image!) Distribution: — INDIA and SRI LANKA (Sundararaghavan 1993, Maurya et al. 2020). Notes: —While searching the type specimens of Capparis rotundifolia, we came across two specimens, one housed in K, and the other one at P. The P specimen, P04022372 (designated here as lectotype) have Rottler’s annotation as “ INDIA, Entre Pondichery et Alamparvei, 1 et 2 Octobre 1799 ” and a determinavit slip by Jacobs as “ Capparis rotundifolia Rottl., Isotype!. Other specimen housed at K, K000247323 have Rottler’s annotation, “ Capparis rotundifolia nov., Octob. 1, 1799”, and a determinavit slip by Jacobs as “ Capparis rotundifolia Rottl., Type!. Capparis rotundifolia was first described by Rottler from Pondicherry and Alamparvei (also known as Alamparai) regions of south India, but the collection number and herbarium details were not mentioned in the protologue. Jacobs (1965) cited one of the Rottler’s specimens housed at P as a Holotype (Rottler s.n., K, P, Holo) in his treatment. However, the only specimen of Rottler available at P (P 04022372) has the determinavit slip by Jacobs as “Isotype”. Another specimen of Rottler housed at K has the determinavit slip by Jacobs (1965) as ‘Type’ which is a mixture of two specimens (K000247322 & K000247323), both devoid of flowers or fruits. Hence, we selected the P specimen as a lectotype, matching perfectly with the protologue. The citation of ‘Holotype’ by Jacobs (1965) has to be considered a correctable error (Art. 9.10 of ICN) and the P specimen (P 04022372) is designated here as the lectotype for C. rotundifolia following Art. 9.3 and 9.10 of ICN (Turland et al. 2018)., Published as part of Maurya, Satish, Datar, Mandar N. & Choudhary, Ritesh Kumar, 2021, Lectotypification of four names in the genus Capparis (Capparaceae), pp. 125-132 in Phytotaxa 500 (2) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.500.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5424505, {"references":["Sundararaghavan, R. (1993) Capparaceae. In: Sharma, B. D. & Balakrishnan, N. P. (Eds.) Flora of India. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 249 - 335.","Maurya, S., Datar, M. N. & Choudhary, R. K. (2020) The Genus Capparis L. in India. MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India, pp. 1 - 96. [ISBN: 978 - 81 - 946051 - 0 - 2; http: // aripune. org / wp-content / uploads / 2020 / 11 / The % 20 Genus % 20 Capparis % 20 in % 20 India _ Web _ protected. pdf]","Jacobs, M. (1965) The genus Capparis (Capparaceae) from the Indus to the Pacific. Blumea 12: 385 - 541.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

Maurya, Satish, Datar, Mandar N., Choudhary, Ritesh Kumar (2021): Lectotypification of four names in the genus Capparis (Capparaceae). Phytotaxa 500 (2): 125-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.500.2.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.500.2.5

Tetali, P., Tetali, Sujata, Muralidharan, E.M., Bokil, Sarang A., Choudhary, Ritesh Kumar, Datar, Mandar N. (2021): Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of woody bamboo from the northern Western Ghats, India. Phytotaxa 498 (3): 186-196, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.498.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.498.3.4

Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii P.Tetali, Datar, S.Tetali, Muralidharan, and R.K.Choudhary sp. nov. Shining culms, white powdery scuff covering young culms, fresh culm sheaths with waxy coating, black to brownish black hairs on culm sheaths, undulating blades; culm wall thickness of 0.9–1.9 cm at breast height, long apiculate anthers; striated, membranous lower palea, filament tube united more than half of its length, 2–3 stigmas and hirsute ovary. Type:— INDIA. Maharashtra: Pune district, Velhe Taluka, Shirkoli village, 18.360759° N, 73.613238° E, 687 AMSL, 02 October 2019 (fl.), P. Tetali, MN Datar and RK Choudhary, 000141 (holotype: AHMA!, isotypes BSI!, CAL!). A deciduous, arborescent and gregarious bamboo. Rhizomes sympodial, produce 1–3 tillers per rhizome. Culms erect, loose, 9–16 m high; the young ones without branches, covered with white powdery deciduous scurf; older culms (more than 3 years) turn yellowish green, hollow, diameter 6–10 cm, at breast height 8.5 cm; culm wall thickness 0.9–1.9 cm, solid at base, solidness maximum up to one meter, cavity 2.5–5 cm at breast height. Few branches appear in second year mostly on upper part, branches with slightly out curved tips, older branches drooping. Internodes terete, 22–70 cm long, lower ones shorter, middle nodes show maximum internodal distance. Nodes slightly swollen with prominent white hairy rings 10 mm above, and 2–5 mm below. Culm-sheaths: young ones covered with wax coating, narrowed upwards, sparsely covered with black or dark-brown deciduous hairs; 17–44 cm long and 14–28 cm wide; auricles with few long hairs; shoulders with or without hairs; deep prominent ligule; dentate or fimbriate; 5–7 mm high; culm sheath blade persistent, conspicuous, triangular; imperfect; prominently undulating, 7–15 cm long, gradually tapering, reflexed at maturity; sparsely hairy on abaxial surface. Leaves 7–9 per branch; base round; blade lanceolate to linear–lanceolate; acuminate; 16–28 cm long; veins 12–14; mid vein prominent; ligule purplish; base attenuated into a small petiole; petiole grooved; 0.3–0.7 cm long. Inflorescence of a large compound panicle with distinct globular heads; heads 2–5 cm in diameter, spinescent; spikelets 0.8–0.9 cm long; lower glume, ovate, 0.7–0.8 cm, mucronate, 5–8 nerved, lemmas ovate, upper lemma sharply pointed, 1.6–1.7 cm long; lower lemma ovate, sharply acute, 1.4– 1.5 cm long; upper palea mucronate, 1.2–1.3 cm long, sparsely hairy on back; lower palea dull green, two keeled, cleft at the top, hairy above, almost the same size; some floriferous branches show both male and female flowers, exerted anthers and plumose stigmas. Staminal tube up to 1.5 cm long; stamens exerted, anthers bright sulphur yellow, apiculate, 0.7–0.9 cm long, filaments united below to almost half of the length, free above; free part of filaments longer or almost equal to the size of anthers, light purple, turns colourless and drooping after dehiscence; gynoecium long, up to 1.2 cm; ovary and style hairy; stigma 2–3, dark purple, plumose. Local name:— Both names Mes and Manga are misapplied to Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii. However local communities of the northern Western Ghats distinguish them from each other based on morphological characters. The present description of Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii will clear the doubts in use of vernacular names. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii, should be known by the name Mes while its allied species P. stocksii by the name Manga. Phenology:— Gregarious flowering of this species is neither recorded in last 25 years by authors during their field work, nor there is any report of the flowering from the northern Western Ghats. Careful observations were made for the present sporadic flowering. Insects visit flowers mostly in the morning and continue till afternoon; non dehisced anthers exist even at 2 pm. Honey bees and solitary bees are the most common opportunistic visitors interested in pollen collection. However, seed setting seems to be very poor. Etymology:— The specific epithet is given in honour of Prof. Madhav Gadgil, eminent Indian ecologist for his contribution in the field of Biodiversity and conservation in India and his affection towards bamboos. Habitat, distribution and utilities:— Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii is one of the most common bamboos of the northern Western Ghats. It is wild in moist and dry deciduous forests and has been widely cultivated in Pune and Satara districts of Maharashtra. Much of this bamboo is used in construction and in shelter construction. However, its demand for furniture and housing industry is increasing due to its smooth surface, mechanical strength, better slivering and stripe making qualities. In addition, it takes good polish., Published as part of Tetali, P., Tetali, Sujata, Muralidharan, E. M., Bokil, Sarang A., Choudhary, Ritesh Kumar & Datar, Mandar N., 2021, Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of woody bamboo from the northern Western Ghats, India, pp. 186-196 in Phytotaxa 498 (3) on pages 187-194, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.498.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5424271