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Genus Raricirrus Hartman, 1961 Type species: Raricirrus maculatus Hartman, 1961 Diagnosis (emended after Dean 1995). Prostomium rounded, eyes absent, nuchal organs shallow ciliary pits, postero-lateral, rounded or elongate. Peristomium not obviously delimited from prostomium and chaetiger 1 dorsally; ventral cilia may be present on peristomium and first few segments; first segment complete chaetiger. Tentacles absent. Branchiae present on several segments, filiform or club-like distally. Notochaetae short and long serrate capillaries anteriorly and modified chaetae posteriorly as acicular spines, coarsely serrate forms and short pectinate falcigers. Neurochaetae short serrate capillaries and/or modified chaetae such as acicular spines, falcate and finely pectinate, and coarsely serrate chaetae. Simple enlarged spines may be present in one or two posterior end segments. Heart body enlarged dorsal vessel present in variable number of anterior and middle segments. Pygidium simple lobe, anal aperture usually dorsal; posterior region distinct with few segments wider than preceding ones. Asexual reproduction via architomy. Sexual reproduction may occur; epitoke individuals, hermaphroditism, seminal vesicle and reproductive stylet may be present. Remarks. The genus Raricirrus Hartman, 1961 was originally proposed as part of the Cirratulidae and differed from the known genera by the absence of dorsal tentacles and branchiae limited to a few mid-body segments (Hartman 1961). Petersen & George (1991) transferred Raricirrus to the family Ctenodrilidae based on the absence of feeding tentacles at all stages of development and redefined the ctenodrilids to include Raricirrus while excluding Zeppelina Vaillant, 1890. The close morphological affinities between Raricirrus and Raphidrilus led Petersen & George (1991) to include Raricirrus within the subfamily Raphidrilinae Hartmann-Schr��der, 1971. The differences between these two genera were elucidated in Magalh��es et al. (2011), listing as the main differing characters the types of chaetae, position and extent of the heart body and shape of the posterior end segments. Based on molecular data, Ctenodrilus Clapar��de, 1863, the type genus of the Ctenodrilidae, has been shown to belong to a clade that includes the Cirratulidae and shows close affinities to the cirratulid genus Dodecaceria (Bleidorn et al. 2003; Rousset et al. 2007; Magalh��es et al. 2016; Weidhase et al. 2016). Weidhase et al. (2016) suggested that the genus Raricirrus, represented by sequences of R. beryli, belonged within the Cirratulidae as a sister taxon to a clade composed of multitentaculate cirratulid genera Cirratulus, Cirriformia and Timarete. The diagnosis of Raricirrus is herein emended to include the presence of acicular spines as seen in R. jennae sp. nov., a character only previously known in most multitentaculate cirratulid genera. The absence of tentacles as in all ctenodrilid genera was speculated to represent a juvenile character (Weidhase et al. 2016) but further phylogenetic analysis taking into consideration molecular and morphological data should be performed to understand the relationships between ctenodrilid and cirratulid genera and the evolution of the feeding tentacles. Raricirrus is herein defined as genus belonging to a clade that includes the Cirratulidae, lacking dorsal tentacles, having filiform branchiae limited to a few anterior and mid-body segments, posterior end with a few widened segments, and having diverse types of chaetae, including short and long serrated capillaries, acicular spines, falcate and finely pectinate chaetae, coarsely serrate chaetae and simple enlarged genital spines limited to a few posterior end segments in male individuals. Two subfamilies had been proposed for the Ctenodrilidae: Ctenodrilinae Kennel, 1882, including those ctenodrilids with a short body, without branchial filaments and reproducing exclusively asexually (genera Ctenodrilus and Aphropharynx Wilfert, 1974) and Raphidrilinae Hartmann-Schr��der, 1971 for those ctenodrilids with long bodies, branchial filaments present, and reproducing both sexually and asexually (genera Raricirrus and Raphidrilus). The genus Ctenodrilus was shown to be related to the bidentaculate genus Dodecaceria (e.g. Magalh��es et al. 2016; Weidhase et al. 2016) and Raricirrus to be related to the multitentaculate genera Cirratulus Lamarck, 1818, Cirriformia Hartman, 1936 and Timarete Kinberg, 1866 (Weidhase et al. 2016). Molecular data on Aphropharynx is unlikely to become available as this species was collected from an aquarium and it has not been reported again in the literature. The genus Raphidrilus was recently reviewed by Magalh��es et al. (2011) and its relationship with Raricirrus is limited to the absence of feeding tentacles (which seems to be very labile within the Cirratulidae) and the presence of filiform branchiae (also present in most cirratulid genera). The genus Raphidrilus has species with only serrated capillaries and lacking modified chaetae. The only other cirratulid genus sharing these characters is Protocirrineris Czerniavsky, 1881, but differs from Raricirrus in the presence of dorsal tentacles. The genus Aphelochaeta Blake, 1996 also lacks modified chaetae but the capillaries are fimbriated. Presently, the validity of the subfamilies Ctenodrilinae and Raphidrilinae cannot be fully assessed because of the lack of molecular data for the genera Raphidrilus and Aphropharynx and lack of a cladistics analyses for the cirratulid genera. Further phylogenetic analysis should be performed to verify if all Ctenodrilidae genera belong within the Cirratulidae. Here we provide a key to all cirratulid and ctenodrilid genera plus a key to species of Raricirrus., Published as part of Magalh��es, Wagner F., Linse, Katrin & Wiklund, Helena, 2017, A new species of Raricirrus (Annelida: Cirratuliformia) from deep-water sunken wood off California, pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 4353 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4353.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1064504, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1961) Polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 25, 1 - 226.","Dean, H. K. (1995) A new species of Raricirrus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) from wood collected in the Tongue of the Ocean, Virgin Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108 (2), 169 - 179.","Petersen, M. E. & George, J. D. (1991). A new species of Raricirrus from northern Europe, with notes on its biology and a discussion of the affinities of the genus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae). In: Petersen, M. E. & Kirkegaard, J. B. (Eds.), Systematics, Biology and Morphology of World Polychaeta, Ophelia, 5 (Supplement), 185 - 208.","Magalhaes, W. F., Bailey-Brock, J. H. & Davenport, J. S. (2011) On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa, 2804, 1 - 14.","Bleidorn, C., Vogt, L. & Bartolomaeus, T. (2003) New insights into polychaete phylogeny (Annelida) inferred from 18 S rDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 29, 279 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1055 - 7903 (03) 00107 - 6","Rousset, V., Pleijel, F., Rouse, G. W., Erseus, C. & Siddall, M. E. (2007) A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics, 23, 41 - 63.","Magalhaes, W. F., Weidhase, M., Schulze, A. & Bailey-Brock, J. H. (2016) Taxonomic remarks on the genus Ctenodrilus (Annelida: Cirratulidae) including description of a new species from the Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa, 4103 (4), 325 - 343. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.4.2","Blake, J. A. (1996) Chapter 8. Family Cirratulidae Ryckholdt, 1851. Including a revision of the genera and species from the eastern North Pacific in Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H., (Eds.), The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 263 - 384."]}

Raricirrus jennae sp. nov. Zoobank registration number: Genbank registration number: Figures 1 –3 Material examined. Holotype: Monterey Bay, California, “Deadwood 2” site, 36°15.41 ʹ N, 122°40.41ʹ W, associated with deployed fragments of yew (Torreya californica), deployed on October 18, 2011 and retrieved on October 26–28, 2013 by a benthic elevator and ROV Doc Ricketts on an MBARI cruise aboard the R/V Western Flyer, 3100 m (USNM 1437642). Paratypes same locality, date, collector and wood type as holotype (5, USNM 1437643; 5, USNM 1437644; 5, FMNH 15516; 7, FMNH 15517). Molecular voucher specimens were collected at same localities and dates as type material. Additional non-type material examined: Same locality, date and collector as type series, associated with Spice bush (Calycanthus occidentalis), Sta. WB21 (4); Lyon, Sta. WB31 (2) and Sta. WB32 (118; 1 DNA voucher NHMUK 2017.105); yew (Torreya californica), Sta. WB34 (1), Sta. WB35 (87) and Sta. WB36 (57); fern genus Cyathea, Sta. WB37 (2). East Scotia Ridge E2, "Cindy's Castle", 56°5.33ʹ S, 30°19.11ʹ W, associated with tubes of Maldanidae polychaetes, collected December 12, 2012 by ROV ISIS on research cruise JC80 aboard RRS James Cook, 2646 m (2, NHMUK 2017.101-102; 1 DNA voucher, NHMUK 2017.103). Description. Holotype 6 mm long, 1 mm wide on mid-body segments, with 29 chaetigers (Figs 1A; 2A). Twenty-two paratypes measured 4–9.8 mm long, 0.5–1.2 mm wide for 19–31 chaetigers. Body short, stout to elongate, segments distinct, rounded dorsally, ventrally flat (Fig. 1A, G); ventral groove along body (Fig. 2A); posterior chaetigers with a ventral ridge along 8–10 segments, slightly widened (Fig. 1G). Live specimens not observed. Preserved specimens with uniform color, light, golden brown (Fig. 2B) to dark brown (Fig. 2A); branchiae same color of body (Fig. 2A). Dark body pigmentation precludes observation of internal features heart body only observed in one specimen from chaetigers 10–16 (Fig. 1I); one dissected specimen with heart body from chaetigers 10–15 (Fig. 2C). Prostomium conical, rounded anteriorly with a pair of elongate, postero-lateral nuchal organs (Figs 1A, B; 2A); eyes absent. Prostomium clearly separated from peristomium by deep lateral groove and shallow dorsal groove (Fig. 2A, B). Peristomium slightly longer than prostomium, with a shallow lateral groove forming two equivalent annuli (Figs 1A; 2A, B). Dorsal region of peristomium slightly elevated, forming a crest extending posteriorly over chaetiger 1–2 (Fig. 2A). Dorsal tentacles absent. Branchiae usually short, present in limited number of anterior body segments, arising posterior to notopodial lobe (Figs 1A, I; 2A); segmental origin of first branchia not related to size (Fig. 3B); branchiae smooth or crenulated in some specimens (Fig. 1I). Holotype with branchiae on right side of chaetigers 8 and 9 and left side of chaetiger 6 (Figs 1A; 2A). Presence and number of branchiae variable, present on anterior half of body usually between chaetigers 3–15 (see Table 1). Parapodia lateral throughout with chaetae emerging from low parapodial ridges (Fig. 1C, D). Chaetae of three types: normal capillaries, long capillaries (natatorial) and acicular spines; capillaries showing serrations along one side of blades under oil immersion. Notopodia of chaetiger 1 with two rows of normal capillaries numbering 5–6 (paratypes ranging from 2–8 capillaries; see Table 1); notopodia of chaetiger 15 with 8–10 long capillaries (paratypes with 4–12 either long or normal capillaries). Notopodial capillaries always longer than neurochaetae. Notopodial acicular spines from chaetiger 16 in holotype (paratypes from chaetigers 15–20); with three spines and three companion capillaries (paratypes with 1–3 spines and 2–6 companion capillaries); segmental origin of notopodial spines clearly size-dependent (Fig. 3A); a juvenile individual (1.2 mm long, 0.2 mm wide) with notopodial spines from chaetiger 5. Notopodial acicular spines colorless, straight with blunt tip (Figs 1F; 2F). Neuropodia with acicular spines and companion capillaries throughout; neuropodial acicular spines colorless, straight and with blunt tips (Figs. 1E; 2D, E). Some specimens with long natatorial capillaries on notopodia only, slightly longer than body’s width. Anterior neuropodia of holotype with one acicular spine and one companion capillary (paratypes with 1–2 spines and 2–4 companion capillaries); mid-body neuropodia with two acicular spines and four companion capillaries (paratypes with 2–3 spines and 2–6 companion capillaries); last segments with two spines and two companion capillaries (paratypes 1–2 spines and 2–4 capillaries). Acicular spines from mid-body and posterior end segments slightly longer than neuropodial spines from anterior end but of similar shape and width (Fig. 1E, F). Pygidium simple segment with a ventral round lobe and dorso-terminal anal aperture (Fig. 1H). Remarks. See Table 2 and Discussion for comparison among species of Raricirrus. Comparative material examined: Raricirrus beryli Petersen & George, 1991, holotype, ZB 1990.52, Beryl oilfield, North Sea, 100-115 m, 12 May 1982. Raricirrus variabilis Dean, 1995, 8 Paratypes, USNM 170552, Virgin Islands. Raricirrus jennae sp. nov. is readily distinguished from all other Raricirrus species by the lack of serrated chaetae, presence of acicular spines, presence of capillaries on neuropodia in addition to notopodia and absence of enlarged modified (genital) spines. Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Jenna Judge who kindly donated the samples collected as part of her dissertation for identification and description. Distribution. Type locality is Monterey Bay, off California, U.S. in 3,100 m. This species has also been collected from 2,100–2,600 m at deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites E2 and E 9 in East Scotia Ridge, Southern Ocean (Fig. 4). Phylogenetic results. The two Raricirrus jennae sp. nov. specimens from California wood and East Scotia Ridge vent are sister taxa to Raricirrus beryli from shallow water (115 m depth) in the North Atlantic, with strong support for the clade (Fig. 5). The K2P distance between the two R. jennae sp. nov specimens from different ocean basins is 0.01 in 16S and 0.02 in COI, while the K2P distance between them and R. beryli is 0.11 in 16S and 0.24 in COI. The genus Raricirrus, represented by the species R. jennae sp. nov. and R. beryli, appears as sister group to a clade composed of Dodecaceria and Ctenodrilus (Fig. 5).

Raricirrus jennae sp. nov. Zoobank registration number: Genbank registration number: Figures 1 ���3 Material examined. Holotype: Monterey Bay, California, ���Deadwood 2��� site, 36��15.41 �� N, 122��40.41�� W, associated with deployed fragments of yew (Torreya californica), deployed on October 18, 2011 and retrieved on October 26���28, 2013 by a benthic elevator and ROV Doc Ricketts on an MBARI cruise aboard the R/V Western Flyer, 3100 m (USNM 1437642). Paratypes same locality, date, collector and wood type as holotype (5, USNM 1437643; 5, USNM 1437644; 5, FMNH 15516; 7, FMNH 15517). Molecular voucher specimens were collected at same localities and dates as type material. Additional non-type material examined: Same locality, date and collector as type series, associated with Spice bush (Calycanthus occidentalis), Sta. WB21 (4); Lyon, Sta. WB31 (2) and Sta. WB32 (118; 1 DNA voucher NHMUK 2017.105); yew (Torreya californica), Sta. WB34 (1), Sta. WB35 (87) and Sta. WB36 (57); fern genus Cyathea, Sta. WB37 (2). East Scotia Ridge E2, "Cindy's Castle", 56��5.33�� S, 30��19.11�� W, associated with tubes of Maldanidae polychaetes, collected December 12, 2012 by ROV ISIS on research cruise JC80 aboard RRS James Cook, 2646 m (2, NHMUK 2017.101-102; 1 DNA voucher, NHMUK 2017.103). Description. Holotype 6 mm long, 1 mm wide on mid-body segments, with 29 chaetigers (Figs 1A; 2A). Twenty-two paratypes measured 4���9.8 mm long, 0.5���1.2 mm wide for 19���31 chaetigers. Body short, stout to elongate, segments distinct, rounded dorsally, ventrally flat (Fig. 1A, G); ventral groove along body (Fig. 2A); posterior chaetigers with a ventral ridge along 8���10 segments, slightly widened (Fig. 1G). Live specimens not observed. Preserved specimens with uniform color, light, golden brown (Fig. 2B) to dark brown (Fig. 2A); branchiae same color of body (Fig. 2A). Dark body pigmentation precludes observation of internal features heart body only observed in one specimen from chaetigers 10���16 (Fig. 1I); one dissected specimen with heart body from chaetigers 10���15 (Fig. 2C). Prostomium conical, rounded anteriorly with a pair of elongate, postero-lateral nuchal organs (Figs 1A, B; 2A); eyes absent. Prostomium clearly separated from peristomium by deep lateral groove and shallow dorsal groove (Fig. 2A, B). Peristomium slightly longer than prostomium, with a shallow lateral groove forming two equivalent annuli (Figs 1A; 2A, B). Dorsal region of peristomium slightly elevated, forming a crest extending posteriorly over chaetiger 1���2 (Fig. 2A). Dorsal tentacles absent. Branchiae usually short, present in limited number of anterior body segments, arising posterior to notopodial lobe (Figs 1A, I; 2A); segmental origin of first branchia not related to size (Fig. 3B); branchiae smooth or crenulated in some specimens (Fig. 1I). Holotype with branchiae on right side of chaetigers 8 and 9 and left side of chaetiger 6 (Figs 1A; 2A). Presence and number of branchiae variable, present on anterior half of body usually between chaetigers 3���15 (see Table 1). Parapodia lateral throughout with chaetae emerging from low parapodial ridges (Fig. 1C, D). Chaetae of three types: normal capillaries, long capillaries (natatorial) and acicular spines; capillaries showing serrations along one side of blades under oil immersion. Notopodia of chaetiger 1 with two rows of normal capillaries numbering 5���6 (paratypes ranging from 2���8 capillaries; see Table 1); notopodia of chaetiger 15 with 8���10 long capillaries (paratypes with 4���12 either long or normal capillaries). Notopodial capillaries always longer than neurochaetae. Notopodial acicular spines from chaetiger 16 in holotype (paratypes from chaetigers 15���20); with three spines and three companion capillaries (paratypes with 1���3 spines and 2���6 companion capillaries); segmental origin of notopodial spines clearly size-dependent (Fig. 3A); a juvenile individual (1.2 mm long, 0.2 mm wide) with notopodial spines from chaetiger 5. Notopodial acicular spines colorless, straight with blunt tip (Figs 1F; 2F). Neuropodia with acicular spines and companion capillaries throughout; neuropodial acicular spines colorless, straight and with blunt tips (Figs. 1E; 2D, E). Some specimens with long natatorial capillaries on notopodia only, slightly longer than body���s width. Anterior neuropodia of holotype with one acicular spine and one companion capillary (paratypes with 1���2 spines and 2���4 companion capillaries); mid-body neuropodia with two acicular spines and four companion capillaries (paratypes with 2���3 spines and 2���6 companion capillaries); last segments with two spines and two companion capillaries (paratypes 1���2 spines and 2���4 capillaries). Acicular spines from mid-body and posterior end segments slightly longer than neuropodial spines from anterior end but of similar shape and width (Fig. 1E, F). Pygidium simple segment with a ventral round lobe and dorso-terminal anal aperture (Fig. 1H). Remarks. See Table 2 and Discussion for comparison among species of Raricirrus. Comparative material examined: Raricirrus beryli Petersen & George, 1991, holotype, ZB 1990.52, Beryl oilfield, North Sea, 100-115 m, 12 May 1982. Raricirrus variabilis Dean, 1995, 8 Paratypes, USNM 170552, Virgin Islands. Raricirrus jennae sp. nov. is readily distinguished from all other Raricirrus species by the lack of serrated chaetae, presence of acicular spines, presence of capillaries on neuropodia in addition to notopodia and absence of enlarged modified (genital) spines. Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Jenna Judge who kindly donated the samples collected as part of her dissertation for identification and description. Distribution. Type locality is Monterey Bay, off California, U.S. in 3,100 m. This species has also been collected from 2,100���2,600 m at deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites E2 and E 9 in East Scotia Ridge, Southern Ocean (Fig. 4). Phylogenetic results. The two Raricirrus jennae sp. nov. specimens from California wood and East Scotia Ridge vent are sister taxa to Raricirrus beryli from shallow water (115 m depth) in the North Atlantic, with strong support for the clade (Fig. 5). The K2P distance between the two R. jennae sp. nov specimens from different ocean basins is 0.01 in 16S and 0.02 in COI, while the K2P distance between them and R. beryli is 0.11 in 16S and 0.24 in COI. The genus Raricirrus, represented by the species R. jennae sp. nov. and R. beryli, appears as sister group to a clade composed of Dodecaceria and Ctenodrilus (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Magalh��es, Wagner F., Linse, Katrin & Wiklund, Helena, 2017, A new species of Raricirrus (Annelida: Cirratuliformia) from deep-water sunken wood off California, pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 4353 (1) on pages 55-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4353.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1064504, {"references":["Petersen, M. E. & George, J. D. (1991). A new species of Raricirrus from northern Europe, with notes on its biology and a discussion of the affinities of the genus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae). In: Petersen, M. E. & Kirkegaard, J. B. (Eds.), Systematics, Biology and Morphology of World Polychaeta, Ophelia, 5 (Supplement), 185 - 208.","Dean, H. K. (1995) A new species of Raricirrus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) from wood collected in the Tongue of the Ocean, Virgin Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108 (2), 169 - 179."]}

Kirkegaardia heterochaeta (Laubier, 1961), new combination Figures 1���2 Monticellina heterochaeta Laubier, 1961: 601 ���604; ��inar 2005: 150; Ergen et al. 2006: 201; ��inar et al. 2014: 748. Tharyx heterochaeta: Laubier 1966: 631 ���638; Salen-Picard 1981: 83 ���88; Nicolaidou et al. 1989: 29; Salen-Picard et al. 1996: 304 ���305. Monticellina dorsobranchialis: Blake 1991: 24 ���26 (In part). Not Kirkegaard (1959). Monticellina cfr. heterochaeta: Dorgham et al. 2014: 640. Material examined. Mediterranean Sea, France, Golfe de Fos, west of Marseille, Sta. B, 35 m, coll. C. Salen- Picard, 1979, 10 specimens, donated by L. Laubier (MCZ 135295); same location, Sta. B, 35 m, 7 specimens (MCZ 135296); same location, 42 m 1 specimen (MCZ 135294). Description. Body elongate, thin throughout with thoracic region only weakly expanded and posteriormost segments slightly enlarged. Longest specimens examined 13 mm long, reported up to 35 mm by Laubier (1966); body narrow, 0.3���0.4 mm wide on specimens examined (0.1���0.4 mm wide reported by Laubier 1966) with 50���70 setigers (30���100 reported by Laubier 1966). Body generally colorless in alcohol. Thoracic setigers each about 5.5x as wide as long for first 12���15 setigers with parapodia shifted dorsally and elevated above mid-dorsal surface forming distinct mid-dorsal groove on thoracic segments (Fig. 1 A); dorsal surface elevated, forming a distinct ridge line inside mid-dorsal groove (Fig. 1 A). Ventral surface without grooves or ridges. Abdominal segments becoming longer and narrower, and with parapodia in lateral locations (Fig. 1 C). Most abdominal segments up to 2x as long as wide (Fig. 1 C), becoming narrower again in expanded posterior most segments (Fig. 1 D). Far posterior segments expanded bearing a large rounded pygidium (Fig. 1 D). Pre-setigerous area or head region (prostomium + peristomium) very elongate, narrow, about 2.2x long as wide and same length as first 5���6 following setigerous segments (Fig. 1 A���B). Prostomium short, triangular, bluntly rounded on anterior margin (Fig. 1 A���B); eyes absent; nuchal organs not observed. Peristomium very elongate, relatively smooth with a single lateral groove in some specimens producing two annular rings (Fig. 1 A���B); or no rings apparent. Narrow dorsal ridge extends from prostomium about half way along dorsal peristomial mid-line (Fig. 1 A���B). Paired dorsal tentacles located close together, arising from posterior margin of peristomium (Figs. 1 A���B); first pair of branchiae posterolateral to dorsal tentacles at boundary with setiger 1, generally in line with subsequent thoracic branchiae located dorsal to notopodia (Fig. 1 A���B). Segmental branchiae of thoracic region on curved edge of each segment, somewhat projecting into mid-dorsal grove. Most branchiae broken, leaving stubs, best seen in thoracic segments and when stained with Shirlastain A; branchiae continue in mid-dorsal location for as long as observed; branchiae rarely observed in abdominal segments. Parapodia low mounds with noto- and neuropodia closely spaced (Fig. 1 E). Thoracic parapodia shifted dorsally; abdominal parapodia more lateral. Setae all smooth capillaries through thoracic region, numbering about 10���12 in notopodia and same in neuropodia, transitioning to denticulate capillaries in anterior abdominal segments with numbers of setae per fascicle reduced to 6���10. Denticulate setae appear in noto- and neuropodia of anterior abdominal segments from about setigers 11���19 depending on size of worm, appearing more anteriorly on smaller specimens. Denticulate setae with broad shaft and short, curved, downwardly directed denticles along one edge (Fig. 1 F���G); notosetae (Fig. 1 G) longer and narrower than neurosetae (Fig. 1 F); denticulated edge directed ventrally in notosetae and dorsally in neurosetae, thus vis-��-vis (Fig.1 E). Methyl Green stain. A distinctive and intense MG staining pattern evident (Fig. 2 A���D). Stained oval green patch on dorsum of second half of peristomium anterior to origin of dorsal tentacles, extending only weakly down lateral sides of peristomium (Fig. 2 A, C); no stain on prostomium. Strong staining reaction in thoracic segments, with middle and posterior thoracic segments darkly blue, forming broad bands or stripes extending from middorsum down sides around venter and up opposite side; stain very intense from about setiger 3 to end of thoracic region, weaker on 2���3 segments on either end (Fig. 2 A���D); abdominal segments with mid-ventral spot or longitudinal line on individual segments (Fig. 2 B���C); thin lines of stain also present intersegmentally in abdominal segments. Remarks. The body of Kirkegaardia heterochaeta is elongate and very slender, with only a minimal expansion of the thoracic region. The species belongs to a group of species with: (1) an elongate prostomialperistomial region that is relative smooth and weakly divided by annular rings and, (2) dorsally elevated thoracic parapodia that overlie the dorsal surface producing a conspicuous dorsal thoracic groove that contains a mid-dorsal ridge. Laubier (1966) observed superficial lines on K. heterochaeta when studied with sagittal thin sections, suggesting that two annular rings were present. However, even with Shirlastain A, annular rings are difficult to detect externally. Kirkegaardia heterochaeta from shallow-water Mediterranean sediments is morphologically most similar to K. brigitteae n. sp. from deep-sea habitats in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. The two species have a distinct middorsal peristomial ridge that extends from the prostomium to about halfway along the peristomium, leaving the rest of the dorsal peristomial surface smooth. Both species also have a mid-dorsal thoracic ridge and similar MG staining patterns. The two species differ in that in K. heterochaeta the mid-dorsal thoracic ridge encompasses the entire dorsal surface of the channel, whereas in K. brigitteae n. sp. there is a separate and narrow ridge on the surface within the channel. Further, the peristomium of K. heterochaeta has at least one lateral groove producing two annular rings, whereas K. brigitteae n. sp. has a smooth peristomium not interrupted by annular rings. The far posterior pre-pygidial segments of K. brigitteae n. sp. include about 15 segments that are greatly expanded, whereas the same segments of K. heterochaeta, although also expanded, are few in number, usually no more than three. The MG staining reactions are basically similar in having the venter of the thorax retaining stain; however, K. heterochaeta has an intensely Green stained patch on the dorsal surface of the peristomium, whereas K. brigitteae n. sp. has only a weak staining reaction that de-stains rapidly. Ten other species features with K. heterochaeta; these are compared in the Discussion section of this paper and detailed in Tables 1 and 2. Biology. Kirkegaardia heterochaeta is a relatively common species along the Mediterranean coasts from France to Greece in muddy to muddy-sand sediments and is also reported from the Egyptian coast. Egg diameters of 200���225 ��m were recorded for this species by Petersen (1999) from specimens collected in July from the Levantine Basin, eastern Mediterranean, in 65 m by M.E. ��inar. These large eggs suggest that development is direct for this species. Distribution. Mediterranean Sea, shallow subtidal., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Laubier, L. (1961) Monticellina heterochaeta n. g., n. sp., Ctenodrilide (Polychetes Sedentaires) des vases cotieres de Banyulssur-Mer. Vie et Milieu, 11, 601 - 604.","Cinar, M. E. (2005) Polychaetes from the coast of northern Cyprus (eastern Mediterranean Sea), with two new records for the Mediterranean Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 46, 143 - 160.","Ergen, Z., Cinar, M. H., Dagli, E. & Kurt, G. (2006) Seasonal dynamics of soft-bottom polychaetes in Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean). Scientia Marina, 70 S, 197 - 207.","Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. & Sahin, G. K. (2014) Checklist of Annelida from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 734 - 764. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3906 / zoo- 1405 - 72","Laubier, L. (1966) Sur la position systematique de Monticellina heterochaeta Laubier, 1961. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 91, 631 - 638.","Salen-Picard, C. (1981) Evolution d'un peuplement de vase terrigene cotiere soumis a des rejets de dragages, dans le Golfe de Fos. Tethys, 10 (1), 83 - 88.","Nicolaidou, A. Pancucci, M. A. & Zenetos, A. (1989) The impact of dumping coarse metalliferous waste on the benthos in Evoikos Gulf, Greece. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 20, 28 - 33. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0025 - 326 X (89) 90274 - 9","Salen-Picard, C., Bellan, G., Bellan-Santini, D., Arlhac, D. & Marquet, R. (1996) Changements a long terme dans une communaute benthique d'un golfe mediterraneen (golfe de Fos). Oceanologica Acta, 20 (1), 299 - 310.","Blake, J. A. (1991) Revision of some genera and species of Cirratulidae from the Western North Atlantic. In: Petersen, M. E. and J. B. Kirkegaard (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen. Ophelia, Supplement No. 5, 17 - 30.","Kirkegaard, J. B. (1959) The Polychaeta of West Africa. Atlantide Report, No. 5, 7 - 117.","Dorgham, M. M., Hamdy, R., El-Rashidy, H. H., Atta, M. M. & Musco, L. (2014) Distribution patterns of shallow water polychaetes (Annelida) along the coast of Alexandria, Egypt (eastern Mediterranean). Mediterranean Marine Science, 15 (3), 635 - 649. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12681 / mms. 680","Petersen, M. E. (1999) Reproduction and development in Cirratulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Dorresteijn, A. W. C. & Westheide, W. (Eds.), Reproductive Strategies and Developmental Patterns in Annelids. Hydrobiologia, 402, 107 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003736408195"]}

Kirkegaardia fragilis new species Figure 25 Material examined. North equatorial Pacific Ocean, abyssal plain, Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, NOAA BIE Sta. DDT-07-94, 12��55.023���N, 128��35.451���W, 0.25 m 2 box core, 4879 m, 29 July 1994, coll. D.T. Trueblood, holotype and 2 paratypes (USNM 1407165���6); Sta. 02-93, 12��56.166���N, 128��35.520���W, 4869 m, coll. 10 August 1993, fragments and tessellated tubes (JAB); Sta. 06-93, 12��55.780���N, 128��35.881���W, 4858 m, coll. 0 1 September 1993, 1 posterior fragment (JAB). Description. A small fragile species with elongate, narrow body, cylindrical throughout; without dorsal or ventral grooves. Holotype in two parts, collectively measuring 4.2 mm long, 0.17 mm wide across thoracic segments, with 40 setigerous segments. One paratype a larger anterior fragment, 0.3 mm wide, 2.1 mm long, with 12 setigerous segments. Color in alcohol opaque white; largest paratype with black pigment spots on ventrolateral sides of peristomium and anterior margin of setiger 1. Pre-setigerous region of holotype elongate, 1.7x as long as wide and as long as first four setigerous segments; prostomium conical, tapering to narrow, rounded apex (Fig. 25 A); eyes absent; nuchal organs not observed. Peristomium relatively smooth, with thin lateral lines suggesting 2���3 annulations, but these not distinct; no achaetous segments evident (Fig. 25 A). Setiger 1 distinct from peristomium. Dorsal tentacles arise near posterior end of peristomium, with one intact tentacle present on holotype (Fig. 25 A); first pair of branchiae on setiger 1, dorsal to notosetae (Fig. 25 A); holotype with one branchia retained on setiger 5; other branchiae identified by scars when stained with Shirlastain A (Fig. 25 A). Branchiae located dorsal to notosetae throughout. Thoracic region of holotype with five segments, each about 3.5x as wide as long (Fig. 25 A); paratypes with 5��� 7 thoracic segments of similar proportions. Transition to long narrow abdominal region abrupt, with first segments as long as wide, becoming beadlike in middle abdominal segments, about 1.3x as long as wide (Fig. 25 B); posterior abdominal segments less bead-like, transitioning to short far posterior region with about eight segments becoming weakly expanded, flattened ventrally, terminating in narrow, elongate, conical, unsegmented pygidial lobe (Fig. 25 C). Parapodia low mounds, shifted somewhat dorsal in thoracic segments and first few abdominal segments, thereafter lateral (Fig. 25 B). Setae all capillaries, consisting of narrow setae with smooth blades in thoracic segments and shorter setae with broad base tapering to narrow capillary tip, with fine denticles along one edge of expanded base in middle and posterior segments, denticles not evident along narrow apex; denticles present on both noto- and neurosetae from about setiger 20, or middle of body; denticles not visible on capillaries of last 4���5 setigers. Denticles weakly visible at 400x, best observed at 1000x; individual denticles numerous, with sharp points directed basally (Fig. 25 D); notosetae with denticles directed ventrally and denticles of neurosetae directed dorsally, vis-��-vis. Setae numbering 6���8 in both noto- and neuropodia in thoracic segments, 5���7 in middle body segments; and 4���5 in posterior segments. Methyl Green stain. Prostomium staining light green, rest of body not retaining stain after differentiation. Etymology. The species name fragilis, is from Latin, and refers to the narrow fragile nature of this species. Remarks. Kirkegaardia fragilis belongs to a group of species in which the parapodia are not elevated over the dorsum of the thoracic region and no dorsal groove is produced; further, the first pair of branchiae occur on setiger 1 and, apart from some retention of stain on the prostomium, there is effectively no distinctive MG staining pattern for this species. This species has no close congeners except perhaps K. carolina n. sp., which is another small, threadlike deepwater species that occurs in upper slope depths off North Carolina and that also has tessellated tubes and branchiae from setiger 1. K. fragilis n. sp. differs from K. carolina n. sp. in having instead of lacking denticulate notosetae, in lacking instead of having annular rings on the peristomium, and by having a more expanded posterior end. Biology. The type specimens were isolated from the 0���2 mm profile of 10-cm subcores from the box core, suggesting that this species inhabits sediments near the surface. Thin membranous tessellated tubes were found with non-type specimens in a sample from Sta. 2-93 suggesting that this species extends its branchiae into the overlying water from within the tube. The holotype is a male with sperm packets in the coelom that contain numerous sperm with small rounded nuclei. Distribution. Known only from the Pacific Ocean in abyssal depths 4858���4879 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 50-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348

Kirkegaardia carinata new species Figures 23���24 Monticellina sp. 3: Blake et al. 2009: 1796. Material examined. California continental slope west of the Farallon Islands, San Francisco Deep Ocean Disposal Site (SF-DODS): 2003 monitoring survey, R/ V Point Sur, Sta. 116, 37��35.080���N, 123��29.039���W, 2908 m, 13 July 2007, coll. J.A. Blake, holotype (LACM-AHF Poly 8928); Sta. 23, 37��36.860���N, 123��28.850���W, 24 September 2003, 2821 m, coll. J.A. Blake, 1 paratype (LACM-AHF Poly 8924); 2006 monitoring survey, R/V Point Sur, Sta. 64, 37��35.968���N, 123��32.989���W, 3145 m, 27 September 2006, coll. J.A. Blake, 1 paratype (LACM- AHF Poly 8925); Sta. DR2A, 37��22.924���N, 124��01.001���W, 3775 m, 29 July 2006, coll. J.A. Blake, 1 paratype (LACM-AHF Poly 8926); 2007 monitoring survey, R/V Point Sur, Sta. 19, 37��38.166���N, 123��30.213���W, 3100 m, 11 July 2007, 1 paratype (LACM-AHF Poly 8927); Sta. DR3A, 37��17.537���N, 124��09.192���W, 3864 m, 13 July 2007, 1 specimen, coll. J.A. Blake (JAB). Description. An elongate, narrow-bodied species, all specimens incomplete. Holotype mostly complete, 17 mm long, 0.5 mm wide across thoracic region, with 71 setigerous segments; paratypes smaller, with fewer segments; length and number of setigerous segments variable, age dependent. Thoracic region with 10���12 setigerous segments, with slender, less mature specimens having fewest. Thoracic segments about 2x as wide as long (Figs. 23 A, 24A���B), transitioning to anterior abdominal segments only slightly wider than long with segmental boundaries indistinct (Figs. 23 C, 24C); middle and posterior segments becoming oval, but not moniliform; no ventral grooves or ridges present; thin ventral line evident along abdominal segments, not a raised ridge. Pre-setigerous region about 1.8x as long as wide. Prostomium conical, tapering to narrow rounded apex (Figs. 23 A���B, 24A���B); eyes absent; slit-like nuchal organs present on posterior lateral margins (Fig. 23 B). Peristomium smooth without obvious annulations, dorsal surface raised, but without an obvious crest (Figs. 23 A���B, 24A���B), peristomium merging posteriorly with raised mid-dorsal ridge of thoracic region (Fig. 23 A). Dorsal tentacles arising on posterior margin of peristomium, with first pair of branchiae posterolateral to tentacles in notch between peristomium and setiger 1 (Fig. 23 A���B); second pair of branchiae on posterior margin of setiger one dorsal to notosetae and on edge of mid-dorsal channel (Fig. 23 A); subsequent thoracic branchiae in similar location; anterior abdominal branchiae, when present dorsal to notosetae, but not in as dorsal a position because parapodia shift laterally; no branchiae observed in middle and posterior segments. Parapodia of thoracic region elevated above dorsal midline, producing shallow mid-dorsal channel or groove between parapodia (Fig. 23 A); this channel with narrow elevated ridge or keel continuing to end of thoracic region; ridge broken into elevated lobes in last 2���3 thoracic segments (Fig. 23 A). Parapodia well-developed throughout, with short triangular-shaped podial lobes in thoracic region and broad membranous parapodia in abdominal segments (Fig. 23 A); abdominal parapodia surrounded by dark glandular tissue that retains MG stain imparting distinctive pattern along entire body (Fig. 24 C, see below). Thoracic setae consisting of 11���12 long simple capillaries per notopodium and 8���10 similar setae per neuropodium; anterior abdominal setae similar with neurosetae becoming shorter, wider basally, and with minute denticles along one edge from setigers 16���17 on holotype visible at 400��� 1000x (Fig. 23 E); notosetae also developing denticles along one edge from setigers 17���18 on holotype (Fig. 23 D). Notosetae numbering 5���6 per notopodium in anterior abdominal parapodia and 4���5 in posterior parapodia; neurosetae shorter and broader than notosetae, numbering up to 10 per neuropodium in anterior abdominal segments and 4���5 in posterior abdominal segments. Noto- and neurosetae of abdominal segments with fine denticles or teeth along one margin (Fig. 21 D���E). Notosetae with denticles directed ventrally and denticles of neurosetae directed dorsally, vis-��-vis. Nature of posterior end and pygidium not known. Methyl Green stain. Kirkegaardia carinata n. sp. has a distinctive MG staining pattern, with the holotype having a mid-dorsal elongate oval patch on the peristomium that extends somewhat laterally (Fig. 24 A���B); the venter of thoracic region has dark-blue-staining segmental bands that extend dorsally to the mid-dorsal ridge (Fig. 24 A���B); the parapodia of abdominal segments stain heavily producing lateral lines along each segment (Fig. 24 C). Etymology. The species name, carinata is from the Latin carina, a keel, referring to the mid-dorsal ridge that is within the channel between the parapodia of the thoracic region of this species. Remarks. Kirkegaardia carinata n. sp. is another species in the group of 12 species that have the thoracic parapodia elevated over a mid-thoracic channel. Of these 12 species, K. carinata n. sp. is most similar in morphology to K. dorsobranchialis, K. chilensis n. sp., and K. cryptica in having an entirely smooth peristomium with no dorsal ridge. Of these, K. carinata n. sp. and K. chilensis n. sp. have a prominent mid-dorsal ridge within the dorsal channel on the thorax that is lacking in both K. dorsobranchialis and K. cryptica. K. carinata n. sp. differs from K. chilensis n. sp. in having a distinctively rich MG staining pattern on the peristomium, thoracic region, and the abdominal parapodia whereas a MG pattern is largely absent on K. chilensis n. sp. except for weak retention on the thoracic segments. In addition, the mid-ventral segments of the thoracic region of K. chilensis n. sp. are expanded whereas the thoracic segments of K. carinata n. sp. are all of the same size. Biology. A rare species, K. carinata n. sp. is limited to lower continental slope and abyssal depths in soft muddy sediments. Some paratypes partially covered with thin crust of silt particles, suggesting a thin sediment tube may be present. Distribution. Lower continental slope and continental rise off northern California, 2821���3864 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 47-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348

Magalhães, Wagner F., Weidhase, Michael, Schulze, Anja, Bailey-Brock, Julie H. (2016): Taxonomic remarks on the genus Ctenodrilus (Annelida: Cirratulidae) including description of a new species from the Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4103 (4): 325-343, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4103.4.2

Kirkegaardia araiotrachela new species Figure 28 Material examined. Pacific Ocean, Western South America, off Peru, west of Trujillo, La Libertad Province, R/ V Anton Bruun Sta. 85, 14 Oct 1965, 07��53���S; 80��30���W, 520 m, Menzies trawl, holotype (USNM 1013893); South of Lima, R/ V Anton Bruun, Cruise 17, Sta. 660-A, 12��27���S, 077��16���W, 805 m, coll. 25 Jun 1966, Campbell grab, 1 specimen (USNM 1407135). Description. Holotype posteriorly incomplete, with about 75 setigers, 22 mm long; width variable depending upon body region: 0.4 mm wide across peristomium and some anterior setigers, 1.0 mm wide at enlarged area between setigers 18���30, and 0.6���0.7 mm wide in middle posterior segments, (Fig. 28 A). Specimen from off Lima, Peru smaller, 9 mm long, 0.5 mm wide across thorax, 1.4 mm wide across expanded mid-body region, for 43 setigerous segments. Color in alcohol: light tan. Body narrow over first 15���16 setigers comprising a thoracic region with narrow segments about 3.5x wider than long, then followed by expanded anterior abdominal section with segments 5.5x as wide as long over next 10 setigers (Fig. 28 A), then narrowing again in middle and posterior abdominal segments; these becoming longer, about 1.5x as long as wide. Venter with prominent groove from end of thoracic region to end of fragment. Prostomium narrow, triangular, tapering to pointed anterior tip; eyes absent, nuchal organs not observed. Peristomium with one large and two narrow annular rings with groove visible only laterally, not cutting across smooth dorsum; first ring a large inflated annulus followed by two narrower annulae (Fig. 28 A) appearing to be two achaetous segments; dorsum of peristomium smooth, rounded. Dorsal tentacles short, possibly regenerating, arising from second annular ring and well anterior to setiger 1 (Fig. 28 A). First pair of branchiae from posterior border of third annular ring and anterior to setiger 1; second pair of branchiae on posterior border of setiger 1, dorsal to notosetae; subsequent branchiae arising in a similar location; branchiae rarely observed in posterior segments. Parapodia reduced to low ridges; lacking postsetal lamellae; notosetae thick, with thick brown bases and include smooth to finely denticulated capillaries, with short, pointed denticles most visible in setae of middle body segments (Fig. 28 B). Anterior neurosetae including fascicles of thin, broad-bladed capillaries, with sharply tapering tips; in middle body setigers, these setae with fine denticles or serrations at point of abrupt tapering (Fig. 28C���D); these broad-bladed pointed setae transitioning to sharply pointed spines and then blunt-tipped spines (Fig. 28 E) in posterior segments from about setiger 68, both types of setae in same fascicle, alternating with narrow, smooth capillaries (Fig. 28 F). Non-type specimen with many setae sheared off along body precluding confirmation of all setal observations made on holotype; however, neurosetae with serrations at point of abrupt tapering present on next to last segment of smaller specimen; spines not present on this fragment. Pygidium not observed. Etymology. Araiotrachela is from the Greek: araios for narrow, thin; trachelos for neck. The name is suggested by the narrow neck-like region of the anterior end that precedes the enlarged, fusiform expanded section. Methyl Green stain. Prostomium retaining light green stain; peristomium and rest of body not retaining stain after differentiation. Remarks. There are many unusual features of Kirkegaardia araiotrachela n. sp. suggesting that a further evaluation of its generic status is warranted. The occurrence of the paired dorsal tentacles on the middle annular ring of the peristomium is unusual in being so far anterior on the peristomium. The occurrence of branchiae on the last annular ring suggests this might be an achaetous segment rather than part of the peristomium. The denticulate capillaries found in middle body notopodia are typical of those found in several species of Kirkegaardia, but these are normally in the neuropodia as well, rather than limited to the notopodia. The heavy, thickened, pointed neurosetae with denticles or serrations evident at the point of narrowing begin from setigers 5���6 and transition to spines having either long, tapering tips or shorter blunt tips; in posterior setigers both types of spines intergrade within a single neuropodium and alternate with long, slender capillaries; damage to the notosetae in the second specimen precludes confirmation of these observations on another specimen. For this reason it is difficult to confirm the distribution of the different forms of spines observed on the holotype except that the blunt-tipped spines are first observed from setiger 68, with their homologues beginning in anterior setigers. This type of setal transition appears to be unique among the bitentaculate cirratulids studied to date. The alternation of thin capillaries and spines in the neuropodia, as occurs in K. araiotrachela n. sp., also occurs in related bi-tentaculate species of Chaetozone. However, Chaetozone species also have these spines and capillaries in the notopodia which together with the neuropodial spines form posterior cinctures with a distinct armature (Blake 2015). Heavy spines are absent in notopodia of K. araiotrachela n. sp. and true cinctures are not developed. There are no known species of Chaetozone that have denticulate or serrated setae. Setae with serrations evident only at the point of narrowing were illustrated by Eliason (1962) for a cirratulid from the Skagerrak off Sweden that he named Caulleriella serrata. It is likely that upon re-examination Eliason���s species will be referred to Kirkegaardia. However, C. serrata does not have the more typical denticulated setae as in K. araiotrachela n. sp. or other species of the genus. Biology. The inflated portion of the body of K. araiotrachela n. sp. is possibly related to sexual maturity because sperm packets are present in the coelom of the holotype. No other information is available relative to the habitat or associated organisms. Distribution. Known only from off Peru in 520��� 805 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 56-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Blake, J. A. (2015) New species of Chaetozone and Tharyx (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae) from the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic and the Northeastern Pacific, including a description of the lectotype of Chaetozone setosa Malmgren from Spitsbergen in the Norwegian Arctic. Zootaxa, 3919 (3), 501 - 552. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3919.3.5","Eliason, A. (1962) Die Polychaeten der Skagerrak-Expedition 1933. Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala, 33, 207 - 293."]}

Kirkegaardia neotesselata new species Figures 14, 15 A���C Tharyx annulosus: Maciolek et al. 1987: Appendix D-2 (In part, Sta. 11). Not Hartman (1965). Material examined. Western North Atlantic, Offshore New England, Georges Bank, continental slope south Cape Cod, US North Atlantic ACSAR Program, Cruse 2, R/V Oceanus, Sta. 11, Rep. 2, 0 4 May 1985, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 40��01.28���N, 70��55.09���W, 250 m, holotype and 7 paratypes (USNM 1407135��� 6). Description. Holotype, complete, 10 mm long, 0.26 mm wide across thoracic segments for about 75 setigers; however an exact segment count not possible due to worms being enclosed in tube materials (Fig. 15 A���C). Body elongate, cylindrical throughout, with body segments wider than long in thoracic and anterior abdominal segments, becoming longer posteriorly, with some appearing oval or moniliform in shape; segments becoming narrow and crowded in far posterior segments forming an expanded posterior end terminating in a simple pygidium with terminal anus and single ventral lobe (Fig. 14 B). Pre-setigerous area somewhat bullet-shaped, 1.5x as long as wide; prostomium short, triangular, and narrowing to a pointed tip (Fig. 14 A); nuchal organs at posterior-lateral margin; eyes absent. Peristomium with three lateral grooves producing up to four annular rings only apparent laterally (Fig. 14 A); dorsum elevated, with mid-dorsal ridge along most of peristomium, continuing along mid-dorsal thoracic groove (Fig. 14 A). Peristomium ending at anterior border of setiger 1, with demarcation clearly evident; dorsal tentacles arising from posterior margin (Fig. 14 A). First pair of branchiae on setiger 1, dorsal to notosetae (Fig. 14 A). Thoracic region with about 10 setigers, but overall nature of anterior end obscured on several specimens due to tightly adhering tube material; channel between parapodia with a narrow mid-dorsal ridge present, continuing from peristomium and extending for 6���7 setigers, then merging with mid-dorsum and disappearing (Fig. 14 A). Parapodia weakly defined with only low tori from which setae arise. Notosetae long, slender, simple capillaries in anterior setigers, numbering about 6���8 per fascicle, some becoming thicker in mid-body segments, none with serrations or denticles; thoracic neurosetae short simple capillaries numbering 5���8 per fascicle in thoracic segments, becoming wider basally, with serrated edges present on setae of anterior abdominal segments (setigers 11���12) continuing to near posterior end (Fig. 14 C); noto- and neurosetae of posterior setigers reduced to 2���4 per fascicle. Methyl Green stain. Stain is retained on the prostomium and as stripes on the venter of posterior thoracic and anterior abdominal segments on the anterior border of each segment; these stripes generally encircle each segment up the lateral and dorsal most sides of each parapodium involved. No stain is retained on the peristomium, anterior thoracic segments, or the expanded posterior section. Etymology. The epithet neotesselata is derived the Latin, neo for new and tessellatus for a mosaic and is derived from the name of its Pacific congener, K. tesselata, due to its having a similar tessellated tube structure. Remarks. Eight specimens similar to K. tesselata from California were found in a sample from off New England in upper continental slope depths. The specimens were all enclosed by filamentous tube materials through which branchiae projected in groups at intervals along the body (Fig. 15 A���C). This tube structure is similar in appearance to the tessellated or tattered tubes reported by Hartman (1960) and Blake (1996) for K. tesselata from offshore California. However, the tube material of the New England specimens is a hardened substance within which the worms are compressed and twisted upon preservation and from which they are difficult to extract; whereas, the tube material of K. tesselata is soft and pliable such that worms are easily removed intact. Further, careful inspection of these New England specimens revealed a species having a different morphology despite the similar appearing tube. The most obvious morphological difference is that the parapodia of thoracic segments are elevated sufficiently high to produce a low mid-dorsal channel that is not evident in K. tesselata. The peristomium of K. neotesselata n. sp. is incised with three lateral grooves producing up to four annulated rings; in contrast, K. tesselata has a smooth peristomium with no evidence of annular rings. In addition, the peristomium has a mid-dorsal ridge that continues posteriorly as a mid-dorsal thoracic ridge within the dorsal channel. A mid-thoracic ridge is also present in K. tesselata, but it is not within a mid-dorsal thoracic channel. Finally, a MG staining pattern has not been observed for K. tesselata; in K. neotesselata n. sp., however, the prostomium stains and stripes are present on the venter of posterior thoracic and anterior abdominal segments. Locally off New England, K. neotesselata n. sp. is most closely related to K. baptisteae, which has also been found to have tessellated tubes. However, the tubes of K. baptisteae are soft and pliable as in K. tesselata and not the tougher tube material of K. neotesselata n. sp. Additionally, K. baptisteae has denticulated notosetae instead of lacking them, has no dorsal peristomial or thoracic ridge and while the parapodia are enlarged into prominent shoulders, the mid-dorsum is actually domed or elevated rather than weakly depressed. Biology. These specimens were removed from a sample containing K. annulosa and specimens of Aphelochaeta spp. It is likely that additional records of K. neotesselata will be found in similar samples. The tough, closely adhering tubes readily separate this species from other cirratulids in the same samples. Distribution. New England upper continental slope, 250 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1965) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Allan Hancock Foundation Occasional Paper, 28, 1 - 378.","Hartman, O. (1960) The benthic fauna of the deep basins off Southern California. Part II. Systematic account of some marine invertebrate animals from the deep basins of Southern California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 22 (2), 69 - 215, 19 plates.","Blake, J. A. (1996) Chapter 8. Family Cirratulidae Ryckholdt, 1851. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. Annelida. Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, pp. 263 - 384."]}

Kirkegaardia giribeti (Dean & Blake, 2009) new combination Figure 26 C Monticellina giribeti Dean & Blake 2009: 116 ���117, Figs.6 B, 8A���F. Material examined. Pacific Ocean, off Ecuador, Gulf of Guayaquil, R/ V Anton Bruun, Cruise 18B, Sta. 771-D, 03��16���S, 080��47���W, ca. 90 m, 10 Sep 1966, 1 specimen (JAB). Description. A single, incomplete specimen from off Ecuador closely resembles Kirkegaardia giribeti presently known only from intertidal depths on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Ecuadorian fragment 4 mm long, 0.6 mm wide with 33 setigerous segments. Pre-setigerous region 2.75x as long as wide. Prostomium short, narrow, and rounded on anterior margin; nuchal organs not observed. Peristomium 2.5x as long as wide and cut with four lateral grooves producing five annulations (Fig. 26 C); low mid-dorsal ridge present along peristomium from anterior to posterior margin. Dorsal tentacles arise from posterior margin of peristomium with first pair of branchiae also on posterior margin of peristomium lateral to tentacles. Second and subsequent pairs of branchiae on posterior margin of each setiger, dorsal to notochaetae on dorsal most edge of parapodium. Thoracic region with 25 narrow setigerous segments with parapodia shifted dorsally overlying a wide dorsal channel, each segment clearly demarcated (Fig. 26 C). Transition to abdominal segments abrupt, parapodia shifting laterally, dorsal channel disappearing, and dorsum merging with lateral sides of each segment. First seven abdominal segments narrow, the last becoming longer and more moniliform. Parapodia low ridges or mounds from which setae emerge. Thoracic notosetae numbering 6���8 long, smooth capillaries becoming wider and shorter in abdominal segments and developing fine serrations along margin; neurosetae with 5���7 smooth setae in thoracic region transitioning to shorter setae with a broad base in abdominal segments also with fine serrations along margin. Nature of middle and posterior segments not known. Methyl Green stain. The body stains uniformly light green, with no areas of stain concentration or any pattern evident after differentiation. Remarks. This specimen agrees with K. giribeti from Costa Rica in most respects including the shape of the prostomium, long narrow peristomium, location of the dorsal tentacles and first pair of branchiae, nature of the thoracic parapodia, and the lack of any MG staining pattern. Differences include five peristomial annulations and a longer thoracic region with 25 setigerous segments in the Ecuadorian specimen instead of six peristomial annulations and 16 thoracic setigerous segments as in the Costa Rican material. However, the Ecuadorian fragment appears to be a larger specimen than the type materials and as such a longer thoracic region is to be expected. The last available abdominal segment on the Ecuadorian specimen is clearly rounded and becoming moniliform which agrees with the original description of moniliform abdominal segments. Distribution. Costa Rica, intertidal; Off Ecuador, shallow subtidal., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Dean, H. K. & Blake, J. A. (2009) Monticellina (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica with description of six new species. Zoosymposia, 2, 105 - 126."]}

Kirkegaardia heroae new species Figure 31 Material examined. Argentina, off Tiera del Fuego, Staten Island, R/V Hero Cruise 712, Sta. 665, 54.742��S, 63.882��W, 44 m, 11 May 1971, Petersen grab, holotype and paratype (USNM 1013894���5); Sta. 659, 54.858��S, 64.452��W, ca. 33 m, 0 1 May 1971, Petersen grab, 2 paratypes (USNM 1013896). Description. A moderately sized species, holotype with 39 segments, 4.6 mm long, 1 mm wide across expanded thorax; smaller paratype with 40 setigers, 4 mm long, 0.35 mm wide across thorax. Color in alcohol: light tan, no pigment apparent. Pre-setigerous region relatively short, 1.3x as long as wide. Prostomium short, triangular, narrowly rounded on anterior margin (Fig. 31 A���B); nuchal organs not apparent; eyes absent. Peristomium wider than long, with three annulations formed by four grooves; first annulation following prostomium enlarged, expanded laterally; then followed by two narrow rings resembling achaetous segments (Fig. 31 B); dorsum of these last two rings with elevated crest terminating anteriorly with large peristomial ring and posteriorly at setiger 1, more or less merging with dorsal surface of thoracic segments (Fig. 31 A���B). Dorsal tentacles arising on third peristomial ring immediately anterior to setiger 1; first pair of branchiae arising posterior to dorsal tentacles in middle of setiger 1; second pair of branchiae also on setiger 1, arising dorsal to notosetae on posterior margin of segment (Fig. 31 B); subsequent segments with branchiae on posterior margin of segment; branchiae thin, wrinkled, most missing. Thoracic region with about 28 narrow, crowded segments; broadly swollen from about segments 12���27 (Fig. 31 A); abdominal segments moniliform; posterior end narrow, expanding in far posterior segments. Dorsum of thoracic region smooth, rounded, without dorsal groove or ridge; venter with deep mid-ventral groove. Parapodia well developed in thoracic region, forming distinct shoulders, but not elevated over dorsal surface; dorsally parapodia merging indistinctly with dorsal surface; parapodia with reduced setal tori posteriorly. Noto- and neurosetae of anterior setigers long simple capillaries, golden colored, dark at bases, numbering 7���8 per fascicle, decreasing to 4���5 posteriorly; neurosetae broader, thicker than notosetae in first 10���15 setigers; from about setiger 30, noto- and neurosetae with serrated edge formed by separated fibrils (Fig. 31 C���D), serrations visible at 400x. Methyl Green stain. Entire body staining uniformly; middle of thorax with 3���4 segments with deeper turquoise band completely encircling body. Intersegmental areas staining darker turquoise. Etymology. This species is named for the R/V Hero, former research vessel of the U.S. Antarctic Program. Remarks. Kirkegaardia heroae n. sp. is provisionally assigned to Kirkegaardia n. nom. The noto- and neurosetae are thick and have prominent serrations along one edge, but these are not the denticulate type of seta that characterizes other species of the genus. Among the Antarctic cirratulids examined as part of this study, K. heroae n. sp. is the only species to have such a long thorax with an expanded region. In K. chilensis n. sp., the thorax is also expanded, but only ventrally. The moniliform abdominal segments are more characteristic of some species of Aphelochaeta, such as the type species, A. monilaris (Hartman) and it is possible that K. heroae n. sp. may be reassigned pending further study. Superficially, K. heroae n. sp. resembles K. araiotrachela n. sp. in overall body shape and in having one large and two small peristomial annular rings. However, the two species have different parapodial morphologies and different kinds of setae. Distribution. Antarctic Peninsula, in shelf depths., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 62-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348

Kirkegaardia luticastella (Jumars, 1975) new combination Figure 17 Tharyx luticastellus Jumars, 1975: 341 ���348, figs. 1���2. Monticellina luticastella: Blake 1996: 322 ���323, fig. 8.23. Material examined. California continental slope, west of Farallon Islands, San Francisco Deep Ocean Disposal Site (SF-DODS) September 2006 monitoring survey, R/ V Point Sur, Sta. 57, 37��42.946���N, 123��32.947���W, 2637 m, 24 Sep 2006, coll. J.A. Blake, 1 specimen (LACM-AHF Poly 8929). Description. Farallons specimen complete, in two parts, 6 mm long, 0.7 mm wide across the thorax for about 30 segments. Thoracic region expanded, with seven setigerous segments followed by moniliform abdominal segments (Fig. 17 A). Thoracic setigers all similar, short, dorsally elevated over midline forming shallow groove (Fig. 17 A); these abruptly transitioning to anterior abdominal segments each about as long as wide, distinctly moniliform (Fig. 17 A���B). Posteriormost segments becoming narrow, more crowded, terminating in simple pygidium with ventral lobe (Fig. 17 B). Pre-setigerous region enlarged, bulbous, as wide as long, together with thick thoracic region forming enlarged, thickened anterior end (Fig. 17 A). Prostomium broadly triangular, narrowing to rounded anterior margin (Fig. 17 A); posterior dorsal margin merging indistinctly with peristomium; nuchal organs not observed; eyes absent. Mouth large, with emerging bulbous proboscis (Fig. 17 A), surrounded by thick lateral peristomial lips. Peristomium smooth dorsally, weak lateral groove dividing peristomium into two annular rings, apparent only laterally and not prominent (Fig. 17 A). Dorsal tentacles arising from between posterior margin of peristomium and anterior border of setiger 1 (Fig. 17 A); first pair of branchiae arising lateral to dorsal tentacles on posterior margin of peristomium; second pair of branchiae arising from posterior margin of setiger 1, with subsequent thoracic branchiae in similar position (Fig. 17 A). Branchiae of abdominal segments evident on a few moniliform segments, arising laterally, dorsal to notosetae; all branchiae thin, relatively short, most missing. Parapodia of thoracic region small mounds from which setae arise. Notosetae elongate, smooth capillaries throughout, numbering 12���15 per notopodium in thoracic region, same in abdominal segments, reduced to 8���10 in posterior segments. Neurosetae similar in number and appearance in thoracic segments; transitioning to short, denticulated capillaries on setigers 9���10 (Fig. 17 A). Denticles of neurosetae very fine, visible at 400x, but with details apparent only at 1000x, each seta observed to have numerous curved and pointed denticles along one narrow margin (Fig. 17 C���D). Methyl Green stain. Some stain retained on anterior margin of prostomium and on the posterior borders of the first and second peristomial rings; retention is weak. Remarks. A single complete specimen of Kirkegaardia luticastella was collected on the continental slope west of San Francisco, California as part of a long-term monitoring effort at SF-DODS. K. luticastella was the first mud ball worm to be described and this represents the first record of the species since the original collection from the San Diego Trough (Jumars 1975). The specimen is smaller than reported for the types by Jumars (1975) and Blake (1996), being only 6 mm long and 0.7 mm wide instead of 15���30 mm long and 2 mm wide and with only 30 setigerous segments instead of 48���69. In addition, the Farallons specimen has only seven thoracic segments instead of 10���11 as in the type specimens. The position of the first pair of branchiae on the peristomium, recorded here for the northern California specimen, differs from the descriptions by Jumars (1975) and Blake (1996), which were based on the type collection from southern California. The branchiae were described as first occurring on setiger 1; however, Shirlastain A was used with the new material but not on the type specimens. It is likely that the same presetiger branchiae will be found on the type specimens when they are rechecked using the stain as they are present in both K. jumarsi n. sp. and K. olgahartmanae n. sp., two new mud ball worms reported in this study. Despite these differences in size, numbers of segments, and location of the first pair of branchiae, the main features described for the species by Jumars (1975) and Blake (1996) are consistent. The prostomium is bluntly rounded on the anterior margin and the peristomium is relatively short, being generally wider than long, for a species of Kirkegaardia. Jumars (1975) illustrated a distinct groove in the peristomium producing two annular rings; Blake (1996) illustrated only a weak lateral groove on the holotype; a more prominent lateral groove on the Farallons specimen produces a lateral separation of the peristomium into two more-or-less equal annular rings. However, peristomial rings are often more or less prominent depending on contraction during preservation; often the grooves that define annular rings can be observed only with stains such as Shirlastain A or with SEM. The species most similar to K. luticastella is K. jumarsi n. sp. described in this paper from the Peru-Chile Trench. The two species are compared below in the K. jumarsi n. sp. description. A third species, K. olgahartmanae n. sp., from off the Antarctic Peninsula is also closely related to both of these species and is treated separately below. Biology. The species is known only from muddy sediments in offshore basins and slope depths. At the Farallons location, K. luticastella was found only once, and in an environment with fine silty sediments dominated by numerous polychaetes of the families Paraonidae, Spionidae, Cossuridae, and Cirratulidae (mainly species of Chaetozone) (Blake et al. 2009). Distribution. San Diego Trough off Southern California, 1200 m in soft sediments; continental slope off northern California, 2637 m in muddy sediment., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Jumars, P. A. (1975) Target species for deep-sea studies in ecology, genetics, and physiology. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 57, 341 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1975. tb 01896. x","Blake, J. A. (1996) Chapter 8. Family Cirratulidae Ryckholdt, 1851. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. Annelida. Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, pp. 263 - 384."]}

Kirkegaardia hampsoni new species Figures 12���13 Tharyx dorsobranchialis: Maciolek-Blake et al. 1985: 75, 142, Appendix B-3, Appendix D-8. Not Kirkegaard 1959. Monticellina dorsobranchialis: Blake, 1991 (In part); Hilbig & Blake 2000: 162. Type Material examined. Western North Atlantic, Offshore New England, Georges Bank, BIMP, Cruise M-8, R/ V Gyre, Sta. 13, 21 May 1983, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 40��29.5���N, 70��12.6���W, 70 m, holotype and 34 paratypes (USNM 1407138���9); Cruise M-1, R/ V Eastward, Sta. 13, 9 July 1981, coll. M. Rawson, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Chief Scientist, 40��29.5���N, 70��12.6���W, 70 m, 34 paratypes (USNM 1407140; Cruise M-2, R/V Oceanus, Sta. 13, 0 9 Nov 1981, coll. M. Rawson, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Chief Scientist, 40��29.5���N, 70��12.6���W, ~ 70 m, 52 paratypes (USNM 1407141); Cruise M-3, R/ V Endeavor, Sta. 13, 11 Feb 1982, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, Sta. 40��29.5���N, 70��29.2���W, 69 m, 65 paratypes (USNM 1407142); Cruise M-4, R/V Cape Henlopen, Sta. 13, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 18 May 1982, 40��29.3���N, 70��12.5���W, 70 m, 29 paratypes (USNM 1407143); Cruise M-5, R/V Oceanus, Sta. 13, 28 Jul 1982, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 40��29.3���N, 70��12.6���W, 62 m, 4 paratypes (USNM 1407144); Cruise M-6, R/V Oceanus, Sta. 13, 27 Nov 1982, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 40��29.3���N, 70��12.4���W, 67 m, 35 paratypes (USNM 1407145); Cruise M-7, R/ V Endeavor Sta. 13, 11 Feb 1983, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 40��29.3���W, 70��12.5���W, 66 m, 66 paratypes (USNM 1407146). Other material examined. Offshore New England, Georges Bank, BIMP, Cruise M-6, R/V Oceanus, Sta. 9, 26 Nov 1982, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 40��26.7���N, 68��09.8���W, 141 m, 10 specimens (USNM 1407148); Sta. 12, 26 Nov 1982, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 40��22.2���N, 68��29.8���W, 103 m, 28 specimens (USNM 1407147); Sta. 13A, 27 Nov 1982, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 40��30.0���N, 71��00���W, 78 m, 64 specimens (USNM 1407149). ��� Cruise M-8, R/ V Gyre, Sta. 12, 20 May 1983, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 40��22.2���N, 68��29.7���W, 105 m, 21 specimens (USNM 1407150); Sta. 13A, 21 May 1983, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 40��30.0���N, 71��00.6���W, 80 m, 61 specimens (USNM 1407151). ��� Massachusetts Bay, MWRA long-term monitoring program, R/ V Aquamonitor, Sta. NF-14, Rep. 1, 31 Jul 2007, coll. P. Neubert, 42.387��N, 70.823��W, 34.2 m, 42 specimens (MCZ 135290); Sta. FF-01A, Rep. 2, 30 Jul 2007, coll. P. Neubert, 42.564��N, 70.676��W, 35.8 m, 8 specimens (MCZ 135291). ��� Long Island Sound, New London, historical dredged material disposal site, Sta. AC 3, 17 February, 2000, 41��16.471���N, 72��04.459���W, 33 specimens (JAB). Description. An elongate, often thread-like species with length and number of setigerous segments variable and age dependent. Holotype complete, 10.7 mm long, 0.23 mm wide across thorax and 0.20 mm wide across abdominal segments, with 110 setigers; a mostly complete, slender paratype 14 mm long, 0.2 mm wide across thorax with about 60 setigers compared to more robust paratype 15 mm long, 0.3 mm wide across thorax with 106 setigers. Complete specimens, including holotype, with bodies coiled precluding exact measurements. Pre-setigerous region about 2.5x as long as wide in smaller, more slender specimens; 2.0���2.3x as long as wide in larger more robust specimens (Figs. 12 A, 13F). Prostomium triangular, tapering to narrow rounded apex (Figs. 12 A���B, 13F); eyes absent; slit-like nuchal organs present on posterior lateral margins. Peristomium elongate, smooth without obvious annulations in smaller specimens, but with 1���2 lateral grooves in larger specimens immediately posterior to prostomium, main part of peristomium remaining smooth (Fig. 12 A���B). Peristomial middorsal ridge present, extending from prostomium to border of setigerous region (Figs. 12 A���B, 13F). Dorsal tentacles on posterior part of peristomium, first pair of branchiae also on peristomium, posterolateral to tentacles, in line with second pair of branchiae on setiger 1 (Figs. 12 A���B, 13F). Branchiae of thoracic segments dorsal to notosetae at border with mid-dorsal channel; thereafter, parapodia shifting to lateral position in abdominal segments; branchiae not observed in far posterior segments. Parapodia of thoracic region elevated above dorsal midline producing shallow mid-dorsal channel or groove between parapodia (Fig. 12 A), continuing to start of abdominal segments; dorsal thoracic channel with elevated narrow ridge along most of length (Fig. 12 A); thoracic region with 10���15 setigerous segments depending on age of specimens; slender, less mature specimens with fewer, larger more robust specimens with maximal numbers of thoracic setigers. Abdominal region with narrow mid-dorsal furrow or groove over a variable number of segments (Fig. 12 A); far posterior segments becoming shorter and wider, forming weakly expanded posterior section terminating in pygidium with dorsal anus overlying conical lobe (Fig. 12 C). More slender specimens with most abdominal segments 2��� 3x as long as wide (Fig. 12 D���E) with posterior segments becoming shorter, almost moniliform (Fig. 12 F); more robust specimens with most abdominal segments as long as wide with elongate segments limited to far posterior, demonstrating a pattern of growth and maturation of body segments. Larger specimens typically with mature gametes, absent in more slender immature specimens. Parapodia reduced to low mounds from which setae project; thoracic setae consisting of long simple capillaries numbering 7���12 per notopodium and 6���10 per neuropodium; anterior and middle abdominal segments with about 8���12 setae per noto- and neuropodia (Fig. 13 G); far posterior abdominal segments with 5���8 setae per notopodium and 5���6 per neuropodium; neurosetae becoming shorter, wider basally in middle abdominal segments with minute denticles along one edge (~setiger 50 in largest specimens), visible from 400��� 1000x (Figs. 12 G, 13I); notosetae also becoming broad and denticulated in middle abdominal segments, denticles best seen at 1000x (Fig. 13 H). Notosetae with denticles directed ventrally and denticles of neurosetae directed dorsally, vis-��-vis. Methyl Green stain. Prostomium generally not staining; some specimens, however, with prominent dorsal patch and lateral lines of light green on the peristomium (Fig. 13 B), others with patch lighter, fading rapidly (Fig. 13 A); thoracic region with 8���10 segments with distinct ventral bands of dark blue extending dorsally to near middorsal channel, 4���6 of these bands remaining prominent, being the last stain to fade away (Fig. 13 A���C); prominent mid-ventral longitudinal line present on most anterior abdominal segments (Fig. 13 A���C), broken between segments; lateral intersegmental spots absent but thin lines on dorsal side of abdominal segments represents stain in intersegmental grooves (Fig. 13 B). Etymology. This species is named for the late Mr. George Hampson, scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Mr. Hampson was Chief Scientist on the Georges Bank monitoring surveys and the North Atlantic ACSAR surveys in the 1980s. He was also a key field leader on several of our deep-water surveys off northern California in the 1980s and 1990s. He was a mentor to many young marine scientists and provided training on how to collect samples offshore and correctly process them. Remarks. Kirkegaardia hampsoni n. sp. is most similar to the deeper water U.S. Atlantic species K. annulosa and the shallow-water Mediterranean species K. heterochaeta in general body form and MG staining patterns. Although both K. annulosa and K. heterochaeta have the entire surface of the mid-dorsal channel raised into a ridge, the configuration of this differs from that of K. hampsoni n. sp. because the latter has a separate ridge located on the floor of the channel. As part of the larger review of species in this study, K. hampsoni n. sp. belongs to a group of four species, including K. annulosa, K. kladara n. sp., and K. cristata n. sp. that have a mid-dorsal ridge along the entire length of the peristomium. K. kladara n. sp. differs significantly from each of these species in having the first pair of branchiae on setiger 1 instead of on the peristomium lateral to the dorsal tentacles. K. cristata n. sp. from the northeastern Pacific has a different MG staining pattern and up to four peristomial annular rings instead of up to three annuli in K. hampsoni n. sp. Biology. Kirkegaardia hampsoni was a dominant species at Station 13, the so-called ���mud patch��� adjacent to Georges Bank (Maciolek-Blake et al. 1985). The species is generally found in finer-grained sediments than its congener K. baptisteae which, on Georges Bank, prefers sediments having coarser grains. A few specimens from the February and May 1982 collections at Georges Bank Sta. 13 were females with eggs observed in posterior abdominal segments. At least two specimens were males with numerous sperm packets loose in the coelomic fluid; these sperm had a minute rounded nucleus. The eggs from the February specimens measured 106���122 ��m in one specimen and ca. 150���152 ��m in another; there were about 4��� 6 eggs per segment. In contrast, eggs from the May collection were considerably larger, measuring 160���183 ��m in diameter (average = 177.1 ��m; 1 SD = 10.6 ��m), with four eggs per segment (Fig. 13 D���E). In some segments the largest eggs were compressed anterior to posterior with individual segments being elevated and dorsally rounded due to the contained eggs. There were no apparent females in either the July or November samples. Although scanty, these results suggest that in this area gametes of K. hampsoni develop and mature in January���February and the worms likely spawn in April��� May. Distribution. Kirkegaardia hampsoni n. sp. has been recorded locally as Tharyx and/or Monticellina dorsobranchialis from numerous locations on the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf from the Gulf of Maine to the mid-Atlantic, 30��� 150 m. Records from further south and the Gulf of Mexico should be examined as they could possibly belong to different species., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 28-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Maciolek-Blake, N., Grassle, J. F. & Neff, J. M. (Eds.) (1985) Georges Bank Benthic Infauna Monitoring Program. Final Report for third year of Sampling, U. S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Herndon, VA, Vol. 1, Executive Summary, 37 pp; Vol. 2, Final Reports, 333 pp.; Vol. 3, Appendices. Available from: http: // marinecadastre. gov / espis / / search / study / 9111 (accessed 4 August 2016)","Kirkegaard, J. B. (1959) The Polychaeta of West Africa. Atlantide Report, No. 5, 7 - 117.","Blake, J. A. (1991) Revision of some genera and species of Cirratulidae from the Western North Atlantic. In: Petersen, M. E. and J. B. Kirkegaard (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen. Ophelia, Supplement No. 5, 17 - 30.","Hilbig, B. & Blake, J. A. (2000) Long-term analysis of polychaete-dominated benthic infauna communities in Massachusetts Bay, USA. Bulletin of Marine Science, 67 (1), 147 - 164."]}

Kirkegaardia baptisteae (Blake, 1991) new combination Figures 7���8 Tharyx annulosus:? Day 1973: 82; Maciolek-Blake et al. 1985:18 ���76; Blake & Baptiste 1985: 140 ���178; Maciolek & Grassle 1987: 306. Not Hartman, 1965. Tharyx sp. 2: Blake et al. 1987: 8 ���85, fig. 15; Maciolek et al. 1987: Appendix D-2, 1987b: Appendix D-2; Blake & Grassle 1994: 855. Monticellina baptisteae Blake, 1991: 24 ���26, Fig. 4; Hilbig 1994: 941; Hilbig & Blake 2000 147���164. Material examined. Western North Atlantic, Off Cape Lookout, North Carolina, U.S. South Atlantic ACSAR Program Cruise 1, R/ V Columbus Iselin Sta. 1, replicate 1, 11 November 1983, 34��16.36���N, 75��45.50���W, 640 m, coll. J.A. Blake, Chief Scientist, 22 specimens (USNM 1407157). ��� Off New England, Georges Bank, BIMP, Cruise M-3, R/ V Endeavor, Sta. 5-8, February 1982, 40��40.1���N, 67��46.1���W, 80 m, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 9 specimens (USNM 1407153); Sta. 5-14, February 1982, 40��39.5���N, 67��44.7���W, 86 m, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 9 specimens (USNM 1407154); Sta. 5-16, February 1982, 40��40.6���N, 67��46.1���W, 78 m, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 14 specimens (USNM 1407155); Cruise M-6, R/V O ceanus, Sta. 12, 26 Nov 1982, 40��22.2���N, 68��29.8���W, 103 m, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 4 specimens (01407156).��� Off Georges Bank, Lydonia Canyon, US North Atlantic ACSAR Program, Cruise 1, R/ V Cape Hatteras, Sta. 7, replicate 3, 10 Nov. 1984, 40��27.52���N, 67��40.36���W, 560 m, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 325 specimens (USNM 1407152). ��� Massachusetts Bay, MWRA long-term monitoring program, 2007 survey, R/ V Aquamonitor, Sta. FF-01A, Rep. 2, 30 Jul 2007, coll. P. Neubert, 42.564��N, 70.676��W, 35.8 m, 15 specimens (MCZ 135292). Description. An elongate, threadlike species, complete typical specimen from off Georges Bank 14.5 mm long, 0.4 mm wide with 155 setigerous segments. Thoracic region with 10���14 setigers depending upon size; each thoracic segment narrow, 5x wider than long, followed by longer abdominal segments about 2x as wide as long, none appearing moniliform or beadlike; far posterior segments again becoming narrow and crowded producing expanded pre-pygidial region rounded dorsally (Fig. 7 C) and flattened ventrally with a weak mid-ventral groove or channel (Fig. 8 C). Pygidium a rounded segment with narrow terminal lobe (Figs. 7 C, 8C). Color in alcohol light tan with venter of thoracic region sometimes with brownish caste evident on individual segments. Pre-setigerous region relatively short, about 1.5x as long as wide. Prostomium triangular, tapering to narrow apex (Figs. 7 A���B; 8A, D); eyes absent; nuchal organs as narrow slits on posterior lateral margins (Fig. 7 B). Peristomium incised with two distinct lateral grooves producing three annular rings (Figs. 7 A���B, 8B), but these not extending across dorsum. Dorsal tentacles arising on posterior border of peristomium extending between parapodia of setiger 1 (Fig. 7 A; 8D). First pair of branchiae lateral to dorsal tentacles on peristomium (Fig. 7 A���B); second pair of branchiae on posterior medial border of setiger 1, subsequent thoracic segments with branchiae in similar location (Fig. 7 A���B). Thoracic region with parapodia forming lateral shoulders, but not elevated and shifted dorsally over midline as in related species; dorsal surface broadly elevated above parapodia, but with each segmental groove continuous across dorsum (Fig. 7 A���B). Branchiae dorsal to notopodia; parapodia with only low tori or mounds from which setae project; notosetae typically longer than neurosetae; long natatory notosetae not observed. Notosetae numbering 10���14 per fascicle in thoracic region, reduced to 5���6 in abdominal segments; neurosetae numbering 8��� 10 per fascicle in thoracic segments, reduced to 5���6 in middle and posterior abdominal segments. Capillary setae of thoracic segments long, narrow, with no visible serrations or denticles along margin; from anterior abdominal segments and along most of abdominal region, some notosetae and all neurosetae with distinct denticles along cutting edge. Notosetae of abdominal segments include 2���3 long thin, smooth capillaries and 1���2 short, thicker capillaries with fine denticles (Fig. 7 D). Neurosetae of abdominal segments all short, thick denticulated capillaries (Fig. 7 E). Setae arranged in fascicles such that denticulated edge of notosetae directed ventrally while same edge of neurosetae directed dorsally, vis-��-vis. Denticles visible on both noto- and neurosetae at 400x but details of fine denticles not apparent until 1000x magnification. Methyl Green stain. There is no MG staining pattern of any kind on K. baptisteae: the stain disappears entirely in clean alcohol. Remarks. This redescription of K. baptisteae provides additional details and corrects some errors in the original description (Blake 1991). In the original account the peristomium was described as smooth and without annulations. This is not correct: there are actually two lateral grooves variably developed and best seen with SEM or when stained with Shirlastain A. These grooves do not extend over the dorsum, but two or three annular rings are readily apparent laterally. The dorsal tentacles arise at the level of setiger 1 but are on a short extension of the posterior peristomium onto the dorsum between the first two parapodia. The first pair of branchiae actually occur lateral to the dorsal tentacles on the peristomium; these were not reported in the original description and again the scars or stubs of these are best observed with SEM or when stained with Shirlastain A. The second pair of branchiae occur on the posterior border of setiger 1. The far posterior segments containing the pygidium are more expanded and flattened ventrally than reported and illustrated by Blake (1991). Among the known species of Kirkegaardia including those described in this paper, K. baptisteae is most closely related to K. dutchae n. sp. from the Puget Sound in the northeastern Pacific. The two species differ in that K. baptisteae has ventral thoracic glands that are naturally light tan in color and do not produce a MG staining pattern of any kind, with the stain disappearing entirely in clean alcohol; however, these glands may retain the pink coloration from Rose Bengal for a time after storage. In contrast, the same glands of K. dutchae n. sp. display a distinct MG pattern to the venter of the thoracic region after differentiation. Other differences include details of the denticulated capillaries of the neurosetae and the lack of denticulated notosetae in K. dutchae n. sp. that are present in K. baptisteae. In addition, the first pair of branchiae of K. baptisteae occur lateral to the dorsal tentacles on the posterior edge of the peristomium; in K. dutchae n. sp. the first pair of branchiae are on the anterior margin of setiger 1 and the second pair are on the posterior margin of the same setiger resulting in two pairs of branchiae originating from the first setigerous segment. Biology. Kirkegaardia baptisteae is one of the most common and widespread species of Cirratulidae along the U.S. Atlantic coast, ranging from the Canadian-US border to off North Carolina in shelf and slope depths. The species is typically found in well-mixed fine sediments and is often among the dominant species in offshore benthic communities (Hilbig & Blake 2000). Specimens have been observed with weakly tattered tubes (Fig. 8 D) through which branchiae may project. However, these tubes consist of light, thin-textured materials that are easily removed from the worm and are similar to those of K. tesselata from off California. They are not the more heavily textured tubes that characterize other species such as K. neotesselata n. sp., which are difficult to remove and result in distortion of the enclosed worms upon preservation. As part of the 3-year monitoring program on Georges Bank, Blake & Baptiste (1985) developed data on the reproduction and life history of several abundant polychaete species including K. baptisteae, which at the time was misidentified as Tharyx annulosus. At station 13 (ca. 70 m), the species appeared to produce gametes in the winter and spawn in the spring. Reproductive data included the presence of males in November (19.2%) and February (27.9%) and females in July (22.2%), November (42.3%) and February (32.6%). No gametes were observed in individuals collected in May. Size frequency data followed this sequence of reproductive data with the highest percentage of juveniles (6.6%) present in the July collections. A similar pattern was observed for K. baptisteae collected at Station 5-1 (ca. 84 m), except that some males and females were observed in samples collected in May. A distinct difference, however, was observed in the population structure. All collections at Station 5-1, which had higher sand content in the samples, included fewer specimens but larger individuals than those found at Station 13 which has muddier sediments. Several specimens collected in November from ACSAR Sta. 7 in Lydonia Canyon off Georges Bank were sexually mature females with large yolky eggs that produced swollen segments that were nearly moniliform in shape. The eggs numbered 8���10 per segment and ranged in diameter from 189���256 ��m in their longest dimension (average = 231.4 ��m, 1 SD = 25.86). The large size of these eggs suggests direct development of embryos that are most likely released in the tubes. The presence of large, mature eggs in November supports the data collected by Blake & Baptiste (1985) where the highest percentage of females was identified in November 1981 with the next highest in February 1982. Distribution. New England to Cape Lookout, North Carolina, in shelf and upper slope depths, 30��� 640 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 19-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Blake, J. A. (1991) Revision of some genera and species of Cirratulidae from the Western North Atlantic. In: Petersen, M. E. and J. B. Kirkegaard (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen. Ophelia, Supplement No. 5, 17 - 30.","Day, J. H. (1973) New Polychaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS Circular, 375, 1 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62852","Maciolek-Blake, N., Grassle, J. F. & Neff, J. M. (Eds.) (1985) Georges Bank Benthic Infauna Monitoring Program. Final Report for third year of Sampling, U. S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Herndon, VA, Vol. 1, Executive Summary, 37 pp; Vol. 2, Final Reports, 333 pp.; Vol. 3, Appendices. Available from: http: // marinecadastre. gov / espis / / search / study / 9111 (accessed 4 August 2016)","Blake, J. A. & Baptiste, E. M. (1985) Chapter 6. Life history studies on dominant polychaete species from Georges Bank. In: Maciolek-Blake, N., Grassle, J. F. & Neff, J. M. (Eds.), Georges Bank Benthic Infauna Monitoring Program, Final Report for third year of Sampling, U. S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Herndon, VA., pp. 140 - 178. Avaliable from: http: // marinecadastre. gov / espis / / search / study / 9111 (Accessed 12 August 2016)","Hartman, O. (1965) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Allan Hancock Foundation Occasional Paper, 28, 1 - 378.","Blake, J. A., Hecker, B., Grassle, J. F., Brown, B., Wade, M., Boehm, P. D., Baptiste, E., Hilbig, B., Maciolek, N., Petrecca, R., Ruff, R. E., Starczak, V. & Watling, L. (1987) Study of biological processes on the U. S. South Atlantic Slope and Rise. Phase 2. Final Report. Prepared for U. S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Washington, D. C. under Contract No. 14 - 12 - 0001 - 30064. 414 pp. + Appendices A - M. National Technical Information Service (NTIS) No. PB 87 - 214 - 359. Available from: http: // marinecadastre. gov / espis / / search / study / 9007 (accessed 4 August 2016)","Blake, J. A. & Grassle, J. F. (1994) Benthic community structure on the U. S. South Atlantic slope off the Carolinas: Spatial heterogeneity in a current dominated system. Deep-Sea Research II, 41, 835 - 874.","Hilbig, B. (1994) Faunistic and zoogeographical characterization of the benthic infauna on the Carolina continental slope. Deep-Sea Research II, 41, 929 - 950.","Hilbig, B. & Blake, J. A. (2000) Long-term analysis of polychaete-dominated benthic infauna communities in Massachusetts Bay, USA. Bulletin of Marine Science, 67 (1), 147 - 164."]}

Kirkegaardia brigitteae new species Figures 32���33 Monticellina sp. 2: Hilbig 2001: 540; Hilbig et al. 2006: 714���719; Montiel et al. 2015: Appendix 1. Material examined. Weddell Sea, Halley Bay, R/ V Polarstern, EASIZ II Cruise (ANT-XV/3), Sta. 48-136, 74��33.0���S, 27��13.1���W, 2012 m, 0 9 Feb 1998, multibox corer, coll. B. Ebbe, holotype (ZMH P-27812).��� Weddell Sea, Drescher inlet, South of Vestkapp (West Cape), R/ V Polarstern, EASIZ II Cruise (ANT-XV/3), Sta. 48- 0 91, 73��28.4���S, 22��48.8���W, 1510 m, 0 4 Feb 1998, multibox corer, coll. B. Ebbe, 7 paratypes (ZMH P-27807); Sta. 48-093, 73��28.3���S, 22��54.5���W, 1988 m, 0 4 Feb 1998, multibox corer, coll. B. Ebbe, 15+ paratypes, were dry and rehydrated (ZMH P-27808); Sta. 48-131, 73��23.7���S, 22��09.1���W, 1985 m, 0 8 Feb 1998, multibox corer, coll. B. Ebbe, 9 paratypes (ZMH P-27809); Sta. 48-132, 73��20.7���S, 22��18.4���W, 2387 m, 0 8 Feb 1998, multibox corer, coll. B. Ebbe, 7 paratypes (ZMH P-27810). ��� Powell Basin, SW of South Orkney Islands, R/ V Polarstern, ANDEEP III Cruise (ANT-XXII/3), Sta. 150-3, 61��48.63���S, 47�� 27.67���W, 1956 m, 20 Mar 2005, 0.25m 2, box corer, 1 specimen (ZMH P-27813); Sta. 150-8, 61��48.56���S, 47��27.48���W, 1942 m, 20 Mar 2005, multi corer, 1 specimen (ZMH P-27814); 1 specimen SEM (JAB).��� Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, off King George Island, R/ V Polarstern, EASIZ II Cruise (ANT-XV/3), Sta. 48-330, 61��20.6���S, 58��15.1���W, 2009 m, 18 Mar 1998, multibox corer, coll. B. Ebbe, 1 specimen (JAB).��� Bellingshausen Sea, NW Anvers Island, R/ V Polarstern, ANDEEP III Cruise (ANT-XXII/3), Sta. 154-3, 62��31.52���S, 64��39.64���W, 3801 m, 30 Mar 2005, multi corer, 1 specimen (ZMH P-27815). Description. A moderately sized, threadlike species; none complete, but several posterior fragments appear to belong to the species. Holotype largest specimen, 16 mm long, 0.5 mm wide across thoracic segments and 0.8 mm wide across abdominal segments for 65 setigerous segments. Posterior fragments greatly expanded, up to 3 mm long, 0.8 mm wide with up to 22 segments; these suggest that complete worms would be at least 20 mm long and have 80 or more segments. Body light tan in alcohol with no obvious pigment. Pre-setigerous region elongate, narrow, approximately 2.5x as long as wide (Figs. 32 A���B, 33A���B), as long as first eight setigers of thoracic region on largest specimens. Prostomium short, conical, curved ventrally, tapering to rounded anterior margin (Fig. 32 A��� B); eyes absent; nuchal organs narrow slits at posterolateral border. Peristomium elongate, narrow, relatively smooth throughout, lacking distinct lateral grooves (Fig. 32 A���B); anterior one-third to one-half of peristomium with a distinct mid-dorsal ridge continuous with prostomium (Fig. 32 A���B); dorsal surface of remaining peristomium smooth. Transition of peristomium to setigerous segments indistinct, merging smoothly with middorsal channel of thoracic region (Fig. 32 A). Dorsal tentacles arising close together anterior to level of setiger 1; first pair of branchiae lateral to these tentacles (Fig. 32 A���B); second pair of branchiae on posterior dorsal border of setiger 1; subsequent branchiae in similar locations overlying mid-dorsal channel (Fig. 32 A). Most branchiae evident as stubs; branchiae rarely observed in abdominal segments. Thoracic segments numbering 6���12, smaller specimens with fewest; each thoracic segment short, 3.5x wider than long, parapodia shifted dorsally, overlying a mid-dorsal channel, with narrow ridge along midline of channel (Fig. 32 A). Abdominal segments becoming longer, almost as wide as long (Fig. 32 C), segments narrowing, becoming somewhat moniliform in posterior, last 15 or so segments greatly expanded; pygidial segment with dorsal anus overlying short conical ventral lobe (Fig. 32 D); ventral surface of far posterior segments with low midventral ridge; other regions of body without ventral groove or ridge. Parapodia of thoracic segments best developed as distinct raised noto- and neuropodial lobes (Fig. 32 A���B), continuing in abdominal segments (Fig. 32 C). Thoracic parapodia shifted dorsally (Fig. 32 B), abdominal parapodia in lateral locations (Fig. 32 C). Setae of thoracic region initially all smooth capillaries transitioning to denticulated setae in last thoracic segments and anterior abdominal segments. Thoracic notosetae numbering 6���8, neurosetae 6��� 10 per fascicle, depending on size of worm; abdominal notosetae numbering 4���7 per fascicle, neurosetae 4���7. Notosetae longer, thinner than shorter, thicker neurosetae especially on abdominal segments. Noto- and neurosetae with denticles first present from anteriormost abdominal setigers, 12���14 in largest specimens; denticles larger and more prominent on neurosetae (Fig. 33 E) than on notosetae (Fig. 33 G); notosetae with denticles directed ventrally in fascicles, denticles of neurosetae directed dorsally, vis-��-vis. In light microscopy only the denticles along the cutting edge visible, best seen at 1000x (Fig. 32 E). With SEM large blunt-tipped denticles seen to occur along the cutting edge of each neuroseta, with numerous smaller denticles or thick fibrils occurring lateral to larger denticles (Fig. 33 E���F); notosetae with most denticles on cutting edge of a similar size to lateral denticles (Fig. 33 G). Methyl Green stain. The peristomium retains an overall diffuse green stain, with a darker posterior dorsal patch developed to variable degrees. The middle and posterior segments of the thoracic region are stained as broad blue bands that encircle each segment up to the border of the mid-dorsal channel but leaving the actual parapodia unstained (Fig. 33 A���C); the stain is an intense dark blue on the last 2���3 thoracic segments (Fig. 33 A). The abdominal segments retain a bright green stain laterally on each parapodium and a mid-ventral spot or short longitudinal band (Fig. 33 D). Etymology. This species is named for Dr. Brigitte Ebbe, benthic ecologist and polychaete systematist, who collected the majority of these specimens and provided them to me for study. Dr. Ebbe is a long-time colleague and authority on deep-water benthos of Antarctica and elsewhere. Remarks. Kirkegaardia brigitteae n. sp., a deep-sea Antarctic species, is most closely related morphologically to the type-species of the genus, K. heterochaeta, from shallow subtidal habitats in the Mediterranean Sea. The two species are similar in having a distinct mid-dorsal ridge that extends from the prostomium to part way along the peristomium, leaving the rest of the dorsal peristomial surface smooth; a mid-dorsal thoracic ridge; and similar MG staining patterns. The two species differ in that in K. heterochaeta the mid-dorsal thoracic ridge encompasses the entire dorsal surface of the channel, whereas in K. brigitteae n. sp., there is a separate narrow ridge on the larger dorsal surface within the channel. Further, the peristomium of K. heterochaeta has at least one lateral groove producing two annular rings, whereas K. brigitteae n. sp. has none. The far posterior pre-pygidial segments of K. brigitteae n. sp. include about 15 segments that are greatly expanded, whereas the same segments of K. heterochaeta, although also expanded, are few in number. Although the basic patterns of MG staining reactions are similar, K. heterochaeta has an intense dorsal green stain on the peristomium, whereas K. brigitteae n. sp. has only a weakly staining reaction that de-stains rapidly. Biology. No specimens were observed to have gametes. Distribution. Antarctica, Weddell Sea, in slope depths, 1510���2387 m; Powell Basin, 1942���1956 m; South Shetland Islands, 2009 m; Bellingshausen Sea, 3801 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 64-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Hilbig, B. (2001) Deep-sea polychaetes in the Weddell Sea and Drake Passage: first quantitative results. Polar Biology, 24, 538 - 544. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000100259","Montiel, A., Quiroga, E., Gerdes, D. & Ebbe, B. (2015) Polychaete diversity in the Scotia Arc benthic realm: Are polychaetes tracers for faunal exchange. Polar Biology, 39 (7), 1233 - 1244. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 015 - 1845 - 2"]}

Kirkegaardia jumarsi new species Figure 30 Material examined. Pacific Ocean, off Western South America, Peru-Chile Trench, R/ V Anton Bruun, Cruise 17, Sta. 664-C, 13��41���S, 077��50���W, Menzies trawl, 5430 m, coll. 29 Jun 1966, holotype (USNM 1407135). Description. Holotype incomplete, well-preserved but fragile, 21 setigerous segments breaking into two parts during handling, collectively 7.6 mm long, 0.8 mm wide across expanded thoracic region. Head or pre-setigerous region as wide as long and with thoracic segments forming thick, bulbous, expanded anterior region. Prostomium broadly triangular, with anterior end apically rounded and turned up dorsally (Fig. 30 A���B); nuchal organs narrow slits; eyes absent. Mouth large, with emerging bulbous proboscis, surrounded by thick lateral peristomial lips (Fig. 30 B); peristomium divided into two more or less equal annular rings; anterior ring with smooth, dorsal dome and thick lateral lips surrounding mouth; second ring with relatively smooth dorsum, laterally subdivided into 2���4 narrow lateral rings (Fig. 30 A���B). Thorax expanded, with only seven setigerous segments, narrowing to four moniliform abdominal segments that twist sharply at setiger 12, with posterior abdominal segments 12���21 forming a right angle to anterior segments 1���11. Figures (30B���D) show a numerical sequence and shape of first 19 setigers. Dorsal tentacles arising from peristomium mid-dorsally near border with setiger 1 (Fig. 30 A). First pair of branchiae short, located on posterior margin of peristomium in groove anterior to setiger 1 and lateral and dorsal to tentacles (Fig. 30 A); second pair of branchiae and following thoracic branchiae located on posterior edge of each parapodium overlying mid-dorsal groove (Fig. 30 A); most branchiae missing, but scars evident. Branchiae of abdominal segments not readily evident, but a few segments with short branchiae intact arising near notosetae (Fig. 30 D). Thoracic segments short, about 6x as wide as long, anterior and posterior margins of each thoracic segment with thickened borders, parapodia dorsally elevated forming shallow dorsal groove (Fig. 30 A). Segmental boundaries of thoracic segments visible on dorsal surface with distinct lines demarking each segment (Fig. 30 A). Setigers 1���7 all similar, but with setigers 1���3 swollen ventrally (Fig. 30 B); thoracic setiger 7 followed abruptly by four moniliform abdominal setigers 8���11 (Fig. 30 B���C); abdominal setigers 9���11 about as long as wide, distinctly moniliform (Fig. 30 C); setigers 12���13 elongate and narrow about 2x as long as wide (Fig. 30 D); setigers 14���17 then becoming shorter, about 2.5x as wide as long (Fig. 30 D); setiger 18 and rest of holotype with long, narrow segments. Parapodia of thoracic region well developed, with distinct tori from which setae arise. Notosetae elongate, smooth capillaries throughout, numbering 12���15 per notopodium in thoracic region, continuing in abdominal segments, reduced to 8���10 in posteriormost notopodia. Neurosetae similar in number, elongate smooth capillaries to setiger 13, then abruptly transition to 14���16 short, broad-based denticulated setae arranged in two rows. Denticles visible at 400x, but details apparent only at 1000x where numerous pointed denticles along one narrow margin observed (Fig. 30 E), with crease of each set of denticles extending entirely across spine, almost forming spiral pattern. Far posterior segments and pygidium unknown. Methyl Green stain. No stain retained on holotype. Etymology. This species is named for Dr. Peter Jumars, deep-sea biologist and benthic ecologist, who described the first species of the unusual mud-ball worms from off southern California. Remarks. With the description of K. jumarsi n. sp. and K. olgahartmanae n. sp. (see below), there are now three species of unique deep-water mud ball worms, K. luticastella being the first described. All three species have an expanded, modified thoracic region followed by a narrow, twisted abdominal region that conforms to the shape of its tube within a hardened mud ball. Kirkegaardia jumarsi n. sp. appears to be most similar to K. luticastella in having short thoracic parapodia that are elevated sufficiently high to overlie a relatively smooth dorsal surface. In K. luticastella n. sp., this dorsal thoracic surface is smooth, whereas that of K. jumarsi n. sp. is cut with thin lines demarking each segment. The pre-setigerous region of both species is short, enlarged, and about as long as wide, which together with the expanded thoracic region provides both species with an enlarged and thickened anterior end to the body. Although of similar size and shape, details of the pre-setigerous area of the two species differ considerably. In K. luticastella the entire peristomium is relatively smooth and only incised by a single groove to varying degrees. In larger specimens the groove is barely evident, in smaller specimens such as the one from off northern California (Fig. 17 A), the lateral groove is prominent. In K. jumarsi n. sp., on the other hand, the main lateral groove divides the peristomium such that the anterior half laterally and ventrally forms large lateral lips around the mouth and is overlaid with a rounded dorsal crest or dome. The second half of the peristomium, while smooth dorsally, is divided laterally into at least four narrow ridges (Fig. 30 A���B). Comparison of these two species with the third mud ball species, K. olgahartmanae n. sp., is discussed below. Biology. The shape of the body with an expanded, almost bulbous, anterior end followed by a narrow twisted abdominal region is similar to that of two other species of mud ball worms. It is here postulated that K. jumarsi n. sp. produces and inhabits mud balls similar to those described for K. luticastella by Jumars (1975) and K. olgahartmanae (see below). Although all mud ball worms to date are from deep-water, K. jumarsi n. sp. is the first to be reported from abyssal depths greater than 5000 m. Distribution. Known only from the Peru-Chile Trench off Peru in 5430 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 60-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Jumars, P. A. (1975) Target species for deep-sea studies in ecology, genetics, and physiology. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 57, 341 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1975. tb 01896. x"]}

Kirkegaardia annulosa (Hartman, 1965), new combination Figures 5���6 Tharyx annulosus Hartman, 1965: 167 ���168, pl. 34 (In part); Hartman & Fauchald 1971: 111; Maciolek et al. 1987: Appendix D-2. Tharyx annulosa: Laubier 1966: 633 ���637. Not Caulleriella annulosa Banse & Hobson, 1968: 31, fig. 7a (= Tharyx kirkegaardi Blake, 1991). Monticellina dorsobranchialis: Blake 1991: 24 ���26 (In part). Material examined. Western North Atlantic, upper end of Atlantis Canyon, R /V Atlantis Sta. Slope 4, 39��56���30���N, 70��38���54���W, 400 m, coll. 28 Aug 1962, holotype and 75 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 0578���9).��� Off Georges Bank, continental slope south Cape Cod, US North Atlantic ACSAR Program, Cruise 5, R/V Cape Hatteras, Sta. 12, replicate 2, 0 6 May 1986, 39��54.27���N, 70��55.17���W, 548 m, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 90 specimens (USNM 1407158); Cruise 6, R/V Cape Hatteras, Sta. 12, replicate 1, 30 July 1986, 39��54.24���N, 70��55.09���W, 563 m, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 110 specimens (USNM 1407159); Cruise 6, R/V Cape Hatteras, Sta. 12, replicate 3, 30 July 1986, 39��54.24���N, 70��55.09���W, 563 m, coll. G. Hampson, WHOI, Chief Scientist, 42 specimens (USNM 1407160). Description. Holotype elongate, narrow, in two pieces. Anterior fragment about 16 mm long, 0.3 mm wide for about 55 setigers; thoracic region with about 12 narrow segments before changing to moniliform shape, segments dorsoventrally flattened, about 3.5x wider than long, not crowded (Fig. 5 D). Posterior fragment about 4.5 mm long for about 45 setigers, thus entire holotype 20.5 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, for about 100 setigers. Color in alcohol light tan. Specimens from ACSAR station 12 off Georges Bank similar in appearance and size to holotype. One typical complete specimen with 12 thoracic setigers, long narrow abdominal region with 65 setigers and a posterior region of 11���12 setigers for a total of about 90 setigers measuring 16.65 mm long and 0.5 mm wide across thorax. Specimens from ACSAR Sta. 11 larger, similar in size to paratypes. Paratypes larger, more robust than holotype, none complete; longest incomplete paratypes with 20���25 thoracic setigers and 30���65 abdominal setigers; posterior fragments with 45���50 setigers. Thoracic region expanded laterally, flattened dorsally, rounded ventrally, with crowded segments each about 15x wider than long (Fig. 5 A��� B). Thoracic region of two paratypes 0.75 mm wide and 0.45 mm dorsal to ventral (Fig. 5 A���B); subsequent segments becoming longer, oval to moniliform in shape continuing over a long abdominal region; far posterior segments producing an inflated region, ventrally flattened or grooved, with numerous narrow segments tapering to simple pygidium with terminal anus and conical ventral lobe (Fig. 5 C). Pre-setigerous region twice as long as wide, as long as first six setigers of holotype and 15 setigers of largest paratypes (0.75 mm). Prostomium triangular, tapering to narrow, rounded anterior margin (Fig. 5 A���B, D), of same shape and proportions as shown by Hartman, without eyes or any detectable pigment; nuchal organs at posterolateral border of prostomium (Fig. 5 B), sometimes staining internally with Shirlastain A. Peristomium elongate, with one anterior lateral annular ring apparent on holotype and specimens from ACSAR Station 12; larger paratypes with at least three thin, weakly visible lateral grooves apparent when stained with Shirlastain A, producing four annular rings visible on lateral sides (Fig. 5 A���B); long dorsal crest extending from prostomium to end of pre-setigerous area on all specimens, well developed and obvious on paratypes and specimens from ACSAR samples (Fig. 5 A���B). Paired dorsal tentacles arise on posterior margin of peristomium; first pair of branchiae lateral to dorsal tentacles, also on peristomium (Fig. 5 A���B, D); second pair of branchiae on setiger 1. Thoracic region with parapodia shifted dorsally over midline, producing a prominent mid-dorsal groove containing a low mid-dorsal ridge (Figs. 5 A, 6D). Opening of mid-dorsal groove narrowing and closing at end of thoracic region (Fig. 5 A). Branchiae dorsal to notopodia on edge of mid-dorsal groove. Parapodia shifted laterally in abdominal segments (Fig. 5 C). Parapodia with only low setal tori or mounds from which setae project; notosetae typically longer than neurosetae, continuing to posterior segments; long natatory notosetae not observed. Notosetae of paratypes numbering 8���12 per fascicle in thoracic region, reduced to 5���8 in middle beaded segments; neurosetae numbering 10���12 per fascicle in thoracic segments, reduced to 5���8 in middle and posterior abdominal segments. Capillary setae of thoracic region to middle abdominal segments at about setiger 45 with smooth or only finely serrate edges; denticulate capillaries first evident with 400x from about setiger 50, continuing to far posterior segments. Denticles relatively inconspicuous, limited mainly to thickest part of shaft, not observed along tapering, narrow apex; denticles of neurosetae (Fig. 5 F���G) more prominent than those of notosetae (Fig. 5 H���I). Heavily serrated or denticulated setae as illustrated in original description not observed. Unusual spinous or spike-like setae observed in middle abdominal neuropodia of a few paratypes; each with finely serrated edge of fibrils along shaft tapering to sharp point; some with a subapical spur (Fig. 5 E); these possibly transitional between non-serrated capillaries and those with distinct denticles. Posteriormost segments narrow, tapering to pygidium bearing short lobe ventral to anal opening (Fig. 5 C). Methyl Green stain. Methyl Green imparts a distinct pattern. The entire pre-setigerous region stains only lightly or not at all. The posterior half of the thoracic region stains distinctly with several broad stripes forming a dark blue patch on the venter, most obvious on last 3���6 thoracic setigers (Figs. 6 A���B); these stripes extend dorsally up and over the parapodia becoming narrow and dorsolateral on individual segments. There are weak narrow transverse lines of stain also evident on the sunken dorsal surface of the thorax. Ventrally, a narrow line of stain extends posteriorly from the thoracic region along the narrow mid-ventral line; this is broken into separate spots on some specimens. Laterally, there are inter-segmental lateral spots or patches on most abdominal segments (Fig. 6 B���C); these are distinctive for this species. Remarks. Kirkegaardia annulosa is an elongate thread-like species that belongs to the group of species in which the thoracic parapodia are shifted upwards so that the dorsum becomes restricted to a narrow area between the parapodia; a narrow dorsal groove is thus produced that in K. annulosa also carries a mid-dorsal crest. Branchiae are inserted along the elevated sides and sometimes project into the dorsal groove. The branchiae remain in a mid-dorsal position in the abdominal region while the parapodia shift to a more lateral position. This arrangement also occurs to varying degrees in K. dorsobranchialis, K. heterochaeta, and several other species and is unique among cirratulids. K. annulosa was among the first species to be described from North America with this type of thoracic region (Hartman 1965); it has not been redescribed since the original report. The types collected from Atlantis Canyon off New England and specimens from the ACSAR stations on the New England slope examined in this study occurred relatively close to one another both geographically and with depth. This large collection revealed that several aspects of the original description by Hartman (1965) differed from what is presented in this redescription, in part because the holotype is relatively small compared to the numerous paratypes, but also because the use of stains such as Shirlastain A and Methyl Green emphasize fine details not evident without these treatments. The pre-setigerous area including the prostomium and peristomium was described and illustrated as long, cylindrical, and smooth (Hartman 1965). While this is generally true of the small holotype, one partial lateral annular groove was evident when stained with Shirlastain A, thus producing one narrow annular ring posterior to the prostomium and one longer one on the peristomium; this is the same arrangement found in the ACSAR specimens. However, in the larger paratypes 3���4 distinct annular rings produced by lateral grooves along the peristomium were evident when stained; further, a distinct dorsal crest that extends from the prostomium posteriorly to near the dorsal tentacles at the posterior margin was observed in all specimens. The ACSAR specimens were similar in size and appearance to the holotype. The crowded thoracic segments were said to transition to beaded abdominal segments by setiger 10 (Hartman 1965). However, the thoracic region of the holotype and the ACSAR specimens consists of only about 12 setigers; whereas, the larger paratypes typically have 20���25 crowded setigers before the more elongate abdominal segments begin. Hartman (1965: Plate 34d���e) illustrated the denticulate capillaries as having prominent denticles along the expanded shaft. In this study, denticles were visible at 400x, but they were sparse and relatively inconspicuous on several specimens examined. The unusual spike-like spinous setae that occur in a few anterior abdominal neuropodia of some paratypes were not reported in the original description. Additionally, the first pair of branchiae were reported as occurring on setiger 1 when actually they occur lateral and slightly posterior to the dorsal tentacles on the peristomium; the second pair of branchiae occur on setiger 1. This is the same arrangement as in K. heterochaeta and K. dorsobranchialis and many other species reported in this paper (See Table 1). Among species of Kirkegaardia reported in the present study, K. annulosa is closest morphologically to K. cristata n. sp. from shallow waters of the Puget Sound in the NE Pacific, K. kladara n. sp. from the continental slope off North Carolina, and K. hampsoni n. sp. from continental shelf depths along the U.S. Atlantic coast. All four species have a mid-dorsal ridge along the entire length of the peristomium and another ridge within the middorsal thoracic channel. In K. annulosa, however, the mid-thoracic ridge is formed by the entire surface of the middorsal channel being elevated, whereas the other three species have a separate narrow ridge arising from the middle of the channel. K. kladara n. sp. differs from K. annulosa and the others in this group by having the first pair of branchiae arising from setiger 1 instead of lateral to the dorsal tentacles on the peristomium. K. annulosa and K. hampsoni n. sp. both have 0���2 annular rings on the peristomium and a length-width ratio for the pre-setigerous area of 2:1, whereas K. cristata n. sp. has four annular rings on the peristomium and a length to width ratio of 1.6:1 on the pre-setigerous area. The MG staining pattern can also be used to separate of K. annulosa and K. hampsoni n. sp. The broad ventral stripes that occur in the posterior segments of the thoracic region of K. annulosa give way to prominent lateral intersegmental spots that occur on at least 30���40 abdominal segments. These lateral abdominal spots alone can be used to identify the species among other cirratulids in benthic samples from the U.S. Atlantic slope. Similar spots occur on K. carinata n. sp. from deep continental slope sediments off northern California (see below). However, K. carinata n. sp. differs from K. annulosa in peristomial morphology and other MG staining reactions. K. hampsoni n. sp. has prominent dorsal and lateral stain retained on the peristomium, whereas peristomial staining on K. annulosa is weak and de-stains rapidly. Kirkegaardia annulosa and K. hampsoni n. sp. are thus the two species of the genus most closely related to one another morphologically and locally appear to be a sibling species pair with one species, K. hampsoni n. sp., occurring in nearshore and outer continental shelf depths at about 30���150 m and the other species, K. annulosa, an upper continental shelf species occurring at about 250��� 550 m. K. annulosa was also recorded by Hartman (1965) from deeper slope depths, but these records have not been confirmed. The 75 paratypes of Kirkegaardia annulosa include numerous specimens of other cirratulids including Tharyx kirkegaardi Blake, 1991 and at least two species of Aphelochaeta. The record of Tharyx annulosus by Day (1973) from off Beaufort, NC, in 80���200 m is most likely K. baptisteae, which has been identified from shelf depths off Cape Lookout, NC, in the ACSAR program; K. annulosa was not collected in those surveys. Biology. As part of the North Atlantic ACSAR program, K. annulosa (identified as Tharyx dorsobranchialis and T. annulosus) was the dominant benthic invertebrate at three 550 m stations sampled as part of the 2-year program. At station 12, the species was the single most abundant species out of 308 species identified as part of five surveys made between November 1984 and July 1986 (Maciolek et al. 1987). Examination of the station data indicates that K. annulosa was present but not among the dominant species at the shallower 250-m station and was absent or rare at deeper stations (> 1200 m) on the same transects. Thus, based on the type collection and the ACSAR results, the species appears to be an important component of the upper slope benthic community at depths of 250��� 550 m. Most specimens from North Atlantic ACSAR Sta. 12 were covered with closely adhering tube fragments that were encrusted with fine sand grains. Some specimens from the same station collected in May 1986 were gravid with tightly packed large yolky eggs measuring 146���195 ��m in diameter (average = 172.6 ��m); each egg had an obvious germinal vesicle. Distribution. Western North Atlantic, upper continental slope depths 250���550 m; other reported collections in deeper slope and abyssal depths to 4540 m likely belong to other species., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 14-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1965) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Allan Hancock Foundation Occasional Paper, 28, 1 - 378.","Hartman, O. & Fauchald, K. (1971) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Part II. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, No. 6, 1 - 327.","Laubier, L. (1966) Sur la position systematique de Monticellina heterochaeta Laubier, 1961. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 91, 631 - 638.","Banse, K. & Hobson, K. (1968) Benthic polychaetes from Puget Sound, Washington. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 125 (3667), 1 - 53. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.125 - 3667.1","Blake, J. A. (1991) Revision of some genera and species of Cirratulidae from the Western North Atlantic. In: Petersen, M. E. and J. B. Kirkegaard (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen. Ophelia, Supplement No. 5, 17 - 30.","Day, J. H. (1973) New Polychaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS Circular, 375, 1 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62852"]}

Kirkegaardia cristata new species Figure 20 Material Examined. Northeastern Pacific, Puget Sound, Case Inlet, Sta. 47, Rep. 1, 0 1 April 1993, 47.23300��N, 122.84984��W, 20 m, coll. MSMP, holotype (LACM-AHF Poly 8935). Description. Holotype only specimen, mostly complete, 7.25 mm long, 0.4 mm wide across thorax, with 60 setigerous segments. Color in alcohol, light tan. A slender, threadlike species, with narrow, tapering pre-setigerous region and thoracic region only slightly wider than peristomium (Fig. 20 A). Pre-setigerous region 1.6x as long a wide; as long as first 13 thoracic setigers (Fig. 20 A). Prostomium triangular, tapering to narrow rounded apex (Fig. 20 A); eyes absent; slit-like nuchal organs present on posterior lateral margins. Peristomium only slightly longer than wide; smooth with three lateral grooves posterior to prostomium producing four weakly developed annulations (Fig. 20 A); prominent dorsal ridge extending along peristomium from posterior margin of prostomium to posterior end of peristomium, then continuing as narrow bead-like ridge within mid-dorsal thoracic channel (Fig. 20 A). Dorsal tentacles on posterior margin of peristomium; first pair of branchiae lateral to tentacles between peristomium and anterior border of setiger 1 (Fig. 20 A); second pair of branchiae on setiger 1 dorsal to notosetae on posterior margin of segment overlying mid-dorsal channel; subsequent thoracic branchiae in same location (Fig. 20 A); anterior abdominal branchiae mostly missing, but appear to also be located on dorsum. Thoracic region with 14���15 setigers, all narrow, first 10 thoracic setigers crowded, 11x wider than long, next five setigers 7x wider than long (Fig. 20 A). Subsequent anterior and middle abdominal setigers longer, 2.1x as wide as long (Fig. 20 B); posterior abdominal setigers becoming oval, moniliform (Fig. 20 C); last 1���2 narrow; pygidial segment absent. Thoracic region with venter swollen, rounded; anterior abdominal segments with prominent ventral groove; groove absent in posterior abdominal segments. Thoracic region with parapodia dorsally elevated overlying mid-dorsal channel continuing as narrow dorsal ridge (Fig. 20 A). Dorsally elevated parapodia of thoracic region shifting to lateral position in abdominal segments (Fig. 20 B���C). Parapodia narrow ridges from which setae project; thoracic setae consisting of long simple capillaries with smooth margins, numbering 6���7 per notopodium and 8���9 per neuropodium; anterior abdominal setae similar but fewer in number with 4���5 in both noto- and neuropodia; neurosetae becoming shorter and broader; setae of posterior abdominal segments increasing to 5���6 in notopodia and 6���8 in neuropodia; denticulate noto- and neurosetae observed only with light microscopy in posterior abdominal setigers from about setiger 45 with denticles visible at 400x. Denticles of noto- and neurosetae similar, short, minutely pointed (Fig. 20 D���E). Denticles of notosetae directed ventrally, with denticles of neurosetae directed dorsally, vis-��-vis. Methyl Green stain. Ventral surface of last 5���6 thoracic segments staining intensely as a large patch. Etymology. From the Latin, crista, for crest or ridge, referring to the mid-dorsal ridge or keel that starts on the peristomium and continues within the mid-dorsal channel. Remarks. Kirkegaardia cristata n. sp. belongs to a large group of 12 species that have the parapodia dorsally elevated and overlying a distinct mid-dorsal channel. Within this group, K. cristata n. sp. belongs to a smaller subgroup including K. annulosa, K. kladara n. sp., and K. hampsoni n. sp. that have a mid-dorsal ridge along the entire mid-line of the peristomium. K. cristata n. sp. differs from all of these species in having four distinct annular rings on the peristomium instead of 0���2. In addition, K. kladara n. sp. has the first branchiae arising from setiger 1 instead of posterolateral to the tentacular cirri on the peristomium as in K. cristata n. sp. and the other two species. Although all four species have a prominent MG pattern on the venter of the peristomium, K. annulosa and K. hampsoni n. sp. have patches of stain on the peristomium that is entirely lacking in both K. cristata n. sp. and K. kladara n. sp. Distribution. Known only from the Puget Sound, Washington, in ca. 20 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 42-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348

Kirkegaardia serratiseta (Banse & Hobson, 1968) new combination Figure 16 Tharyx serratisetis Banse & Hobson, 1968: 39 ���40, Fig. 7 k���l; Hobson & Banse 1981: 553, Fig. 9 m. Aphelochaeta serratiseta: Blake 1991: 28. Monticellina serratiseta: Blake 1996: 325 ���324, Fig. 8.25; Welch & Dutch 2014: 5 ���7, 8 figs. Not Monticellina cf. serratiseta: Diaz-Diaz et al. 2014: 357 ���358, Fig. 2 f���i. Material Examined. Northeastern Pacific, Puget Sound, East Anderson Island, Sta. 44, Rep. 1, 0 7 April 1992, 47.16133��N, 122.67358��W, 20 m, 3 specimens (MSMP AN 295); Shoreline Elliott Bay, Sta. 181, Rep. 1, 18 June 1998, 47.61504��N, 122.36230��W, 36.7 m, 2 specimens (MSMP AN 1084); Magnolia Bluff, Sta. 32, Rep. 5, 25 March 1990, 47.63192��N, 122.40850��W, 21 m, 1 specimen (MSMP AN 2345). Description. A large species, complete specimen from Sta. 181, 40 mm long, 1.8 mm wide across thorax with about 300 setigerous segments; all segments narrow, crowded. Thoracic region with about 50 setigers, gradually transitioning into abdominal segments; these also narrow and crowded (Fig. 16 A���B). Noto- and neuropodia closely spaced, located in raised mounds extending as shoulders along body (Fig. 16 A); in cross section, thoracic region high, rounded dorsally well above parapodia, flattened, slightly concave ventrally with distinct ventral groove; middle and posterior segments with deep ventral groove with parapodial shoulders shifting ventrally, forming sides of groove (Fig. 16 C). Far posterior end gradually narrowing with pygidium consisting of a simple ventral lobe below anal opening (Fig. 16 C). Color in alcohol light tan to brown; posterior thoracic segments sometimes appearing creamy in color but not glandular as with some species of Aphelochaeta. Prostomium triangular to conical, pointed on anterior margin (Fig. 16 A���B); eyes lacking; nuchal organs curved grooves on posterior border; prostomium and peristomium together slightly longer than wide (Fig. 16 A���B); peristomium typically with three annular rings (Fig. 16 A���B); dorsal tentacles medial, arising at level of setiger 1 on posterior medial extension of peristomium. First pair of branchiae arising lateral to dorsal tentacles on anterior margin of setiger 1; second branchiae on posterior margin of setiger 1 dorsal to notosetae; subsequent branchiae in same position on setiger 2 and following setigers. Parapodia well developed anteriorly, produced into expanded tori bearing dense fascicles of 25 or more long, smooth, silky capillary setae (Fig. 16 B); middle segments similar, with long, smooth notosetae and shorter, broad, distinctly serrated or denticulated neurosetae (Fig. 16 D); posterior setae short, reduced to 5���8 per fascicle; denticulated notosetae absent; serrated neurosetae not apparent on last few setigers; denticulated neurosetae with numerous tightly spaced denticles along one edge; denticles apparent only at 1000x (Fig. 16 D). Methyl Green stain. Stain not retained anywhere on the body after differentiation. Remarks. Kirkegaardia serratiseta is an unusual species; with its large robust size, morphology of the presetigerous region, and numerous crowded segments with dense fascicles of long, silky capillaries, it superficially resembles species of Aphelochaeta rather than Kirkegaardia. Indeed, the only character allying the species to Kirkegaardia is the denticulated or serrated neurosetae. The record of M. cf. serratiseta by Diaz-Diaz et al. (2014) from Venezuela is of a different species because the prostomium is longer than wide and lacks any annulations (Diaz-Diaz et al. 2014: Fig. 2 f) despite the text stating there are three; in addition, the pygidium is of a different morphology. Biology. Kirkegaardia serratiseta occurs in sediments consisting mostly of sand and lesser amounts of silt and clay (Banse & Hobson 1968). Blake (1996) reported one specimen with eggs measuring 110 x 150 ��m. Distribution. Known only from the Puget Sound in sandy sediments, 9��� 84 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Banse, K. & Hobson, K. (1968) Benthic polychaetes from Puget Sound, Washington. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 125 (3667), 1 - 53. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.125 - 3667.1","Hobson, K. D. & Banse, K. (1981) Sedentariate and archiannelid polychaetes of British Columbia and Washington. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 209, 1 - 144.","Blake, J. A. (1991) Revision of some genera and species of Cirratulidae from the Western North Atlantic. In: Petersen, M. E. and J. B. Kirkegaard (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen. Ophelia, Supplement No. 5, 17 - 30.","Blake, J. A. (1996) Chapter 8. Family Cirratulidae Ryckholdt, 1851. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. Annelida. Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, pp. 263 - 384.","Welch, K. & Dutch, M. (2014) Taxonomic Guides to Benthic Invertebrates of Puget Sound. Puget Sound Polychaetes: Family Cirratulidae. State of Washington, Department of Ecology Marine Sediment Monitoring, Publication 14 - 03 - 235, 1 - 23. Avaliable from: https: // fortress. wa. gov / ecy / publications / SummaryPages / 1403201. html (Accessed 12 August 2016)","Diaz-Diaz, O., Cardenas-Oliva, A. & Linero-Arana, I. (2014) Caulleriella petersenae n. sp. and two new records of Cirratulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Venezuela. Boletin Instituo de Investgaciones Marinas y Costeras, 43 (2), 351 - 361."]}

Kirkegaardia kladara new species Figures 10 D, 11 Tharyx sp. 4: Blake et al. 1987: C-2; Hilbig 1994: 941. Material examined. Western North Atlantic, off Cape Lookout, North Carolina, U.S. South Atlantic ACSAR Program Cruise 1, R/ V Columbus Iselin Sta. 1, Rep. 2, 11 November 1983, 34��16.36���N, 75��45.50���W, 640 m, coll. J.A. Blake, Chief Scientist, holotype (USNM 1407164); Cruise 2, R/V Cape Hatteras, Sta. 2, Rep. 3, 27 March 1984, 34��14.56���N, 75��43.35���W, 1000 m, coll. J.A. Blake, Chief Scientist, 1 paratype (USNM 1407165). Description. An elongate, thin, fragile species; holotype complete, 24 mm long, 0.3 mm wide with about 95 setigers; paratype incomplete, 4.36 mm long, 0.23 mm wide across thorax, for 19 setigers. Body of holotype covered with closely adhering silt particles. Color in alcohol, light tan with no pigment. Pre-setigerous region 1.8x as long as wide. Prostomium narrow, rounded on anterior margin, continuing as a narrow peristomial ridge or dorsal crest to anterior border of setiger 1 (Fig. 11 A); eyes absent; nuchal organs not observed. Peristomium elongate, narrow, about 1.6x as long as wide; smooth, without obvious annulations (Fig. 11 A). Dorsal tentacles arising on posterior part of peristomium with first pair of branchiae posterior to tentacles on setiger 1 at posterior margin overlying mid-dorsal groove (Fig. 11 A). Subsequent branchiae in same position on following thoracic setigers. Branchiae of thoracic segments dorsal and posterior to notosetae at border with middorsal channel; thereafter, parapodia shifting to lateral position in abdominal segments (Fig. 11 B���C); branchiae not observed in far posterior segments. Thoracic region with 7���9 setigerous segments, each about 3x as wide as long (Fig. 11 A); abdominal segments increasing in length and decreasing in width to about 2.5x as long as wide, each more or less cylindrical with parapodia at posterior end (Fig. 11 B); thoracic parapodia dorsally elevated over mid-dorsal surface forming shallow dorsal groove extending from end of peristomium posteriorly to about setiger 7 where dorsal groove ends (Fig. 11 A); contained dorsal ridge extends to about setiger 5, continuing on setigers 5���7 as low elevated mid-dorsal mounds between parapodia (Fig. 11 A). Body without ventral groove or ridge. Far posterior segments becoming short again, wider than long, greatly expanded posterior end terminating in pygidium with narrow pointed ventral lobe (Fig. 11 C). Parapodia reduced to low mounds from which setae project; thoracic setae consisting of long simple capillaries numbering 5���6 per notopodium and 6���8 per neuropodium; anterior abdominal noto- and neurosetae transitioning to broader capillaries with broad bases and fine denticles along margin from setigers 10���12 (Fig. 11 D���E); abdominal notosetae 2���4 per notopodium; neurosetae 4���6 per neuropodium; denticles minute, pointed teeth directed lateral to main axis of shaft (Fig. 11 D���E) visible at 400��� 1000x. Notosetae with denticles directed ventrally and denticles of neurosetae directed dorsally, vis-��-vis. Methyl Green stain. Tip of prostomium lightly retaining stain; peristomium not staining. Distinctive pattern on middle and posterior thoracic segments consisting of diffuse turquoise speckles anteriorly and larger, darker turquoise speckles posteriorly (Fig. 10 D); stain extends laterally up the sides of the parapodia, but does not enter the mid-dorsal channel. Posteriorly, individual parapodia at the posterior edge of each abdominal segment stain Green (Fig. 10 D); no mid-ventral stain retained. Etymology. The species name kladara is from the Greek, kladaros for brittle or easily broken, referring to the thin, fragile nature of this species. Remarks. Kirkegaardia kladara n. sp. has only rarely been collected most likely because of the thin, fragile nature of the body and high probability of damage during sample processing. K. kladara n. sp. belongs to the K. dorsobranchialis - heterochaeta group of 12 species in having the thoracic parapodia elevated and producing a middorsal channel between them. Of these, K. kladara n. sp. is one of four species having a peristomium with a dorsal ridge extending along its entire length. K. kladara n. sp. differs from K. annulosa and the others in this group of four by having the first pair of branchiae arising from setiger 1 instead of lateral to the dorsal tentacles on the peristomium. Furthermore, the short, rounded prostomium that is continuous with the mid-dorsal peristomial ridge differs from these species and other species of the genus Kirkegaardia. Other details are presented in the Remarks for K. annulosa (see above). Distribution. Kirkegaardia kladara was collected only from samples taken in muddy sediments along the continental slope off Cape Lookout, North Carolina, in depths of about 640���1000 m. The species was not identified on the nearby Cape Hatteras shelf or in the companion surveys off the U.S. Mid- and North Atlantic slopes., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Blake, J. A., Hecker, B., Grassle, J. F., Brown, B., Wade, M., Boehm, P. D., Baptiste, E., Hilbig, B., Maciolek, N., Petrecca, R., Ruff, R. E., Starczak, V. & Watling, L. (1987) Study of biological processes on the U. S. South Atlantic Slope and Rise. Phase 2. Final Report. Prepared for U. S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Washington, D. C. under Contract No. 14 - 12 - 0001 - 30064. 414 pp. + Appendices A - M. National Technical Information Service (NTIS) No. PB 87 - 214 - 359. Available from: http: // marinecadastre. gov / espis / / search / study / 9007 (accessed 4 August 2016)","Hilbig, B. (1994) Faunistic and zoogeographical characterization of the benthic infauna on the Carolina continental slope. Deep-Sea Research II, 41, 929 - 950."]}

Kirkegaardia dorsobranchialis (Kirkegaard, 1959), new combination Figures 3���4 Cirratulus dorsobranchialis Kirkegaard, 1959: 34 ���36, figs. 2���3. Tharyx dorsobranchialis: Day, 1961: 501 ���502; 1967: 506, fig. 20f���h; Laubier 1966: 633 ���637; Day et al., 1970: 30; Hartmann- Schr��der 1974: 178; Intes & LeLeouff 1977: 222. Monticellina dorsobranchialis: Blake 1991: 24 ���26 (In part); ��inar 2005: 150; ��inar et al. 2014: 748. Material examined. SE Atlantic, West Africa: Off Angola, Bay of Lobito, 12��20���S, 13��40���E, 27 m, 20 Dec. 1950, Galathea Expedition Sta. 120, holotype and 3 p aratypes (ZMUC-POL-241���2); same sample, 4 additional paratypes (ZMUC-POL-243). Description. Holotype an incomplete male with rounded, short-headed mature sperm in posterior segments; body colorless in alcohol. Specimen appearing smooth in general outline without conspicuous segmental constrictions or grooves; segments not swollen or beaded (Fig. 3 A, C). Anterior 85 segments indistinct under lower magnification (63x) with setae inconspicuous. Holotype incomplete, 58 mm long, 0.6 mm wide across thorax at setigers 18���19 for about 150 setigers. Parapodia of thoracic region shifted dorsally, overlying dorsal surface producing distinct mid-dorsal channel (Fig. 3 A). Thoracic region long, with 24 setigers, generally defined by presence of mid-dorsal channel (Fig. 3 A, C); first 14 segments short, similar in length but slightly increasing in width; thereafter slightly decreasing in width and gradually increasing in length to chaetiger 24, where segments transition to abdominal segments and become about 2��� 3x as long as setigers 1���14. More posteriorly segments become larger and increase in length, becoming about as long as wide (Fig. 3 D). Paratypes similar in overall morphology. Pygidium not observed. Pre-setigerous region as long as wide in holotype, up to 1.5x as long as wide in some paratypes. Prostomium of holotype conical, about as long as wide, appearing blunt in dorsal view due to tip of prostomium being bent ventrally (Fig. 3 B); eyespots absent; nuchal organs inconspicuous, appearing at corners of mouth (Fig. 4 D). Proboscis elongated, sac-like, appearing cleft ventrally when extended (Fig. 4 E). Prostomium not visibly separated from peristomium (Figs. 3 A���C, 4D); peristomium smooth; holotype and most paratypes without visible annulations (Figs. 3 A���C, 4D); one paratype with faint transverse lines evident (Fig. 4 E). Paired dorsal tentacles retained as basal stumps in specimens examined, arising medially on posterior margin of peristomium anterior to setiger 1 (Figs. 3 A, C, 4D). First pair of branchiae arising posterolateral to dorsal tentacle scars anterior to setiger 1; second pair of branchiae on setiger 1 arising medial to notosetae; following thoracic segments with branchiae in same location (Figs. 3 A, C, 4D���E). Branchiae dorsal throughout with those of right and left sides most widely separated in anterior segments, gradually approaching mid-dorsum and becoming mid-dorsal by about setiger 20, thereafter continuing mid-dorsally throughout length of specimen (Fig. 3 A, C). Branchiae close to notosetae in anterior setigers, then rapidly becoming widely separated from notosetae as branchiae remain in dorsomedial location and parapodia shift to a more lateral location becoming mid-lateral by about setiger 30 (Fig. 3 C). Parapodia reduced, with rami small, close together but distinctly separated throughout; less conspicuous in anterior region, becoming slightly larger and with more setae posteriorly; parapodia dorsolateral in anterior setigers, gradually shifting to a mid-lateral location (Fig. 3 C); noto- and neurochaetae arising from short, welt-like protuberances. Parapodia appear to emerge from posterior edge of each segment, just posterior to segmental constriction and anterior to narrow band of MG when stained. Setae relatively short, inconspicuous along body, those of anterior 25 segments slender capillaries in a single row, with up to 15���20 per ramus of both noto- and neuropodia (20���30 per ramus in paratypes provided to him by Dr. Kirkegaard, as noted by Laubier 1966: 637), with fewer setae more posteriorly, reduced to 5���10 per ramus in some paratypes, further reduced to 2���4 setae in far posterior segments. Capillaries relatively short throughout, similar in length and shape within a fascicle, broader basally, abruptly tapering but not aristate distally; notosetae longer than neurosetae, with fine denticles in broad basal part, these not continuing or at least not visible in thin apical extension; most neurosetae shorter than notosetae but similar with fine denticles along one edge of shaft (Fig. 3 E); setae arranged within fascicles such that denticles of notosetae directed ventrally and those of neurosetae directed dorsally, vis-��-vis (Fig. 4 A���C). In posterior abdominal setigers, ventral most 2���3 neurosetae thicker, with very broad base and thicker denticles similar to those described by Kirkegaard (1959: Fig. 3). Far posterior setigers with denticles generally thicker than those of anterior and middle abdominal setigers (Fig. 4 B���C). First appearance of denticulated setae difficult to detect without dissecting numerous segments, but present by at least setigers 15��� 20 in paratypes. Methyl Green stain. A left lateral diagram of the holotype depicts the general pattern of MG staining (Fig. 3 C): tip of prostomium staining dark green with rest of prostomium and most of peristomium evenly speckled light green except for darker anterior area between nuchal organs. Anterior segments with ventral diffuse greenish area, but stain mainly limited to anterior dorsum and dorsolateral areas of thorax (Fig. 3 C); rest of body with stain dorsally concentrated in segmental constrictions, ending just behind parapodia; ventrally with narrow, elongate, diffuse mid-ventral spot on each segment, fading out on posterior segments. Dorsal channel between parapodia does not stain. Same general pattern present on paratypes, but not as prominent. Remarks. According to a summary of the type material of Cirratulus dorsobranchialis provided to me by the late Dr. Mary E. Petersen (letter dated 14 July 1985) there were originally 13 paratypes of C. dorsobranchialis designated by Dr. Kirkegaard in addition to the holotype. Of these, three paratypes were loaned to Dr. L. Laubier and were commented on by him (Laubier 1966); however, the paratypes were not returned and Dr. Laubier subsequently informed Dr. Kirkegaard that they were lost. In addition, three paratypes were loaned to Dr. A. Eliason and these were also lost. Of the remaining seven paratypes, Dr. Petersen sent three to me for evaluation (Blake 1991); these were returned to Dr. Petersen. While working on cirratulids for the California Taxonomic Atlas, I had occasion to review the notes and sketches of the paratypes examined earlier and asked Dr. Petersen to check a few details, which she kindly provided in April 1994. This reexamination resulted in the conclusion that the synonymies proposed in Blake (1991) were not correct; comments to this effect were stated in (Blake 1996: 318). In September 1997 during a short visit with Dr. Petersen in Copenhagen, I was able to examine the holotype and other specimens of C. dorsobranchialis from Dr. Kirkegaard���s collection and prepared some additional notes and sketches. As part of a review of Dr. Petersen���s research materials following her death, I discovered her own notes and sketches of the C. dorsobranchialis types, which supported my own conclusions. Figure 4 A���E is based on Dr. Petersen���s pencil sketches of selected paratypes and prepared slides of parapodia. The type specimens described here differ in several important aspects from the description by Kirkegaard (1959). Most importantly, Kirkegaard (1959: Fig. 2) illustrated a worm with 2���3 anterior achaetous annulations; these were not mentioned in the text. The peristomium of the holotype and paratypes had only a smooth surface with no obvious annulations apparent, although faint lines were visible on one paratype (Fig. 4 E). The obvious annulations in Kirkegaard (1959: Fig. 2) might have been due to misinterpretation by the artist who illustrated the specimens for Dr. Kirkegaard. On the same figure, some branchiae are illustrated with inflated tips; these also do not occur on the types examined and were also noted to be absent on the paratypes examined by Laubier (1966); Day (1961) also indicated that such branchiae were not present on the South African specimens he examined. The short, strongly dentate setae illustrated by Kirkegaard (1959: Fig. 3) were not observed during my initial study of the type material and were not observed by Laubier (1966) in the paratypes he examined and were not observed in specimens identified as Tharyx dorsobranchialis by Day (1961, 1967); instead, only finely serrated setae were observed. It was not until individual parapodia from different parts of the body of paratypes were carefully examined that setae with conspicuous denticles were observed at 400x (Fig. 4 A���C). Most of the denticulated setae along the body have only numerous fine serrations along the shaft (Fig. 3 E) and for the longest and thinnest setae, they were only barely apparent at 400x. The most conspicuous difference between Kirkegaardia dorsobranchialis and K. heterochaeta noted by Laubier (1966) was the presence of distinct peristomial rings in the first species and none in the second. However, the peristomial rings illustrated by Kirkegaard (1959: Fig. 2) are not present on the holotype and only vague rings were observed on one of the paratypes of K. dorsobranchialis. Thus, other characters are required in order to distinguish between the two species. One obvious difference is that K. dorsobranchialis has a much shorter peristomium than K. heterochaeta. In K. heterochaeta the long narrow head region (prostomium + peristomium) is as long as the first 8���10 setigers and has a length to width ratio of ca. 2.2:1 whereas in K. dorsobranchialis the ratio of length to width is no more than 1.5: 1 in the paratypes and only 1.1: 1 in the holotype. In addition, specimens of K. heterochaeta examined here have a raised mid-dorsal ridge within the dorsal channel that is not present in K. dorsobranchialis. The most conspicuous difference between the two species, however, is the MG staining pattern. Kirkegaardia heterochaeta has a prominent oval green patch on the dorsum of the second half of the peristomium prior to the origin of dorsal tentacles and a spectacular dark blue pattern concentrated on the thorax as stripes that begin middorsally and continue down each side with the most intense stain on the venter of the thoracic region. In contrast, the staining pattern of K. dorsobranchialis is less intense, with the tip of the pre-setigerous region darkly stained and the rest of the prostomium and peristomium evenly covered with light speckles. The thoracic segments have a mid-ventral greenish area, but not the intense blue of K. heterochaeta, and stripes are not formed. A narrow, elongate, diffuse mid-ventral spot is present on abdominal segments of both species. Recent records of K. dorsobranchialis from the Mediterranean by ��inar (2005) and others have not been confirmed. Given the large number of species identified as part of this study from worldwide locations and the differences between the present description of the type material and the original description by Kirkegaard (1959), it is likely that non-African records of K. dorsobranchialis belong to other species. Among other species of Kirkegaardia reviewed in this study, K. dorsobranchialis is closest morphologically to K. carinata n. sp. from deep-water off northern California, K. chilensis n. sp. from offshore Chile, and K. cryptica (Blake, 1996) from southern California shelf and slope depths. All of these species have an entirely smooth peristomium without either ridges or annular rings. Of these, K. dorsobranchialis and K. cryptica have a smooth mid-dorsal channel; whereas, K. carinata n. sp. and K. chilensis n. sp. have a prominent ridge within the channel. K. cryptica differs most noticeably from K. dorsobranchialis in (1) having a longer pre-setigerous area of 1.9:1 length-to-width ratio instead of up to 1.5:1, (2) having few sharply pointed, widely spaced denticles on the neurosetae instead of numerous larger denticles that are tightly spaced, and (3) several differences in the MG staining patterns. Biology. The species is recorded from sand and mud in False Bay, South Africa. Other records do not have any sediment data. Short-headed sperm were recorded for this species by Petersen (1999), based on the type collection from Angola, Bay off Lobito in 27 m; presence of sperm was also confirmed as part of my examination of the holotype. Distribution. West Africa from off Sierra Leone to Angola 27���100 m; South Africa, coastal waters and embayments, 20���105 m; also recorded from the eastern Mediterranean Sea in shallow water., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 10-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Kirkegaard, J. B. (1959) The Polychaeta of West Africa. Atlantide Report, No. 5, 7 - 117.","Day, J. H. (1961) The polychaete fauna of South Africa. Part 6. Sedentary species dredged off Cape coasts with a few new records from the shore. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 44, 463 - 560. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1961. tb 01623. x","Laubier, L. (1966) Sur la position systematique de Monticellina heterochaeta Laubier, 1961. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 91, 631 - 638.","Day, J. H., Field, J. G. & Penrith, M. J. (1970) The benthic fauna and fishes of False Bay, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 39, 1 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359197009519103","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1974) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der afrikanischen Westkuste zwischen Angola und Kap der Guten Hoffnung und der afrikanischen Ostkuuste von Sudafrika und Mocambique under besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Tiel II. Die Polychaeten des Untersuchungsgebietes. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 69, 95 - 228.","Intes, A. & Le Loeuff, P. (1977) Les annelides polychetes de Cote d'lvoire. II. - Polychetes sedentaires- Compte rendu systematique. Cahiers O. R. S. T. O. M., Serie Oceanographique, 15, 215 - 249.","Blake, J. A. (1991) Revision of some genera and species of Cirratulidae from the Western North Atlantic. In: Petersen, M. E. and J. B. Kirkegaard (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen. Ophelia, Supplement No. 5, 17 - 30.","Cinar, M. E. (2005) Polychaetes from the coast of northern Cyprus (eastern Mediterranean Sea), with two new records for the Mediterranean Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 46, 143 - 160.","Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. & Sahin, G. K. (2014) Checklist of Annelida from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 734 - 764. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3906 / zoo- 1405 - 72","Blake, J. A. (1996) Chapter 8. Family Cirratulidae Ryckholdt, 1851. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. Annelida. Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, pp. 263 - 384.","Day, J. H. (1967) A monograph on the Polychaeta of southern Africa. British Museum of Natural History, Publication, No. 656, 1 - 878.","Petersen, M. E. (1999) Reproduction and development in Cirratulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Dorresteijn, A. W. C. & Westheide, W. (Eds.), Reproductive Strategies and Developmental Patterns in Annelids. Hydrobiologia, 402, 107 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003736408195"]}

Kirkegaardia franciscana new species Figures 21���22 Monticellina sp. 2: Hilbig & Blake 2006: 262; Blake et al. 2009: 1796. Material examined. California continental slope west of the Farallon Islands, San Francisco Deep Ocean Disposal Site (SF-DODS) 2003 monitoring survey, R/ V Point Sur, Sta. 19, 37��37.97���N, 123��30.04���W, 2983 m, 24 September 2003, coll. J.A. Blake, holotype and 3 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 8921���2); 2004 monitoring survey, R/V Point Sur, Sta. 52, 37��44.00���N, 123��28.00���W, 2237 m, 0 3 October 2004, coll. J.A. Blake, 3 paratypes (LACM- AHF Poly 8923). Description. A small, elongate, threadlike species (Figs. 21 A���B, 22A); holotype complete, 1.5 mm long, 0.11 mm wide for 26 setigerous segments; most paratypes complete, similar in size and number of segments. Color in alcohol opaque white; no pigment present. Pre-setigerous region about 1.5x as long as wide; prostomium a conical lobe, narrowing to rounded tip (Figs. 21 A, 22A���D); eyes absent; nuchal organs observed in two paratypes as darkly pigmented areas at posterolateral margins (Fig. 22 C). Peristomium expanded, relatively smooth, with one partial lateral groove, but no distinct annulations (Fig. 21 A); dorsally with two narrow longitudinal grooves outlining a smooth, curved, broad dorsal surface with a weak narrow crest (Fig. 21 A). Dorsal tentacles inserted at posterolateral margins of peristomium, more widely separated than in related species. First pair of branchiae lateral to tentacles on peristomium; second pair of branchiae on posterior margin of setiger 1, dorsal to notosetae; subsequent branchiae in similar positions (Fig. 21 A). Thorax with 4���6 narrow segments about 2x as wide as long; parapodia not elevated over dorsum as in many related species; dorsal surface not enclosed in a groove formed by parapodia; thoracic segments abruptly transitioning to abdominal segments that are as long as wide (Figs. 21 A, 22A���D), then becoming longer than wide (Fig. 21 B), some moniliform 1.5x as long as wide (Figs. 21 B, 22A���D); far posterior segments narrowing to pygidium with a single lobe (Figs. 21 B, 22A). Parapodia reduced to simple conical lobes from which setae emerge. Thoracic and anterior abdominal parapodia with simple capillary setae only; middle and posterior abdominal neurosetae becoming shorter, broader, and with fine denticles along one edge at about setiger 30 (Fig. 21 C), these best observed with 1000x magnification and with Phase Contrast optics; individual denticles short, pointed toward apex of seta. Some abdominal notosetae observed with long stiff fibrils or serrations along one edge (Fig. 21 D), these very regular in appearance. Methyl Green stain. A spectacular MG staining pattern characterizes this species. The prostomium and lateral and dorsal sides of the peristomium develop a deep reticulated turquoise pattern followed by similar staining on the ventral and lateral sides of the thoracic parapodia (Fig. 22 D); the two longitudinal grooves on either side of the peristomium stain a deep green; the thoracic parapodia are in effect banded (Fig. 22 D). The reticulated pattern is due to embedded glands that are also stained by MG on most abdominal segments although being sparse; the pattern is not as intense as on anterior segments. Etymology. The name franciscana refers to the proximity to the City of San Francisco of the sampling site, the San Francisco Deep Ocean Disposal Site. Remarks. Kirkegaardia franciscana n. sp. is a unique species in the very small size, expanded and rounded shape of the anterior end, narrow abdominal region with moniliform segments, and the distinctive MG staining pattern. The denticulated neurosetae are few, usually no more than two or three per abdominal neuropodium and with the fine denticles observed only with at least 1000x magnification. The serrated notosetae are also few and observed only with 1000x. The long pointed serrations of these setae were initially thought to be merely splayed fibrils sometimes observed on capillaries of other cirratulids. However, the regularity and consistent size of these serrations finally suggested they were a consistent type of tooth or denticle. It needs to be stated, however, that none of these specimens were sexually mature and it is entirely possible that they are juveniles. In a program during which more than 180 quantitative benthic samples were collected over a period of 13 years, K. franciscana n. sp. was rare, identified only three times, and either larger adults were never collected or were not recognized. The MG pattern was used to set them aside for further study resulting in this description as a new species. In checking other cirratulids from the study that are larger and might overlap with the morphology of smaller specimens of K. franciscana n. sp., two species of Aphelochaeta were described by Doner & Blake (2009); only one of which had a MG pattern and it was entirely different from that of K. franciscana. Other species of Aphelochaeta are also known from this area (Blake unpublished); none of these has a MG pattern as distinctive as that of K. franciscana. Kirkegaardia carinata n. sp. occurs throughout the study area and also has a distinctive, but different MG staining pattern and a very different morphology (see below). Biology. Kirkegaardia franciscana was collected only rarely over 13 years of monitoring at the San Francisco Deep-water Disposal site. The sediments where the species was collected are composed of fine silt. Throughout the study area the benthic fauna is dominated by a large suite of polychaetes of the families Paraonidae, Spionidae, Cossuridae, and cirratulids of the genus Chaetozone, most of which were described by Blake (2006). Ecology of the site was reported by Blake et al. (2009). Distribution. Known only from lower slope depths off northern California 2237���2983 m. Figures 21 and 22 about here, Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 44-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Hilbig, B. & Blake, J. A. (2006) Deep-sea polychaete communities in the northeast Pacific Ocean off the Gulf of the Farallons, California. Bulletin of Marine Science, 78 (2), 243 - 269.","Doner, S. A. & Blake, J. A. (2009) Two new species of Aphelochaeta (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae) from deep water off northern California. Zoosymposia, 1, 127 - 137."]}

Kirkegaardia giribeti (Dean & Blake, 2009) new combination Figure 26 C Monticellina giribeti Dean & Blake 2009: 116 –117, Figs.6 B, 8A–F. Material examined. Pacific Ocean, off Ecuador, Gulf of Guayaquil, R/ V Anton Bruun, Cruise 18B, Sta. 771-D, 03°16′S, 080°47′W, ca. 90 m, 10 Sep 1966, 1 specimen (JAB). Description. A single, incomplete specimen from off Ecuador closely resembles Kirkegaardia giribeti presently known only from intertidal depths on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Ecuadorian fragment 4 mm long, 0.6 mm wide with 33 setigerous segments. Pre-setigerous region 2.75x as long as wide. Prostomium short, narrow, and rounded on anterior margin; nuchal organs not observed. Peristomium 2.5x as long as wide and cut with four lateral grooves producing five annulations (Fig. 26 C); low mid-dorsal ridge present along peristomium from anterior to posterior margin. Dorsal tentacles arise from posterior margin of peristomium with first pair of branchiae also on posterior margin of peristomium lateral to tentacles. Second and subsequent pairs of branchiae on posterior margin of each setiger, dorsal to notochaetae on dorsal most edge of parapodium. Thoracic region with 25 narrow setigerous segments with parapodia shifted dorsally overlying a wide dorsal channel, each segment clearly demarcated (Fig. 26 C). Transition to abdominal segments abrupt, parapodia shifting laterally, dorsal channel disappearing, and dorsum merging with lateral sides of each segment. First seven abdominal segments narrow, the last becoming longer and more moniliform. Parapodia low ridges or mounds from which setae emerge. Thoracic notosetae numbering 6–8 long, smooth capillaries becoming wider and shorter in abdominal segments and developing fine serrations along margin; neurosetae with 5–7 smooth setae in thoracic region transitioning to shorter setae with a broad base in abdominal segments also with fine serrations along margin. Nature of middle and posterior segments not known. Methyl Green stain. The body stains uniformly light green, with no areas of stain concentration or any pattern evident after differentiation. Remarks. This specimen agrees with K. giribeti from Costa Rica in most respects including the shape of the prostomium, long narrow peristomium, location of the dorsal tentacles and first pair of branchiae, nature of the thoracic parapodia, and the lack of any MG staining pattern. Differences include five peristomial annulations and a longer thoracic region with 25 setigerous segments in the Ecuadorian specimen instead of six peristomial annulations and 16 thoracic setigerous segments as in the Costa Rican material. However, the Ecuadorian fragment appears to be a larger specimen than the type materials and as such a longer thoracic region is to be expected. The last available abdominal segment on the Ecuadorian specimen is clearly rounded and becoming moniliform which agrees with the original description of moniliform abdominal segments. Distribution. Costa Rica, intertidal; Off Ecuador, shallow subtidal.

Kirkegaardia dutchae new species Figures 18���19 Monticellina sp. N 1. Welch & Dutch 2014: 9, 4 figs; Washington State Department of Ecology MSMP; database online: (PSEmpMarineBenthicSpeciesList_sortable.xlsx) online: http://www.eopugetsound.org/species/custom-lists/306. Monticellina tesselata: Welch & Dutch 2014: 7 ���8, 6 figs. Not Hartman 1960. Material examined. Northeastern Pacific, Puget Sound, Shoreline Elliott Bay, Sta. 181, Rep. 1, 18 June 1998, 47.61504��N, 122.36230��W, 36.7 m, coll. MSMP, 4 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 8930); Sta. 182, Rep. 1, 18 June 1998, 47.60421��N, 122.34413��W, 38.3 m, coll. MSMP, holotype and 4 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 8931���2); Mid Elliott Bay, Sta. 189, Rep. 1, 22 June 1998, 47.59051��N, 122.38049��W, 14.3 m, coll. MSMP, 2 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 8933); Port Gamble Bay, Sta. 213, Rep. 1, 25 June 1999, 47.82230��N, 122.57560��W, 4.7 m, 2 specimens (MSMP AN 1542); Freshwater Bat, Sta. WA 1007, Rep. 1, 27 Aug. 1999, 48.14972oN, 123.602500W, 21.6 m, 1 specimen (MSMP AN 2 163); Port Orchard, St. Clair inlet, Sta. 202, Rep. 1, 12 June 2009, 47.56099��N, 122.59580��W, 3.9 m, 2 specimens (MSMP AN 1957).��� Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary, Washington Coastal EMAP Sta. 3-114, Rep. 1, 0 3 June 2003, 47.62012��N, 124.75491��W, 82.0 m, (1 long, thin paratype in 2 parts) (LACM-AHF Poly 8934). Description. A slender, elongate, and threadlike species; holotype complete, 14 mm long, 0.30 mm wide across thoracic region, 0.25 mm wide across abdominal segments, with 82 setigerous segments. Thoracic region relatively narrow, with 12���14 setigerous segments (Figs. 18 A, 19A, D���E); parapodia only slightly elevated forming lateral shoulders, with dorsum broad and higher than parapodia (Fig. 18 A) domed, rounded in cross section. Venter of thoracic region broadly flattened, middle and posterior thoracic segments with distinct glands that appear lighter than rest of body and stain darkly with MG (Fig. 19 A���B). Thoracic segments narrow, about 4.5x as wide as long, transitioning to weakly moniliform anterior abdominal segments, only 0.3x as wide as long (Fig. 18 B); middle abdominal segments as long as wide, more of a block shape than oval (Fig. 18 C); far posterior segments again becoming narrow, forming weakly expanded posterior end with up to 15 setigerous segments and weak ventral groove, terminating in narrow pygidium with terminal anus and a single conical ventral lobe (Figs. 18 D, 19E). Prostomium conical, tapering to rounded anterior end (Figs. 18 A���B, 19C���D); eyes absent; nuchal organs narrow lateral slits at junction with peristomium (Fig. 18 B). Entire pre-setigerous region elongate, narrow, 2.1x as long as wide in dorsal view, 1.5x as long as wide in lateral view; as long as first six thoracic segments (Figs. 18 A, 19D). Peristomium either entirely smooth or with 1���2 lateral grooves producing 0���3 partial annular rings (Figs. 18 A���B, 19C); dorsal surface with low irregular ridge extending over level of setiger 1 and merging with mid-dorsal thoracic surface. Dorsal tentacles arising from posterior margin of peristomium lateral to mid-dorsal ridge (Fig. 18 A); first pair of branchiae on anterior border of setiger 1; lateral to dorsal tentacles; second pair of branchiae on posterior border of setiger 1, thus two branchiae on setiger 1 (Figs. 18 A, 19C); following thoracic branchiae on posterior border of each setiger. Parapodia shifted dorsally in thoracic segments forming distinct lateral shoulders below broadly rounded dorsal surface (Fig. 18 A); abdominal parapodia located laterally. Individual noto- and neuropodia generally close together along body, each with low podial lobes from which setae emerge (Fig. 18 E). Notosetae all simple, smooth capillaries throughout with fibrils and serrations not evident with light microscopy; thoracic and anterior abdominal neurosetae similar to notosetae, transitioning to shorter, broader capillaries in middle abdominal segments at about setigers 35���40; these bearing fine denticles along expanded medial margin (Fig. 18 E, H���I); some transitional neurosetae of anterior abdominal segments narrow, but with a few longer denticles mid-way along shaft (Fig. 18 F���G). Methyl Green stain. Distinct transverse segmental bands across venter of thorax (Fig. 19 A���B), deepest stain on 3���4 posteriormost thoracic segments; lateral intersegmental vertical bands or patches on anterior abdominal segments (Fig. 19 A���B); stain not concentrated elsewhere on the body. The ventral thoracic bands correspond to the lighter colored glandular ventral surface of non-stained specimens. Etymology. This species is named for Ms. Margaret (Maggie) Dutch, Manager of the State of Washington Puget Sound Benthic Monitoring Program and a former colleague; she provided specimens of this species and others from the MSMP reference collections. Remarks. Kirkegaardia dutchae n. sp. from the northeastern Pacific is most closely related to K. baptisteae from along the U.S. Atlantic shelf and slope in having a similar size and shape to the pre-setigerous region, parapodia limited to lateral shoulders situated lower than the broad dorsal surface, and prominent glands along the venter of thoracic segments. The two species differ in that K. baptisteae has ventral thoracic glands that are naturally light tan in color and do not produce a MG staining pattern of any kind, with the stain disappearing entirely in clean alcohol; however, these glands may retain pink coloration from Rose Bengal for a time after storage. In contrast, the same glands of K. dutchae n. sp. retain a distinct MG pattern on the venter of the thoracic region after differentiation. Additional differences include denticulated capillaries limited to neuropodia in K. dutchae n. sp. instead of both noto- and neuropodia as in K. baptisteae. Further, the denticles are limited to an expanded knob on the shaft of K. dutchae n. sp. whereas in K. baptisteae the denticles are distributed along most of the shaft. Additionally, the first and second pair of branchiae are on setiger 1 in K. dutchae n. sp.; whereas in K. baptisteae the first pair of branchiae are lateral to the dorsal tentacles on the posterior margin of the peristomium and only the second pair are on setiger 1. K. dutchae n. sp. is also similar to K. tesselata, but differs in lacking a mid-thoracic ridge. All three species, however, are now known to have tessellated tubes. Biology. Two paratypes from Station 181, June 1998, had numerous sperm packets in the coelom; one paratype from Sta. 182 also collected in June 1998 was packed with yolky eggs having a visible germinal vesicle and measuring 96���127 ��m; a paratype from Sta. 189, also collected in June 1998, had both small oocytes ca. 20-��m diameter and larger ova 93���101 ��m diameter in adjacent segments. These data suggest that gametes were not fully mature in June; it is likely spawning and recruitment occur later in the summer. The specimens from Sta. 213 were labeled Monticellina tesselata in the MSMP voucher collection because of the surrounding tessellated tube. However, the two specimens agree well with Kirkegaardia dutchae n. sp. and not K. tesselata because a peristomial ridge is present and a mid-thoracic ridge is absent instead of absent and present, respectively, as in K. tesselata (Blake 1996). Kirkegaardia dutchae n. sp. is herein recognized as one of several closely related species having the tattered or tessellated tubes first reported for K. tesselata, a California species. Distribution. Known only from the Puget Sound in shallow depths, 14��� 82 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 38-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Welch, K. & Dutch, M. (2014) Taxonomic Guides to Benthic Invertebrates of Puget Sound. Puget Sound Polychaetes: Family Cirratulidae. State of Washington, Department of Ecology Marine Sediment Monitoring, Publication 14 - 03 - 235, 1 - 23. Avaliable from: https: // fortress. wa. gov / ecy / publications / SummaryPages / 1403201. html (Accessed 12 August 2016)","Hartman, O. (1960) The benthic fauna of the deep basins off Southern California. Part II. Systematic account of some marine invertebrate animals from the deep basins of Southern California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 22 (2), 69 - 215, 19 plates.","Blake, J. A. (1996) Chapter 8. Family Cirratulidae Ryckholdt, 1851. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. Annelida. Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, pp. 263 - 384."]}

Kirkegaardia olgahartmanae new species Figures 34���36 Tharyx sp. Hartman 1967: 230. Material examined. Antarctica, East Antarctic Peninsula, Larsen Ice Shelf A Area, Greenpeace Trough, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer Cruise 2000-03, Sta. 0 4, 64��49.209���S, 060��32.033���W, 668 m, 16 May 2000, Smith McIntyre grab, coll. J.A. Blake, holotype (LACM-AHF Poly 8939); Sta. 0 7, 64��43.523���S, 060��045.771���W, 839 m, 18 May 2000, coll. J.A. Blake, 4 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 8940); Sta. 22, 64��46.632���S, 060��21.557���W, 868 m, 20 May 2000, coll. J.A. Blake, 2 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 8941).��� West Antarctic Peninsula, Bransfield Strait, Eltanin Sta. 430, 62��38���S, 59��37���W, 0 7 January 1963, 681 ��� 1409 m, 20 specimens (USNM 56084); R/ V Polarstern, Cruise ANT XV/2, Sta. MIC 55, 62��16.45���S, 57��35.20���W, 8 Dec 1997, 1940 m, coll. H. Sahling, 3 specimens, (ZMH P-27816); Sta. MIC 86, 62��16.70���S, 57��34.90���W, 18 Dec 1997, 2000 m, coll. H. Sahling, 1 specimen (ZMH P-27817); R/V Polarstern, Cruise ANT-XXII/3, ANDEEP III, Sta. 152-2, multicore, 62��19.95���S 57��54.00���W, 1996 m, 23 March 2005, 6 specimens (ZMH P-27818); Sta. 152-4, multicore, 62��19.98���S, 57��54.00��� W, 2000 m, 23 March 2005, 9 specimens (ZMH P-27819). Description. A moderate sized species, holotype from Larsen Ice Shelf Area complete, 10 mm long, 0.6 mm wide for 40 setigerous segments; specimens from ANT XV/2 and Eltanin collection larger, up to 19.8 mm long, 0.9 mm wide across anterior setigers, 1.1 mm wide across ovigerous segments, 0.8 mm wide across narrow posterior end, for approximately 75 setigers. Entire body coiled with largest specimens forming a distinct twisted spiral (Fig. 35 A), with shape likely due to habitus position in mud ball within which worms live. Color in alcohol: light tan with areas of dark brown pigment on lateral sides of peristomium and some pigment inter-segmentally outlining some parapodia, and patches elsewhere along body; some branchiae dark brown; dorsal tentacles not pigmented. Pre-setigerous region as long as wide, together with thickened first four to five setigers of thoracic region forming thick, bulbous anterior front of the worm. Body of all specimens with broad thoracic region with short segments followed abruptly by long twisted or spiraled abdominal middle section with large segments (Fig. 35 A), some moniliform segments filled with large eggs more than 200 ��m in diameter (Fig. 34 B); abdominal segments thickest in moniliform reproductive segments; posterior segments narrow to weakly expanded, bearing pygidium with terminal anus and short ventral rounded lobe (Figs. 34 C���D; 35C). Prostomium wider than long, broadly triangular in dorsal view (Fig. 34 A), narrowing, bluntly rounded on anterior margin (Figs. 34 A���B; 35B); eyes absent; nuchal organs not apparent. Peristomium robust, about as wide as long (Fig. 34 B), slightly wider in smaller specimens; smaller specimens including holotype with 2���3 distinct annular rings; grooves less distinct in larger specimens where peristomium often appears smooth with only a vague suggestion of annulations (Fig. 34 B); short proboscis everted on most specimens (Fig. 34 A���B). Dorsal tentacles long, thick, arising from posterior border of peristomium (Fig. 34 A���B). First pair of branchiae lateral to tentacles, also on posterior margin of peristomium (Fig. 34 A���B); second pair of branchiae on setiger 1, arising dorsal to notosetal fascicle (Fig. 34 A); anteriormost branchiae short, wrinkled in appearance; some branchiae extremely long, suggesting they protrude from burrow into overlying water. Thoracic region with 8���10 segments in smaller specimens including holotype (Fig. 34 A), up to 15 segments in largest specimens (Fig. 34 B; 35B); thoracic region thickened ventrally at setigers 1���3 in smaller specimens (Fig. 35 B) and 1���5 in larger ones (Fig. 34 B); thoracic parapodia shifted dorsally, but not overlying dorsal surface (Fig. 34 A���B); abdominal parapodia laterally positioned (Fig. 34 C���D). Parapodia well developed in thoracic setigers; anteriorly set off from dorsum and adjacent segments by deep grooves; setiger 1 reduced in largest specimens, shifted ventrolaterally, with presetal notopodial lamella (Fig. 34 B); middle and posterior segments with parapodia reduced to low setal tori from which setae arise; setal fascicles of noto- and neuropodia close together throughout most of body. Notosetae long simple capillaries throughout, with up to 15 setae per fascicle in anterior setigers (Fig. 35 E), decreasing to 7���10 posteriorly; neurosetae all simple capillaries on first nine setigers; with 2���3 short denticulated capillaries appearing among longer capillaries from setiger 10, completely replacing long, smooth capillaries by setiger 14, continuing to posterior end; denticulated capillaries numbering 12���24 per fascicle along most of body, depending on size of worms, arranged in two rows (Fig. 35 E), reduced to 9���10 in far posterior setigers; denticulated capillaries with broad, expanded blade bearing sawtooth or denticulated edge tapering to narrow tip (Figs. 34 E���F, 35F���G). Methyl Green stain. The stain is concentrated on the venter of the last 3���4 thoracic segments of the Larsen specimens, on what appear to be light-colored glandular areas; it de-stains rapidly. The Bransfield Strait specimens have a weak pattern that develops on the pre-setigerous area with a clear dorsal peristomial area surrounded by bands that extend ventrally (Fig. 35 D); segmental areas generally do not retain any stain. Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Olga Hartman, polychaete systematist, whose monographs on Antarctic polychaetes inspired this author; Dr. Hartman also identified the first specimens of this species as Tharyx sp. in Hartman (1967). Remarks. Kirkegaardia olgahartmanae n. sp. is an unusual cirratulid that is closely related morphologically to K. luticastella and K. jumarsi n. sp. in having a modified body and inhabiting mud balls in deep-water sediments. Kirkegaardia luticastella has been described by Jumars (1975) and Blake (1996; this study) and can be readily compared with the two new species described herein. Superficially, all three species are similar in having an expanded pre-setigerous area and thoracic region, enlarged ovigerous segments in anterior abdominal segments of females, a narrow coiled and twisted posterior end, and denticulated capillary neurosetae first present from an anterior segment. The three species differ in the development of the thoracic parapodia and exposure of the dorsal surface. In K. luticastella, the thoracic parapodia are elevated but only weakly overlie the relatively smooth dorsal surface. In K. jumarsi n. sp., the thoracic segments are narrow with the parapodia dorsally elevated over the dorsal midline such that the dorsal surface forms a shallow dorsal groove between the parapodia. In K. olgahartmanae n. sp., the parapodia are well developed but do not extend dorsally above the mid-dorsal surface but leave a relatively smooth dorsum. Other differences between the three species are in the morphology of the peristomium. In both K. luticastella and K. jumarsi n. sp. there is only a single groove separating the peristomium into two annular rings; in K. luticastella, this groove is best developed in smaller specimens and obscured or difficult to see in larger specimens; in K. jumarsi n. sp. the posterior ring is laterally subdivided into three or four narrow ridges and the dorsal surface of the first ring is elevated into a domed crest, while ventrally it forms an enlarged lip around the mouth. In K. olgahartmanae n. sp. there are two or three annular rings, best seen in smaller specimens, but visible with careful observation in larger specimens. Methyl Green staining reactions differ between the three species. The holotype of K. jumarsi n. sp. did not exhibit any MG staining reaction at all. In K. luticastella, the tip of the prostomium retained stain as did the posterior borders of the two peristomial rings in the specimen from northern California, but there was no stain retention on the thoracic segments. In contrast, some specimens of K. olgahartmanae n. sp. exhibited a banded pattern around a clear dorsal area on the peristomium; in addition, stain concentrated on the venter of three or four thoracic segments. Biology. Kirkegaardia olgahartmanae n. sp. is the third species described in a group of closely related deepwater cirratulids that occupy spiral burrows within mud balls that can be observed on the surface. Mr. Heiko Sahling, who provided specimens of K. olgahartmanae n. sp. from the Bransfield Strait for examination, said in correspondence that: ���The mudballs were observed with a video-sled in a very broad area; porewater and chlorophyll profiles indicate a strong bioturbation caused by these tiny creatures.��� The mud ball habitat described by Mr. Sahling for these specimens is similar to that reported for K. luticastella from the San Diego Trough by Jumars (1975 as Tharyx luticastellus). As part of sediment results of the ANDEEP III survey, Howe et al. (2007) described the sedimentary environment from the Bransfield Strait Station 152 based on sediment cores, seafloor plan view images and sediment profile images. The site consists of about 45 cm of homogenous, watery, olive grey silty mud described by these authors as ���fine-grained, intensely bioturbated with abundant biogenic mud balls��� formed by the cirratulid polychaete, herein described as K. olgahartmanae n. sp. The surface sediment texture is fine-grained mud consisting of 69% silt, 28% clay, and 3% sand. No phytodetritus or lithic clasts were visible and no bottom-current activity was noted from the camera or video. The sediment is rich in siliceous biogenic material consisting largely of diatoms and radiolarians (Howe et al. 2007). Surface photographs of the seafloor at Station 152 were provided by Dr. Robert Diaz (Virginia Institute of Marine Science). The photographs were taken at a height of about 0.8 m above the bottom and imaged a visible area of approximately 8000 cm ���2 or 0.8 m ���2 (Fig. 36 A���B). By dividing the images into quadrants and counting the mud balls in each area, a maximal concentration of visible mud balls of approximately 198 per image or 1/40.4 per cm���2 is estimated. Extrapolating these results, there are approximately 250 mud balls visible over a surface area of 1 m ���2 of the seafloor. However, there are likely many more present because tubes or structures formed by smaller worms would not be visible in the images. Sediment profile images (SPI) or sideways views of the sediment, also provided by Dr. Diaz, are 15 cm wide x 20 cm deep. An example of the full width of such a SPI image is shown in Fig. 36 C. Three large mud balls and two smaller ones are visible; additional mud balls are in three other SPI images (Fig. 36 D���F). Individual mud balls are irregular in shape and range from 1.6���2.6 cm in width based on direct measurements from the SPI images. Individual mud balls are 3-dimensional, however, and extend below the surface of the seafloor. The large mud ball to the right in Fig. 36 C, for example, is approximately 3 cm in height x 2.6 cm in width. Within the mud balls, the worms likely live in a twisted or spiraled tube based on the shape of individual worms and description of the habitus of K. luticastella (Jumars 1975). All of the mud balls exhibit an irregular surface with lateral silty outgrowths that appear to be similar to the ���digitiform external protuberances��� of the tube within the mud ball as described by Jumars (1975: 343). However, for K. olgahartmanae n. sp., these outgrowths are silty and bulbous in appearance (Fig. 36 C���F) rather than elongate protuberances. Worms from the Eltanin survey in the Bransfield Strait were encased in a membranous tube material similar to that of K. tesselata and K. baptisteae described elsewhere in this paper. This suggests that the worms produce spiraled burrows that are lined with a soft, pliable, membranous mucoid substance. In describing K. luticastella Jumars (1975: 342) stated that ���The body is helically coiled as far as its mid-length, where it is bent through 180��, and is again coiled parallel with the anterior half, so that the head and pygidium are juxtaposed. Preserved specimens retain this posture, and are withdrawn into the lower half of the robust, mucus-lined tubes.��� This spiral or twisted arrangement of the body appears to be similar in K. olgahartmanae n. sp. because the bodies of complete specimens are clearly spiraled and also have filamentous tube materials lining their burrows within the mud balls. The type collection of K. olgahartmanae n. sp. was selected from samples collected from the Greenpeace Trough in the Larsen Ice Shelf A area on the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula in an area newly open to the sea due to collapse of the ice shelf; it was discovered by multibeam bathymetry during a survey in May 2000 (Domack et al. 2001). This habitat differs significantly from the Bransfield Strait location where the worms form dense populations visible by the mud balls on the surface of the seafloor. In contrast, the seafloor in the Greenpeace Trough appeared to be in a constant state of disturbance due to the presence of numerous deposit-feeding elasapoid holothurians, Elpidia glacialis Th��el, 1876, which were observed by video to be constantly moving over the surface. Several of the holothurians were observed on the surface of 10 x 10 x 50 cm megacore tubes collected from the site (Blake & Maciolek unpublished). Presumably as a result of this type of disturbance, dense colonies of K. olgahartmanae were not present at this location. These nearshore sediments were described from 20���25 cm cores as coarse-grained, overlying fine-grained silt and clay size sediments with depth (Gilbert & Domack 2003). The type collection consists of seven specimens collected from three locations in the trough. No specimens were collected in the nearby Prince Gustav Channel or other locations in the Larsen Ice Shelf A area outside the Greenpeace Trough. However, there have been few benthic surveys along the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula and it is likely that with further sampling the species will be found to have a more extensive distribution. Large eggs measuring up to 220 ��m in diameter were observed in specimens from all surveys. The eggs occurred mostly in the large moniliform segments of the anterior abdominal region. Large eggs suggest a direct development for the species. Distribution. Known from both sides of the Antarctic Peninsula: Larsen Ice Shelf A area, from a nearshore trough, 668���868 m; from the Bransfield Straits, 681���2000 m, where the species occupies mud balls visible on the surface., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 67-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1967) Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, No. 2, 1 - 387.","Jumars, P. A. (1975) Target species for deep-sea studies in ecology, genetics, and physiology. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 57, 341 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1975. tb 01896. x","Blake, J. A. (1996) Chapter 8. Family Cirratulidae Ryckholdt, 1851. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. Annelida. Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, pp. 263 - 384.","Domack, E. A., Leventer, A., Gilbert, R., Brachfeld, S. K, Isman, S., Cmaerlenghi, A., Gavahan, K., Carlson, D. & Barkoukis, A. (2001) Cruise reveals history of Holocene Larsen Ice Shelf. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 82 (2), 13, 16 - 17. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1029 / 01 eo 00009","Gilbert, R. & Domack, E. W. (2003) Sedimentary record of disintegrating ice shelves in a warming climate, Antarctic Peninsula. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4 (4), 1 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1029 / 2002 gc 000441"]}

Genus Ctenodrilus Clapar��de, 1863 Syn. Parthenope Schmidt, 1857 Type species: Parthenope serrata Schmidt, 1857. Diagnosis. Prostomium rounded, eyespots absent, nuchal organs shallow ciliary pits, postero-lateral, rounded; peristomium complete ring surrounding mouth; first segment complete chaetiger. Palps and branchiae absent. Body with few segments, up to 15. Chaetae thick and short, marginally smooth or serrated with variable number and size of teeth. Body with sparse cilia, concentrated on ventral region of anterior end. Digestive tract divided into three parts, anterior slender esophagus, inflated and pigmented stomach and intestine. A pair of nephridia present on peristomial region. Heart body enlarged dorsal vessel present through few anterior segments. Pygidium simple lobe, anal aperture usually dorsal. Asexual reproduction as paratomy, number of stolons variable; sexual reproduction as viviparity, protandrous or simultaneous hermaphrodites. ������continued on the next page ) Remarks. Ctenodrilus serratus (Schmidt, 1857) is currently considered as a valid species but type material has either been lost or never deposited. The identity of C. parvulus Scharff, 1887 and of the subspecies C. serratus limulicolus Sudzuki & Sekiguchi, 1972 is questionable (Wilfert 1973; Westheide et al. 2003; Dean & Blake 2014) and both species lack type material. Extensive comparisons have been made between C. serratus and C. parvulus. In addition to the anatomical and histological differences, the hooks in C. parvulus were illustrated as lacking distinct teeth (see Scharff 1887; Fig. 2). The subspecies C. serratus limulicolus has been considered as a synonym of C. serratus but it also differs in the alleged shape of nuchal organs and very distinct characteristics of the posterior end and pygidium (as seen in Fig. 14 d of Sudzuki & Sekiguchi 1972) having a ventral anus, cilia and distinct anal glands. C. paucidentatus was described as being distinct from C. serratus by the fewer number and shape of teeth on the multidentate hooks. The dentition and shape of hooks have been proved to be very variable among populations and even within an individual so the identity of C. paucidentatus is questionable based on the examination of type material. Morphology of C. serratus from the east coast of the United States and Caribbean is similar to that provided in Wilfert (1973) and Weidhase et al. (2016) (Fig. 1); further details in Remarks section below., Published as part of Magalh��es, Wagner F., Weidhase, Michael, Schulze, Anja & Bailey-Brock, Julie H., 2016, Taxonomic remarks on the genus Ctenodrilus (Annelida: Cirratulidae) including description of a new species from the Pacific Ocean, pp. 325-343 in Zootaxa 4103 (4) on pages 327-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4103.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/271202, {"references":["Claparede, E. (1863) Beobachtungen uber Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere an der Kuste von Normandie angestellt. Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 120 pp., 18 pls.","Schmidt, O. (1857) Zur Kenntnis der Turbellaria, Rhabdocoela und einiger anderer Wuermer des Mittelmeeres. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 23 (2), 347 - 366, pls. 1 - 5.","Scharff, R. (1887) On Ctenodrilus parvulus n. sp. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 27, 591 - 604.","Sudzuki, M. & Sekiguchi, K. (1972) Some remarks on five aberrant annelids from the culture water of Japanese horse-shoe crabs. The Science Reports of the Tokvo Kvoiku Daigaku Section B, 15, 39 - 56.","Wilfert, M. (1973) Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie, Biologie und systematischen Stellung des Polychaeten Ctenodrilus serratus. Helgolander wiss Meeresunters, 25, 332 - 346. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01611202","Westheide, W., Hass-Cordes, E., Krabusch, M. & Muller, M. C. M. (2003) Ctenodrilus serratus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) is a truly amphi-Atlantic meiofauna species - evidence from molecular data. Marine Biology, 142, 637 - 642.","Dean, H. K. & Blake, J. A. (2014) 7.15. 5. Ctenodrilidae Kennel, 1882. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. & Walter de Gruyter, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Zoology, A Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Berlin. [Database]","Weidhase, M., Bleidorn, C. & Simon, C. A. (2016) On the taxonomy and phylogeny of Ctenodrilus (Annelida: Cirratulidae) with a first report from South Africa. Marine Biodiversity, 1 - 10. [published online] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 015 - 0355 - 3"]}

Kirkegaardia chilensis new species Figure 29 Tharyx spp. Hartman 1967:118 (in part). Material examined. Pacific Ocean, off Western South America, Southwestern Chile, off Valparaiso, USNS Eltanin Cruise 9, Sta. 750, 33.02��S, 71.88��W, 624 m, coll. 26 September 1963, Petersen grab, holotype and paratype (USNM 1013897���8); Cruise 5, Sta. 208, off Concepcion, 35.65��S, 73.13��W 957 m, coll. 11 September 1962, Menzies Trawl, 7 paratypes (USNM 56079), 1 additional paratype (USNM 1013899). Description. A small species with thin, narrow body; holotype incomplete, 11.7 mm long, 0.35 mm wide across thorax for 56 setigers. Color in alcohol: light tan, no pigment apparent. Each specimen with very elongate, smooth peristomial region; thoracic region narrow, with 16���20 crowded segments; venter swollen between about setigers 8���14 (Fig. 29 A); long abdominal region with longer segments, sometimes weakly moniliform; posterior end remaining narrow, not expanded in mostly complete paratypes, pygidium missing from all specimens. Abdominal segments with venter flattened, with weak mid-ventral channel containing low ridge extending along midline. Parapodia of thoracic region elevated over dorsal surface producing distinct mid-dorsal channel; middle surface of this channel raised forming a weak and narrow ridge (Fig. 29 B). Pre-setigerous region elongate, 1.9x as long as wide. Prostomium short, oval, broadly rounded on anterior margin (Fig. 29 A���B); eyes absent; nuchal organs not observed. Peristomium about 1.8x as long as wide, smooth, with two weakly developed lateral grooves, often not apparent (Fig. 29 A���B); mid-dorsal peristomial ridge or crest absent; short proboscis everted on some specimens. Dorsal tentacles arising from posterior part of peristomium (Fig. 29 A���B); first pair of branchiae also on peristomium, posterolateral to dorsal tentacles (Fig. 29 A���B); second pair of branchiae on setiger 1 (Fig 29 B); following branchiae at posterior margin of individual setigers, dorsal to notosetae; branchiae all short, most missing. Parapodia well developed in thoracic region, dorsally forming lateral borders of dorsal groove (Fig. 29 B); parapodia reduced to setal tori posteriorly. Notosetae long capillaries throughout, up to 7���9 per fascicle in anterior setigers, decreasing to 5���6 posteriorly; denticulated notosetae absent; neurosetae, shorter, thicker than notosetae, numbering 8���10 per fascicle, with very fine denticles along shaft in middle abdominal setigers from setiger 30, visible only at 1000x (Fig. 29 C���D). Methyl Green stain. Venter of expanded part of thorax stains weakly, otherwise no staining reaction. Etymology. This species is named for its location on the Chilean continental slope. Remarks. Kirkegaardia chilensis n. sp. is part of the group of 12 species having the thoracic parapodia elevated over a mid-thoracic channel and is most similar morphologically to K. dorsobranchialis, K. carinata n. sp., and K. cryptica in having an entirely smooth peristomium with no dorsal ridge. Of these, K. carinata n. sp. and K. chilensis n. sp. have a prominent mid-dorsal ridge within the thoracic dorsal channel that is absent in both K. dorsobranchialis and K. cryptica. K. chilensis n. sp. differs from K. carinata n. sp. in having only a weak MG staining pattern limited to the thoracic region instead of the intense and spectacular pattern on the peristomium, thoracic region, and abdominal parapodia of K. carinata n. sp. In addition, the mid-ventral segments of the thoracic region of K. chilensis n. sp. are expanded, whereas all of the thoracic segments of K. carinata n. sp. are the same size. Distribution. Off western Chile, slope depths of 624��� 957 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 58-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1967) Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, No. 2, 1 - 387."]}

Kirkegaardia tesselata (Hartman, 1960) new combination Figure 26A���B Tharyx tesselata Hartman, 1960: 126 ���127, pl. 11, figs. 1���4; 1961: 113: 1963: 53���54; 1969: 267���268, figs. 1���4. Monticellina tesselata: Blake 1996: 328 -329, figs. 8.27A���F; Imajima 1997: 198; 2001: 80���81; 2009: 122. Material examined. California, Western Santa Barbara Channel, MMS Phase I Sta. 0 86, 0 5 Nov 1983, 34��24.45���N, 120��17.02���W, 197 m, 1 specimen (LACM-AHF Poly 8942).��� West of Point Conception, MMS Phase I Sta. 0 73, 0 3 Nov 1983, 34��28.21���N, 120��36.80���W, 98 m, 1 specimen (LACM-AHF Poly 8943).��� off Half Moon Bay, Sta. 2-5, R/ V Point Sur, USEPA 102 Site Selection survey, Sta. 2-5, 37��27.96���N; 122��45.73���W, 83 m, 23 Sep 1991, coll. J.A. Blake, Chief Scientist, 1 specimen (LACM-AHF Poly 8936). Remarks. These three well-preserved specimens agree well with the redescription of the species by Blake (1996). The two MMS Phase I specimens are from the same collections that were the basis of the MMS Taxonomic Atlas project, but were not included in the original materials examined by Blake (1996). The specimen from off Half Moon Bay confirms that the range of the species extends into northern California. Kirkegaardia tesselata was the first cirratulid to be reported with tattered or tessellated tubes where a thick membranous material covers the worm and has lateral extensions through which groups of branchiae project (Hartman 1960; Blake 1996). The specimen from Sta. 2-5 is an exceptionally good example of this. It is important to note that the tube material of K. tesselata is soft, pliable (Fig. 26A) and easily removed. In contrast, the tube material described earlier in this paper for K. neotesselata n. sp. from off New England and Kirkegaardia sp. A from the Mediterranean Sea is different in that it is hardened and of a tough texture making it difficult to remove from the worms without considerable damage. Further, the worms themselves are distorted by the closely adhering tube upon preservation (see Fig. 15 A���C for K. neotesselata n. sp. and Fig. 15 D for Kirkegaardia sp. A). Specimens of K. tesselata are not distorted after preservation and removal from their tubes (Fig. 26B). Other species reported with soft-textured tessellated tubes in this study similar to K. tesselata are K. antonbruunae n. sp., K. baptisteae, K. carolina n. sp., K. dutchae n. sp., and K. fragilis n. sp. It is likely that other species of Kirkegaardia have tubes of this nature, but are not yet reported. In agreement with Blake (1996), none of these three specimens of K. tesselata retained any MG. Records of Monticellina tesselata from deep-water in the Gulf of California, Mexico by M��ndez (2007) are considerably deeper than previously recorded for the species and need to be re-examined. Records from Japan by Imajima (1997, 2001, and 2009) are likely valid, but given the results of this study, should also be re-examined. Distribution. Off California in shelf and upper slope depths, 70��� 550 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1960) The benthic fauna of the deep basins off Southern California. Part II. Systematic account of some marine invertebrate animals from the deep basins of Southern California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 22 (2), 69 - 215, 19 plates.","Blake, J. A. (1996) Chapter 8. Family Cirratulidae Ryckholdt, 1851. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. Annelida. Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, pp. 263 - 384.","Imajima, M. (1997) Polychaetous annelids of Suruga Bay, Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science, Monograph No. 12, 149 - 228.","Mendez, N. (2007) Relationships between deep-water polychaete fauna and environmental factors in the southeastern Gulf of California, Mexico. Scientia Marina, 71 (3), 605 - 622. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2007.71 n 3605","Imajima, M. (2001) Deep-sea benthic polychaetous annelids of Tosa Bay, Southwestern Japan. In: Fujita, T., Saito, H. & Takeda, M. (Eds.), Deep-Sea Fauna and Pollutants in Tosa Bay. National Museum of Nature and Science, Monograph No. 20, 31 - 100.","Imajima, M. (2009) Deep-sea benthic polychaetes off Pacific coast of the Northern Honshu, Japan. In: Fujita, T. (Ed.), Deep- Sea Fauna and Pollutants off Pacific Coast of Northern Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science, Monograph No. 39, 39 - 192."]}

Kirkegaardia carolina new species Figures 9, 10 A���C Tharyx sp. 3: Blake et al. 1987: Appendix C-2; Hilbig 1994: 941. Material examined. Western North Atlantic, off Cape Lookout, North Carolina, U.S. South Atlantic ACSAR Program Cruise 1, R/ V Columbus Iselin Sta. 2, Rep. 1, 12 November 1983, 34��14.87���N, 75��43.79���W, 1013 m, coll. J.A. Blake, Chief Scientist, holotype (USNM 1407162); Sta. 1, Rep. 2, 11 November 1983, 34��16.36���N, 75��45.50���W, 640 m, coll. J.A. Blake, Chief Scientist, 3 paratypes (USNM 1407163). Description. An elongate, threadlike, fragile species; holotype from Sta. 2 complete, broken into two parts, 9.4 mm long, 0.2 mm wide across thorax and 0.23 mm wide across middle abdominal segments for about 75 setigers; complete paratype (very fragile) from Sta. 1 complete, 7.3 mm long, 0.3 mm wide with about 65 setigers (Fig. 10 A). Bodies of some paratypes partially covered by remnants of thin, transparent tattered tube (Fig. 10 A���C). Color in alcohol, light tan with no pigment. Pre-setigerous region about 1.7x as long as wide. Prostomium triangular, narrowing to rounded tip (Fig. 9 A); eyes absent; nuchal organs not observed. Peristomium elongate, slightly wider than anterior setigers, about 1.3x as long as wide, extending posteriorly to between setiger 1; lateral grooves producing three annular rings; dorsal surface elevated with broad dorsal ridge (Fig. 9 A). Dorsal tentacles arising on posterior part of peristomium; first pair of branchiae posterior to tentacles on setiger 1 at posterior margin of setiger 1, dorsal to notosetae (Fig. 9 A). Subsequent branchiae in same position on following thoracic setigers. Thoracic region with 8���10 setigerous segments, each about 3x as wide as long (Fig. 9 A); thoracic parapodia not elevated, dorsal surface between parapodia continuous over dorsum; body without ventral groove or ridge. Abdominal segments weakly moniliform, increasing in length to about 2.5x as long as wide (Fig. 9 B); far posterior segments becoming narrow again, wider than long, forming elongated, weakly expanded and dorsoventrally flattened posterior section terminating in pygidium with dorsal anus overlying a conical lobe (Fig. 9 C). Parapodia reduced to low mounds from which setae project; thoracic notosetae consisting of long simple capillaries throughout, numbering 6���8 per notopodium in thoracic setigers, reduced to 4���6 in abdominal segments; denticulated notosetae absent. Thoracic neurosetae 6���8 long simple capillaries, reduced to 4���6 per neuropodium in anterior abdominal segments, becoming shorter, wider basally, with minute denticles along one edge visible from 400��� 1000x; denticulated setae first present from setigers 15���20; denticles with short pointed teeth directed lateral to main axis of shaft (Fig. 9 D). Methyl Green stain. Tip of prostomium stains weakly followed by weak diffuse bands around peristomium; narrow intersegmental grooves of thoracic region retain stain; entire intestinal track absorbs stain, but de-stains rapidly. Etymology. This species is named for its type locality off Cape Lookout, North Carolina. Remarks. Kirkegaardia carolina n. sp. is a small, threadlike species that co-occurs at the shallower slope stations off Cape Lookout with two congeners including K. baptisteae and K. kladara n. sp. Of these, K. carolina n. sp. is most similar to the larger, more robust K. baptisteae. Both species have tessellated tubes and 2���3 peristomial annulae. However, K. baptisteae has distinct parapodial shoulders in the thoracic region between which is a broad elevated dorsal surface; in contrast, K. carolina n. sp. has no parapodial shoulders and the surface of the thoracic region is continuous across the dorsum. K. carolina n. sp. has a dorsal ridge along the peristomium, first branchiae on setiger 1, lacks denticulated notosetae, has no expansion of the thoracic segments on the venter, and has a narrow posterior end that is only weakly expanded. In contrast, K. baptisteae has no peristomial dorsal ridge, the first branchiae occur lateral to the dorsal tentacles on the peristomium, has denticulated notosetae, has expanded thoracic segments on the venter, and the posterior end is broadly expanded. Additionally, while K. baptisteae has no MG staining pattern of any kind, K. carolina n. sp. retains stain in the intersegmental grooves of the thoracic region. Another species that is small and threadlike and that also has tessellated tubes and branchiae from setiger 1 is K. fragilis n. sp. from abyssal depths in the Pacific Ocean. This species however, differs from K. carolina n. sp. in having denticulate notosetae, a more expanded posterior end, and no annular rings on the peristomium. Biology. Kirkegaardia carolina n. sp. inhabits muddy sediments in upper and middle slope depths on the continental slope off North Carolina. Data from sub-sectioned cores taken and processed individually from box cores collected in South ACSAR Cruise 1 suggest that the species occurred in the lower 2���10 cm of individual cores. Other cirratulids in the same samples were considered to be surface deposit feeders (Blake 1994). Thin membranous tube material that is readily removed adheres to some of the paratypes (Figs. 10 A���C). This is similar to the same tattered or tessellated tube material reported for K. baptisteae, K. tesselata, and several other species described in this study. Distribution. Kirkegaardia carolina was collected only from samples along the continental slope off Cape Lookout, North Carolina, in depths of 640���1013 m. The species did not occur on the nearby Cape Hatteras shelf or in the companion surveys off the U.S. Mid- and North Atlantic slopes., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 23-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272348, {"references":["Blake, J. A., Hecker, B., Grassle, J. F., Brown, B., Wade, M., Boehm, P. D., Baptiste, E., Hilbig, B., Maciolek, N., Petrecca, R., Ruff, R. E., Starczak, V. & Watling, L. (1987) Study of biological processes on the U. S. South Atlantic Slope and Rise. Phase 2. Final Report. Prepared for U. S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Washington, D. C. under Contract No. 14 - 12 - 0001 - 30064. 414 pp. + Appendices A - M. National Technical Information Service (NTIS) No. PB 87 - 214 - 359. Available from: http: // marinecadastre. gov / espis / / search / study / 9007 (accessed 4 August 2016)","Hilbig, B. (1994) Faunistic and zoogeographical characterization of the benthic infauna on the Carolina continental slope. Deep-Sea Research II, 41, 929 - 950."]}

A new name, Kirkegaardia , is proposed to replace Monticellina Laubier, 1961, a bitentaculate cirratulid polychaete genus, that is a junior homonym of the turbellarian Monticellina Westblad, 1953 (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela). In addition, the opportunity is taken to complete a major revision of the genus including the redescription, revalidation, and separation of three species previously referred to synonymy with K. dorsobranchialis (Kirkegaard, 1959) and five other previously described species. In addition, 16 new species are described from the western North Atlantic, eastern and central Pacific, off western South America, and seas around Antarctica, bringing the total number of species in the genus to 38. Included are two new species of the unusual mud ball worms, first reported as Tharyx luticastellus Jumars, 1975, from southern California deep basins. A review of all 38 species reveals that three distinct species groups may be identified within the genus in addition to 5–6 species that may eventually be referred elsewhere. This review includes a discussion of the taxonomic characters and various newly defined character states that are found among species of Kirkegaardia . Several of these are unique among the Cirratulidae.

Mikac, Barbara (2015): A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea. Zootaxa 3943 (1): 1-172, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1

Genus Ctenodrilus Clapar��de, 1863 Ctenodrilus serratus (Schmidt, 1857) DISTRIBUTION: NA, SA. LITERATURE RECORDS: Zavodnik 1967 b; Wilfert 1973; Požar-Domac 1994; Fraschetti et al. 2002; Castelli et al. 2008. REMARKS: Family Ctenodrilidae Kennel, 1882 (in this list represented by the genera Ctenodrilus Clapar��de, 1863 and Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910) was found to be nested within the Cirratulidae by the studies of Bleidorn, Vogt & Bartolomaeus (2003) and Rouse & Pleijel (2003)., Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663, {"references":["Zavodnik, D. (1967 b) Dinamika litoralnega fitala na zahodnoistrski obali. Razprave, Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, 10, 5 - 71.","Wilfert, M. (1973) Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie, Biologie und systematischen Stellung des Polychaeten Ctenodrilus serratus. Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 25, 332 - 346. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01611202","Pozar-Domac, A. (1994) Index of the Adriatic Sea Polychaetes (Annelida, Polychaeta). Natura Croatica, 3, (Supplement 1), 1 - 23.","Castelli, A., Bianchi, C. N., Cantone, G., Cinar, M. E., Gambi, M. C., Giangrande, A., Iraci Sareri, D., Lanera, P., Licciano, M., Musco, L. & Sanfilippo, R. (2008) Annelida Polychaeta. In: Relini, G. (Ed), Checklist della flora e della fauna dei mari italiani (Parte I). Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement 1), pp. 327 - 377."]}

Genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 DISTRIBUTION: NA. LITERATURE RECORDS: Banse 1959; Katzmann 1971, 1972; Požar-Domac 1994; Casellato & Stefanon 2008; Castelli et al. 2008; Magalh��es et al. 2011. NEW RECORDS: BM 71. REMARKS: See Remarks under Ctenodrilus serratus., Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663, {"references":["Banse, K. (1959) Polychaeten aus Rovinj. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 169, 295 - 313.","Pozar-Domac, A. (1994) Index of the Adriatic Sea Polychaetes (Annelida, Polychaeta). Natura Croatica, 3, (Supplement 1), 1 - 23.","Casellato, S. & Stefanon, A. (2008) Coralligenous habitat in the northern Adriatic Sea: an overview. Marine Ecology, 29, 321 - 341. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2008.00236. x","Castelli, A., Bianchi, C. N., Cantone, G., Cinar, M. E., Gambi, M. C., Giangrande, A., Iraci Sareri, D., Lanera, P., Licciano, M., Musco, L. & Sanfilippo, R. (2008) Annelida Polychaeta. In: Relini, G. (Ed), Checklist della flora e della fauna dei mari italiani (Parte I). Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement 1), pp. 327 - 377.","Magalhaes, W. F., Bailey - Brock, J. & Davenport, J. S. (2011) On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa, 2804, 1 - 14."]}

Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov. Figures 2 (A–C) and 3 (A–F) Material examined. Holotype: GIWW at Venice, Florida, USA, 27 º06’01.3” N, 82 º 26 ’08.5” W, Station 5 NB, coll. D. Seagle, August 28, 2009 (USNM 1150467). Paratypes: same location, date and collector as holotype, Station 5 NB (9, USNM 1150469); Stations 5 NB and 5 NC (4, FSBC I 072250); Station 5 NB (4, MAGNT W 23467 – W 23470); Station 5 NB (1 mounted on stub, BMNH 2011.7); Station 5 NB (2 mounted on stub, USNM 1150468). Non– type material: same location, date and collector as type –series, Station 5 NB (3); Station 5 NC (1). Description. Complete specimens ranged from 3.1–5.8 mm in length, 0.1–0.25 mm in width and possessed between 17–27 chaetigers. Body thin, cylindrical, and elongated. First four chaetigers (thorax) and last few wider than long; abdominal chaetigers vary from 1.5–4 times longer than wide (Fig. 2 A). Color in alcohol light yellow to brown. Prostomium short, broadly rounded with pair of postero–lateral nuchal organs (Fig. 3 C). Nuchal organs oval ciliary patches (~ 7 µm) with long cilia, situated in a shallow depression (Fig. 3 D). Distinction between prostomium and peristomium inconspicuous laterally; peristomium single achaetous segment, appearing pear–shaped together with the prostomium; a single biannulated achaetous segment following the peristomium (Fig. 3 B). Heart body usually begins in chaetiger 4, but sometimes projects anteriorly into the posterior region of chaetiger 3; usually extends to chaetiger 7, but occasionally continues to chaetiger 9 in the material examined (Fig. 2 A). Branchial filaments postero–dorsal to notochaetae, easily broken and occurring in pairs or singly from chaetigers 3 through 11 (Fig. 3 A, B). Anterior chaetigers with 3–6 serrated capillaries in both noto– and neurochaetal fascicles; posterior chaetigers with 1–4 capillaries per fascicle. Serrations of some capillaries evident using phase contrast microscopy with oil immersion at 1000 x magnification; SEM revealed fibrils along capillary edge with distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils approximately the same as half the width of a single fibril (Fig. 3 E). Pygidium elongated segment with dorsal anal aperture; fields of cilia not observed (Fig. 3 F). Etymology. This species is named in honor of the third author’s graduate advisor, Dr. Donald E. Harper, Jr., Professor Emeritus of Texas A&M University at Galveston. Dr. Harper graciously introduced me to the world of polychaetes and has provided valuable guidance and encouragement over the years. Biology. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., was collected just north of a reverse osmosis plant outfall. Water quality data is typical for a shallow, estuarine waterbody during late summer in southwest Florida (Table 1). All specimens were sexually immature and regenerating specimens were not observed. Segmented worms were observed, however, in the coelom of several specimens and were oriented in both directions along the anterior–posterior axis of the host (Fig. 2 B, C). Segmented worms were dissected out of the host and neither chaetae nor branchiae were observed. These segmented worms may be an intracoelomic parasite or gestational larvae resulting from sexual reproduction. Petersen and George (1991) indicated protandric hermaphroditism with internal gestation for R. nemasoma. Additionally, Sokolow (1911 a, fig. 77) illustrated juveniles emerging from the coelom of a parent, which appear quite similar to the segmented worms observed in R. harperi sp. nov. (Fig. 2 A–C). Future in vivo investigations would help resolve the unknown reproductive processes of R. harperi sp. nov. Distribution. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., is known only from the type locality, the GIWW in Venice, Florida. The distribution of this species is suspected to extend further south into the Florida Keys (T. H. Perkins, pers. comm.) if it is the same species that Petersen and George (1991) referred to in their study. Unfortunately, those specimens have been lost (T. H. Perkins, pers. comm.), and could not be observed for comparison. Based upon correspondence and associated drawings between T. H. Perkins and M. E. Petersen specimens from the Florida Keys superficially appear to be R. harperi sp. nov. The general body shape, number of chaetae per fascicle and the description of chaetae all match R. harperi sp. nov. The only difference is that no branchiae or scars of branchiae were observed in the specimens from the Florida Keys, whereas almost all specimens from Venice have at least a stub, a single branchial filament or multiple branchial filaments. Additional specimens from the FSBC I collections labeled as “ Raphidrilus sp.” were examined for comparison (FSBC I 45229 and FSBC I 45230). These specimens were collected from Broward County along the east coast of Florida and are not R. harperi sp. nov. They possess pectinate falcigers in the middle and posterior chaetigers and are most likely an undescribed species of Raricirrus. Future collection efforts along the Gulf coast of Florida would help determine the geographical distribution of R. harperi sp. nov. Remarks. Table 2 summarizes the morphological characters useful to separate species in the genus Raphidrilus. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., differs from R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma by the presence of 3–6 capillary chaetae per fascicle in anterior chaetigers, while in both R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma the number of capillaries per fascicle is never greater than 4. The elongated mid–body and posterior segments in R. harperi sp. nov., is also very distinct and lack sub–annulations present in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma. The heart body in R. harperi sp. nov., extends posteriorly to chaetigers 7–9, while in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., the heart body projects anteriorly to the middle of chaetiger 3 and in R. nemasoma the heart body is restricted to the extension of chaetiger 4 (Monticelli 1910 b). The species of Raphidrilus referred to by Qian and Chia (1989) as Raphidrilus nemasoma, and later considered to be undescribed by Petersen and George (1991), is distinct from R. harperi sp. nov., R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma. Even though adult worms of Raphidrilus sensu Qian and Chia (1989) were not described by these authors, the many scattered short sensory cilia in addition to the nuchal organs present on the prostomium and peristomium, the sensory tufts postero–dorsal to notochaetae, the short serrate neurochaetae (reported as being genital spines), and the terminal anus of juveniles worms (8–11 chaetigers) are unique characteristics not observed in the species from Florida, Hawaii, or the Mediterranean Sea. Adult specimens from the same locality sampled by Qian and Chia (1989) need to be examined to confirm the status of a new species. * based on juveniles with 8–11 chaetigers. continued.

Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov. Figures 2 (A���C) and 3 (A���F) Material examined. Holotype: GIWW at Venice, Florida, USA, 27 ��06���01.3��� N, 82 �� 26 ���08.5��� W, Station 5 NB, coll. D. Seagle, August 28, 2009 (USNM 1150467). Paratypes: same location, date and collector as holotype, Station 5 NB (9, USNM 1150469); Stations 5 NB and 5 NC (4, FSBC I 072250); Station 5 NB (4, MAGNT W 23467 ��� W 23470); Station 5 NB (1 mounted on stub, BMNH 2011.7); Station 5 NB (2 mounted on stub, USNM 1150468). Non��� type material: same location, date and collector as type ���series, Station 5 NB (3); Station 5 NC (1). Description. Complete specimens ranged from 3.1���5.8 mm in length, 0.1���0.25 mm in width and possessed between 17���27 chaetigers. Body thin, cylindrical, and elongated. First four chaetigers (thorax) and last few wider than long; abdominal chaetigers vary from 1.5���4 times longer than wide (Fig. 2 A). Color in alcohol light yellow to brown. Prostomium short, broadly rounded with pair of postero���lateral nuchal organs (Fig. 3 C). Nuchal organs oval ciliary patches (~ 7 ��m) with long cilia, situated in a shallow depression (Fig. 3 D). Distinction between prostomium and peristomium inconspicuous laterally; peristomium single achaetous segment, appearing pear���shaped together with the prostomium; a single biannulated achaetous segment following the peristomium (Fig. 3 B). Heart body usually begins in chaetiger 4, but sometimes projects anteriorly into the posterior region of chaetiger 3; usually extends to chaetiger 7, but occasionally continues to chaetiger 9 in the material examined (Fig. 2 A). Branchial filaments postero���dorsal to notochaetae, easily broken and occurring in pairs or singly from chaetigers 3 through 11 (Fig. 3 A, B). Anterior chaetigers with 3���6 serrated capillaries in both noto��� and neurochaetal fascicles; posterior chaetigers with 1���4 capillaries per fascicle. Serrations of some capillaries evident using phase contrast microscopy with oil immersion at 1000 x magnification; SEM revealed fibrils along capillary edge with distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils approximately the same as half the width of a single fibril (Fig. 3 E). Pygidium elongated segment with dorsal anal aperture; fields of cilia not observed (Fig. 3 F). Etymology. This species is named in honor of the third author���s graduate advisor, Dr. Donald E. Harper, Jr., Professor Emeritus of Texas A&M University at Galveston. Dr. Harper graciously introduced me to the world of polychaetes and has provided valuable guidance and encouragement over the years. Biology. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., was collected just north of a reverse osmosis plant outfall. Water quality data is typical for a shallow, estuarine waterbody during late summer in southwest Florida (Table 1). All specimens were sexually immature and regenerating specimens were not observed. Segmented worms were observed, however, in the coelom of several specimens and were oriented in both directions along the anterior���posterior axis of the host (Fig. 2 B, C). Segmented worms were dissected out of the host and neither chaetae nor branchiae were observed. These segmented worms may be an intracoelomic parasite or gestational larvae resulting from sexual reproduction. Petersen and George (1991) indicated protandric hermaphroditism with internal gestation for R. nemasoma. Additionally, Sokolow (1911 a, fig. 77) illustrated juveniles emerging from the coelom of a parent, which appear quite similar to the segmented worms observed in R. harperi sp. nov. (Fig. 2 A���C). Future in vivo investigations would help resolve the unknown reproductive processes of R. harperi sp. nov. Distribution. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., is known only from the type locality, the GIWW in Venice, Florida. The distribution of this species is suspected to extend further south into the Florida Keys (T. H. Perkins, pers. comm.) if it is the same species that Petersen and George (1991) referred to in their study. Unfortunately, those specimens have been lost (T. H. Perkins, pers. comm.), and could not be observed for comparison. Based upon correspondence and associated drawings between T. H. Perkins and M. E. Petersen specimens from the Florida Keys superficially appear to be R. harperi sp. nov. The general body shape, number of chaetae per fascicle and the description of chaetae all match R. harperi sp. nov. The only difference is that no branchiae or scars of branchiae were observed in the specimens from the Florida Keys, whereas almost all specimens from Venice have at least a stub, a single branchial filament or multiple branchial filaments. Additional specimens from the FSBC I collections labeled as ��� Raphidrilus sp.��� were examined for comparison (FSBC I 45229 and FSBC I 45230). These specimens were collected from Broward County along the east coast of Florida and are not R. harperi sp. nov. They possess pectinate falcigers in the middle and posterior chaetigers and are most likely an undescribed species of Raricirrus. Future collection efforts along the Gulf coast of Florida would help determine the geographical distribution of R. harperi sp. nov. Remarks. Table 2 summarizes the morphological characters useful to separate species in the genus Raphidrilus. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., differs from R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma by the presence of 3���6 capillary chaetae per fascicle in anterior chaetigers, while in both R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma the number of capillaries per fascicle is never greater than 4. The elongated mid���body and posterior segments in R. harperi sp. nov., is also very distinct and lack sub���annulations present in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma. The heart body in R. harperi sp. nov., extends posteriorly to chaetigers 7���9, while in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., the heart body projects anteriorly to the middle of chaetiger 3 and in R. nemasoma the heart body is restricted to the extension of chaetiger 4 (Monticelli 1910 b). The species of Raphidrilus referred to by Qian and Chia (1989) as Raphidrilus nemasoma, and later considered to be undescribed by Petersen and George (1991), is distinct from R. harperi sp. nov., R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma. Even though adult worms of Raphidrilus sensu Qian and Chia (1989) were not described by these authors, the many scattered short sensory cilia in addition to the nuchal organs present on the prostomium and peristomium, the sensory tufts postero���dorsal to notochaetae, the short serrate neurochaetae (reported as being genital spines), and the terminal anus of juveniles worms (8���11 chaetigers) are unique characteristics not observed in the species from Florida, Hawaii, or the Mediterranean Sea. Adult specimens from the same locality sampled by Qian and Chia (1989) need to be examined to confirm the status of a new species. * based on juveniles with 8���11 chaetigers. continued., Published as part of Magalh��es, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, - & Davenport, Jennifer S., 2011, On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species, pp. 1-14 in Zootaxa 2804 on pages 5-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061, {"references":["Petersen, M. E. & George, J. D. (1991) A new species of Raricirrus from northern Europe, with notes on its biology and a discussion of the affinities of the genus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae), Pp. 185 - 208 in M. E. Petersen & J. B. Kirkegaard, eds., Systematics, biology and morphology of world Polychaeta. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen 1986. Ophelia Supplement 5.","Sokolow, I. (1911 a) Uber eine neue Ctenodrilus art und ihre Vermehrung. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Leipzig, 97 (3), 546 - 603.","Monticelli, F. S. (1910 b) Raphidrilus nemasoma Montic. Nuovo Ctenodrilide del Golfo di Napoli (Revisione de'Ctenodrilidi). Archivio Zoologico, 4 (4), 401 - 436, plates 12 - 13.","Qian, P. - Y. & Chia, F. - S. (1989) Sexual reproduction and larval development of Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2345 - 2351."]}

Key to species of Raphidrilus (After Monticelli, 1910 b) 1 A Prostomium with a pair of nuchal organs only; parapodia without sensorial tufts; dorsal anal aperture.................. 2 1 B Prostomium with scattered sensorial tufts in addition to a pair of nuchal organs; parapodia with sensorial tufts; terminal anal aperture............................................................. Raphidrilus sp. sensu Qian & Chia, 1989 2 A Three to six capillaries in thoracic chaetigers; abdominal chaetigers 1.5–4 times longer than wide and without sub–annulations; heart body extends posteriorly more than one chaetiger.................................. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov. 2 B No more than four capillaries in thoracic chaetigers; abdominal chaetigers 1–2 times as long as wide; heart body extends anteriorly or restricted to one chaetiger........................................................................ 3 3 A One or two dorsally biannulated anterior achaetous segment; heart body anteriorly directed to the middle of chaetiger 3; distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils along the capillary chaetae approximately the same as half the width of a single fibril.............................................................. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov. 3 B Only one dorsally biannulated anterior achaetous segment; heart body restricted to chaetiger 4; distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils along the capillary chaetae approximately the same as the width of a single fibril................................................................................. Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 a

Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 a Figure 1 (A���D) Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 a: p. 61���64. Raphidrilus nemasoma; Monticelli, 1910 b: p. 403���406, pls. 12���13; Banse, 1959 a: p. 307; possibly Banse, 1959 b: p. 170���171, fig. 2; possibly Bellan, 1964; not Harris, 1971: p. 706, fig. 14; Katzmann, 1972: p. 136; not Qian & Chia, 1989: p. 2350, figs. 1���18. Ctenodrilus branchiatus Sokolow, 1911 a: p. 548���565, plates XXVII���XXIX. Material examined. Croatia: Vrsar Harbor, northern Adriatic Sea, 45 ��08,989�� N 13 �� 35,776 �� E, collected from the thallus of Caulerpa racemosa (Forssk��l) J. Agardh, coll. Barbara Mikac, 08/ 12 / 2008 (9 anterior fragments mounted on stub, USNM 1150464). Description. Small and incomplete specimens, 1���2.5 mm long, 0.05���0.1 mm wide with 5���11 anterior chaetigers. First four chaetigers (thorax) wider than long; abdominal chaetigers twice longer than wide with sub���annulations. Prostomium short, broadly round; peristomium single achaetous annulation followed by one dorsally biannulated achaetous segment (Fig. 1 A, B). Parapodia with serrated capillaries throughout (Fig. 1 C, D). Anterior chaetigers with 4 serrated capillaries in each noto��� and neuropodia; number of chaetae reduces from chaetiger 5���6 to 1��� 2 serrated capillaries in posterior chaetigers. Distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils along the capillary chaetae approximately the same as the width of a single fibril (Fig. 1 C, D). Branchial filaments arising posterodorsal to notochaetae. Posterior end and pygidium not observed. Distribution. Raphidrilus nemasoma seems to be widely distributed in the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas (Castelli et al. 1995) and the northern Adriatic Sea. Remarks. The specimens analyzed from the northern Adriatic Sea agree well with the description of R. nemasoma by Monticelli (1910 a, b). Monticelli (1910 b) reported an achaetous segment before chaetiger 1, but referred to it as the peristomium; however, SEM analysis of R. nemasoma specimens newly collected showed an additional achaetous segment posterior to the peristomium. The dorsal distinction between prostomium and peristomium, however, is not easily seen using light microscopy, even at 1000 x magnification. The type series of R. nemasoma are believed to be lost or never kept (see discussion in Petersen & George 1991) but the specimens newly collected from the northern Adriatic Sea are not well enough preserved to be assigned as neotypes and were not collected near the type locality (Naples Gulf, Italy). More complete and well preserved specimens are necessary to better assess the external morphology of this species, even though detailed descriptions of the external morphology and internal anatomy are available in Monticelli (1910 b) and Sokolow (1911 a)., Published as part of Magalh��es, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, - & Davenport, Jennifer S., 2011, On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species, pp. 1-14 in Zootaxa 2804 on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061, {"references":["Monticelli, F. S. (1910 a) Di un nuovo Ctenodrilide del Golfo di Napoli; nota preliminare riassuntiva del socio ordinario. Redinconto dell'Accademia delle scienze Fisiche e Matematiche (Sezione della Societa Reale di Napoli), serie 3, 16 (3 / 4), 61 - 64. (Published March 1910).","Monticelli, F. S. (1910 b) Raphidrilus nemasoma Montic. Nuovo Ctenodrilide del Golfo di Napoli (Revisione de'Ctenodrilidi). Archivio Zoologico, 4 (4), 401 - 436, plates 12 - 13.","Banse, K. (1959 a) Polychaeten aus Rovinj. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 162 (9 / 10), 295 - 313.","Banse, K. (1959 b) On marine Polychaeta from Mandapam (South India). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 1 (2), 165 - 177.","Bellan, G. (1964) Contribution a l'etude systematique, bionomique et ecologique des Annelides Polychetes de la Mediterrannee - Theses presentees a la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Aix - Marseille, 371 pp.","Harris, T. (1971) Unusual Polychaeta from the Isles of Scilly with the description of a new species of Zeppelina (Vaillant). Journal of Natural History, 5, 691 - 717.","Katzmann, W. (1972) Die Polychaeten Rovinjs (Istrien / Jugoslavien). Zoologischer Anzeiger, Leipzig, 188, 116 - 144.","Qian, P. - Y. & Chia, F. - S. (1989) Sexual reproduction and larval development of Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2345 - 2351.","Sokolow, I. (1911 a) Uber eine neue Ctenodrilus art und ihre Vermehrung. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Leipzig, 97 (3), 546 - 603.","Castelli, A., Abbiati, M., Badalamenti, F., Bianchi, C. N., Cantone, G., Gambi, M. C., Giangrande, A., Gravina, M. F., Lanera, P., Lardicci, C., Somaschini, A. & Sordino, P. (1995) Annelida Polychaeta, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. In: Minelli A., Ruffo A., La Posta, S. (eds) Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana, Calderini, Bologna, 19, 1 - 45.","Petersen, M. E. & George, J. D. (1991) A new species of Raricirrus from northern Europe, with notes on its biology and a discussion of the affinities of the genus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae), Pp. 185 - 208 in M. E. Petersen & J. B. Kirkegaard, eds., Systematics, biology and morphology of world Polychaeta. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen 1986. Ophelia Supplement 5."]}

Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov. Figures 4 (A–C), 5 (A–F), 6 (A–F) and 7 (A–F) Material examined. Holotype: Kaimana Beach, Waikiki, south shore of Oahu, Hawaii, 21 ° 15 ʹ 45 ʹ 157 ° 49 ʹ 19 ʹ, collected from mud adhering to branches of the brown alga Gracilaria salicornia (C. Agardh), coll. W. Magalhães, Oct/09 (USNM 1150465); Paratypes: same location, date and collector as holotype (8, BPBM-R 3434; 5, USNM 1150466; 5, BMNH 2011.2 – 6). Non– type material: Kaimana Beach, Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii, on Gracilaria salicornia 21 ° 15 ʹ 50 ʹ 157 ° 49 ʹ 21 ʹ, coll. C. Moody, Jan/09 (42); July/ 2008 (8); coll. W. Magalhães, Oct/09 (10); Sand Island outfall, off Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, station D 6 R1, 2004, 50 m (9); Barbers Point outfall, off Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, 66 m, station HB 1 R5, 2004 (6), station HB 3 R 5, Jan/ 10 (1); Sand beach 1000 m west from Paiko Lagoon Sanctuary, south shore of Oahu, Hawaii, 21 ° 16 ʹ 47 ʹ 157 ° 43 ʹ 45 ʹ, collected on Avrainvillea amadelpha (Mont.) A. Gepp & E. Gepp, station A 7 R 3, coll. W. Magalhães, Mar/ 10 (4). Description. Specimens 2–3 mm long, 0.1–0.2 mm wide for 12–26 chaetigers. Body elongated, cylindrical, and indistinct posteriorly (Fig. 4 A). First four chaetigers (thorax) and last few wider than long (Figs. 4 A; 5 F); abdominal chaetigers as long as wide, sometimes sub–moniliform. From chaetiger 5 to posterior end 10–20 sub– annulations present per segment (Fig. 6 B). Branchiae scarce in adults, frequently broken off, present on variable number of anterior chaetigers. Color in alcohol light yellow; few specimens yellow to dark brown; internal structures observed through transparent body wall. Color in life not observed. Prostomium as long as two anterior chaetigers, pear–shaped, with pair of nuchal organs located near postero– lateral border (Fig. 5 A–C). Nuchal organs oval ciliary patches (8–10 µm wide) with long cilia, situated in a shallow pit (2–3 µm deep) (Fig. 5 D). Peristomium consisting of single achaetous segment not clearly distinct dorsally from prostomium (Fig. 5 A–C); ventral proboscis with numerous basal bar–like papillae (Fig. 5 E). One (N= 38) or two (N= 5) achaetous segments biannulated dorsally; one specimen with three achaetous segments but third one not biannulated. First four chaetigers short, with 4 notochaetae and 4 neurochaetae in each fascicle; subsequent chaetigers with 1–2 chaetae per fascicle. Heart body always on chaetiger 4; sac–like, anteriorly directed, extending to middle of chaetiger 3 (Fig. 4 B). Digestive tube divided in three parts; cylindrical esophagus enlarges at chaetiger 5 in all specimens where inflated stomach begins (Fig. 4 A, B); posterior third of the body with curled digestive tube (Fig. 4 A); number of segments with inflated stomach and curled intestine variable. Branchial filaments postero–dorsal to notochaetae (Fig. 6 A). Serrate capillary chaetae throughout (Fig. 6 C, D), emerging directly from the body wall (Fig. 6 A). Chaetae few or absent on far posterior chaetigers. Fibrils along the capillary edge with distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils approximately the same as half the width of a single fibril. Anal aperture dorsal on elongated pygidial segment, covered by fields of long cilia (Fig. 6 E, F). Biology. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., is usually found in low abundance (10–70 ind./m ², Ambrose et al. 2010) adjacent to ocean outfalls in sandy bottoms and in high abundance (1125 ind./m ², C. Moody, unpublished data) on the invasive alga Gracilaria salicornia, which is a successful invader on Oahu’s south shore reef flats. Few specimens were found inhabiting branches of the green invasive alga Avrainvillea amadelpha. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., has been collected with a fine sediment coating of unknown function, but this sediment coat (mostly composed of fragments of diatoms, radiolarians, and clay particles) may protect the worms against the adhesive properties of algal mucilage and abrasion. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., reproduces asexually and maybe sexually. Some specimens, even one regenerating fragment (Fig. 7 F), had what may be larvae in the coelom, but no larval chaetae or segmentation were observed, so this might be intracoelomic parasites (Fig. 4 C). If these small worm–like individuals are indeed larvae, it might indicate that this species is a viviparous hermaphrodite with larvae exiting the body as juvenile worms as reported for R. nemasoma (Monticelli 1910 b, Sokolow 1911 a). Several specimens of R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., were found with regenerating anterior and/or posterior ends (Figs. 7 A–F). Worm fragments as small as four chaetigers seem to be capable of regenerating a whole worm. These regenerating fragments most likely belong to mid– body chaetigers due to the enlarged digestive tube seen through the transparent body wall. If the anterior and posterior ends begin regeneration simultaneously, the posterior end appears to regenerate faster than in the anterior end as there are a greater number of posterior segments. This could be due to the increment of new segments from the growing zone in the newly regenerated pygidium. Further experimental studies are necessary to fully understand the process of regeneration in this species. Etymology. This species is named after the type locality. Distribution. Known from shallow subtidal to 66 m off south shore of Oahu Island, Hawaii; on shallow reefs they inhabit the invasive algae Gracilaria salicornia and Avrainvillea amadelpha. Remarks. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., differs from R. harperi sp. nov., and R. nemasoma by the presence of numerous bar–like papillae in the ventral proboscis, one or two dorsally biannulated achaetous segment between peristomium and chaetiger 1, and digestive tube clearly divided in three parts with a bottle–neck from chaetiger 4 to 5. The shape and arrangement of fibrils along the capillary chaetal blades in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., is very similar to R. harperi sp. nov., by being thicker and having less space in between the fibrils in comparison with R. nemasoma.

Genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 a Type species: Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 a Type locality. Gulf of Naples in the Mediterranean Sea. Diagnosis (emended after Monticelli, 1910 a). Raphidrilinae with peristomium obviously delimited from prostomium and first achaetous segment both dorsally and ventrally; nuchal organs shallow depressions with cilia; 1���2 dorsally biannulated achaetous segments between peristomium and first chaetiger; posterior end indistinct from posterior segments. Heart body always present from chaetiger 4. Serrate capillaries throughout; more abundant anteriorly. Reproduction sexual and asexual. Remarks. The presence of at least one dorsally biannulated achaetous segment between the peristomium and chaetiger 1 is constant in R. harperi sp. nov., R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma, and has not been described from other ctenodrilid species. Dean (1995) points out that the origin of the heart body should not be used as a diagnostic character for the genera Raphidrilus and Raricirrus, because in Raricirrus variabilis it begins at chaetiger 4 (4���6) as well as in all Raphidrilus species. The position and extent of the heart body in the three described species of Raphidrilus seems to be a species level character given that the heart body begins at chaetiger 4 in all three but differs in how the heart body projects anteriorly or posteriorly to one or more chaetigers. Monticelli���s description of Raphidrilus nemasoma reports a male phase with distinctive smooth curved spines in segments 5���8. All incomplete specimens from the Mediterranean that were examined under SEM do not bear such spines. Petersen and George (1991) pointed out that the possible undescribed Raphidrilus described by Qian and Chia (1989) as having short genital spines, may in fact have normal neurochaetae. Because such genital spines have not been found in any specimen examined of R. harperi sp. nov., or R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., we believe this feature should be species specific (if truly present), rather than being generic in diagnosis. The morphological characters useful in differentiating species within the genus Raphidrilus, not in order of importance, are: 1) Shape of prostomium; 2) Presence/distribution of short sensory cilia in addition to the nuchal organs on the prostomium; 3) Number of dorsally biannulated anterior achaetous segments; 4) Shape of thoracic and abdominal segments; 5) Position and extent of the heart body; 6) General shape of the digestive tube; 7) Presence of sensorial tufts on parapodia (Qian & Chia 1989); 8) Number, length and distribution throughout the body of the capillary chaetae; 9) Arrangement of the capillary fibrils seen under SEM; and 10) Position of the anal aperture and presence of fields of cilia., Published as part of Magalh��es, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, - & Davenport, Jennifer S., 2011, On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species, pp. 1-14 in Zootaxa 2804 on pages 2-3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061, {"references":["Monticelli, F. S. (1910 a) Di un nuovo Ctenodrilide del Golfo di Napoli; nota preliminare riassuntiva del socio ordinario. Redinconto dell'Accademia delle scienze Fisiche e Matematiche (Sezione della Societa Reale di Napoli), serie 3, 16 (3 / 4), 61 - 64. (Published March 1910).","Dean, H. K. (1995) A new species of Raricirrus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) from wood collected in the Tongue of the Ocean, Virgin Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108 (2), 169 - 179.","Petersen, M. E. & George, J. D. (1991) A new species of Raricirrus from northern Europe, with notes on its biology and a discussion of the affinities of the genus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae), Pp. 185 - 208 in M. E. Petersen & J. B. Kirkegaard, eds., Systematics, biology and morphology of world Polychaeta. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen 1986. Ophelia Supplement 5.","Qian, P. - Y. & Chia, F. - S. (1989) Sexual reproduction and larval development of Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2345 - 2351."]}

Key to genera of Ctenodrilidae (After Petersen & George 1991 and Dean 1995) 1 A With long bodies (up to c. 35 segments); with filamentous branchiae (subfamily Raphidrilinae)...................... 2 A 1 B With short bodies (up to c. 15 segments); without branchiae (subfamily Ctenodrilinae)............................. 3 A 2 A Anterior segments distinct dorsally; 1���2 anterior and dorsally biannulate achaetous segments; indistinct posterior end; serrated capillaries throughout.......................................................................... Raphidrilus 2 B Anterior segments indistinct dorsally; distinct posterior end with 1���2 modified posterior segments; chaetae may include serrate and coarsely serrate capillaries, pectinate falcigers, and simple curved spines............................... Raricirrus 3 A All chaetae coarsely serrate..................................................................... Ctenodrilus 3 B With capillaries in addition to serrate forms...................................................... Aphropharynx, Published as part of Magalh��es, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, - & Davenport, Jennifer S., 2011, On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species, pp. 1-14 in Zootaxa 2804 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061, {"references":["Petersen, M. E. & George, J. D. (1991) A new species of Raricirrus from northern Europe, with notes on its biology and a discussion of the affinities of the genus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae), Pp. 185 - 208 in M. E. Petersen & J. B. Kirkegaard, eds., Systematics, biology and morphology of world Polychaeta. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen 1986. Ophelia Supplement 5.","Dean, H. K. (1995) A new species of Raricirrus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) from wood collected in the Tongue of the Ocean, Virgin Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108 (2), 169 - 179."]}

Key to genera of Ctenodrilidae (After Petersen & George 1991 and Dean 1995) 1 A With long bodies (up to c. 35 segments); with filamentous branchiae (subfamily Raphidrilinae)...................... 2 A 1 B With short bodies (up to c. 15 segments); without branchiae (subfamily Ctenodrilinae)............................. 3 A 2 A Anterior segments distinct dorsally; 1–2 anterior and dorsally biannulate achaetous segments; indistinct posterior end; serrated capillaries throughout.......................................................................... Raphidrilus 2 B Anterior segments indistinct dorsally; distinct posterior end with 1–2 modified posterior segments; chaetae may include serrate and coarsely serrate capillaries, pectinate falcigers, and simple curved spines............................... Raricirrus 3 A All chaetae coarsely serrate..................................................................... Ctenodrilus 3 B With capillaries in addition to serrate forms...................................................... Aphropharynx

Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov. Figures 4 (A���C), 5 (A���F), 6 (A���F) and 7 (A���F) Material examined. Holotype: Kaimana Beach, Waikiki, south shore of Oahu, Hawaii, 21 �� 15 �� 45 �� 157 �� 49 �� 19 ��, collected from mud adhering to branches of the brown alga Gracilaria salicornia (C. Agardh), coll. W. Magalh��es, Oct/09 (USNM 1150465); Paratypes: same location, date and collector as holotype (8, BPBM-R 3434; 5, USNM 1150466; 5, BMNH 2011.2 ��� 6). Non��� type material: Kaimana Beach, Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii, on Gracilaria salicornia 21 �� 15 �� 50 �� 157 �� 49 �� 21 ��, coll. C. Moody, Jan/09 (42); July/ 2008 (8); coll. W. Magalh��es, Oct/09 (10); Sand Island outfall, off Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, station D 6 R1, 2004, 50 m (9); Barbers Point outfall, off Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, 66 m, station HB 1 R5, 2004 (6), station HB 3 R 5, Jan/ 10 (1); Sand beach 1000 m west from Paiko Lagoon Sanctuary, south shore of Oahu, Hawaii, 21 �� 16 �� 47 �� 157 �� 43 �� 45 ��, collected on Avrainvillea amadelpha (Mont.) A. Gepp & E. Gepp, station A 7 R 3, coll. W. Magalh��es, Mar/ 10 (4). Description. Specimens 2���3 mm long, 0.1���0.2 mm wide for 12���26 chaetigers. Body elongated, cylindrical, and indistinct posteriorly (Fig. 4 A). First four chaetigers (thorax) and last few wider than long (Figs. 4 A; 5 F); abdominal chaetigers as long as wide, sometimes sub���moniliform. From chaetiger 5 to posterior end 10���20 sub��� annulations present per segment (Fig. 6 B). Branchiae scarce in adults, frequently broken off, present on variable number of anterior chaetigers. Color in alcohol light yellow; few specimens yellow to dark brown; internal structures observed through transparent body wall. Color in life not observed. Prostomium as long as two anterior chaetigers, pear���shaped, with pair of nuchal organs located near postero��� lateral border (Fig. 5 A���C). Nuchal organs oval ciliary patches (8���10 ��m wide) with long cilia, situated in a shallow pit (2���3 ��m deep) (Fig. 5 D). Peristomium consisting of single achaetous segment not clearly distinct dorsally from prostomium (Fig. 5 A���C); ventral proboscis with numerous basal bar���like papillae (Fig. 5 E). One (N= 38) or two (N= 5) achaetous segments biannulated dorsally; one specimen with three achaetous segments but third one not biannulated. First four chaetigers short, with 4 notochaetae and 4 neurochaetae in each fascicle; subsequent chaetigers with 1���2 chaetae per fascicle. Heart body always on chaetiger 4; sac���like, anteriorly directed, extending to middle of chaetiger 3 (Fig. 4 B). Digestive tube divided in three parts; cylindrical esophagus enlarges at chaetiger 5 in all specimens where inflated stomach begins (Fig. 4 A, B); posterior third of the body with curled digestive tube (Fig. 4 A); number of segments with inflated stomach and curled intestine variable. Branchial filaments postero���dorsal to notochaetae (Fig. 6 A). Serrate capillary chaetae throughout (Fig. 6 C, D), emerging directly from the body wall (Fig. 6 A). Chaetae few or absent on far posterior chaetigers. Fibrils along the capillary edge with distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils approximately the same as half the width of a single fibril. Anal aperture dorsal on elongated pygidial segment, covered by fields of long cilia (Fig. 6 E, F). Biology. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., is usually found in low abundance (10���70 ind./m ��, Ambrose et al. 2010) adjacent to ocean outfalls in sandy bottoms and in high abundance (1125 ind./m ��, C. Moody, unpublished data) on the invasive alga Gracilaria salicornia, which is a successful invader on Oahu���s south shore reef flats. Few specimens were found inhabiting branches of the green invasive alga Avrainvillea amadelpha. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., has been collected with a fine sediment coating of unknown function, but this sediment coat (mostly composed of fragments of diatoms, radiolarians, and clay particles) may protect the worms against the adhesive properties of algal mucilage and abrasion. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., reproduces asexually and maybe sexually. Some specimens, even one regenerating fragment (Fig. 7 F), had what may be larvae in the coelom, but no larval chaetae or segmentation were observed, so this might be intracoelomic parasites (Fig. 4 C). If these small worm���like individuals are indeed larvae, it might indicate that this species is a viviparous hermaphrodite with larvae exiting the body as juvenile worms as reported for R. nemasoma (Monticelli 1910 b, Sokolow 1911 a). Several specimens of R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., were found with regenerating anterior and/or posterior ends (Figs. 7 A���F). Worm fragments as small as four chaetigers seem to be capable of regenerating a whole worm. These regenerating fragments most likely belong to mid��� body chaetigers due to the enlarged digestive tube seen through the transparent body wall. If the anterior and posterior ends begin regeneration simultaneously, the posterior end appears to regenerate faster than in the anterior end as there are a greater number of posterior segments. This could be due to the increment of new segments from the growing zone in the newly regenerated pygidium. Further experimental studies are necessary to fully understand the process of regeneration in this species. Etymology. This species is named after the type locality. Distribution. Known from shallow subtidal to 66 m off south shore of Oahu Island, Hawaii; on shallow reefs they inhabit the invasive algae Gracilaria salicornia and Avrainvillea amadelpha. Remarks. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., differs from R. harperi sp. nov., and R. nemasoma by the presence of numerous bar���like papillae in the ventral proboscis, one or two dorsally biannulated achaetous segment between peristomium and chaetiger 1, and digestive tube clearly divided in three parts with a bottle���neck from chaetiger 4 to 5. The shape and arrangement of fibrils along the capillary chaetal blades in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., is very similar to R. harperi sp. nov., by being thicker and having less space in between the fibrils in comparison with R. nemasoma., Published as part of Magalh��es, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, - & Davenport, Jennifer S., 2011, On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species, pp. 1-14 in Zootaxa 2804 on pages 9-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061, {"references":["Ambrose, W. G., Bailey - Brock, J. H., Cooke, W. J., Hunter, C. L. & Kawamoto, R. K. (2010) Benthic faunal sampling adjacent to the Barbers Point ocean outfall, O´ahu, Hawai´i, January - February 2010. PR - 2010 - 10. Honolulu: University of Hawai´i at Manoa Water Resources Research Center, 210 pp.","Monticelli, F. S. (1910 b) Raphidrilus nemasoma Montic. Nuovo Ctenodrilide del Golfo di Napoli (Revisione de'Ctenodrilidi). Archivio Zoologico, 4 (4), 401 - 436, plates 12 - 13.","Sokolow, I. (1911 a) Uber eine neue Ctenodrilus art und ihre Vermehrung. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Leipzig, 97 (3), 546 - 603."]}

Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061

Key to species of Raphidrilus (After Monticelli, 1910 b) 1 A Prostomium with a pair of nuchal organs only; parapodia without sensorial tufts; dorsal anal aperture.................. 2 1 B Prostomium with scattered sensorial tufts in addition to a pair of nuchal organs; parapodia with sensorial tufts; terminal anal aperture............................................................. Raphidrilus sp. sensu Qian & Chia, 1989 2 A Three to six capillaries in thoracic chaetigers; abdominal chaetigers 1.5���4 times longer than wide and without sub���annulations; heart body extends posteriorly more than one chaetiger.................................. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov. 2 B No more than four capillaries in thoracic chaetigers; abdominal chaetigers 1���2 times as long as wide; heart body extends anteriorly or restricted to one chaetiger........................................................................ 3 3 A One or two dorsally biannulated anterior achaetous segment; heart body anteriorly directed to the middle of chaetiger 3; distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils along the capillary chaetae approximately the same as half the width of a single fibril.............................................................. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov. 3 B Only one dorsally biannulated anterior achaetous segment; heart body restricted to chaetiger 4; distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils along the capillary chaetae approximately the same as the width of a single fibril................................................................................. Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 a, Published as part of Magalh��es, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, - & Davenport, Jennifer S., 2011, On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species, pp. 1-14 in Zootaxa 2804 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061, {"references":["Monticelli, F. S. (1910 b) Raphidrilus nemasoma Montic. Nuovo Ctenodrilide del Golfo di Napoli (Revisione de'Ctenodrilidi). Archivio Zoologico, 4 (4), 401 - 436, plates 12 - 13.","Qian, P. - Y. & Chia, F. - S. (1989) Sexual reproduction and larval development of Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2345 - 2351.","Monticelli, F. S. (1910 a) Di un nuovo Ctenodrilide del Golfo di Napoli; nota preliminare riassuntiva del socio ordinario. Redinconto dell'Accademia delle scienze Fisiche e Matematiche (Sezione della Societa Reale di Napoli), serie 3, 16 (3 / 4), 61 - 64. (Published March 1910)."]}