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Rivulinae. Monophyly of Rivulinae is supported by eight synapomorphies (Costa, 2011a): 1. ventral process of the angulo-articular narrow and triangular shaped (Fig. 3 b-c); 2. interhyal bone rudimentary or absent; 3. first epibranchial twisted (Fig. 4a); 4. subdistal process of the second epibranchial absent (Fig. 4a); 5. uncinate process of the third epibranchial forming an angle of about 45���60�� (Fig. 4a); 6. paired process on the first vertebra anteriorly directed; 7. membrane between preopercular laterosensory series and isthmus continuous; 8. E-scales not overlapped. Other combined (Costa, 2013); and molecular phylogenies (Murphy, Collier, 1996; Murphy et al., 1999; Hrbek et al., 2004; Vermeulen, Hrbek, 2005; Furness et al., 2015; Pohl et al., 2015) support the monophyly of Rivulinae., Published as part of Loureiro, Marcelo, S��, Rafael de, Serra, Sebasti��n W., Alonso, Felipe, Lan��s, Luis Esteban Krause, Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Calvi��o, Pablo, Nielsen, Dalton, Duarte, Alejandro & Garcia, Graciela, 2018, Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998, pp. 1-20 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3) on page 3, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180007, http://zenodo.org/record/3709839, {"references":["Costa WJEM. Phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of Anablepsoides, Atlantirivulus, Cynodonichthys, Laimosemion, and Melanorivulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Ichthyol Explor Freshw. 2011 a; 22 (3): 233 - 49.","Costa WEJM. Historical biogeography of Aplocheiloid killifishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes). Vertebr Zool. 2013; 63 (2): 139 - 54.","Murphy WJ, Collier GE. Phylogenetic relationships within the aplocheiloid fish genus Rivulus (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae): Implications for Caribbean and Central American biogeography. Mol Biol Evol. 1996; 13 (5): 642 - 49.","Murphy WJ, Thomerson, JE, Collier GE. Phylogeny of the Neotropical killifish family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 1999; 13 (2): 289 - 301.","Hrbek T, Deus CP, Farias IP. Rivulus duckensis (Teleostei; Cyprinodontiformes): New species from the Taruma basin of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, and its relationships to other Neotropical Rivulidae. Copeia. 2004; (3): 569 - 76.","Vermeulen FBN, Hrbek T. Kryptolebias sepia n. sp. (Actinopterygii: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), a new killifish from the Tapanahony River drainage in southeast Surinam. Zootaxa. 2005; 928 (1): 1 - 20.","Furness AI, Reznick DN, Springer MS, Meredith RW. Convergent evolution of alternative developmental trajectories associated with diapause in African and South American killifish. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 2015; 282 (1802): 20142189.","Pohl M, Milvertz FC, Meyer A, Vences M. Multigene phylogeny of Cyprinodontiform fishes suggests continental rediations and a rogue taxon position of Pantanodon. Vertebr Zool. 2015; 65 (1): 37 - 44."]}

Millerichthys Costa. Monotypic ((M. robustus (Miller & Hubbs)) small-sized (30 mm SL), annual genus, that is distributed in southern Mexico. The species is diagnosed by the following apomorphies: reduced mesopterygoid; conical and elongate ventral process of posttemporal; long posterior series of supraorbital neuromasts; absence of transverse dark bar crossing the eye; three transverse yellow stripes on the anal fin of males; and black spots along the caudal-fin base of females (Costa, 1998). Its phylogenetic relationship with other Rivulidae remains unclear. Costa (1998), proposed three synapomorphies to support the sister relationship of Millerichthys Costa with Rachoviini: a dorsally pointed preopercle, reduced neural prezygapophyses of caudal vertebrae, and a reduced dark pigmentation in females. However, Costa (2004) hypothesized the genus as the sister taxon of Cynolebiasinae based on three different synapomorphies: mesopterygoid small, posterior tip not contacting metapterygoid; hypurals completely fused; frontal scales in transverse pattern without distinct central scale., Published as part of Loureiro, Marcelo, S��, Rafael de, Serra, Sebasti��n W., Alonso, Felipe, Lan��s, Luis Esteban Krause, Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Calvi��o, Pablo, Nielsen, Dalton, Duarte, Alejandro & Garcia, Graciela, 2018, Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998, pp. 1-20 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3) on page 6, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180007, http://zenodo.org/record/3709839, {"references":["Costa WJEM. Phylogeny and classification of Rivulidae revisited: Origin and evolution of annualism and miniaturization in rivulid fishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheiloidei). J Comp Biol. 1998; 3: 33 - 94."]}

Melanorivulini. Costa (2011a) proposed this non-annual tribe based on a single synapomorphy related to the pigmentation pattern of the caudal fin of females. However, molecular analyses suggest that this may be a polyphyletic group (Hrbek et al., 2004), with the sister taxa Anablepsoides Huber and Atlantirivulus Costa more closely related to Plesiolebiasine than to Cynodonichthys Meek and Melanorivulus Costa. Anablepsoides consists of ca. forty-two small to mediumsized species (30-60 mm SL) distributed in the Antilles, small tributaries of northeastern South America, and the Amazon and Orinoco river basins. It is diagnosed by the presence of scales on the whole ventral surface of the head. Atlantirivulus consists of eleven small to medium-sized (25-45 mm SL) species, distributed in coastal rivers of eastern to southern Brazil, diagnosed by disposition in zig-zag of the neuromasts of the infraorbital series and by the presence of a curved ventral process of the angulo-articular. Cynodonichthys consists of ca. twenty-seven medium to large-sized species (50-80 mm SL) distributed in the Caribbean and Pacific drainages of Central America and northwest South America. This genus lacks synapomorphies. Melanorivulus consists of ca. thirty-seven small to medium-sized species (20-40 mm SL), mainly distributed in central South America including La Plata, S��o Francisco, and Amazon river basins, and small coastal basins of northeast Brazil and it is diagnosed by the presence of black pigmentation on the margin of the caudal fin and on the distal margin of the dorsal and anal fins in females., Published as part of Loureiro, Marcelo, S��, Rafael de, Serra, Sebasti��n W., Alonso, Felipe, Lan��s, Luis Esteban Krause, Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Calvi��o, Pablo, Nielsen, Dalton, Duarte, Alejandro & Garcia, Graciela, 2018, Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998, pp. 1-20 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3) on page 6, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180007, http://zenodo.org/record/3709839, {"references":["Costa WJEM. Phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of Anablepsoides, Atlantirivulus, Cynodonichthys, Laimosemion, and Melanorivulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Ichthyol Explor Freshw. 2011 a; 22 (3): 233 - 49.","Hrbek T, Deus CP, Farias IP. Rivulus duckensis (Teleostei; Cyprinodontiformes): New species from the Taruma basin of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, and its relationships to other Neotropical Rivulidae. Copeia. 2004; (3): 569 - 76."]}

Kryptolebiasinae. This is a clade composed by a single genus with seven valid non-annual species, distributed in theAtlantic coastal basins and estuaries from Florida (USA) to southern Brazil. Three androdioecius species conform a monophyletic unit within the genus (Vermeulen, Hrbek, 2005; Costa et al., 2010) that inhabit mangroves; two of them with clear evidence of self-fertilization (Tatarenkov et al., 2011). Costa (2004) proposed two synapomorphies for Kryptolebias: a dorsally expanded flange on dorsal tip of the autopalatine (Fig. 1a) and a vestigial or absent anterodorsal process of urohyal (Fig. 2a)., Published as part of Loureiro, Marcelo, S��, Rafael de, Serra, Sebasti��n W., Alonso, Felipe, Lan��s, Luis Esteban Krause, Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Calvi��o, Pablo, Nielsen, Dalton, Duarte, Alejandro & Garcia, Graciela, 2018, Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998, pp. 1-20 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3) on page 3, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180007, http://zenodo.org/record/3709839, {"references":["Vermeulen FBN, Hrbek T. Kryptolebias sepia n. sp. (Actinopterygii: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), a new killifish from the Tapanahony River drainage in southeast Surinam. Zootaxa. 2005; 928 (1): 1 - 20.","Costa WJEM, Lima SMQ, Bartolette R. Androdioecy in Kryptolebias killifish and the evolution of self-fertilizing hermaphroditism. Biol J Linn Soc. 2010; 99 (2): 344 - 49.","Tatarenkov A, Lima SMQ, Avise JC. Extreme homogeneity and low genetic diversity in Kryptolebias ocellatus from south-eastern Brazil suggest a recent foundation for this androdioecious fish population. J Fish Biol. 2011; 79 (7): 2095 - 105."]}

Prorivulus Costa. A monotypic non-annual genus, P. auriferus Costa, Lima & Suzart, from the coastal drainages of northeastern Brazil, is diagnosed by the presence of soft anal fin rays in females, minute urogenital papilla in males, and absence of a dark bar on iris. It has some morphological characteristics similar to Kryptolebias, but other characters more closely align with the rest of Rivulidae. According to the original description it would be the sister taxa of all Rivulidae except Kryptolebias (Costa, 2004b, 2006a). Unfortunately, it has never been included in any subsequent phylogeny or revision, and its position remains uncertain., Published as part of Loureiro, Marcelo, S��, Rafael de, Serra, Sebasti��n W., Alonso, Felipe, Lan��s, Luis Esteban Krause, Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Calvi��o, Pablo, Nielsen, Dalton, Duarte, Alejandro & Garcia, Graciela, 2018, Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998, pp. 1-20 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3) on page 6, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180007, http://zenodo.org/record/3709839, {"references":["Costa WEJM. A new killifish genus and species from the coastal plains of northeastern Brazil (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zootaxa. 2004 b; 642 (1): 1 - 10.","Costa WEJM. Relationships and taxonomy of the killifish genus Rivulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae) from the Brazilian Amazonas river basin, with notes on historical ecology. Aqua. 2006 a; 11 (4): 133 - 45."]}

Cynolebiasinae. The monophyly of this subfamily, composed by small to large-sized annual species, is well supported presenting the following synapomorphies: dorsally positioned dorsomedial process of autopalatine; reduced mesopterygoid; thin C-shaped preopercle with reduced dorsal tip, median rim, and sensory canal (Fig. 1f); elongate epibranchials and interarcual cartilage (Fig. 4c); rounded second hypobranchial (Fig. 6d); absence of teeth in the fourth ceratobranchial; absence of a posteroventral process on the anterior portion of the fourth ceratobranchial; absence of teeth in vomer; thin lachrymal, with narrow lower portion and vestigial sensory canal; absence of dermosphenotic; absence of anterior processes of first vertebra; vestigial or absent neural prezygapophysis of caudal vertebrae (Fig. 7 c-d); narrow and anteriorly curved epural and parahypural (Fig. 7 c-d); anteriorly placed dorsal fin origin; reduced first proximal anal-fin radial; reduced ossification of medial anal-fin radials; vestigial or absent ventral process of posttemporal; elongate supracleithrum; scale-like pectoral radials (Fig. 8 b-c); cylindrical urogenital papilla in males; prominent pocket-like urogenital papilla in females; reduced supraorbital squamation; reduced caudal-fin squamation; continuous supraorbital series of neuromasts; long posterior series of supraorbital neuromasts; minute neuromast on dermosphenotic; and vertical bars on body sides of juveniles (Costa, 1998); Molecular phylogenies support this clade (Murphy et al., 1999; Hrbek, Larson, 1999; Costa, 2013; Furness et al., 2015; Pohl et al., 2015). The two clades that composed the subfamily, Cynopoecilini and Cynolebiasini, are also very well supported by morphological and molecular analyses., Published as part of Loureiro, Marcelo, S��, Rafael de, Serra, Sebasti��n W., Alonso, Felipe, Lan��s, Luis Esteban Krause, Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Calvi��o, Pablo, Nielsen, Dalton, Duarte, Alejandro & Garcia, Graciela, 2018, Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998, pp. 1-20 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3) on page 7, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180007, http://zenodo.org/record/3709839, {"references":["Costa WJEM. Phylogeny and classification of Rivulidae revisited: Origin and evolution of annualism and miniaturization in rivulid fishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheiloidei). J Comp Biol. 1998; 3: 33 - 94.","Murphy WJ, Thomerson, JE, Collier GE. Phylogeny of the Neotropical killifish family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 1999; 13 (2): 289 - 301.","Hrbek T, Larson A. The evolution of diapause in the killifish family Rivulidae (Atherinomorpha Atherinomorpha, Cyprinodontiformes): A molecular phylogenetic and biogeographic perspective. Evolution. 1999; 53 (4): 1200 - 16.","Costa WEJM. Historical biogeography of Aplocheiloid killifishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes). Vertebr Zool. 2013; 63 (2): 139 - 54.","Furness AI, Reznick DN, Springer MS, Meredith RW. Convergent evolution of alternative developmental trajectories associated with diapause in African and South American killifish. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 2015; 282 (1802): 20142189.","Pohl M, Milvertz FC, Meyer A, Vences M. Multigene phylogeny of Cyprinodontiform fishes suggests continental rediations and a rogue taxon position of Pantanodon. Vertebr Zool. 2015; 65 (1): 37 - 44."]}

Laimosemion Huber. Composed by ca. twenty-nine small to medium-sized species (20-40 mm SL), widely distributed in northwestern South America. The genus lacks synapomorphies, and can be distinguished from other rivulines only by combination of characters, in particular an intense yellow or orange pigmentation of the anal fin in adult females. Monophyly is supported by molecular analyses (Hrbek et al., 2004; Costa 2011a, 2013). This is considered a non-annual genus; however, Furness et al. (2018) have found diapause stages in some species similar to those found in annual species, which could represent intermediates steps in the evolution of the annual life cycle., Published as part of Loureiro, Marcelo, S��, Rafael de, Serra, Sebasti��n W., Alonso, Felipe, Lan��s, Luis Esteban Krause, Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Calvi��o, Pablo, Nielsen, Dalton, Duarte, Alejandro & Garcia, Graciela, 2018, Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998, pp. 1-20 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3) on page 6, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180007, http://zenodo.org/record/3709839, {"references":["Hrbek T, Deus CP, Farias IP. Rivulus duckensis (Teleostei; Cyprinodontiformes): New species from the Taruma basin of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, and its relationships to other Neotropical Rivulidae. Copeia. 2004; (3): 569 - 76.","Costa WJEM. Phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of Anablepsoides, Atlantirivulus, Cynodonichthys, Laimosemion, and Melanorivulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Ichthyol Explor Freshw. 2011 a; 22 (3): 233 - 49.","Costa WEJM. Historical biogeography of Aplocheiloid killifishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes). Vertebr Zool. 2013; 63 (2): 139 - 54.","Furness AI, Reznick DN, Tatarenkov A, Avise JC. The evolution of diapause in Rivulus (Laimosemion). Zool J Linnean Soc [serial on the Internet]. 2018; 20: 1 - 18. Available from: http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zly 021"]}