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* calcitrapa var. 2 Lamarck, 1816, Asterias Asterias calcitrapa var. 2 Lamarck, 1816: 563. Astropecten vappa ‒ Jangoux 2021: 221. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten vappa Müller & Troschel, 1843. REMARK Original drawings of A. calcitrapa var. 2 are presented in Jangoux (2021: 222, fig. 7)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 273, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["LAMARCK J. B. DE 1816. - Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres 2. Verdiere, Paris.: 547 - 568. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 13299321","JANGOUX M. 2021. - The asteroid species of Lamarck (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Zoosystema 43 (13): 213 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / zoosystema 2021 v 43 a 13. http: // zoosystema. com / 43 / 13"]}

* calcitrapa var. 1 Lamarck, 1816, Asterias Asterias calcitrapa var. 1 Lamarck, 1816: 563. Bollonaster pectinatus ‒ Jangoux 2021: 221. CURRENT STATUS. — Bollonaster pectinatus (Sladen, 1883). REMARK Original drawings of A. calcitrapa var. 1 are presented in Jangoux (2021: 221, fig. 6)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 273, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["LAMARCK J. B. DE 1816. - Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres 2. Verdiere, Paris.: 547 - 568. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 13299321","JANGOUX M. 2021. - The asteroid species of Lamarck (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Zoosystema 43 (13): 213 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / zoosystema 2021 v 43 a 13. http: // zoosystema. com / 43 / 13"]}

agassizi Perrier, 1894, Dytaster Dytaster agassizi Perrier, 1894: 302, pl. 19, fig. 2a-d. Dytaster grandis grandis ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 53. CURRENT STATUS. — Dytaster grandis grandis (Verrill, 1884). TYPE MATERIAL. — Between Azores and Europe • 1 syntype; station 134; between Azores & Europe; Talisman expedition; 1883; depth 4060 m; MNHN-IE-2014-237 • 3 syntypes; same as for preceding; MNHN-IE-2014-325. REMARK D. agassizi was erected from specimens previously identified Pectinaster insignis by Perrier (1885: 70)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 263, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1894. - Stellerides. Resultats des Expeditions scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. G. Masson, Paris 3: 1 - 431.","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p.","PERRIER E. 1885. - Premiere note preliminaire sur les echinodermes recueillis durant les campagnes de dragages sous-marins du Travailleur et du Talisman. Annales des Sciences naturelles (6) 19 (8): 1 - 72."]}

inermis Perrier, 1885, Goniopecten Goniopecten inermis Perrier, 1885: 71. Plutonaster agassizi notatus ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 70. CURRENT STATUS. — Plutonaster agassizi notatus Sladen, 1889. TYPE LOCALITY. — Morocco • 5 syntypes; station 21; off Moroccan coast; Talisman expedition; 1883; 33°46’N, 11°22’W; depth 1319 m; MNHN-IE-2014-345., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on pages 291-292, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1885. - Premiere note preliminaire sur les echinodermes recueillis durant les campagnes de dragages sous-marins du Travailleur et du Talisman. Annales des Sciences naturelles (6) 19 (8): 1 - 72.","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p."]}

longispinus Koehler, 1920, Ripaster Ripaster longispinus Koehler, 1920: 260, pl. 51, figs 5, 8, pl. 52, figs 3, 4, pl. 72, fig. 2. Psilaster charcoti ‒ Clark 1989: 290. CURRENT STATUS. — Psilaster charcoti (Koehler, 1906). TYPE MATERIAL. — Antarctic • 2 syntypes; station 10; Australasian Antarctic expedition; 1911-1914; 85°06’S, 96°13’E; depth 595 m; MNHN-IE-2014-452. REMARK 1 syntype in the AM (J3661) (Rowe & Pawson 1977)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 295, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["KOEHLER R. 1920. - Echinodermata, Asteroidea. Scientific Report of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 1914 8 (1): 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347.","KOEHLER R. 1906. - Echinodermes (stellerides, ophiures et echinides). Expedition antarctique francaise (1903 - 1905). Masson, Paris, 41 p. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 951184","ROWE F. W. & PAWSON D. L. 1977. - A catalogue of echinoderm type-specimens in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Records of the Australian Museum 30: 337 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.385 3 / j. 0067 - 1975.30.1977.392"]}

semispinosus Perrier, 1894, Crenaster Crenaster semispinosus Perrier, 1894: 307. Dytaster semispinosus ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 55. CURRENT STATUS. — Dytaster semispinosus (Perrier, 1894). TYPE MATERIAL. — Atlantic Ocean • 1 syntype; station 137; Talisman expedition; 1883; 44°29’N, 15°22’W; depth 4975 m; MNHN-IE-2014-160 • 1 syntype, same as for preceding;MNHN- IE-2014-368., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on pages 314-315, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1894. - Stellerides. Resultats des Expeditions scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. G. Masson, Paris 3: 1 - 431.","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p.","MULLER J. & TROSCHEL H. 1842. - System der Asteriden. Braunschweig, 134 p."]}

croceus Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, Persephonaster (Fig. 11) Persephonaster croceus Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891: 430. — Clark 1989: 285. CURRENT STATUS. — Persephonaster croceus Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891. TYPE MATERIAL. — India • 1 syntype; Investigator survey; Indian Museum leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-432. REMARK The type locality of P. croceus (south of Cape Comorin, Investigator survey, station 109, 1350 m) is the only known locality of the species., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 279, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

bonnieri Koehler, 1905, Astropecten Astropecten bonnieri Koehler, 1905a: 462, figs 2, 3a-c. — Dollfus 1974: 1449, pl. 1A, B. Astropecten hemprichi ‒ Clark 1989: 259. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten hemprichi Müller & Troschel, 1842. T YPE MATERIAL. — Oman • holotype; Persian Gulf (off Oman); Bonnier & Pérez leg.; 1903; MNHN-IE-2014-178. REMARK Dollfus (1974) illustrates the holotype of A. bonnieri. He corrects the type locality which is not ‘Red Sea’ as Koehler (1905a) wrote but rather the Persian Gulf (25°10’N, 55°10’E, 15 miles off Oman coast, 18-29 m)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 270, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["KOEHLER R. 1905 a. - Note preliminaire sur les echinodermes recueillis par l'expedition antarctique francaise du Dr Charcot (echinides, asterides et ophiures). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris 11: 64 - 470. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5034003","DOLLFUS R. P. 1974. - De l' Astropecten bonnieri R. Koehler, 1905 (Echinodermes, Stellerides). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris (3) 254 (Zool. 176): 1449 - 1452. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 57256004","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347.","MULLER J. & TROSCHEL H. 1842. - System der Asteriden. Braunschweig, 134 p."]}

huepferi Koehler, 1914, Astropecten Astropecten huepferi Koehler, 1914: 139, pl. 4, figs 1, 2, 12, 13 ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 36. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten huepferi Koehler, 1914. TYPE MATERIAL. — Atlantic Ocean • neotype (according to a handwritten label by Cherbonnier); Gulf of Guinea; 4°58’N, 2°41’W, Cherbonnier leg.; 1964; MNHN-IE-2014-17., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 290, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["KOEHLER R. 1914. - Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea et Echinoidea. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafikas 1 (2): 129 - 303.","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p."]}

coelochilus Alcock, 1893, Persephonaster (Fig. 9) Persephonaster coelochilus Alcock, 1893a: 81; 1894 -1895: pl. 3, fig. 1, 1a; Clark 1989: 284. CURRENT STATUS. — Persephonaster coelochilus Alcock, 1893 TYPE MATERIAL. — Andaman sea • 1 syntype; Investigator Survey (Indian Ocean); Indian Museum leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-115. REMARK The type locality of Persephonaster coelochilus (Andaman Sea, Investigator Survey, station 116, 344-402 m) is the only known locality of the species., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 276, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["ALCOCK A. 1893 a. - Natural history notes from the Indian Marine Survey Steamer Investigator 7. An account of the collection of deep-sea Asteroidea. Annals and Magazine of natural History (11) 6: 73 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939308677478","ALCOCK A. 1894 - 1895. - Illustrations of the Zoology of the Royal Indian Marine Survey Steamer Investigator. Echinoderma. Indian Museum (Calcutta), 5 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 64230","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

griegi Koehler, 1909, Astropecten Astropecten griegi Koehler, 1909: 26, pl. 7, fig. 4, pl. 10, fig. 6 ‒ Clark 1989: 258. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten griegi Koehler, 1909. TYPE MATERIAL. — Andaman • 1 syntype; Investigator Survey; depth 494 m; Indian Museum leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-194., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 289, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["KOEHLER R. 1909. - Asteries recueillies par l' Investigator dans l'ocean Indien. I. Les asteries des mers profondes. Indian Museum, Calcutta, 143 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11614","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

longibrachius Jangoux & Aziz, 1988, Astropecten Astropecten longibrachius Jangoux & Aziz, 1988: 635, pl. 1, fig. A-E. — Clark in Clark & Mah: 330. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten longibrachius Jangoux & Aziz, 1988. TYPE MATERIAL. — Réunion Island • holotype; station CP 112; Marion-Dufresne campaign (1982); depth 450-580 m; MNHN- IE-2014-91 • 3 paratypes; same as holotype; MNHN-IE-2014-88., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 295, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["JANGOUX M. & AZIZ A. 1988. - Les asterides (Echinodermata) recoltes autour de l'ile de la Reunion par le N. O. \" Marion- Dufresne \" en 1982. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 3 (4) 10 (A 4): 631 - 650. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 58713985"]}

* edwardsi, Perrier in Milne-Edwards, 1882, Goniopecten Goniopecten edwarsi Perrier in Milne-Edwards, 1882: 46. Plutonaster agassizi notatus ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 70. CURRENT STATUS. — Plutonaster agassizi notatus (Sladen, 1889). REMARK According to Mortensen (in Clark 1989) the holotype of G. edwardi (Travailleur expedition 1882, station 36) was destroyed., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on pages 281-282, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["MILNE- EDWARDS A. 1882. - Rapports sur les travaux de la commission charge d'etudier la faune sous-marine dans les grandes profondeurs de la Mediterranee et de l'Atlantique. Archives des Missions scientifiques et litteraires (3) 9: 46 - 49. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36108810","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p.","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

scoparius Müller & Troschel, 1842, Astropecten (Fig. 26) Astropecten scoparius Müller & Troschel, 1842: 71. — Clark 1989: 268. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten scoparius Müller & Troschel, 1842. TYPE MATERIAL. — Unknown origin • 3 syntypes; MNHN- IE-2014-579. REMARK Astropecten scoparius occurs in Japanese and Taiwanese waters.

* perarmatus, Perrier, 1869, Astropecten Astropecten perarmatus Perrier, 1869: 103. Astropecten aranciacus ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 30. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten aranciacus (Linnaeus, 1758)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 308, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1869. - Recherches sur les Pedicellaires et les Ambulacres des Asteries et des Oursins. Masson, Paris, 188 p. (the part on asteroids was also published in: Annales des Sciences naturelles 13 [1]: 1 - 81). https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14144","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p."]}

myosorus Perrier, 1869, Astropecten Astropecten myosorus Perrier, 1869: 106. Astropecten bispinosus ‒ Clark 1989: 253. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten bispinosus (Otto, 1823). TYPE MATERIAL. — Mediterranea • 3 syntypes; MNHN-IE-2014-9., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 302, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1869. - Recherches sur les Pedicellaires et les Ambulacres des Asteries et des Oursins. Masson, Paris, 188 p. (the part on asteroids was also published in: Annales des Sciences naturelles 13 [1]: 1 - 81). https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14144","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

hystrix Müller & Troschel, 1842, Astropecten Astropecten hystrix Müller & Troschel, 1842: 70 Astropecten polyacanthus polyacanthus ‒ Clark 1989: 259, 266. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten polyacanthus polyacanthus Müller & Troschel, 1842. TYPE MATERIAL. — Ceylan • 2 syntypes; Reynaud leg.; 1829; MNHN-IE-2014-1 • 3 syntypes; same as for preceding; MNHN- IE-2014-606.

Jangoux, Michel (2022): The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris. Zoosystema 44 (11): 259-334, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11

africanus Koehler, 1911, Astropecten Astropecten africanus Koehler, 1911: 5, pl. 2, fig. 8-9. — Clark & Downey 1992: 27. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten africanus Koehler, 1911. TYPE MATERIAL. — Mauritania • holotype; Arguin Bank; Gruvel scientific mission (1909-1910); MNHN-IE-2014-561 • 2 paratypes; same as for holotype; MNHN-IE-2014-7., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 263, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["KOEHLER R. 1911. - Asteries, ophiures et echinides. Scientific Reports on the British Antarctic Expedition 2 (Biol. 4): 25 - 66. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12805540","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p."]}

attenuatus Fisher, 1906, Psilaster Psilaster attenuatus Fisher, 1906: 1019, pl. 3, fig. 3a-d, pl. 7, fig. 4, pl. 8, fig.1. — Clark 1989: 290. CURRENT STATUS. — Psilaster attenuatus Fisher, 1906. TYPE MATERIAL. — Hawaii • 1 paratype; north coast of Maui Island; depth 560 m; MNHN-IE-2014-333. REMARK Holotype deposited in USNM (ref. 21149) (Fisher 1906)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 268, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["FISHER W. K. 1906. - The starfishes of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the US Fishery Commission 23: 987 - 1130.","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

pentagonalis Alcock, 1893, Dipsacaster Dipsacaster pentagonalis Alcock, 1893b: 172; 1894 -1895. pl. 3, fig. 3-3a. — Clark 1989: 276. CURRENT STATUS. — Dipsacaster pentagonalis Alcock, 1893. TYPE MATERIAL. — Andaman sea • 1 syntype; Investigator survey; Indian Museum leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-338. REMARK The type locality of D. pentagonalis (Andaman Sea, Investigator Survey, 205 m) is the only known locality for the species., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 307, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["ALCOCK A. 1893 a. - Natural history notes from the Indian Marine Survey Steamer Investigator 7. An account of the collection of deep-sea Asteroidea. Annals and Magazine of natural History (11) 6: 73 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939308677478","ALCOCK A. 1893 b. - Natural History notes from H. M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer Investigato r. 9. An account of the deepsea collection made during the season of 1892 - 93. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 62 (2): 171 - 178.","ALCOCK A. 1894 - 1895. - Illustrations of the Zoology of the Royal Indian Marine Survey Steamer Investigator. Echinoderma. Indian Museum (Calcutta), 5 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 64230","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

liouvillei Koehler, 1912, Bathybiaster Bathybiaster liouvellei Koehler, 1912: 158; 1912a: 96, pl. 6, figs 2, 4, 12, pl. 8, figs 5, 6. Bathybiaster loripes obesus ‒ Clark 1989: 273. CURRENT STATUS. — Bathybiaster loripes obesus Sladen, 1889. TYPE MATERIAL. — Antarctic • 2 syntypes; Pourquoi-Pas? expedition; 1908-1910, MNHN-IE-2014-180 • 2 syntypes; same as for preceding; MNHN-IE-2014-500 • 1 syntype, same as for preceding; MNHN-IE-2014-516. REMARK Koehler (1912a) reports twenty-one specimens from four localities in South Shetland: east of Admiralty Bay (1 syntype, 18 m); middle of Admiralty Bay (1 syntype, 420 m); west cove of Admiralty Bay (1 syntype, 75 m); dredging 18th (18 syntypes)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 295, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["KOEHLER R. 1912 a. - Echinodermes nouveaux recueillis dans les mers antarctiques par le Pourquoi Pas? Zoologischer Anzeiger 39: 151 - 163.","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

nuttingi Fisher, 1906, Patagiaster Patagiaster nuttingi Fisher, 1906: 1029, pl. 9, fig. 2-2a, pl. 12, fig. 3, pl. 17, fig. 1. — Clark 1989: 284. CURRENT STATUS. — Patagiaster nuttingi Fisher, 1906. TYPE MATERIAL. — Hawaii • 1 syntype; 403 m; MNHN-IE-2014-347. REMARK Holotype in USNM (Ref. 21152) (Fisher 1906)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 304, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["FISHER W. K. 1906. - The starfishes of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the US Fishery Commission 23: 987 - 1130.","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

samoensis Perrier, 1869, Astropecten Astropecten samoensis Perrier, 1869: 104. Astropecten polyacanthus ‒ Clark 1989: 268. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten polyacanthus Müller & Troschel, 1842. TYPE MATERIAL. — Samoa • holotype; L’Astrolabe & La Zélée expedition (1837-1840); Hombron & Jacquinot leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-340., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on pages 313-314, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1869. - Recherches sur les Pedicellaires et les Ambulacres des Asteries et des Oursins. Masson, Paris, 188 p. (the part on asteroids was also published in: Annales des Sciences naturelles 13 [1]: 1 - 81). https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14144","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347.","MULLER J. & TROSCHEL H. 1842. - System der Asteriden. Braunschweig, 134 p."]}

arenarius Perrier, 1875, Astropecten Astropecten arenarius Perrier, 1875: 366. Astropecten triseriatus triseriatus ‒ Clark 1989: 270. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten triseriatus triseriatus Müller & Troschel, 1843. TYPE MATERIAL. — Unknown locality • holotype; MNHN-IE-2014-5. REMARK A. triseriatus triseriatus inhabits the south-west coast of Australia.

alatus Perrier, 1875, Astropecten (Fig. 2) Astropecten alatus Perrier, 1875: 374. — Clark 1989: 251. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten alatus Perrier, 1875. TYPE MATERIAL. — Unknown locality • holotype; Michelin leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-4. REMARK The species is known from the Moluccas., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 263, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1875. - Revision de la Collection de Stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 p., (also published in: Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale vol. 4 [1875]: 263 - 449, et vol. 5 [1876]: 1 - 104).","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

dussumieri Perrier, 1875, Astropecten Astropecten dussumieri Perrier, 1875: 371. — Clark 1989: 256. TYPE MATERIAL. — Unknown origin • holotype; MNHN- IE-2014-459. REMARK The specimen is no more identifiable at the species level., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 281, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1875. - Revision de la Collection de Stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 p., (also published in: Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale vol. 4 [1875]: 263 - 449, et vol. 5 [1876]: 1 - 104).","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

magnificus Koehler, 1912, Priamaster Priamaster magnificus Koehler, 1912a: 92, pl. 8, figs 1, 3, 8. Leptychaster magnificus ‒ Clark 1989: 281. CURRENT STATUS. — Leptychaster magnificus (Koehler, 1912). TYPE MATERIAL. — Antarctic • 2 syntypes; unspecified locality; Pourquoi-Pas? expedition; 1908-1910; MNHN-IE-2014-480. REMARK One syntype originates from the north coast of Jenny Island (67°43’S, 70°46’W, 5 m [between stones]); the other is from Lemaire Channel (north coast of Peterman Island, 40-70 m) (Koehler 1912a)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 296, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["KOEHLER R. 1912 a. - Echinodermes nouveaux recueillis dans les mers antarctiques par le Pourquoi Pas? Zoologischer Anzeiger 39: 151 - 163.","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

exquisitus Jangoux & Aziz, 1988, Persephonaster Persephonaster exquisitus Jangoux & Aziz, 1988: 638, pl. 2, fig.A-E. — Clark in Clark & Mah 2001: 331. CURRENT STATUS. — Persephonaster exquisitus Jangoux & Aziz, 1988. TYPE MATERIAL. — Réunion Island • holotype; station CP 103; Marion-Dufresne Campaign; 1982; depth 2950- 1970 m; MNHN- IE-2014-89.

richardi Perrier, 1875, Astropecten (Fig. 25) Astropecten richardi Perrier, 1875: 372. — Clark & Downey 1992: 42. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten richardi Perrier, 1875. TYPE MATERIAL. — French Guiana • 3 syntypes; Cayenne, Richard leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-2. Unknown origin • 2 syntypes; Michelin leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-14., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 312, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1875. - Revision de la Collection de Stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 p., (also published in: Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale vol. 4 [1875]: 263 - 449, et vol. 5 [1876]: 1 - 104).","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p."]}

fleuriaisi Perrier, 1891, Goniopecten Goniopecten fleuriaisi Perrier, 1891: 140, pl. 12, fig. 2a-b. Bathybiaster loripes ‒ Clark 1989: 306. CURRENT STATUS. — Bathybiaster loripes Sladen, 1889. TYPE MATERIAL. — Tierra del Fuego Archipelago • 3 syntypes; station 100; Magellan Strait (SE of Port Famine); Cape Horn expedition (1882-1883); MNHN-IE-2014-339 • 2 syntypes; same as for preceding; MNHN-IE-2014-343 • 8 syntypes; same as for preceding; MNHN-IE-2014-370 • 4 syntypes, station 93; Beagle Channel; same as for preceding; MNHN-IE-2014-330 • 1 syntype; same as for preceding; MNHN-IE-2014-349 • 1 syntype; station 161; same as for preceding; MNHN-IE-2014-332., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 284, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1891. - Echinodermes. 1. Stellerides. Mission scientifique du cap Horn 6: 1 - 168. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34634322","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

spatuliger Perrier, 1875, Astropecten Astropecten spatuliger Perrier, 1875: 376. Astropecten regalis ‒ Clark 1989: 269. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten regalis Gray, 1840. TYPE MATERIAL. — Nicaragua • holotype; Michelin leg.; MNHN- IE-2014-10., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 318, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1875. - Revision de la Collection de Stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 p., (also published in: Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale vol. 4 [1875]: 263 - 449, et vol. 5 [1876]: 1 - 104).","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

intermedius Perrier, 1891, Dytaster Dytaster intermedius Perrier, 1891a: 271 ‒ Perrier 1896: 48, pl. 3, fig. 2b; Clark 1989: 278. CURRENT STATUS. — Dytaster intermedius Perrier, 1891. TYPE MATERIAL. — Azores • 1 syntype; station 248; L’Hirondelle campaign; 2870 m; Prince Albert of Monaco leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-128. REMARK Various syntypes in the MONA (Belloc 1950)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 292, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1891. - Echinodermes. 1. Stellerides. Mission scientifique du cap Horn 6: 1 - 168. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34634322","PERRIER E. 1891 a. - Stellerides nouveaux provenant des campagnes du yacht L'Hirondelle. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France 4: 258 - 271.","PERRIER E. 1896. - Contributions a l'etude des stellerides de l'Atlantique Nord. Resultats des Campagnes scientifiques du Prince de Monaco 11: 1 - 57.","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347.","BELLOC G. 1950. - Catalogue des types d'echinodermes du musee oceanographique de Monaco. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique (Monaco) 976: 1 - 43."]}

michaelseni Koehler, 1914, Astropecten Astropecten michaelseni Koehler, 1914: 144, pl. 4, figs 3-6, 8-11, pl. 5, figs 1-2, 13, 15-17. Astropecten irregularis pontoporeus ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 38. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten irregularis pontoporeus (Sladen, 1883). TYPE MATERIAL. — West Africa • 2 syntypes; MNHN-IE-2014-19. REMARK Koehler (1914) reports 48 specimens from thirteen different localities (from Liberia to Angola)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 299, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["KOEHLER R. 1914. - Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea et Echinoidea. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafikas 1 (2): 129 - 303.","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p."]}

* valencienni Müller & Troschel, 1842, Astropecten Astropecten valencienni Müller & Troschel, 1842: 68. Astropecten duplicatus ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 34. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten duplicatus Gray, 1840. REMARK A. valencienni type material could not be found in the MNHN. Three syntypes of the species were formerly referenced under number ECAS-53 (Vera Cruz, Mexico)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 322, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["MULLER J. & TROSCHEL H. 1842. - System der Asteriden. Braunschweig, 134 p.","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p."]}

mollis Perrier, 1885, Crenaster Crenaster mollis Perrier, 1885: 71; 1894: 310, pl. 18, fig. 3a, b. Dytaster mollis ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 55. CURRENT STATUS. — Dytaster mollis (Perrier, 1869). TYPE MATERIAL. — Azores • holotype (fragments); station 131; Talisman expedition; 1883; 38°38’N, 27°26’W; depth 2995 m., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 301, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1885. - Premiere note preliminaire sur les echinodermes recueillis durant les campagnes de dragages sous-marins du Travailleur et du Talisman. Annales des Sciences naturelles (6) 19 (8): 1 - 72.","PERRIER E. 1894. - Stellerides. Resultats des Expeditions scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. G. Masson, Paris 3: 1 - 431.","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p.","PERRIER E. 1869. - Recherches sur les Pedicellaires et les Ambulacres des Asteries et des Oursins. Masson, Paris, 188 p. (the part on asteroids was also published in: Annales des Sciences naturelles 13 [1]: 1 - 81). https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14144"]}

accrescens Koehler, 1920, Leptoptychaster Leptoptychaster accrescens Koehler, 1920: 246, pl. 47, fig. 7-10, pl. 48, fig. 1-7, pl. 49, fig. 5. Macroptychaster accrescens ‒ Clark 1989: 283. CURRENT STATUS. — Macroptychaster accrescens (Koehler, 1920). TYPE MATERIAL. — Antarctic • 1 syntype; station 12; Australasian Antarctic expedition (1911-1914); 64°32’S, 97°20’E; depth 201 m; MNHN-IE-2014-439. REMARK Additional syntypes are kept in the Australian Museum, Sydney (ref. J3639 [2 syntypes] & J3640 [4 syntypes]) (Rowe & Pawson 1977)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 262, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["KOEHLER R. 1920. - Echinodermata, Asteroidea. Scientific Report of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 1914 8 (1): 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347.","ROWE F. W. & PAWSON D. L. 1977. - A catalogue of echinoderm type-specimens in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Records of the Australian Museum 30: 337 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.385 3 / j. 0067 - 1975.30.1977.392"]}

serratus Müller & Troschel, 1842, Astropecten Astropecten serratus Müller & Troschel, 1842: 72. Astropecten irregularis ‒ Clark 1989: 268. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten irregularis (Pennant, 1777). TYPE MATERIAL. — Mediterranea • 2 syntypes; MNHN-IE-2014-13., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 315, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["MULLER J. & TROSCHEL H. 1842. - System der Asteriden. Braunschweig, 134 p.","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

* insignis Perrier, 1884, Archaster Archaster insignis Perrier, 1884: 256, pl. 9, fig. 5. Dytaster insignis ‒ Clark & Downey, 1992: 54. CURRENT STATUS. — Dytaster insignis (Perrier, 1884). REMARK Individual of the species was formerly referenced under number ECAH 3161 ( Holotype; station 31; BLAKE expedition [1877-1878]; SE Gulf of Mexico; 24°33’N, 84°23’W; 3530 m)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 292, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1884. - Memoire sur les etoiles de mer recueillies dans la mer des Antilles et le golfe du Mexique. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire naturelles de Paris (2) 6: 127 - 276. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 44579946","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p."]}

Zoologist Peron and artist Lesueur, both members of the scientific staff of the Baudin expedition to the Southern Lands (September 1800-March 1804), collected during their voyage 36 different species of asteroids. This is what wrote Lamarck in a report made in June 1804. This number was clearly reduced by Lamarck himself who, in his 1816 publication, listed only 15 species from the South Seas in the Paris Museum collection. However, the different asteroids collected during the expedition were drawn by Lesueur (water colours and pencil drawings) who thus realised a real pictorial register. Lesueur's drawings are housed in the Le Havre Museum. Due to their realism and precision, the drawings make it easy to identify the species. Confrontation of Lamarck's report (1804) and publication (1816) with Lesueur's drawings (done between 1802 and 1804) gives a new, more precise idea of the importance of the collection of South Seas asteroids brought back to France and allows to reliably count the number of new species that it contained. Also, this makes it possible to complete the often too brief descriptions of some Lamarckian species and to clarify their status. Eleven taxonomic changes are thus proposed here: Asterias calcar var. quinqueangula is synonymized with Parvulastra exigua (Lamarck, 1816), Asterias calcitrapa var. 1 with Bollonaster pectinatus (Sladen, 1883), Asterias calcitrapa var. 2 with Astropecten vappaMuller & Troschel, 1843, Asterias nodosa var. 3 with Protoreaster lincki (Blainville, 1830), Asterias pentagonula with Tosia australisGray, 1840, Asterias pleyadella with Protoreaster sp., Asterias punctata with Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816), Asterias rosacea var. lobis senis with Anseropoda sp., Asteriscus setaceus with Paranepanthia grandis (H. L. Clark, 1928), Astrogonium lamarckiiMuller & Troschel, 1842 with Goniaster tessellatus (Lamarck, 1816) and Asterias cuspidata is moved to the genus Mediaster Stimpson, 1857 as Mediaster cuspidatus (Lamarck, 1816) n. comb.

Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883 Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883: 266–267. Astropecten cingulatus — Brito 1962: 3; 1968: 9; Clark & Downey 1992: 33, figs. 9d, 11e–g, pl. 6E, F; De Léo & Pires-Vanin 2006: 273; Ventura et al. 2007: 231; Xavier 2010: 75; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011: 217; Sandino et al. 2017: S293; Lawrence & Cobb 2017; Lawrence et al. 2018a: 130, figs. 2–3, 6, 8–10, 12–14, 17; Lawrence et al. 2018b: figs. 1–2, 4a–b, 6, 9–10, 13a; Cobb et al. 2019: figs. 7, 15c, 16; 17c, f; Cunha et al. 2020: 50. Distribution. U.S.A. (NC, SC, FL), The The Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Guyana, French Guyana, Uruguay, Argentina (Bernasconi 1941; Downey 1973; Walenkamp 1979; Clark & Downey 1992; Benavidez-Serrato et al. 2011; Sandino et al. 2017; Lawrence et al. 2018a; Mah 2020a). BRAZIL: Pernambuco, Bahia, Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain, Martin Vaz Archipelago, Trindade Island, Rio de Janeiro, Vitória Island-SP, São Paulo, Santa Catarina (Brito 1962, 1968; Tommasi 1970, 1985; Carrera-Rodríguez & Tommasi 1977; Tommasi & Aron 1987; Manso, 1989; Clark & Downey 1992; De Léo & Pires-Vanin 2006; Ventura et al. 2007; Alvarado et al. 2008; Xavier 2010; Cunha et al. 2020). Depth. 11 to 1350 m (Lawrence et al. 2018a). Biological notes. Lives on soft substrates, feeding on gastropods, bivalves, crustaceans and cirripeds (Ventura et al. 2007), and exhibits an annual reproductive cycle (Ventura et al. 1998). This species is classified as “Least Concern” by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA 2018). Holotype. NHM-UK 1890.5.7.304 (Lawrence et al. 2018a). Type locality. Pernambuco, Brazil. Remarks. To our knowledge, only the EQMN has specimens from Bahia and we were unable to obtain specimens for examination. Records from this region are scarce and often dubious. For example, the specimen of A. cingulatus depicted by Queiroz (2006, fig. 3) is most likely an A. marginatus, and the specimens depicted by Pelaes (2008, fig. 3b) is possibly a smaller specimen of A. brasiliensis brasiliensis because of the presence of superomarginal spines (but note that the quality of the image is poor). The specimen of A. cingulatus depicted by Gondim et al. (2014, fig. 5e–h) also have spines on the superomarginal plates (some of these have fallen but spine scar is visible) and represents another species. Lawrence et al. (2018a) found some specimens of A. cingulatus with small spinelets on the proximal superomarginal plates, but these were never prominent. Ontogenetic variation in A. cingulatus have not been fully studied. Lawrence et al. (2018b) noted that specimens with R A. cingulatus, see Lawrence & Cobb (2017) and Lawrence et al. (2018a; b)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S Challenger Expedition. (Preliminary notices). 2. Astropectinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","De Leo, F. C. & Pires-Vanin, A. M. S. (2006) Benthic megafauna communities under the influence of the South Atlantic Central Water intrusion onto the Brazilian SE shelf: a comparison between an upwelling and a non-upwelling ecosystem. Journal of Marine Systems, 60, 268 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jmarsys. 2006.02.002","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 258.","Xavier, L. A. R. (2010) Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 14, 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 14 n 2. p 73 - 78","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Vol. 1. Marquillas, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Sandino, O. B., Solis-Marin, F. A., Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Conejeros-Vargas, C. A., Marquez-Borras, F., Ayala-Aguilera, A. P. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2017) Equinodermos de Nicaragua: nuevos registros del Pacifico y Caribe Sur. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 65, 288 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 65 i 1 - 1.31696","Lawrence, J. M. & Cobb, J. (2017) Validation of Astropecten jarli Madsen, 1950 and implications for A. cingulatus Sladen, 1883 (Paxillosida: Astropectinidae). Zootaxa, 4269 (1), 101 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4269.1.4","Lawrence, J. M., Cobb, J. C. & Herrera, J. C. (2018 a) Synonymy of Astropecten nitidus Verrill, 1915 with Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883 and Astropecten comptus Verrill, 1915 with Astropecten articulatus (Say, 1825). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 59 (2), 127 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.059.0203","Lawrence, J. M., Cobb, J. C., Herrera, J. C., Duran-Gonzalez, A. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2018 b) Morphological comparison of Astropecten cingulatus and a new species of Astropecten (Paxillosida, Astropectinidae) from the Gulf of Mexico. Zootaxa, 4407 (1), 86 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4407.1.5","Cobb, J. C., Lawrence, J. M., Herrera, J. C. & Janies, D. (2019) A new species of Astropecten (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) and a comparison of the Astropecten species from the Gulf of Mexico and the East Florida Shelf. Zootaxa, 4612 (3), 301 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.1","Cunha, R., Tavares, M. & Mendonca, J. B. (2020) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 4742 (1), 31 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4742.1.2","Bernasconi, I. (1941) Los equinodermos de la expedicion del buque oceanografico comodoro rivadavia A. R. A. Physis, 19, 37 - 49.","Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126","Walenkamp, J. H. C. (1979) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Guyana shelf. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 170, 1 - 97.","Mah, C. L. (2020 a) World Asteroidea Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / asteroidea / (accessed 30 April 2020)","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Tommasi, L. R. (1985) Equinodermes da regiao da Ilha da Vitoria (SP). Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 13, 1 - 5.","Carrera-Rodriguez, C. J. & Tommasi, L. R. (1977) Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), coleccionados durante los viajes del N / Oc. \" Prof. W. Besnard \" para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 26 (1), 51 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241977000100004","Manso, C. L. C. (1989) Os Echinodermata da plataforma continental interna entre Cabo Frio e Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 49, 355 - 359.","Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56, 37 - 55.","Ventura, C. R. R., Santos, J. S., Falcao, A. P. C. & Fiori, C. S. (1998) Reproduction and food intake in Astropecten cingulatus (Asteroidea: Paxillosid) in the upwelling environment of Cabo Frio (Brazil). In: Mooi, R. & Telford, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Echinoderm Conference, San Francisco, California, 5 - 9 August 1996. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 313 - 318.","MMA (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente) (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao: Invertebrados. IC- MBio / MMA, Brasilia, 727 pp.","Queiroz, A. C. M. (2006) Dinamica populacional das estrelas do mar Astropecten brasiliensis Muller & Troschel, 1842, Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1889 e Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) presentes na fauna acompanhante da pesca do camarao no litoral de Ilheus (Bahia). Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, 92 pp.","Pelaes, M. A. L. (2008) Composicao, distribuicao espacial e temporal das especies de Echinodermata na plataforma rasa do sul da Bahia num trecho entre Itacare e Canavieiras. Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 97 pp.","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1882. tb 02281. x"]}

Family Astropectinidae Gray, 1840 Genus Astropecten Gray, 1840 Type species. Astropecten aranciacus (Linnaeus, 1758) (by subsequent designation by Fisher, 1908). Remarks. With more than 105 species described, Astropecten is one of the most diverse sea star genera (Zulliger & Lessios 2010). Of these species, 25 occur in the Atlantic Ocean and eight occur in Brazil: Astropecten acutiradiatus, A. alligator Perrier, 1881, A. antillensis, A. articulatus (Say, 1825), A. brasiliensis brasiliensis, A. cingulatus, A. duplicatus Gray, 1840 and A. marginatus. In the molecular phylogeny of the genus Astropecten proposed by Zulliger & Lessios (2010), the West Atlantic species form a clade with the East Pacific species, most likely separated by the Isthmus of Panama as suggested by Tortonese (1956). Sister to this clade is a clade composed of East Atlantic and Mediterranean species. Diet of this genus is generally composed of bivalves, gastropods and small crustaceans (Christensen 1970; Ribi et al. 1977; Ventura 1991). Species of the genus Astropecten are used for medicinal purposes in the northeastern Brazil, where the tea of the whole specimen is drunk to treat asthma and cough, to prevent abortion and to reduce menstrual bleeding (Alves & Rosa 2006)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 6 (37), 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Impensis Direct, Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp.","Fisher, W. K. (1908) Necessary changes in the nomenclature of starfishes. Smithsonian Miscellaneous collections (Quaterly), 52, 87 - 93.","Zulliger, D. E. & Lessios, H. A. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Astropecten Gray (Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) on a global scale: molecular evidence for morphological convergence, species-complexes and possible cryptic speciation. Zootaxa, 2504 (1), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2504.1.1","Perrier, E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles d'Asteries. Museum of Comparative Zoology Bulletin, 9, 1 - 31.","Say, T. (1825) On the species of the Linnaean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1 (5), 151 - 154.","Tortonese, E. (1956) Su alcune specie di Astropectinidae, con descrizone di una nuovo Astropecten (Asteroidea). Annali Museo Storia Naturale Genova, 68, 319 - 334.","Christensen, A. M. (1970) Feeding biology of the sea star Astropecten irregularis Pennant. Ophelia, 8, 1 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1970.10429554","Ribi, G., Scharer, R. & Ochsner, P. (1977) Stomach contents and size frequency distribution of two co-existing seastar species Astropecten aranciacus and A. bispinosus with reference to competition. Marine Biology, 43, 181 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00391266","Ventura, C. R. R. (1991) Distribuicao, abundancia e habito alimentar de Asteroidea (Echinodermata) de fundos inconsolidados da plataforma continental do Cabo Frio, RJ. Unpublished Master Thesis, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 101 pp."]}

Astropecten acutiradiatus Tortonese, 1956 Astropecten acutiradiatus Tortonese, 1956: 323–324, pl.8. Astropecten acutiradiatus — Brito 1962: 3; 1968: 8; Tommasi 1970: 6, fig. 18; Clark & Downey 1992: 26–27, fig. 9b, pls. 5C, D. Distribution. Curaçao, Venezuela (Clark & Downey 1992). BRAZIL: Bahia, Rio de Janeiro (Tortonese 1956; Brito 1968; Tommasi 1970; Clark & Downey 1992; Ventura et al. 2007). Depth. 35–66 (475?) m (Clark & Downey 1992; Ventura et al. 2007). Biological notes. Specimens of A. acutiradiatus live on sandy bottoms and feed mainly on crustaceans and gastropods (Ventura et al. 2007). Holotype. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, C.E. 36017 (Clark & Downey 1992). Type locality. Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Brito 1968). Remarks. Despite four years of collection in Baía de Guanabara, Brito and his team never found additional specimens of A. acutiradiatus (Brito 1968). Ventura et al. (2007) recorded the species for Bahia, but unfortunately, we did not have access to this material to make any further observations. Astropecten acutiradiatus is poorly known and ontogenetic variation has not been documented. The arms of the holotype are long and narrow, unlike any other Brazilian Astropecten. Clark & Downey (1992) suggested that this species should be considered a subspecies of Astropecten articulatus. Although Tortonese (1956) mentioned the similarity between A. acutiradiatus and A. articulatus, he did not mention characters used to separate these species. A revision with the examination of more specimens is necessary to elucidate this question., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on page 8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Tortonese, E. (1956) Su alcune specie di Astropectinidae, con descrizone di una nuovo Astropecten (Asteroidea). Annali Museo Storia Naturale Genova, 68, 319 - 334.","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 258."]}

Astropecten antillensis Lu ̈tken, 1860 Figures 2–3 Astropecten antillensis Lu ̈tken, 1860: 47. Astropecten antillensis — Clark & Downey 1992: 29–30, figs. 9c, 11c, d, pls 9C, D; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011: 114; Williams et al. 2013: 456; Nisperuza et al. 2016: 115; Soaréz 2016: 78; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019: 4; Cunha et al. 2020: 47, fig. 9. Material examined (3 specs, 20–43 mm R). BRAZIL. Bahia (12°52’– 12°56’S; 38°12’– 38°30’W)— Busca Vida beach, Guarajuba, 45 m, ii.2008, 1 spec, R 20 mm (UFBA 949). Salvador: Plataforma beach, 16 m, 27.ix.2010, 1 spec, R 21 mm (UFBA 1183); Porto beach, 13 m, vi.2012, 1 spec, R 43 mm (UFBA 1620). Comparative material. VIRGIN ISLAND. St. Thomas, 4 specs, R 10–56 mm (NHMD 76172, syntypes). Description (R 43 mm). Disc half size of arms; R/r 2.5; 22 SM plates; R/SM# 1.95. Arms long and narrow (Fig. 2A–C). Abactinal region covered by paxillae with 1–5 central and 10–12 peripheral spinelets (Fig. 2D). Number of paxillae spinelets increases toward center of disc. Madreporite small, partially hidden among paxillae (Fig. 2D). Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates organized in one row each; inferomarginal plates not projected beyond superomarginal plates. Superomarginal plates covered by spines, fine granules and spinelets. First superomarginal plate with one spine, others with two spines (Fig. 2E). Spine on first plate twice as large as spines from other plates. In plates with two spines, inner spine smaller than outer spine. Inferomarginal plates separated by a gap. Fringe with two layers of flattened and pointed spines, oblique, top layer with two large spines of equal size and another thinner and smaller spine (Fig. 2F), bottom layer with three small spines. Actinal surface of inferomarginal plates lacks squamules (short, flat, scalelike spines; from Cobb et al. 2019); central region naked, sometimes with long spines similar to lateral fringe spines (Fig. 2H). Three equal-sized adambulacral spines forming a single row. Subambulacral row with three spines, central spine larger than adjacent ones (Fig. 2I); sometimes a second row with 1–3 spines present. Oral spines with broad, blunt tip (Fig. 2G). Pedicellariae absent. Ontogenetic variation (R 20–21 mm). Average R/r 4.1; 19 SM plates (R 20 mm); R/SM# 1.0. Paxillae with 1–3 central and 5–9 peripheral spines (Fig. 3D). Inferomarginal plates project beyond superomarginal plates (Fig. 3E). Superomarginal plates with only one spine; spine on first superomarginal plate relatively larger than that of larger specimen (Fig. 3A, F). Actinal region of inferomarginal plates with fewer squamules than those of larger specimens. Coloration. Yellowish body with white inferomarginal fringe; Caribbean specimens are yellowish, reddish and orange in situ (Clark & Downey 1992; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2005); white or pale brown in ethanol. Distribution. Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, Antilles, Puerto Rico, Colombia (Sladen 1889; Bayer et al. 1970; Clark & Downey 1992; Abreu-Pérez et al. 2005; Williams et al. 2013; Nisperuza et al. 2016; Soaréz 2016; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019). BRAZIL: Bahia and possibly Trindade Island (John 1948; Cunha et al. 2020). Depth. 3–278 m (Clark & Downey 1992). Biological notes. In Bahia, Astropecten antillensis lives in nutrient-poor regions with sandy and muddy bottoms. This species can also be found in rubble bottoms (Zoppi de Roa 1967; Alvarado & Solís-Marín 2013). Syntype. NHMD 76172 [previously as ZMUC AST 4], 76371 (Tom Schiøtte, per. comm). Type locality. St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. Remarks. John (1948) noticed that some of the specimens identified as A. brasiliensis by Sladen (1889) were actually A. antillensis; John’s publication was the first record of this species in Brazil. H.L. Clark (1901) most likely misidentified the Astropecten specimens collected in Puerto Rico because in his identification key, he reported that specimens of A. antillensis do not have spines on marginal plates (given that Clark mentioned in the description following the key that the specimens had inferomarginal spines, “marginal” probably referred to the superomarginal plates)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Vol. 1. Marquillas, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Williams, S. M., Benavides-Serrato, M., Garcia-Arraras, J. E., Hernandez-Delgado, E. A. & Rodriguez-Barreras, R. (2013) Review of Echinoderm Research in Puerto Rico, with the Focus on Biological and Ecological Aspects. In: Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, pp. 437 - 469. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9 _ 14","Nisperuza, P. C., Padilla, C. J. & Quiros, R. J. (2016) Current status of the study of the caribbean cordobes echinoderms, Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal, 8 (1), 112 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.24188 / recia. v 8. n 1.2016.234","Cunha, R., Tavares, M. & Mendonca, J. B. (2020) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 4742 (1), 31 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4742.1.2","Cobb, J. C., Lawrence, J. M., Herrera, J. C. & Janies, D. (2019) A new species of Astropecten (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) and a comparison of the Astropecten species from the Gulf of Mexico and the East Florida Shelf. Zootaxa, 4612 (3), 301 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.1","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Navas, G. R. & Solano, O. D. (2005) Listado taxonomico de los asteroideos (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) de la plataforma y el talud superior del caribe colombiano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (13), 171 - 194.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1882. tb 02281. x","Bayer, F., Voss, G. & Robin, R. (1970) Bioenvironmental and radiological safety feasibility studies Atlantic-Pacific interoceanic canal. In: Report on the marine fauna and benthic shelf slope communities of the isthmian region. Vol. 1. University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Florida, pp. 99.","Abreu-Perez, M., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea) neritico-bentonicos del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53, 29 - 52.","John, D. D. (1948) Notes on the asteroids in the British Museum (Natural History). I. The species of Astropecten. Novitates Zoologicae, 42, 485 - 508.","Zoppi De Roa, E. (1967) Contribucion al estudio de los equinodermos de Venezuela. Acta Biologica de Venezuela, 5, 267 - 333.","Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Vol. 1. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9","Clark, H. L. (1901) The echinoderms of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 20, 233 - 263, 4 pls."]}

Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840 Figures 6–7 Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840: 181. Astropecten marginatus — Brito 1962: 3; 1968: 7, pl. 4, fig. 1; Nomura & Fausto Filho 1966: 19; Lima-Verde 1969: 11; Carrera- Rodriguez & Tommasi 1977: 88–89; Tommasi et al. 1988: 5; Clark & Downey 1992: 41–42, fig. 10e, pl. 11A–B; Gondim et al. 2008: 155; Ventura et al. 2008: 177–178; Lima & Fernandes 2009: 58; Magris & Deìstro 2010: 59; Xavier 2010: 75; Gondim et al. 2014: 22–24, figs. 6a–e, 12b; Guilherme & Rosa 2014; Fernandez et al. 2017; Bueno et al. 2018: 177, fig. 6; Gurjão & Lotufo 2018: 10; Miranda 2018: 14; Patrizzi & Dobrovolski 2018: 182; Torres & Torres 2019: 412; Turra et al. 2019. Astropecten richardi — Perrier 1875: 372. Material examined (21 specs, 10–50 mm R). BRAZIL. Bahia, Santa Cruz de Cabrália (16°14’– 16°15’S; 38°00’– 38°58’W)— 7 m, 16.xi.2010, 5 specs, R 11–25 mm (MZUSP 2100); 6 m, 16.xi.2010, 6 specs, R 10–28 mm (MZUSP 2101); 7 m, 16.xi.2010, 5 specs, R 30–50 mm (MZUSP 2100); 6 m, 16.xi.2010, 5 specs, R 30–40 mm (MZUSP 2101). Description (R 30–50 mm). Disc broad and flattened, arms short and flattened (Fig. 6A–C); R/r 3.3; 39 SM plates (R 50 mm); R/SM# 1.3. Abactinal region covered by paxillae as follows: proximal region of arms and disc with 10–12 central and 15 peripheral spinelets (Fig. 6D), midline region of arms with 5–8 central and nine peripheral spinelets, and distal region of arms with 1–3 central and seven peripheral spinelets. Madreporite large, not hidden by paxillae (Fig. 6E). Marginal plates horizontal and elongated. Superomarginal plates without spines and covered by granules: central granules robust, peripheral granules elongated, hyaline and thin. Inferomarginal plates projected beyond superomarginal plates. Fringe with two layers of spines, parallel, top layer with two spines of equal size, and a third proximal 3x smaller and thinner (Fig. 6G); bottom layer with 4–5 small spines, proximal spine smaller and thinner (Fig. 6I). Actinal region of inferomarginal plates lacking squamules; central region naked, sometimes with long spines similar to lateral fringe spines (Fig. 6J). Three adambulacral spines forming single line, central spine longer than adjacent ones (Fig. 6K). One large subambulacral spine in center of plate, largest spine in adambulacral plate, surrounded by acicular spinelets; spinelets between large spine and furrow spines. Oral spines flattened with blunt tip (Fig. 6F). Pedicellariae absent. Ontogenetic variation (R 10–28 mm). Average R/r 3.0; 22 SM plates (R 20 mm); R/SM# 1.1. Proximal paxillae with 3–5 central and 8–10 peripheral spinelets (Fig. 7C), distal paxillae with 0–1 central and 4–5 peripheral spinelets. Inferomarginal fringe with two layers as in larger specimen, but proximal spine in top layer 5x smaller than adjacent spines, and bottom layer with 3–4 small spines, proximal spine smallest (Fig. 7F). Three adambulacral spines forming single line, central spine largest in adambulacral plate (Fig. 7E). Second subambulacral row as in larger specimen, with central spine largest than adjacent spines, but not largest in adambulacral plate; third row with 2–4 sub-equal spines. Coloration. Abactinal surface greyish in center of disc and arms, margins orangish to creamy; inferomarginal spines fade from a bluish-grey base to creamy tips. Specimens in ethanol are pale brown. Distribution. Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana (Walenkamp 1976; Clark & Downey 1992; Alvarado et al. 2008; Benavides- Serrato et al. 2005, 2011; Pawson et al. 2009, Alvarado & Solís-Marín 2013). BRAZIL: Amapá, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul (Bernasconi 1955; Tommasi 1958; Brito 1962; Lima-Verde 1969; Netto 2006; Gondim et al. 2008; Pelaes 2008; Lima & Fernandes 2009; Xavier 2010; Gondim et al. 2014; Bueno et al. 2018; Miranda 2018; Torres & Torres 2019; Turra et al. 2019). Depth. 1–130 m (Clark & Downey 1992). Biological notes. This species lives in muddy, sandy and rubble bottoms (Alvarado & Solís-Marín 2013) and most likely feeds during the day, preferably on gastropods, bivalves and crustaceans (Bitter 1984; Zoldan 2005; Guilherme & Rosa 2014; Fernandez et al. 2017). In Caraguatatuba Bay, São Paulo, A. marginatus lives in sympatry with L. senegalensis, where they partition food resources (Fernandez et al. 2017). The reproductive cycle of A. marginatus in this region is annual and spawning happens mainly during the rainy season (Turra et al. 2019). Netto (2006) found many specimens gathered in shallow pools at night with 2–5 arms facing upwards, possibly engaged in gas exchange as the exposure of the tube feet into the water column should increase its breathing surface (Farmanfarmaian 1966). Astropecten marginatus is classified as “Vulnerable” (baseline data indicate a reduction in population by at least 30% over the next 100 years) by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA 2018). According to Gurjão & Lotufo (2018), its harvesting in Brazil is currently prohibited. Holotype. Gray (1840, p. 178) mentioned that the specimens he described were deposited in the collections of the Zoological Society of London (especially South American specimens collected by Mr. Hugh Cuming) and of the British Museum, where he worked. However, Andrew Cabrinovic told us that the type has not been found at the NHM-UK (pers. comm. on 20 Feb 20). Type locality. Not reported by Gray (1840). Taxonomic remarks of the genus Astropecten As noted by Cobb et al. (2019), telling some of the Astropecten species apart is not trivial. We found several instances of misidentification in prior work from Northeastern Brazil and we hope that the present work will reduce errors in future studies. Phylogenetic relationships between some species of Brazilian Astropecten were addressed by Zulliger & Lessios (2010) and Cobb et al. (2019). Their molecular cladograms indicate that A. antillensis is more closely related to A. articulatus than to A. cingulatus. The relationship between these species and A. marginatus is uncertain as this species could be equally related to A. antillensis, A. articulatus and A. cingulatus or most closely related to A. cingulatus (Zulliger & Lessios, 2010). Astropencten brasiliensis was not included in these studies. Astropecten acutiradiatus differs from A. alligator by having an enlarged spine in the first subambulacral row (vs. three (sub)equal spines); from A. antillensis by having an enlarged distal spine in the first subambulacral row (vs. enlarged central spine); from A. articulatus by having clavate paxillar spinelets (vs. paxillar spinelets granulose); from A. brasiliensis brasiliensis and A. duplicatus by the absence of enlarged spines on the distal superomarginal plates (vs. presence of enlarged spines on the distal superomarginal plates); from A. cingulatus and A. marginatus by having spines on the proximal superomarginal plates (vs. superomarginal spines absent). Astropecten antillensis differs from A. acutiradiatus, A. articulatus, A. brasiliensis brasiliensis and A. duplicatus by having an enlarged central spine in the first subambulacral row (vs. enlarged distal spine); from A. alligator by having an enlarged spine in the first subambulacral row (vs. three (sub)equal spines); from A. cingulatus and A. marginatus by having spines on the superomarginal plates (vs. superomarginal spines absent). Astropecten antillensis also differs from A. brasiliensis brasiliensis because its inner superomarginal (not the first pair) spine is smaller than the outer spine (vs. inner spine larger than outer spine). Astropecten brasiliensis brasiliensis differs from A. marginatus and A. cingulatus by having superomarginal spines (vs. superomarginal spines absent); from A. articulatus and A. duplicatus by having subambulacral spines with blunt tips (vs. spines truncated in two), and inferomarginal fringe spines oblique (vs. inferomarginal fringe spines horizontal); and from A. alligator by having an enlarged distal spine in the first subambulacral row (vs. (sub)equal spines). Astropecten cingulatus differs from A. marginatus by having inferomarginal plates densely covered with overlapping squamules and spines (vs. inferomarginal plates bare or with sparse, widely spaced squamules), and these two species differ from the other Brazilian Astropecten by having no spines on the superomarginal plates (vs. spines present)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 15-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 6 (37), 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Nomura, H. & Fausto Filho, J. (1966) Shrimp survey in coastal and offshore waters of northeastern Brazil. Arquivos da Estacao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, 6, 15 - 29.","Lima-Verde, J. S. (1969) Primeira contribuicao ao inventario dos equinodermas do Nordeste brasileiro. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 9 (1), 9 - 13.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Gondim, A., Lacouth, P., Alonso, C. & Manso, C. (2008) Echinodermata da praia do Cabo Branco, JoaTo Pessoa, Paraiiba, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 8, 151 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032008000200016","Lima, E. J. B. & Fernandes, M. L. B. (2009) Diversidade de equinodermos (Echinodermata) no estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoociencias, 11, 55 - 63.","Xavier, L. A. R. (2010) Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 14, 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 14 n 2. p 73 - 78","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Guilherme, P. D. & Rosa, L. C. (2014) Seasonal variation in body size and diet of the sea star Astropecten marginatus (Paxillosida, Astropectinidae) off coast of Parana, Southern Brazil. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 62, 59 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 62 i 1.7888","Fernandez, W. S., Dias, G. M., Majer, A., Delboni, C., Denadai, M. R. & Turra, A. (2017) Resource partitioning between sympatric starfish from tropical unconsolidated substrate: implications for coexistence and top-down control on benthic prey. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 196, 141 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2017.06.039","Bueno, M. L., Alitto, R. A. S., Guilherme P. D. B., Domenico, M. D. & Borges, M. (2018) Guia ilustrado dos Echinodermata da porcao sul do Embaiamento Sul Brasileiro. Pesquisa e Ensino em Ciencias Exatas e da Natureza, 2 (2), 169 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.29215 / pecen. v 2 i 2.1071","Gurjao, L. M. & Lotufo, T. M. C. (2018) Native species exploited by marine aquarium trade in Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 18 (3), e 20170387. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2017 - 0387","Miranda, A. P. S. (2018) Diversidade e distribuicao de equinodermos da Plataforma Continental Amazonica. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, 62 pp.","Patrizzi, N. & Dobrovolski, R. (2018) Integrating climate change and human impacts into marine spatial planning: a case study of threatened starfish species in Brazil. Ocean & Coastal Management, 161, 177 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ocecoaman. 2018.05.003","Torres, V. S. & Torres, F. S. S. (2019) Inventario preliminar dos invertebrados marinhos observados na praia da Pinheira, Palhoca, SC, Brasil. UNISANTA Bioscience, 8 (4), 408 - 422.","Turra, A., Checon, H. H., Fernandez, W. S., Majer, A. P., Delboni, C. G., Denadai, M. R. & Dias, G. M. (2019) The importance of embayed coastal areas for the life cycle of two sympatric starfish species (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 219, 128 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2019.01.028","Perrier, E. (1875) Revision de la collection de stellerides du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generate, 4, 265 - 450.","Walenkamp. J. H. C. (1976) The asteroids of the coastal waters of Surinam. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 147, 1 - 91, 18 pls.","Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56, 37 - 55.","Pawson, D. L., Vance, D. J., Messing, C. G., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Mah, C. L. (2009) Echinodermata of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico - Origins, Waters, and Biota. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 1177 - 1204.","Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Vol. 1. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9","Bernasconi, I. (1955) Equinoideos y asteroideos de la coleccion del instituto oceanografico de la Universidad de San Pablo. Primera contribucion. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 6, 51 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241955000100002","Tommasi, L. R. (1958) Os equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidea (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do Bentos Costeiro. Contribuicoes avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 2, 1 - 27, 6 pls.","Netto, L. F. (2006) Echinodermata do Canal de Sao Sebastiao, Sao Sebastiao. Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 201 pp.","Pelaes, M. A. L. (2008) Composicao, distribuicao espacial e temporal das especies de Echinodermata na plataforma rasa do sul da Bahia num trecho entre Itacare e Canavieiras. Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 97 pp.","Bitter, R. (1984) Composicion de la dieta de Astropecten marginatus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Golfo Triste, region Centro- Occidental. Boletin del Instituto Oceanografico, Universidad de Oriente, 23, 169 - 176.","Zoldan, L. V. (2005) Analise do conteudo estomacal de duas especies de estrela-do-mar: Astropecten marginatus (Gray, 1840) e Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816) na enseada de Caraguatatuba, SP, sudeste do Brasil. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Centro Universitario da Fundacao de Ensino Octavio Bastos, Sao Joao da Boa Vista, Sao Paulo, 41 pp.","Farmanfarmaian, A. (1966) The respiratory physiology of echinoderms. In: Boolootian, R. A. (Ed.), Physiology of Echinodermata. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 245 - 265.","MMA (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente) (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao: Invertebrados. IC- MBio / MMA, Brasilia, 727 pp.","Cobb, J. C., Lawrence, J. M., Herrera, J. C. & Janies, D. (2019) A new species of Astropecten (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) and a comparison of the Astropecten species from the Gulf of Mexico and the East Florida Shelf. Zootaxa, 4612 (3), 301 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.1","Zulliger, D. E. & Lessios, H. A. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Astropecten Gray (Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) on a global scale: molecular evidence for morphological convergence, species-complexes and possible cryptic speciation. Zootaxa, 2504 (1), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2504.1.1"]}

Describing ontogenetic morphological change is an important part of integrative taxonomy; still, most taxonomic studies are based only on adult characters. Here, we provide illustrations and a morphological description of the sea stars from Bahia, including ontogenetic and intraspecific variation, and identify taxonomic issues. A total of 293 specimens from different localities along the Bahia State coastline and comparative material from other localities were examined. Eighteen species (11 genera, eight families) of Asteroidea were identified; Astropectinidae was the most representative family. All species identified also occur in subtropical Brazilian waters and most species are from shallow water habitats with soft bottoms. Most observed ontogenetic variation was quantitative in nature, such as the increase in the number of spines in the furrow and of spinelets in the paxillae with specimen growth. Genera that require further taxonomic studies are Astropecten and Othilia, whose specimens are commonly misidentified in local studies. One third of the species from Bahia are currently classified as “Vulnerable” in the Brazilian Red List, but baseline data on the population biology of these species are scarce. An illustrated identification key to the 65 Brazilian sea star species is also provided. This taxonomic study will facilitate the identification of specimens occurring along the Brazilian coast and help scientists and policy makers to establish the conservation status of the Brazilian species.

Genus Eoastropecten Gale, gen. nov. Diagnosis. Astropectinid in which the superomarginals carry a sculpture of evenly-spaced, non-aligned fine rugosities on the raised central portion of the external surface. Inferomarginals embayed for articulation with actinal ossicles, externally with fine spine bases set in irregular rows, oblique to breadth of ossicles. Type species. E. sechuanensis sp. nov. Etymology. Formed from Ancient Greek �����ς ľ(�����s), ���dawn���ľ and the genus name Astropecten, in reference to the new genus being the earlies known representative of the group. Gender. Masculine. Remarks. Most Jurassic to present day astropectinids have a consistent sculpture and spination of the supero- and inferomarginals; superomarginals bear rounded shallow pits which carry short, granular spines (Figs 1A, 2J), and inferomarginals have an oblique to transverse row of large, horseshoe-shaped or round (Fig. 1B) spine bases to which dagger-like spines are attached (e.g., Hess 1955; Jagt 2000; Gale 2011). In contrast, E. sechuanensis gen. et sp. nov. has evenly-sized, fine rugosities on the supero- and inferomarginals, which are aligned into oblique rows on the inferomarginals (Fig. 2C) and which are likely to have carried spines. A similar, but coarser sculpture of rugosities is seen on superomarginals of the Late Cretaceous ��� Lophidiaster ��� pygmaeus Spencer, 1913 (e.g., Jagt 2000, pl. 4: figs 1���7), but these are restricted to the abactinal part of the plate. ��� Lophidiaster ��� Spencer, 1913 is a nomen dubium to which diverse species have been referred, some of which are certainly not astropectinids. Astropectinid superomarginals with a sculpture like that of Eoastropecten gen. nov. are present in the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian; Fig. 2I), but the associated inferomarginals lack the distinctive notch on the actinal margin present in the Triassic genus (Fig. 2C, D). A review and re-description of Mesozoic astropectinid material will be published at a later date., Published as part of Gale, Andrew S., 2020, A new comb-star (Asteroidea, Astropectinidae) from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of China, pp. 139-144 in Zootaxa 4861 (1) on pages 140-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4414475, {"references":["Blake, D. B. & Reid, R. III. (1998) Some Albian (Cretaceous) asteroids (Echinodermata) from Texas and their paleobiological implications. Journal of Paleontology, 72, 512 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002233600002429 X","Hess, H. (1955) Die fossilen Astropectiniden (Asteroidea). Schweizerische Palaontologische Abhandlungen, 71, 1 - 113, pls. 1 - 4.","Jagt J. W. M. (2000) Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K / T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium-Part 5: Asteroids. Scripta Geologica, 121, 377 - 503.","Gale, A. S. (2011) Phylogeny of the Neoasteroidea (post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology, 85, 1 - 112.","Spencer, W. K. (1913) The evolution of the Cretaceous Asteroidea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 204, 99 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1914.0004"]}

A new astropectinid asteroid, Eoastropecten sechuanensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of Sechuan Province, China, based upon marginal ossicles. This occurrence extends the known fossil record of the family Astropectinidae back by 50 myr from the Lower Jurassic, and indicates that a significant part of the radiation of the neoasteroids probably took place around 240 Ma, only 12 myr after the P–T boundary extinction.

Eoastropecten sechuanensis sp. nov. Figure 2 A���H Diagnosis. As for genus. Type material. The superomarginal figured (Fig. 2A, E) is the holotype (Muschelkalkmuseum, Ingelfingen, Germany, MHI 2183/1), the other figured ossicles are paratypes (MHI 2183/2-6). Additional material. 25 marginal ossicles (MHI). Type locality. Jiancougou, Sechuan Province, China. Type stratum. Maantang Formation (sample C30 of Forel et al. 2019), Carnian (Upper Triassic). Etymology. Named after the Sechuan Province. Description. External surfaces of marginals with well-defined, depressed rim of even width. Sculpture of raised central region consisting of fine, evenly sized rugosities, partly conjoined by narrow, radiating strips of stereom (Fig. 2G). Rugosities non-aligned and evenly spaced on superomarginals, but arranged into irregular, oblique rows on the inferomarginals (Fig. 2C). Interradial superomarginals short, median ossicles wedging slightly towards lateral border (Fig. 2G); distal superomarginals broad, rectangular (Fig. 2A, F, H). In proximal/distal view, external face evenly curved. Inferomarginals (Fig. 2C, D) broad, short, with low profile, strongly convex at abactinolateral margin. Proximal actinal surface embayed for articulation of actinal ossicles. The rectangular abactinal outline of the marginals can be taken as evidence that the interradial arcs were evenly concave., Published as part of Gale, Andrew S., 2020, A new comb-star (Asteroidea, Astropectinidae) from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of China, pp. 139-144 in Zootaxa 4861 (1) on pages 142-143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4414475, {"references":["Gale, A. S. (2011) Phylogeny of the Neoasteroidea (post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology, 85, 1 - 112.","Gale, A. S. (2018) Origin and phylogeny of the velatid asteroids-new evidence from the Jurassic. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 137, 279 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 018 - 0155 - z","Forel, M. - B., Thuy, B. & Wisshak, M. (2019) Digging into the ancestral stocks of Jurassic lineages: ostracods (Crustacea) from Carnian (Late Triassic) sponge mounds from the Maantang Formation (South China). BSGF-Earth Science Bulletin, 190 (9), 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / bsgf / 2019009"]}

Lane, David J.W., Vimono, Indra B. (2020): Two new species of sea star (Asteroidea, Echinodermata) from mesopelagic depths in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68: 662-669, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2020-0081