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Copyright of Scientific Journal of Finance & Financial Law Studies is the property of Scientific Journal of Finance & Financial Law Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Informacion Comercial Espanola Revista de Economia is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencias Administrativas is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modern taxation systems often experience complexity and investigations have attempted to define whether the tax complexity has an impact on the compliance of taxpayers. A low level of literacy can be an obstacle in the tax system. This paper will examine the impact of financial literacy on tax revenues to prove the relationship between literacy and taxation. The study will also provide suggestions for developing financial literacy which may reduce the negative influence of tax complexity on tax compliance. The educational systems do not provide taxation as a subject at any stage, however, tax knowledge is required for understanding taxes and for implementation of tax calculations and those skills directly affect the finances of individuals and the performance of businesses. A low level of financial education and tax knowledge in society affects the financial attitude of individuals and households which can lead to lower tax compliance and eventually, create a fertile environment for tax evasion. The tax complexity concerns not only people and businesses but also governments and tax administrations, because it also decreases tax revenues in the end. The study will use a simple regression model as a method in order to find out the relationship between financial literacy and taxation, as well as it will support suggestions to eliminate tax complexity issues. The main tax variables will be taken from the Eurostat database and financial literacy variables will be sourced from the OECD survey of financial competencies. Every individual and country must take financial education into serious consideration to avoid the anticipated consequences in personal life and negative results in economic development.

Throughout history, tax systems have differed from one another in many ways, including their historical, economic, and legal foundations. As a result, fiscal harmonization has emerged as an alternative approach to fiscal federalization of countries as compared to their national regulation. In countries with economic and fiscal disparities, as well as at the international level, fiscal differences have significant impacts on issues such as international trade, currency exchange rates, migration of people and capital, etc. Even though all economies of the EU member states are part of an economic integration, which is all expressed in the free movement of goods, services, capital and labour, as main economic principles and values of the European Union. Article 93 of the Treaty of Rome defines the ability for member states to have complete independence in the free development of tax policies, including the application of special types of taxes like direct and indirect taxes, despite being subject to certain tax harmonization measures undertaken by EU member states. The article states that: "The Council shall, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and the Economic and Social Committee, adopt provisions for the harmonisation of legislation concerning turnover taxes, excise duties and other forms of indirect taxation to the extent that such harmonisation is necessary to ensure the establishment and the functioning of the internal market". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Relations / Medzinarodne Vztahy is the property of University of Economics in Bratislava, Faculty of International Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The dilemma of the application and the implications of the types of taxation and the comparison between progressive versus flat tax systems has become a topic of great interest both in academic environment and at the level of the decision-makers. There are numerous debates regarding the application/replacement of one system with the other. Through this research, we intend to analyse a part of the implications of the flat tax system, namely its effects on the economic growth felt at the level of citizens in the case of the EU Member States that apply such a tax system. Thus, the study is focused on the impact of direct and indirect taxes on the growth of GDP per capita in the eight EU countries that applied the flat taxation for the period 2003-2018 explained by econometric models that use panel data built using the Stata software. The tax elements used were the revenues recorded from direct taxes: personal income tax, corporate income tax and social security contributions from both employees and employers and value added tax. In this respect, our expectations are that our results will reflect results similar to the latest findings in the specialized literature, and these models reflect a positive direct relationship between the GDP per capita and the independent variables. However, we consider that we could obtain a negative relationship between personal income tax and the GDP per capita, having in view that most of the results obtained in the past studies have shown this (with some recent exceptions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population aging is occurring around the world, presenting a number of policy challenges. Most notably, it will increase dependency ratios, making it more difficult for governments to support their older populations. As a result, tax policy will need to be changed in ways that result in more revenues collected, including strengthening tax incentives for work and reducing features that distort business decisions. Population aging also means that more people will be at risk of hardship because of limited financial resources in retirement, implying that tax systems should be changed in ways that better encourage retirement saving. Finally, the lower interest rates that have resulted in part from population aging and the resulting complications for monetary policy mean that governments would also be well served by changing tax systems to include more automatic stabilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a framework of the tax systems of CIT - Corporate Income Tax in the EU. This paper treats the concept of CIT according to the OECD, EU directives and Kosovo legislation. It aims to identify gaps in the current Kosovo legislaton and the tendency to increase the harmonization of the tax systems in EU, especially, in view of the direct taxes. The theory of international tax law counts some methods used in the case of the relocation of the source of income from countries with high tax rate in countries with the lower tax rate. However, determining the level of taxation in this area is the exclusive issue of Member States in harmony with the principle of subsidiarity. With the aim at securing sustainable economic development and growth in the EU, within the framework of their strategy some changes were proposed regarding the elimination of all legal and fiscal barriers that hinder the full integration of the national systems of member states into the common market. The CCCTB initiative is considered a major step towards aligning the EU tax systems. So, the purpose of this article is to demonstrate the level of harmonization of the tax systems in EU, using the comparativ, empirical, normativ and logical methods, to conclude the role of CIT in the tax systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review uses theories of political economy to provide an analytical history of systems of taxation, focusing on the determinants of total tax revenue, tax structure, and tax administration. We show that most premodern states extracted very little revenue and that total revenue increased substantially in the nineteenth century, and we explore the possibility that tax revenues have hit a ceiling in the developed world. Our history of tax structure begins by discussing the highly regressive premodern tax systems, turns to the causes of the rise of progressive taxation in the twentieth century, and concludes by arguing that the short era of progressive taxation may be ending. The sections on tax administration discuss the many varieties of premodern patrimonialism, the determinants of the development and diffusion of bureaucratic administration, and the difficulty of taxing wealth in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional Econômico e Tributário (RDIET) is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional Economico e Tributario (RDIET) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This exploratory study takes a new look at the tax systems of countries in the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). We measure a country's tax system using time-series cross-sectional data on tax collection variables as well as a cross-sectional metric assessing tax administration and enforcement. More specifically, we examine the countries' (i) overall tax burden, (ii) income tax reliance, and (iii) fiscal decentralization as well as some "non-rate" variables related to tax administration and enforcement. The purpose is to compare European Union (EU) member states and those countries in the eurozone with other OECD countries and over time in order to test (1) whether EU member states and eurozone countries have tax systems that are more similar to each other than to other countries, and (2) whether some tax harmonization is taking place - within the EU (eurozone) and other countries. The descriptive analysis and graphical representation, as well as first empirical tests, show that the tax systems of EU member states and eurozone countries are significantly different from other countries' tax systems. Yet, we do not find much tax harmonization in the EU (eurozone) countries over time. Future research might delve more into the question what drives harmonization with the intention of eventually formulating policy strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax systems the world over have undergone significant changes during the last twenty years as many countries across the ideological spectrum and with varying levels of development have undertaken reforms The wave of tax reforms that began in the mid-1980s and accelerated in the 1990s was motivated by a number of factors. In many developing countries, pressing fiscal imbalance was the driving force. Tax policy was employed as a principal instrument to correct severe budget deficits. Therefore, the present paper tries to review the indirect tax reforms in India. And also it has made an attempt to analyse evolution of Indian tax structure along with central level as well as state level tax reforms that have changed the present tax system in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calls for the simplification of taxation are frequently heard but attempts to achieve actual tax simplification have rarely met with lasting success. To investigate further, the present authors asked relevant experts to report on the experience of tax simplification in Australia, Canada, China, Malaysia, New Zealand, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, the UK and the USA. In addition to tax simplification, the country experts were asked to provide information on simplification in relation to the following aspects: tax systems, tax law, taxpayer communications, tax administration and any more fundamental approaches. Their accounts were published in a book edited by the current authors early in 2016. This paper analyses the experiences of the 11 countries and it is clear that a considerable degree of complexity is inevitable given the different aims of taxation and the complex socioeconomic environments in which tax systems have to operate. The key question is how to distinguish complexity which is necessary for the functioning of a successful tax system from that which is not. This paper focuses on the relevant factors and issues involved in classifying unavoidable and unnecessary complexity not only with respect to legislation but also tax policy and administrative systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is some common presuppositions, in modern history, of the ecclesiastical institutions as well as the State as the basis for the contro l and extraction of economic re s o u rces through the knowledge, the most accurate possible, of the “social body”.

Copyright of Canadian Tax Journal / Revue Fiscale Canadienne is the property of Canadian Tax Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The tax-systems perspective considers a variety of costs and behavioral margins often ignored in standard tax analysis: administrative and compliance costs, evasion and avoidance behavior, and multiple nonrate tax-system instruments (for example, withholding and public disclosure). We show how the standard optimal tax framework can be augmented to include these new sources of cost and behavioral response by considering some enduring tax policy questions: What is the optimal commodity tax base breadth? How does enforcement effort targeted to avoidance behavior affect optimal progressivity? What fraction of returns should be audited? Should small firms be excluded from a tax system? (JEL codes: H20, H21, H24-H26). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between the free movements of the taxable bases was the basis for defining the concept of tax competition, which is a response to external pressure on two dimensions: the competition for locating activities and the competition for locating the tax base. The article starts from the realities of the European Union and details a wide range of aspects concerning the taxation mechanism and its improvement while also providing for macroeconomic stability; it compares the current taxation levels in the European Union, and analyses fiscal competition and its effects on legal persons. The research methods are represented by the systematic, comparative analysis, and by the complex approach of the researched topic, depending on the established purposes and tasks. In the paper, mathematical and statistical methods have been used, such as: classification, synthesis, comparative static and dynamic analysis, correlation analysis, economic-mathematical modelling, induction and deduction methods, graphical representation of the researched events and phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of tax systems is an important topic as governments reshape taxes to reduce public sector deficits following the global financial crisis. This article discusses findings from a focus group study on public attitudes to taxation in England. It uses rational choice and moral arguments to explore three questions: What do the public think of different taxes? How do people react to different combinations of taxes? What are public attitudes towards public spending? This article demonstrates that people’s stage in life affects attitudes to taxation. The most unpopular tax among older people is inheritance tax, whereas it is fuel duties for younger respondents. Taxes associated with personal choice (such as value added tax) attract more support than income tax. People also want greater transparency about the benefits of tax systems. The results show that principles are important for shaping public attitudes to taxation and that policy-makers should consider how diverse forms of taxation combine over the life cycle when designing a tax system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Contabilidad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although culture is assumed to play a role in the development of tax systems internationally, its influence is not well understood. This study draws on the cultural frameworks by Hofstede (1980) and Gray (1988) to develop a theoretical model of the influence of culture on tax systems internationally. It also empirically tests hypotheses that relate Hofstede's (1980) individualism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity cultural dimensions to some key values of tax systems: equity, simplicity, neutrality, and visibility. Based on data from 43 countries, the regression results show that individualism is significantly related to all of the tax values, while power distance is significantly related to equity, neutrality, and visibility; and uncertainty avoidance is significantly related to simplicity, neutrality, and visibility. However, masculinity is not related to any of the tax values in the regression analysis. These findings provide support for the importance of culture in influencing tax systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In its 2004 budget, Ontario reintroduced a health-care levy related to taxable income to finance additional expenditures on health care. This paper examines policy aspects of the new Ontario health premium (OHP) through both specific analyses of its basic features and a broader assessment in light of the benefit and ability-to-pay principles of taxation. Analysis of the basic features produces the following conclusions: over a wide range of incomes, the new tax is largely proportional to income and is neither progressive nor regressive; Ontario premiums are generally lower than Alberta and British Columbia premiums at lower income levels but exceed them at higher levels; and the OHP represents in some ways a return to the Ontario health-care premiums of the 1959-1989 period, although those premiums were collected directly from individuals outside the tax structure while the OHP forms part of the personal income tax. The rest of the paper provides a broader assessment of the OHP. The authors suggest that Ontario health-care premiums should increase with increases in future health costs. They also question whether the 2004 Ontario model for raising additional revenue for health care is based on proper principles. They argue that in principle, individuals ought to pay on a reimbursement basis for the cost of programs that benefit them in a specific way. The amount of the payment ought to be proportional to the cost of the benefit received, not to income. An income or sales tax is the appropriate revenue source only when the benefit is enjoyed by all members of society in a general, rather than a specifically quantifiable, way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]