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How governments raise tax revenue is at the core of domestic political conflict. Public opinion towards taxation is measured generally and qualitatively by many surveys, but previous research has not closely linked public preferences to the budget problem faced by governments regarding how best to raise or cut a marginal quantity of revenue. We present results from a novel tax preference experiment in which UK respondents are given choices over different tax 'levers' that are expected to raise or cut equal revenue. We find that while different tax levers vary substantially in their popularity, there is a 'hidden consensus' regarding different tax levers across income levels and partisanship of the respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Richard Nixon was the first president who examined the possibility of introducing a value-added tax (VAT) at the federal level in the late twentieth century. By 1970, his administration had considered recommending it alongside other domestic programs to overcome the criticism against the VAT's regressivity, potential conflict in the federal-state tax authority, and the fragmented decision-making authority between the executive and legislative branches of the government. However, in 1971, the Nixon administration shifted their policy priority toward gaining the middle-class political support by linking local property tax relief to a federal VAT. Although they combined the two measures with a rebate to obtain consent to and confidence in them from the "opponents" among the "internalists" of policymaking and societal actors, their attempt failed to accomplish it. As a result, Nixon abandoned the federal VAT. This abandonment was amissed opportunity to introduce a federal VAT, leading the United States to become a fiscal outlier among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries: it has not yet implemented a national/federal VAT. Furthermore, this outcome marked the origin of certain historical characteristics of the American fiscal state: the use of tax expenditures, "fend-for-yourself federalism," weak extractive capacity, and fiscal inflexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising wealth inequality and squeezed public budgets has brought wealth tax back into policy discussions. A net wealth tax might help to boost state revenue and reduce wealth inequality. Yet little is known about citizens' attitudes towards the design of a net wealth tax (i.e. the tax unit, exemption and rate). Using a novel multifactorial survey experiment, we examine citizens' endorsement of fundamental principles of taxation. Building on policy feedback theory, we examine if preferences differ in three policy arenas (USA, Germany and UK) and whether individuals' reasoning is dependent on self-interest. While a clear majority in all three countries generally endorses a wealth tax, our findings show that citizens care more about the amount exempted than the tax unit or rate. We do not identify a preference for any specific tax unit. Furthermore, tax preferences seem to be strikingly similar among citizens of all three countries. Yet we show that individuals are mostly concerned about not being personally affected by such a tax, which is reflected in their preference for substantial exemptions. We discuss our findings with regard to our understanding of wealth inequality, tax equity and the potential implications for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article explores the presence of populism in the field of law, specifically focusing on U.S. federal taxation. While discussions on populism typically revolve around politics, this Article highlights its occurrence in tax law. This includes the use of populist rhetoric in tax discussions as well as the inclusion of populistic code sections in the federal tax system, resulting in substantial tax expenditures that are often overlooked. These populistic elements go beyond the behavioral preferences or biases of political players. The problem with populism in tax law is multi-faceted. First, it oversimplifies the discussion, preventing a comprehensive understanding of the real issues and viable solutions. The complexities inherent in tax-related matters cannot be adequately addressed through populist statements alone; a more thorough analysis is required to find effective solutions. A detailed examination of this concern reveals a substantial body of evidence demonstrating how misconceptions shaped by populism influence voter preferences regarding tax policy. These misconceptions also impact politicians, leading to campaign promises and initiatives related to tax policies. Furthermore, interest groups can exploit this confusion to advance their agendas, which poses a significant risk. Overall, this Article argues that the presence of populism in tax law is problematic due to its oversimplification of complex issues, influence on voter preferences and political decisions, and susceptibility to manipulation by interest groups. This Article recommends incorporating a mandatory step in the legislative process to empower the committee responsible for discussing bills. This step would equip the committee with better tools to effectively perform their duties. Additionally, this Article recommends that the economic implications of proposed legislation be made publicly accessible. Further, this Article suggests the implementation of an additional review process after a fixed term and prioritization of discussions on tax policy around its primary objective: generating tax revenue. This shift in focus will result in more economically grounded, evidence-based, and efficient tax law discussions. In summary, these recommendations aim to improve the legislative process, encourage media scrutiny, and foster economically driven tax policy discussions while ensuring the temporary nature of certain tax measures unless they prove effective or gain broad bipartisan support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the vexed issues of the challenges of domestic resource mobilization, especially in West Africa where tax expenditures have consistently eroded the revenue base of these countries making them susceptible to borrowing. The authors discuss the role of customs in securing trade revenues and preventing loss of domestic revenue, as well as examining the challenges ofrevenue mobilisation from the natural resources sector. The challenges of taxing the informal sector, which forms a significant part of taxpayers in West Africa are also discussed. The findings of the paper include the need for extensive taxpayer education to enhance voluntary tax compliance if domestic resource mobilisation is to be improved to enable governments of West African states build the needed state-citizen relationship by the state providing for the welfare of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors discuss the key role played by tax lawyer Stanley S. Surrey in the promotion of the concept of tax expenditures in the U.S. and other countries and the tax policy process. Also cited are Surrey's role in promoting professionalism and integrity in the U.S. Treasury's Office of Tax Policy (OTP), and other taxation topics like economic income, consumption, and the Tax Reform Act of 1986.

The European Union's new Foreign Subsidies Regulation will lead to particular challenges in the tax domain. While the final version of the FSR now contains clear links to State aid, the differences are all the more noticeable. Third country tax measures that benefit group financing or equity financing warrant special attention. Repayment of foreign tax incentives to the European Commission, as a last resort measure, might come at odds with taxing prerogatives as divided under existing bilateral tax treaties. Compliance with notification obligations when engaging in public procurement or planning a merger with or acquisition of an entity active in the EU will be hardly doable. Unlike EU State aid rules (and WTO subsidy rules), notification may also involve non-selective and non-beneficial tax measures received within a group. If these have come into the FSR's scope by intent and not by omission, then this is to be strongly reconsidered. Sustainability tax incentives aimed at greening investment have not been exempt from scrutiny. Thus, EU subsidiaries of third country parent companies and EU parents of third country subsidiaries should gather more information for the purpose of this regulation than one might expect at first sight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis undertaken in this article is of the migration of natural persons, self-employed and not self-employed, for economic (including tax) reasons, which has been recorded among the citizens of Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, and Vietnam. Tax migration, which is a type of economic migration of individuals, including those engaged in business, is one of the forms of reaction to taxes and tax reforms introduced in a country and the shape of the system of tax preferences. This study aims to examine the conditions of income taxation of individuals in the countries studied (Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, and Vietnam). The shape of the tax system has been or could be a premise for the migration of individuals from Poland to other countries, as well as from the countries studied to Poland. The reason for choosing these countries for the analysis of this phenomenon was the well-established scholarly cooperation of the Polish authors with authors representing public universities in Vietnam, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as the available statistical data confirming the fact that residents of these countries account for the largest number of permanent and temporary residence permits given in Poland. It was considered that a comparison of legal solutions to the income taxation of taxpayers in the indicated countries, given the significant level of migration to Poland, can lead to exciting conclusions due to the differences in their legal systems, economic development, and tax systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the different approaches to tax concessions for political donations in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). In Australia, a tax deduction may be claimed for a moderate donation to a political party. Conversely, in NZ no tax concessions are available for donations to political parties. The study concludes that while there are several benefits of using the tax system to facilitate political donations, the two different policies align with the two countries general approaches to using the tax system to influence behaviour. An analysis of tax expenditures is used to support this argument. Reference to tax expenditures in Australia shows a longer timeline of acceptance of tax expenditures, alongside a more comprehensive regime of included activities. In NZ, the absence of tax concessions for political parties is aligned with NZ's general approach to using the tax system to change behaviours, which is minimal state intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reviews and synthesizes the academic literature on income tax exemptions for interest income derived from state and local (municipal) bonds. It explores a large body of work that evaluates the impact of federal and state tax exemptions on the borrowing costs of state and local governments. It also considers how the tax exemption influences municipal financing decisions, its distributional impacts, and potential for tax arbitrage schemes. It concludes with a discussion of the viability of eliminating the tax exemption entirely or transitioning the preference to a tax credit mirroring municipal bonds sold under the Build America Bond (BAB) program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socio-natural disasters remain underexplored events in economic history, even though they stress societies in several ways and are known for their relationship with institutional change. In this paper, we explore this issue showing that major earthquakes in Chile have become a window of opportunity for important fiscal reforms. Our findings indicate that there are two mechanisms to explain this relationship: first, reconstruction demands greater state expenditure and intervention; and second, the emergence of narratives that justify these reforms, such as patriotism and solidarity. However, data show that in the case of Chile, changes following disasters have had little impact on the overall tax structure of the country, and the historical preference for indirect taxes has been maintained, with limited power to impose taxes on high-income groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of calculating the tax burden on the example of a specific organization, which are based on accounting (financial) and tax reporting data, which are digital data of the information and digital platform of the Federal Tax Service of Russia, as well as the results of identifying the socio-environmental factor in order to identify its impact on the tax burden. The purpose of the research paper is to assess the tax burden of organizations and identify the socio-environmental factor on the basis of the information platform of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. On the basis of the analysis and synthesis, the authors summarized the results of the taxation of organizations, taking into account the digital technologies of the civil service, and also formulated conclusions about the further development of the sphere of digital services in the field of taxation, which is necessary for assessing the tax burden as a significant resulting indicator of the activities of organizations.

The study analyses tax law regulations in force in Poland and in selected European Union countries which may influence attitudes of entrepreneurs (taxpayers) in taking actions aimed at preventing food waste. This analysis demonstrates that all countries investigated in this study have made attempts to develop and implement various measures to combat the problem of food waste. At the same time, it is worth noting that properly constructed tax preferences are an important factor in preventing food waste, which is part of the sustainable development strategy implemented by European Union countries. In this respect, actions must be long-term and they should be based on various legal measures. Further changes in this area will be determined by some key factors. These include the need to use tax law regulations or to determine economic and social trends. Directions of activities of the state, local government and non-governmental organizations for counteracting food waste will also set course for these changes. Achieving sustainable development also at the stage of using food already produced should be based on optimisation of all related processes, and thus also financial (mainly tax) processes. Therefore, attention should be paid in particular to the tax legislation in force in Poland and in selected European Union countries, i.e. the Act on tax on goods and services and the Act on corporate income tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Who supports high taxes on the rich? Existing accounts of public attitudes focus on egalitarian values and material interests, but make little mention of the ideas people hold about how the economy works descriptively. Drawing on the distinction between positive- and zero-sum beliefs about the economy, and original survey data from five countries, I show that there are systematic differences in tax progressivity preferences across groups within the public who think differently about the economy. Positive-sum thinking is associated with less progressive preferences. However, despite theoretical attention, there is no evidence of systematic zero-sum thinking among the public. On the other hand, some descriptions focus on conflict between rich and poor, and these do predict support for greater progressivity. Further analysis is required to differentiate alternative causal explanations of the patterns observed, but different modes of descriptive economic thinking are an important feature of the mass politics of progressivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why are rich citizens not taxed more heavily – despite growing inequality (aversion)? The literature offers several explanations, all of which ultimately work through the minds and actions of politicians. Taking Germany as a case, we therefore ask in 25 semi-structured interviews which obstacles left-wing politicians perceive in taxing the rich. Overall, tax increases are perceived as difficult projects. Organized business is described as a major barrier, but in a way that goes beyond existing accounts: besides classical lobbying, business interests are seen to influence electoral politics through long-term communication strategies shaping tax preferences. Moreover, the interviews point to a previously unrecognized organizational barrier that we coin the 'vicious competence cycle': left-wing politicians are often overwhelmed by tax issues which results in consequential disadvantages when confronted with resourceful anti-tax actors. They describe how party-internal discourses shape these competence patterns by influencing motivations, feasibility perceptions, and electoral strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An implicit tax is a reduction in the pre-tax rate of return driven by tax preferences on an investment. The extant research demonstrates existence of implicit taxes at corporate level, but prior studies have drawbacks in tax preferences measure. This study takes the unique advantage of Chinese corporate tax rate preference setting to address research method problems. By employing the propensity score matching and multivariate regression analysis, we demonstrate the existence of implicit taxes in Chinese listed firms and the market structure impedes the realisation of implicit taxes. The market power and market concentration reduce the negative effect of tax preferences on the firm's pre-tax rate of return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to better understand the architecture of social protection as a complex and evolving system in contemporary societies. To achieve that goal, we establish an inventory of 65 socio‐fiscal expenditures or social tax expenditures (STEs) of Quebec's (Canada) personal income tax system. These include tax expenditures related to social protection insofar as they contribute in one way or another to the protection against major social risks, the improvement of living conditions and to the fight against exclusion and social inequalities. STEs were selected taking into account the objective pursued (supporting income, promoting pensions, helping employment, recognising family responsibilities, encouraging education, pursuing a specific social objective, and promoting tax equity) and the type of tax break (tax credits, exemptions, etc.). The classification reveals the extent of recourse to taxation as a complementary tool for public intervention in the field of social protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper focuses on the tax progressivity and nonreligion in central and eastern Europe using an example of the Czech Republic, one of the most atheistic countries in the world. Religion might imply formal affiliation with a certain confession or active church attendance, but it might also become a determinant of taxation preferences. We employ ordinal regression analyses to study direct and mediation effects of both church affiliation and church attendance on a representative sample from the Czech Republic (n = 1924, 54.8% female, aged 18–95, M ± SD: 52.0 ± 16.9; 19.4% with higher education) controlling for employment status, social class and socio-demographics. The results suggest that neither church affiliation nor church attendance were related to desired income tax progressivity; social class plaid the most important role. The frequency of church attendance was significantly related to the perceived adequacy of taxation of higher incomes, where the more respondents attended the religious services, the more they believed that the taxes on the rich are too high. However, the churches' ideas to help the needy were manifested in the preferences for international tax progressivity, where the frequent churchgoers were more inclined to the idea that the rich countries should pay additional taxes to help the poor countries. These controversial results may indicate the rivalrous position of the church and the state in the Czech Republic in terms of taxation of the wealthy. We suggest that under the condition of no church tax, the state taxation of the rich may be viewed as diverting funds, which could otherwise be directed to the church. These results might be of some interest to the state, the church and to the academic researchers alike and significantly contribute to the discussion on specific features of nonreligiosity in central and eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Finance Letters / Maliye Finans Yazıları Dergisi is the property of Maliye Finans Yazilari Yayimcilik Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports that the invoice recipient has claimed the input tax deduction, the tax amount owed due to the unauthorized tax ID must be corrected in accordance with Section 14c (2) UStG for the period in which the invoice recipient pays the input tax back to the tax office. Topics include considered that the time of the request for correction at the tax office or that of an invoice correction is irrelevant.

The article reports that anyone who, after studying the final motions in this legal case several times like the author had hoped that the ECJ would deal with the fundamental questions raised there, is likely to feel disappointed. Topics include considered that in her plea, the Advocate General had dealt in great detail with the reasons and the amount of the criteria for the occurrence of the input tax deduction.

Dyreng et al. (2017) find that the effective tax rates for both foreign and domestic firms have been steadily decreasing during recent decades and that multinational firms (MNEs) do not have a tax advantage relative to domestic firms. This paper extends this research and examines implicit taxes for MNEs relative to domestic firms. We find evidence that implicit taxes are approximately 32 percent lower for MNEs. We exploit differences in the exposure to various market frictions to help explain how MNEs could have lower implicit taxes than domestic firms. We find that MNEs face less competition, operate in countries with higher unemployment rates, use patents more frequently, tend to have more global supply chains, and are more vertically integrated when compared to domestic firms. We also find that firms with relatively higher product concentration and relatively lower product similarity exhibit approximately 35 percent lower implicit taxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several theories document the positive effect of younger population on economic growth due to the larger size of the labour force. However, the evidence shows no such positive relationship. This paper argues that an increase in the youthful fraction of the population increases the demand for income taxes rather than expenditure taxes, as expenditure taxes are shared by three generations whilst income taxes are mainly afforded by the working-age population who increasingly dislikes being double-taxed at consumption when they raise their dependent children. This then reduces growth since the extent of distortionary relative to non-distortionary taxes rises and investment is constrained. International panel evidence supports this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and the trend of the fiscal system reflect the orientation of the development model of Mexico in past decades and they determine its future model and its ability to meet the main social challenges (development, equity, wellbeing, environmental sustainability, etc.). The objective of this paper is to study the relative dimension, the tax structure and the trends in tax collection, as well as the nature and the objectives of the incentives and the tax benefits that have been enforced in Mexico in recent years. This exercise allows an evaluation of the 2014 tax reform to be made with the perspective of the past six years and the formulation of future challenges. A descriptive and qualitative approach was used based on data obtained from the Inter-American Center of Tax Administration (ciat), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd), and the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público (shcp). The structure of tax collection is analyzed, with a focus on the main federal taxes, as well as the volume and the composition of tax expenditure, by breaking down the existing incentives and the tax benefits on each of the taxes. The main results indicate a passive evolution in the collection power that grew from 12.5% of gross domestic product (gdp) in 1990 to 15.6% in 2019, principally based on consumer taxes, wage income tax and a strong dependence on the fossil fuels sector. This shows that some of the stated objectives of the 2014 reform--significantly increasing collection capacity and reducing the jungle of incentives and tax benefits--have hardly been met. In conclusion, some of the challenges that a tax reform should face in terms of inclusion, equity and sustainability are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax regulation reduces the uncertainty of the future tax expenditures of economic entities and the degree of their adaptation to an aggressive external environment. That is why the features of the taxation process, its importance for the economy of the country as a whole, and for each taxpayer in particular, make it necessary to distinguish the tax payment management system into an independent branch of financial management and a separate scientific and practical direction of economic thought in Ukraine. Currently, in Ukraine there are separate elements and techniques of tax regulation, but there is no coherent theoretical and methodological basis on which to build a system of relevant practical decisions, measures and mechanisms of tax management at both the level of economic entities and the entire tax process of the country. Therefore, the need to separate the tax management system into a specific area of scientific knowledge is obvious. The complexity and volatility of the current economic environment, the uncertainty and riskiness of the functioning of enterprises and the state financial economy make forcing a scientific basis in the process of tax regulation taking into account the realities of a market economy. Moreover, with the complication of tax systems and economic ties under the influence of globalization processes, the role of tax regulation is increasing. This is especially true in modern Ukraine, where market relations and institutions have not yet been fully formed. Regulation of tax payments by Ukrainian enterprises also requires its methodological substantiation and practical development. Corporate tax regulation should become one of the most important functions of enterprise management, which, unfortunately, is still being applied haphazardly and for the most part in order to minimize tax payments. This testifies to the extreme importance of the scientific solution to the problem of tax regulation in the context of organization of tax management at the enterprise. Tax policy of Ukraine, as the main direction of realization of its financial activity, is a key factor of state formation. Regulation of the social sphere by means of tax policy is one of the most important directions of state regulation, first, in the conditions of unstable economy. The key directions of the tax policy of the state in accordance with the priorities of the social sphere are presented. The main task is to analyse trends in tax regulation in the context of social processes. Several effective tools of tax regulation of social sphere of Ukraine are offered. The comparative analysis of the peculiarities of the application of tax regulation instruments of social processes in domestic practice is carried out. The comparative characteristics of the mechanisms of reduction of tax payments are presented. The tendencies of development of the tax system of Ukraine in the context of social processes are revealed. The social aspects of the implementation of the anti-crisis tax policy have been determined. Scientific, methodological and practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of tax regulation of social development have been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista del ICDT is the property of Instituto Colombiano de Derecho Tributario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tax expenditures (TEs) are preferential tax treatments granted to specific individuals or categories of households, with the aim of achieving social and economic goals. They are widely used by EU Member States. However, their fiscal and equity impacts are not always clear and their effectiveness and efficiency as a policy instrument need to be carefully evaluated, especially in the present context of constrained public finances. This article quantifies the fiscal and equity effects of social TEs related to housing, education and health in 28 European countries making use of EUROMOD, the EU-wide microsimulation model. We find a variety of effects, in terms of sign and magnitude, across Member States, and within these, among types of households. Overall, our findings suggest that the impact of TE on tax revenues and on income inequalities can be sizable. The redistributive impact of removing TEs can go in both directions, either on the progressive or regressive side, depending on the country and the TE considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressive taxation is an effective redistributive tool in times of growing inequality. However, like all public policies, an increase in tax progressivity is unlikely if it lacks popular demand. Has the financial crisis affected the demand for progressive taxation? Building on research that has identified fairness beliefs as the main factor pushing for taxes on the rich, I argue that the Great Recession and states' reactions to it have caused a general shift in tax policy preferences. As a consequence, demand for tax progressivity is higher in crisis countries. Multilevel analyses using survey data for 32 countries show support for my argument. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the politics of redistribution in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the 2010 Washington excise soda tax and its effects on household soda expenditures. Findings show that soda expenditures fell by approximately $2.26 per week following the tax. When matched with households in Oregon using a propensity score matching model to create a control group, the decrease in Washington household spending on soda exceeded that of Oregon households in all model specifications. Matched against households located anywhere in the U.S., Washington households' expenditures fell by between $1.24 and $1.92 more per week than control group households following the soda tax. After the tax's repeal, Washington soda expenditures remained below their previous pre-tax level. The evidence suggests the tax acted similar to a public health warning against soda and snack foods, as snack food expenditures also declined despite no added tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its enactment in 1999-2000, the 50% capital gains tax (CGT) discount has become an entrenched feature of the Australian tax system. The CGT discount is effectively a tax rate preference that, we argue, remains in place despite its tax policy shortcomings. These include that the CGT discount is inequitable from the perspective of horizontal and vertical equity, and it is inefficient in that it may encourage an overinvestment in assets that produce most of their return in the form of capital gains. This article is a critique of the CGT discount which draws on a chronologically organised analysis of the views and commentary on the CGT discount from individuals and organisations outside of government. Views and commentary on the CGT discount are sourced from the news media, submissions to government discussion papers, and other publicly available information. This article critically evaluates the policy basis and evidence for the 50% CGT discount and is, in part, concerned with whether there is an overall justification for the preference. It is argued that the justifications made by policymakers in favour of the CGT discount, at the time of its enactment, lacked sound tax policy foundations. It follows that the case for the CGT discount continuing in its current form is diminished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the net social wage—the difference between labor benefits and labor taxation—from 1959 to 2012 in the United States using two different methodologies. During this period the average NSW1/GDP and NSW2/GDP ratio are 1.3 and −3.8 percent, respectively. This paper finds a deviation in the net social wage data starting in 2002, suggesting greater redistribution to US workers in the early twenty-first century than in the twentieth century. This paper argues that the increase in the US net social wage in the early twenty-first century is being caused by a combination of cyclical, structural, and secular factors. US redistributive policy should be understood as stabilizing and subsidizing the social reproduction of labor. JEL Classification: H5, E62, B5 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the perceptions of tax expenditures were measured by a survey to 651 individuals residing in TR33 Region (Manisa, Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya, Uşak). However, differences in tax perceptions of individuals according to demographic variables were analyzed by using SPSS 22 program. In this study, the tax perception of individuals living in TR33 region has have low. The perception of tax expenditure decreases as the age and income level decrease and the level of education decreases. However, women and divorced / widowed and Kütahya province have higher levels of perception than the groups. A statistically significant relationship was not reached in the difference tests performed according to the occupational status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Gestão Pública e Cidadania is the property of Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administracao Publica e de Empresas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It has long been argued that growing inequality would lead to growing demands for redistribution, especially from less affluent individuals who would benefit most from redistribution. Yet, in many countries we have not seen tax increases and even when ballot initiatives allow individuals to directly vote to raise taxes on the wealthy they decline to do so. This raises the question of how economic self-interest shapes voting on tax proposals, and what factors may weaken the links between economic self-interest and tax policy preferences. In the U.S. context partisanship is a factor that has a major influence on attitudes about taxation. To explore how self-interest sometimes overcomes partisanship we take advantage of competing initiatives that were simultaneously on the ballot in California in 2012. California's Proposition 30, a successful 2012 initiative, significantly increased taxes on the wealthy. By comparing voting on Proposition 30 to voting on Proposition 38,whichwould have raised taxes on nearly everyone, we observe that when tax hikes are focused only on the wealthy a substantial number of lower income Republicans (i.e., conservatives) defect from their party position opposing taxation. We identify these low-income Republicans as "populists." Lower income Republicans are also less supportive of income tax increases on the lower and middle classes, and are more sensitive to income tax increases than sales tax increases. We argue that economic self-interest causes heterogeneity within the parties in terms of attitudes toward tax increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates goverment's options of tax expenditures and direct expenditures to augment private investment in Pakistan. The data from the Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan for a period of 1972 to 2013 is used in a bounds testing approach of Autoregressive Distributed Lag model. The empirical evidence shows a strong role of direct expenditure in influencing both short-run and long-run behavior of investment in the economy. The results further demonstrate that under low inflation the tax expenditure policy is more important determinant of private investment, however, in high inflation periods, direct expenditure is found to be more potent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the results of a study which tested the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis on family size and tax preferences using survey data from the General Social Survey. The Ricardian equivalence hypothesis suggests that a representative household will not be able to distinguish between bond and tax financing in regard to government liabilities. This ultimately implies that tax cuts will not lead to cumulative consumption. The author also explores the links that exist between generations within a heterogeneous family.

This article presents information related to foreign tax credit limitations and preferred stock issuances. The authors suggest that the U.S. Tax Reform Act of 1986 inadvertently increased the use of preferred stock as a financing instrument among multinationals. The act changed how much interest could be allocated against foreign source income when determining foreign tax credits. The result is that firms restructured their financing activities to avoid domestic debt. Their response to tax changes was purely accounting-based rather than production.