1. State of the Climate in 2013
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Olga Clorinda Penalba, David A. Robinson, Steve Ready, Edward Hanna, Philip J. Klotzbach, Christopher W. Landsea, Hugo G. Hidalgo, Ursula Schauer, H. Loeng, Martin O. Jeffries, Jacqueline M. Spence, Christopher S. Meinen, Garret G. Campbell, Qiuhong Tang, Muyin Wang, Hongxing Liu, R. Yamada, Gloria L. Manney, Nicolas Fauchereau, Xavier Fettweis, Ricardo M. Trigo, S Barreira, Norman G. Loeb, Tuomas Laurila, Uwe Send, Eduardo Zambrano, Alexander Baklanov, Diego Loyola, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Ahira Sánchez-Lugo, Kaarle Kupiainen, Gabriel J. Wolken, H. Kheyrollah Pour, John Kennedy, Simon McGree, Nicolai I. Shiklomanov, Alberto Setzer, Vernie Marcellin-Honore’, Adelina Albanil, Jack Kohler, Patricia K. Quinn, Edward J. Dlugokencky, N. G. Oberman, L. Chang’a, Laurence C. Smith, David Burgess, Peter Schlosser, Jochem Marotzke, Eric S. Blake, Shujie Wang, Arne Dahlback, Shotaro Tanaka, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, David A. Siegel, Agnes Kijazi, P. Sawaengphokhai, Lori Bruhwiler, Jeremy T. Mathis, Jason E. Box, R. B. Ingvaldsen, Stacey M. Frith, Stanley B. Goldenberg, Michele L. Newlin, Igor V. Polyakov, Kyun Kuk Kang, Robert Whitewood, Suzana J. Camargo, John A. Augustine, Natalya Kramarova, James W. Elkins, Michael S. Halpert, Zeng-Zhen Hu, M. C. Gregg, James S. Famiglietti, Johannes W. Kaiser, Mary-Louise Timmermans, William E. Johns, Melanie Coldewey-Egbers, Chris K. Folland, Shaun Quegan, Kazuyoshi Yoshimatsu, Marcel Nicolaus, Michael Kendon, Steven A. Ackerman, Gerard McCarthy, Peter Ambenje, Ivan E. Frolov, Laban Ogallo, Juan Bazo, Jonathan Gottschalck, Kaisa Lakkala, Alexandre M. Ramos, Arun Kumar, Serhat Sensoy, Russell S. Vose, Matthias Lankhorst, Isabelle Tobin, Allen Pope, Hyuanjun Kim, Nadine Gobron, R. Pascual, Samuel Remy, Chris Fenimore, Wassila M. Thiaw, Sharon L. Smith, Samar Khatiwala, Linda M. Keller, Jnes Uwe Grooß, Shashi K. Gupta, Fatemeh Rahimzadeh, Benjamin Rabe, Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge, Mauri Pelto, K. S. Law, Lisan Yu, Catia M. Domingues, Kathleen Dohan, Jake Crouch, Taro Takahashi, Robert Vautard, Germar Bernhard, Don P. Chambers, P. Luhunga, Song Shu, T. S. Jensen, Ryan L. Fogt, Silvia L. Garzoli, T. Kikuchi, Robert Dunn, José Luis Stella, H. Ng’ongolo, Joshua K. Willis, Andreas Herber, Gualberto Carrasco, Geoff S. Dutton, Yan Xue, Kyle Hilburn, Laura C. Brown, Gustavo J. Goni, Paul A. Newman, Ricardo A. Locarnini, E. Hyung Park, Mario Bidegain, Chris T. Fogarty, Jorge A. Amador, Hiroshi Ohno, David E. Parker, I. Hanssen-Bauer, Johannes Flemming, J. V. Revadekar, Michael C. Pitts, Alexandre Bernardes Pezza, Chunzai Wang, Bryan A. Franz, Jared Rennie, Scott J. Weaver, Thomas M. Smith, Stuart A. Cunningham, K. von Salzen, Shigeto Nishino, Stephen Baxter, Rene Lobato, David P. Kratz, I. A. James, Zo Rakotomavo, Peter Thorne, Kathleen L. McInnes, Phillipe Ciais, Von P. Walden, Martin Stengel, Geir O. Braathen, J. L. Vazquez, Angela Benedetti, Daniel Chung, Todd B. Kimberlain, Lincoln M. Alves, Christopher J. Cox, Mark Flanner, Jae Schemm, Peiqun Zhang, Eric J. Alfaro, Dmitry A. Streletskiy, John Cappelen, Yinghui Liu, Terry Haran, Natalia N. Korshunova, Jessica N. Cross, Idelmis T. Gonzalez, Uma S. Bhatt, Tannecia S. Stephenson, Nick Rayner, Shenfu Dong, Takmeng Wong, Xungang Yin, Ingrid L. Rivera, Seong-Joong Kim, David A. Smeed, Peter Bissolli, Mary Butler, Maurizio Santoro, Jerry Ziemke, Will Hobbs, Jeffrey R. Key, P. Jeremy Werdell, Bryan J. Johnson, Wiley Evans, Lamjav Oyunjargal, Liang Peng, Arlene P. Aaron-Morrison, John J. Marra, Avalon O. Porter, Juan Arévalo, Andries Kruger, Blanca Calderón, Phillip Reid, James A. Renwick, Stefan Hendricks, Christoph Reimer, Gregory C. Johnson, Gary T. Mitchum, Torsten Kanzow, John Wahr, K. Alama Coulibaly, G. V. Malkova, David H. Bromwich, Michael A. Taylor, Shu Oeng Ben Ho, Christian Euscátegui, Rick Lumpkin, Matthew A. Lazzara, Michael J. Behrenfeld, Kyle R. Clem, Ross Brown, Michael J. Foster, Juan José Nieto, Robert A. Massom, Blair Trewin, John I. Antonov, Mark A. Merrifield, Christoph Paulik, Guido R. van der Werf, Robert Parinussa, Mark A. Lander, Mark Weber, Diana Hovhannisyan, Rochard A.M. de Jeu, Jennifer A. Francis, L. M. Andreassen, Anthony Arendt, Rik Wanninkhof, Sebastian Hahn, Walter N. Meier, Gustavo Goni, Vyacheslav N. Razuvaev, Robert S. Pickart, John R. Christy, Xiangze Jin, José A. Marengo, Awatif Ebrahim, Eric R. Nash, Rolf Müller, Donald K. Perovich, Chris Derksen, H. K. Ha, Ben Hamlington, L. Jones, Junhong Wang, Guillaume Jumaux, Denis Volkov, I-I Lin, Christopher S. Oludhe, Asa K. Rennermalm, Caio A. S. Coelho, Stephen A. Montzka, Vladimir Sokolov, Rebecca A. Woodgate, Paul Berrisford, Ted Scambos, John Walsh, Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai, Andrew K. Heidinger, Tim R. McVicar, Shih-Yu Wang, Amal Sayouri, S. J. Vavrus, Jing-Jia Luo, Philip R. Thompson, Katja Trachte, James Reagan, Olga N. Bulygina, Wolfgang Wagner, Mark Tschudi, Derek S. Arndt, Zachary Atheru, Sangeeta Sharma, Christopher L. Sabine, John M. Lyman, David Phillips, Carl Mears, Richard A. Krishfield, Ana María Durán-Quesada, Darren Rayner, Molly O. Baringer, Fatou Sima, Jhan Carlo Espinoza, Taikan Oki, James E. Overland, Sharon Stammerjohn, Hsun Ying Kao, Gerald D. Bell, Bjørn Helge Johnsen, Bin Wang, Thomas E. Evans, William J. Williams, Jan L. Lieser, John A. Knaff, B. M. Kim, Tapani Koskela, Antje Inness, Andre Obregon, Alexander Kholodov, Carla Vega, Andreas Becker, B. C. Maddux, Andrew Lorrey, Khadija Kabidi, Pamela Levira, Helga Nitsche, M. L. Geai, Igor Ashik, S. Zimmerman, Charles Chip Guard, J A Ronald van der, Lin Zhao, Petra R. Chappell, Timothy P. Boyer, Dmitry Drozdov, Bert Wouters, Jayaka D. Campbell, Francis S. Dekaa, W. M. Smethie, Viva Banzon, R. Steven Nerem, Rob Allan, Craig S. Long, R. Martinez, Sergei Marchenko, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Karin Gleason, Robert S. Stone, Lei Wang, A. Brett Mullan, Skie Tobin, Jeannette Noetzli, Doug Worthy, Vigdis Vestreng, Michelle L. Santee, Kate M. Willett, Nathan Bindoff, Michael Steele, Karen H. Rosenlof, Anu Heikkilä, Claude R. Duguay, Josyane Ronchail, Anne C. Wilber, A. Johannes Dolman, A. K. Srivastava, Andreas Stohl, M. Rajeevan, R. S. W. van de Wal, Catherine Ganter, Markus G. Donat, Adrian R. Trotman, Lucie A. Vincent, Carl J. Schreck, Richard A. Feely, Y. Y. Liu, Michelle L’Heureux, Kari Luojus, Mauro Gugliemin, Charlotte McBride, Howard J. Diamond, David Barriopedro, Rosalind C. Blenman, Tove Marit Svendby, Jessica Blunden, Sebastian Gerland, Paul W. Stackhouse, Simon A. Good, Guojie Wang, Richard J. Pasch, Julia Schmale, Glenroy Brown, B. D. Hall, Sean M. Davis, Mahbobeh Khoshkam, John M. Toole, Claudia Schmid, Bernard Pinty, Wilson Gitau, Leif G. Anderson, Matthew Rodell, Kathy Lantz, Dale F. Hurst, Hanne H. Christiansen, Thomas L. Mote, Owen R. Cooper, Richard R. Heim, William Sweet, Eric Leuliette, G. S.E. Lagerloef, Gregor Macara, Marco Tedesco, Vitali Fioletov, T. W. Kim, Melisa Menendez, Natalie McLean, J. D. Wild, Steve Colwell, Michael C. Kruk, Martin Sharp, J.-J. Morcrette, Jens Mühle, and Wouter Dorigo
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Meteorology ,Download ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Geography ,13. Climate action ,Synoptic scale meteorology ,F860 Climatology ,Data_FILES ,14. Life underwater ,State (computer science) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
In 2013, the vast majority of the monitored climate variables reported here maintained trends established in recent decades. ENSO was in a neutral state during the entire year, remaining mostly on the cool side of neutral with modest impacts on regional weather patterns around the world. This follows several years dominated by the effects of either La Niña or El Niño events. According to several independent analyses, 2013 was again among the 10 warmest years on record at the global scale, both at the Earths surface and through the troposphere. Some regions in the Southern Hemisphere had record or near-record high temperatures for the year. Australia observed its hottest year on record, while Argentina and New Zealand reported their second and third hottest years, respectively. In Antarctica, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station reported its highest annual temperature since records began in 1957. At the opposite pole, the Arctic observed its seventh warmest year since records began in the early 20th century. At 20-m depth, record high temperatures were measured at some permafrost stations on the North Slope of Alaska and in the Brooks Range. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation occurred throughout much of the year, leading to marked regional extremes of both temperature and precipitation. Cold temperature anomalies during winter across Eurasia were followed by warm spring temperature anomalies, which were linked to a new record low Eurasian snow cover extent in May. Minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic was the sixth lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. Including 2013, all seven lowest extents on record have occurred in the past seven years. Antarctica, on the other hand, had above-average sea ice extent throughout 2013, with 116 days of new daily high extent records, including a new daily maximum sea ice area of 19.57 million km2 reached on 1 October. ENSO-neutral conditions in the eastern central Pacific Ocean and a negative Pacific decadal oscillation pattern in the North Pacific had the largest impacts on the global sea surface temperature in 2013. The North Pacific reached a historic high temperature in 2013 and on balance the globally-averaged sea surface temperature was among the 10 highest on record. Overall, the salt content in nearsurface ocean waters increased while in intermediate waters it decreased. Global mean sea level continued to rise during 2013, on pace with a trend of 3.2 mm yr-1 over the past two decades. A portion of this trend (0.5 mm yr-1) has been attributed to natural variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation as well as to ongoing contributions from the melting of glaciers and ice sheets and ocean warming. Global tropical cyclone frequency during 2013 was slightly above average with a total of 94 storms, although the North Atlantic Basin had its quietest hurricane season since 1994. In the Western North Pacific Basin, Super Typhoon Haiyan, the deadliest tropical cyclone of 2013, had 1-minute sustained winds estimated to be 170 kt (87.5 m s-1) on 7 November, the highest wind speed ever assigned to a tropical cyclone. High storm surge was also associated with Haiyan as it made landfall over the central Philippines, an area where sea level is currently at historic highs, increasing by 200 mm since 1970. In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide all continued to increase in 2013. As in previous years, each of these major greenhouse gases once again reached historic high concentrations. In the Arctic, carbon dioxide and methane increased at the same rate as the global increase. These increases are likely due to export from lower latitudes rather than a consequence of increases in Arctic sources, such as thawing permafrost. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, for the first time since measurements began in 1958, the daily average mixing ratio of carbon dioxide exceeded 400 ppm on 9 May. The state of these variables, along with dozens of others, and the 2013 climate conditions of regions around the world are discussed in further detail in this 24th edition of the State of the Climate series. © 2014, American Meteorological Society. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2014