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Microsatellite loci were screened from the genomic data of Dysomma anguillare and their composition and distribution were analysed by bioinformatics for the first time. The results showed that 4,060,742 scaffolds with a total length of 1,562 Mb were obtained by high-throughput sequencing and 1,160,104 microsatellite loci were obtained by MISA screening, which were distributed on 770,294 scaffolds. The occurrence frequency and relative abundance were 28.57% and 743/Mb, respectively. Amongst the six complete microsatellite types, dinucleotide repeats accounted for the largest proportion (592,234, 51.05%), the highest occurrence frequency (14.58%) and the largest relative abundance (379.27/Mb). A total of 1488 microsatellite repeats were detected in the genome of D. anguillare, amongst which the hexanucleotide repeat motifs were the most abundant (608), followed by pentanucleotide repeat motifs (574), tetranucleotide repeat motifs (232), trinucleotide repeat motifs (59), dinucleotide repeat motifs (11) and mononucleotide repeat motifs (4). The abundance of microsatellites of the same repeat type decreased with the increase of copy numbers. Amongst the six types of nucleotide repeats, the preponderance of repeated motifs are A (191,390, 43.77%), CA (150,240, 25.37%), AAT (13,168, 14.05%), CACG (2,649, 8.14%), TAATG (119, 19.16%) and CCCTAA (190, 19.16%, 7.65%), respectively. The data of the number, distribution and abundance of different types of microsatellites in the genome of D. anguillare were obtained in this study, which would lay a foundation for the development of high-quality microsatellite markers of D. anguillare in the future.

Unidentified opistognathid. Lissner and Dorsey (1986) observed from a manned submersible a jawfish they were unable to identify at Tanner��� Cortes Bank, southern California., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Lissner, A. L. & Dorsey, J. H. (1986) Deep-water biological assemblages of a hard-bottom bank-ridge complex of the southern California continental borderland. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 85, 87 - 101."]}

Histiobranchus bathybius (G��nther, 1877). Deepwater Cutthroat Eel. To 137 cm (54 in) TL (Saldanha and Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986). Circumglobal; western Pacific Ocean north to Japan and Russian North-western Pacific (Orlov and Tokranov 2019); unknown in eastern North Pacific except for one record from south-eastern Bering Sea, Alaska (Mecklenburg et al. 2002), and one record from off Cabo San Lucas, southern Baja California (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997). Depth: 295���4,855 m (968���15,928 ft) (min.: Orlov and Tokranov 2019; max.: Saldanha and Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986). We classify this species in Histiobranchus following Sulak and Shcherbachev (1997). Histobranchus cf. bathybius was observed in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (about 12��27.2���N, 116��38.9���W), well south of the Cabo San Lucas record (Amon et al. 2017)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Whitehead, P. J. P., Bauchot, M. - L, Hureau, J. - C, Nielsen, J. & Tortonese, E. (Eds.). (1986) Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Volumes II and III. UNESCO, Paris.","Orlov, A. M. & Tokranov, A. M. (2019) Checklist of deep-sea fishes of the Russian northwestern Pacific Ocean found at depths below 1000 m. Progress in Oceanography, 176, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2019.102143","Sulak, J. & Shcherbachev, Y. N. (1997) Zoogeography and systematics of six deep-living genera of synaphobranchid eels, with a key to taxa and description of two new species of Ilyophis. Bulletin of Marine Science, 60, 1158 - 1194.","Amon, D. J., A. F. Ziegler, A. F., Drazen, J. C., Grischenko, A. V., Leitner, A. B., Lindsay, D. J., Voight, J. R., Wicksten, M. K., Young, C. M. & Smith, C. R. (2017) Megafauna of the UKSRL exploration contract area and eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean: Annelida, Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Chordata, Ctenophora, Mollusca. Biodiversity Data Journal, 5, e 14598. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / bdj. 5. e 14598"]}

Synaphobranchus brevidorsalis G��nther 1887. Shortdorsal Cutthroat Eel. 1 m (39.4 in) TL (Roberts et al. 2015). Circumglobal (Sulak and Shcerbachev 1997); western Pacific Ocean north to Pacific coast of Japan (Sulak and Shcerbachev 1997); Paul Revere Ridge, west of Vancouver Island (50��13���N, 129��46���W) (Hanke et al. 2014). Depth: surface to 2,960 m (9,709 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: Sulak and Shcerbachev 1997)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Roberts, C. D., Stewart, A. L. & Struthers, C. D. (Eds.). (2015) The Fishes of New Zealand. Te Papa Press, Wellington.","Hanke, G. F., Gillespie, G., Fong, K., Boutillier, J., Peden, A. E. & J. M. Bedard, J. M. (2014) New records of spiny eels (Albuliformes), true eels (Anguilliformes), and bobtail eels (Saccopharyngiformes) in British Columbia, Canada. Northwestern Naturalist, 95, 63 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1898 / nwn 14 - 01.1"]}

Unidentified Synaphobranchidae. Observed in deep water off central California (Lundsten et al. 2009)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Lundsten, L., McClain, C. R., Berry, J. P., Cailliet, G. M., Clague, D. A. & DeVogelaere, A. P. (2009) Ichthyofauna on three seamounts off southern and central California, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 389, 223 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 08181"]}

Synaphobranchus affinis G��nther, 1877. Slope Cutthroat Eel. To 160 cm (63 in) TL (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997). Circumglobal; western Pacific Ocean north to Russian Western Pacific (Orlov and Tokranov 2019); unknown in eastern North Pacific except for one Bering Sea, Alaska record (Mecklenburg et al. 2002); Hawai���i (Mecklenburg et al. 2002). Depth: 290���2,400 m (951���7,872 ft) (min.: Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997; max. Orlov and Tokranov 2019)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Sulak, J. & Shcherbachev, Y. N. (1997) Zoogeography and systematics of six deep-living genera of synaphobranchid eels, with a key to taxa and description of two new species of Ilyophis. Bulletin of Marine Science, 60, 1158 - 1194.","Orlov, A. M. & Tokranov, A. M. (2019) Checklist of deep-sea fishes of the Russian northwestern Pacific Ocean found at depths below 1000 m. Progress in Oceanography, 176, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2019.102143"]}

This checklist of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel enumerates 469 species which is an addition of 62 species since the previous checklist of 2005. This new checklist includes 58 Condrichthys and 411 Osteicthys species. Most newly-recorded species are of Red Sea origin (Lessepsian migrants)—38 species, 25 species are from previously poorly investigated habitats, mainly deep water, while two species reached the Mediterranean most likely by ballast water and two are aquaculture escapees. The dramatic increase in the number of Lessepsian migrants (an average of 2.5 species per year) is most likely due to the increased water influx between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, following the recent opening of the new parallel, 72 km, “new canal” and the enlargement of other parts of the Suez Canal.

SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE Dysomma brevirostre (Facciola, 1887) Dysomma brevirostre: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Goren, et al., 2019., Published as part of Golani, Daniel, 2021, An updated Checklist of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel, with illustrations of recently recorded species and delineation of Lessepsian migrants, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 4956 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4956.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691195

Meadia abyssalis (Kamohara, 1938) Figs. 3A, 4A, 5A; Table 1 Dysomma abyssale Kamohara, 1938:12, fig. 3 (type locality: Sagami Sea, Japan). Meadia abyssale (Kamohara, 1938): B��hlke, 1951:6. Meadia abyssalis (Kamohara, 1938): Robins & Robins, 1989:240. Mok et al., 1991:44. Ho et al., 2015b:179. Description. Head with a clear hump behind eye. Dorsal-fin origin almost above or slightly behind pectoral-fin base. Anal-fin origin about 0.5���0.6 HL behind head. Middle of eye through posterior fourth of upper jaw. Posterior nostril with low rim and its margin bearing many fringes. Numerous cirri or papillae on snout and chin, gradually becoming scattered on posterior portion of head. Gill opening against lower third of pectoral-fin base (Figs. 3A, 4A). Head pores: SO 1 (ethmoid) + 2, all at tip of snout, no pore above upper margin of eye; IO 6, 1 (adnasal) at posterodorsal corner of anterior nostril, the second below anterior nostril, the third midway between nostrils, the fourth below posterior margin of posterior nostril, the fifth below posterior third of eye, and the sixth above posterior end of rictus; F 0; POM 8, the penultimate pore about 0.4 eye diameter behind the rictus and the last 1.5���2 eye diameter behind rictus. ST 0. Lateral line pores: HLL 3 or 4; PDLL 5 or 6; PAL 14���16. Numbers of dorsal-fin rays before anal-fin origin 22���27. Vertebrae: PDV 10���11, PAV 19, PCV 55���60, TV 174���179, and MVF 11-19-176. Tooth pattern: an oval patch of 10���12 moderately long and pointed teeth on intermaxillary, arranged in about 3 rows; followed by a long patch of various-sized teeth on vomer, which has about 10���12 long and enlarged teeth, arranged in 2 regular rows, most teeth with a pointed tip, followed by 6���8 much smaller teeth arranged in single row posteriorly. Maxilla with a long band of about 2 or 3 rows of slender and pointed teeth, those on outer row smallest, those on inner row gradually larger. Lower jaw with 2 irregular rows of long teeth anteriorly, those on outer row small and short, those on inner row long and pointed. Coloration. In both fresh and preserved specimens, body light brown to gray, generally lighter than that of M roseni. Anterior portion of dorsal and anal fin (about two-thirds of the fin) light grayish with broad pale margin, the white margin gradually becoming narrower, anal-fin base darkened at about two head lengths from posterior end; caudal fin mostly pale with a brown base (Figs. 3A, 4A, 5A). Peritoneum uniformly black, stomach and intestines pale. Remarks. In addition to the very different meristics compared to its two congeners (Table 1), M. abyssalis can be easily distinguished from them in having a relatively pale body coloration (Fig. 3A, vs. Figs. 1B, 3B), anal fin mostly pale with the posterior portion of its base darkened, and caudal fin white with dark brown base (Fig. 5A, vs. Figs. 5B, 5C)., Published as part of Vo, Van Quang, Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Dao, Ha Viet & Tran, Hoa Hong Thi, 2021, A new arrowtooth eel of genus Meadia (Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) from Vietnam, South China Sea, pp. 181-191 in Zootaxa 4952 (1) on pages 185-187, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4952.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/4671590, {"references":["Kamohara, T. (1938) On the offshore bottom-fishes of Province Tosa, Shikoku, Japan. Maruzen Kobushiki Kaisha, Tokyo, 1 - 86.","Bohlke, J. E. (1951) Meadia, a new genus for the West Pacific dysommid eel, Dysomma abyssale Kamohara. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin, 4 (1), 6. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1438047","Robins, C. H. & Robins, C. R. (1989) Family Synaphobranchidae. In: Bohlke, E. B. (Ed.), Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Memoirs of the Sears Foundation for Marine Research, 1 (part 9), pp. 207 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / j. ctvbcd 0 dm. 12","Mok, H. K., Lee, C. Y. & Chan, H. J. (1991) Meadia roseni, a new synaphobranchid eel from the coast of Taiwan (Anguilloidea: Synaphobranchidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 48 (1), 39 - 45.","Ho, H. - C., Smith, D. G., McCosker, J. E., Hibino, Y., Loh, K. - H., Tighe, K. A. & Shao, K. - T. (2015 b) Annotated checklist of eels (orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes) from Taiwan. Zootaxa, 4060 (1), 140 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4060.1.16"]}

Meadia minor Vo & Ho, sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9B9DF84B-6EDC-4381-99F4-6BC225B181A3 English name: Small arrowtooth eel Figs. 1, 2; Table 1 Holotype. OIM-E. 55801, 307 mm TL, field no. Q.00443-2, ca. 13°44'N, 109°15'E, off Quy Nhon, Binh Dinh, central coast of Vietnam, South China Sea, bottom trawl, ca. 100–120 m, 3 May 2019. Paratypes. Nine specimens, 273–330 mm TL, all collected from near type locality: NMMB-P37412, 3 specimens, 278–292 mm TL, 2 May 2019; OIM-E.55802, 4 specimens, 298–330 mm TL, 2 May 2019; OIM-E. 55803, 316 mm TL, 3 May 2019; OIM-E. 55804, 273 mm TL, 3 May 2019. Diagnosis. A species of scaleless ilyophine eel of the genus Meadia with a relatively long trunk (21.3–25.0% TL) that is longer than head length; a short and blunt snout (21.4–23.7% HL); interbranchial space broad (20.7– 26.2% HL); gill opening against lower base of pectoral-fin base; dorsal-fin origin above posterior third of pectoral fin; body depth 24–28 times in TL; TV 118–122; mean vertebral formula 7-33-121; and a small body size reaching 330 mm TL. Description. Morphometric data of the holotype, in mm (% TL in parentheses ). TL 307; head length 35.1 (11.4% TL); predorsal length 36.6 (11.9); preanal length 104 (33.9); trunk length 68.9 (22.4); tail length 203 (66.1); depth at gill opening 12.6 (4.1); width at gill opening 10.4 (3.4); depth at anus 10.6 (3.5); width at anus 10.2 (3.3); eye diameter 3.6 (1.2); interorbital width 9.2 (3.0); snout length 7.5 (2.4); upper-jaw length 14.4 (4.7); gill opening height 1.9 (0.6); pectoral-fin length 8.8 (2.9). The following values are given for the holotype, followed by that of all types in parentheses. Body moderately slender, body depth at gill opening 24 (24–28) times in TL; head and trunk slightly compressed, becoming more compressed posteriorly. Body depth relatively uniform, depth at gill opening 4.1% (3.6–4.1%) TL, narrowing gradually to caudal fin. Dorsal and anal fins high, the height of both fins about 1/4 of body depth without fins, continuous with a small caudal fin. Pectoral fin well-developed, lower half of its base at posterior-dorsal corner of gill opening; pectoral-fin length 25.1% (21.1–25.1%) HL. Head moderately long, its length 11.4% (10.6–11.4%) TL; origin of dorsal fin slightly behind the gill opening, above a vertical through posterior 1/3 of the pectoral fin (middle to posterior 1/3 of the fin), predorsal length 11.9% (11.1–12.0%) TL; trunk long, 22.4% (21.3–25.0%) TL; anus well posterior, 2.0 (1.9–2.4) times head length behind pectoral-fin base; preanal length 33.9% (32.1–35.6%) TL; tail long, tail length 66.1% (64.4–67.9%) TL. Head moderately slender, with a bump in the dorsal profile; snout blunt anteriorly and broad dorsally, covered with scattered short papillae; snout length 21.4% (21.4–23.7%) HL; tip of snout slightly projecting beyond lower jaw; eye moderately large, covered by a thick and semitransparent membrane, its anterior margin above middle of upper jaw (directly above to slightly behind); eye diameter 10.8% (8.3–10.9%) HL or 2.0 (2.0–2.8) times in snout length; interorbital space broad, flat or slightly concave, width 21.1% (19.9–22.1%) HL; postorbital space broad. Anterior nostrils tubular, directed anteroventrally; posterior nostril an elliptical slit without rim, situated in front of eye, about same level as lower margin of eye. Lower jaw shorter than upper, its tip reaching first pore of supraorbital series. End of mouth gape well behind eye, upper-jaw length 41.0% (38.4–41.1%) HL. Gill opening small, oval, its posterior margin against lower half of pectoral-fin base. Head pores large and obvious (Fig. 2A). Head pores: SO 3 (including ethmoid), all restricted to anterior portion of snout, opening of first pore directed ventrally; AD 0; IO 4, 2 pores between nostrils, 1 below posterior nostril and last 1 below middle of eye, no pores behind eye; POM 7, anterior 6 pores along lower jaw, the last pore about 1.5–2.0 eye dimeters behind the penultimate one and rictus; ST 0; F 0. Lateral line almost complete, the canal extends nearly to the caudal fin base; pores large and clear in anterior half of lateral line, gradually becoming smaller and indistinct. Lateral-line pores: PDLL 4 (3–4), PPLL 2 (2–3), PALL 39 (35–41). Teeth various in size and shape (Fig. 2B). Teeth on intermaxillary and vomer forming a long, continuous patch extending to behind rictus; teeth on anterior margin small, large and stout on anterior half of patch, in about 7 rows at broadest portion, each with a cutting edge on tip, gradually becoming 2 well-separated rows in posterior portion. Maxillary with a short band of 3 to 4 regular rows of slender teeth, those in outer row shortest, gradually longer posteriorly; those on inner row long canines, with their tips less pointed. Lower jaw with a tooth patch longer than that of upper jaw, 3 rows anteriorly and gradually becoming 2 rows posteriorly; teeth on anterior half of inner 2 rows enlarged, each with a cutting edge, gradually becoming smaller posteriorly; teeth on outer row uniformly small. Vertebrae: PDV 7 (6–8), PAV 32 (32–35), PCV 45 (44–46), TV 122 (118–122), and MVF 7-33-121. Coloration. When fresh (Figs. 1B, C), body uniformly grayish brown; dorsal and anal fins with narrow white margins; posterior portion of tail and vertical fins darker; white patches on lips, lower parts of chin, and outer surface of gill chamber; pectoral fin pale stained with some dark pigments. When preserved, upper half of body light brown and lower half blackish brown; lip, chin, and outer surface of gill chamber irregularly pale; dorsal fin and upper part of caudal fin deep brown with very narrow white margin; anal fin dark brown, with slight white margin, on anterior half. Peritoneal membranes and mouth cavity white. Distribution. Known from the type specimens collected from off Quy Nhon, around central coast of Vietnam, South China Sea, collected by bottom trawl at estimated depth of 100– 150 m. Size. The largest specimen examined is a 330 mm TL male (OIM-E.55802. 1 of 4). Another mature female (OIM-E.55802, 1 of 4, 298 mm TL) has developed ovaries containing small eggs, which indicates that this is a small species. Etymology. The specific name is from Latin minor, meaning "rather small," in reference to the small adult body size of the species compared to two congeners, as well as most members of Ilyophinae. Comparison. Meadia minor can be easily separated from its two congeners, as well as most members of Ilyophinae, in having a relatively long trunk (1.9–2.4 HL) and preanal length (32.1–35.6% TL), relatively few vertebrae (118–122), and more numerous teeth on premaxilla and vomer which form a continuous long patch (Fig. 2B). Table 1 provides the morphometric and meristic data for comparison of the three congeners in Meadia. Meadia roseni has the highest counts of predorsal, preanal, precaudal, and total vertebrae, compared to those of M. abyssalis and M. minor. The preanal length is longest in M. minor, moderately long in M. roseni (22.0–23.5% TL) and relatively short in M. abyssalis (15.5–18.2% TL). The head and predorsal length are relatively long in M. roseni, whereas M. minor and M. abyssalis have relatively small heads and similar predorsal lengths. The snout is short in M. minor (21.4–23.7% HL), whereas both M. abyssalis and M. roseni have a relatively long snout (28.4–31.6% HL and 28.0–31.2% HL, respectively). The gill opening is relatively small in M. minor compared to that of both M. abyssalis and M. roseni. The numbers of head pores are somewhat different among the three Meadia species. Meadia roseni has an additional SO pore above the eye, whereas the two other species do not (Table 1). Both M. abyssalis and M. roseni have 1 adnasal pore at the dorsoposterior corner of the anterior nostril and 1 pore behind the eye, whereas M. minor lacks these two pores (Table 1). Meadia roseni has a total of 10 or 11 pores on POM, whereas M. abyssalis has 8 pores and M. minor has 7. It is notable that the last POM pore is far behind the rictus, usually about 1.5–2.0 eye diameters in distance in all three species. The configuration of lateral-line pores is also different among these congeners and is associated with their vertebral formulae. Moreover, the type series of M. minor includes at least one mature female which indicates that it is a small species (up to 330 mm TL). The largest specimen of M. roseni in NMMB-P collection is 723 mm TL (NMMB-P29943) and the largest specimen of M. abyssalis examined by us is 595 mm TL (NMMB-P20654). Although included in Meadia, M. minor is also similar to Ilyophis arx, from the tropical eastern Pacific, in having a blunt head, a short and deep snout, and similar body proportions. It can be distinguished from the latter in having 35–41 preanal pores (vs. 26–30), teeth on jaws, intermaxillary, and vomer various in size (vs. mostly small and uniform in size), last POM pore clearly behind rictus (vs. below the posterior end of rictus), 118–122 total vertebrae (vs. 131–135). Meadia minor differs from the remaining species of Ilyophis in having much fewer vertebrae (vs. 140–188 in the other 4 species of Ilyophis).

Meadia roseni Mok, Lee & Chan, 1991 Figs. 3B, 4B, 5B; Table 1 Meadia roseni Mok, Lee & Chan, 1991:39, figs. 1–3 (type locality: off Tongkang [Dong-gang], southwestern Taiwan, 22°21'05"N, 120°12'46"E, depth 1020 m). Ho & Shao, 2011:22. Ho et al., 2015b:179. Ho et al., 2015c:8. Description. Head with a clear hump behind eye. Dorsal-fin origin slightly behind pectoral-fin base. Anal-fin origin about 0.6–0.7 HL behind head. Middle of eye through posterior third of upper jaw. Posterior nostril with low rim and its margin bearing many fringes. Numerous cirri or papillae on snout and chin, gradually becoming scattered on posterior portion of head. Gill opening against lower end of pectoral-fin base (Figs. 3B, 4B). Head pores: SO 1 (ethmoid) + 3, 3 at tip of snout and the fourth above upper margin of eye; IO 6, 1 (adnasal) at posterodorsal corner of anterior nostril, 2 between nostrils and 2 below eye, the sixth above posterior end of rictus; F 0; POM 10 or 11 (mainly 11), the penultimate pore 0.5–1 eye diameter behind rictus and the last 1.5–2 eye diameter behind rictus. ST 0. Lateral-line pores: head 9 or 10; PDLL 14 or 15; PAL 30–32. Numbers of dorsal-fin rays before anal-fin origin 37–46. Vertebrae: PDV 15–16, PAV 31–35, PCV 62–65, TV 200–204, and MVF 16-32-202. Tooth pattern: an oval patch of 14–20 moderately large, stout teeth on intermaxillary; followed by a long patch of various-sized teeth on vomer, which has about 11–15 enlarged and stout teeth, most teeth with a cutting edge, followed by 4–7 much smaller stout teeth posteriorly. Maxilla with a long band of about 4 rows of pointed teeth, those on outer row smallest, those on inner rows gradually larger. Lower jaw with about 4 rows of stout teeth anteriorly, gradually becoming 2 rows posteriorly, those on outer row smallest, those on inner row gradually becoming larger, most teeth with a cutting edge at tip. Coloration. In both fresh and preserved specimen, body uniformly grayish brown to dark brown, generally darker than that of M abyssalis. Anterior portion of dorsal and anal fin (about half of the fin) grayish brown with broad pale margin, gradually becoming darker and the margins becoming narrower, darkened at about one head length from posterior end; caudal fin black (Figs. 3B, 4B, 5B). Peritoneum pale with black pepper dots, stomach and intestines pale. Remarks. The lateral-line pores are more numerous and are rather close to each other in M. roseni compared to the two other congeners. In general, M. roseni has more teeth on jaws, intermaxillary, and vomer and a darker body color compared to M. abyssalis.

Meadia minor sp. nov., a scaless ilyophine eel, is described on the basis of 10 specimens collected from off Quy Nhon, central coast of Vietnam. It can be distinguished from its congeners in having a relatively long trunk (21.3–25.0% TL) which is longer than head length; a short and blunt snout (21.4–23.7% HL); gill opening close to pectoral-fin base; interbranchial space broad (20.7–26.2% HL); dorsal-fin origin above posterior third of pectoral fin; body depth 24–28 times in TL; total vertebrae 118–122; mean vertebral formula 7-33-121; and a small body size, reaching 330 mm TL. The generic status of the new species is discussed. Short descriptions of two congeners are provided.

Genus Atractodenchelys Robins & Robins, 1970 Diagnosis. Body entirely scaleless; pectoral fins present; anus moderately forward; trunk usually shorter, sometimes equal to or slightly longer, than head length; gill openings on the lower side of the body, well-separated from each other; lateral line well developed; no pore on supratemporal canal of the head; oval patch of teeth on intermaxillary; single row of 5���8 large compound teeth on vomer; and multiple rows of teeth on both jaws (Robins & Robins, 1970; this study)., Published as part of Vo, Quang Van & Ho, Hsuan-Ching, 2020, A new species of Atractodenchelys (Synaphobranchidae, Anguilliformes) from Vietnam, pp. 588-594 in Zootaxa 4742 (3) on page 589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.3.12, http://zenodo.org/record/3677937, {"references":["Robins, C. H. & Robins, C. R. (1970) The eel family Dysommidae (including Dysomminidae and Nettodaridae), its osteology and composition, including a new genus and species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 122 (6), 293 - 335."]}

Atractodenchelys brevitrunca sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 88AE7CDF-C8A9-4880-B061-D5CF77F4887D English name: Short-bodied arrowtooth eel Figs.1A, B; Table 1 Holotype. OIM-E. 55743, 509 mm TL, off Nha Trang City, southern Vietnam, western South China Sea, bottom trawl at depths around 280���350 meters, 30 March 2019 Paratypes. Thirty specimens, 254���565 mm TL. OIM-E. 55742, 452 mm TL, off Quy Nhon City, southern Viet- nam, western South China Sea, bottom trawl at depths around 250���300 meters, 23 Aug. 2018. OIM-E.55744���9, 6 specimens, 382���501 mm TL; NMMB-P30953, 5 specimens, 337���495 mm TL, collected together with the holotype. OIM-E.55750���62, 13 specimens, 254���525 mm TL, off Nha Trang City, southern Vietnam, western South China Sea, bottom trawl at depths around 250���300 meters, 13 Apr. 2019. OIM-E.55763���7, 5 specimens, 337���565 mm TL, off Nha Trang City, southern Vietnam, western South China Sea, bottom trawl at depths around 250���350 meters, 14 Apr. 2019. Diagnosis. A species of Atractodenchelys with 155���158 vertebrae; relatively short trunk (11���13 in TL), clearly shorter than the head; and 5 or 6 large compound teeth on vomer. Description. Morphometric data of the holotype, in mm (%TL in parentheses): 509 mm TL; head length 62.7 (12.3% TL); predorsal length 68.2 (13.4); preanal length 110 (21.6); trunk length 47.3 (9.3); tail length 399 (78.4); depth at gill opening 19.1 (3.8); depth at anus 20.0 (3.9); width at anus 11.8 (2.3); eye diameter 7.8 (1.5); interorbital width 6.8 (1.3); snout length 19.8 (3.9); upper jaw 31.5 (6.2); gill opening 11.5 (2.3); interbranchial width 5.4 (1.1). Body relatively slender, head and trunk slightly compressed, becoming more compressed posteriorly; body depth relatively uniform, narrowing gradually to caudal fin. Head relatively slender, its length 8.8 (8.1���9.9) in TL; origin of dorsal fin slightly behind the gill opening, predorsal length 8.0 (7.4���9.0) in TL; trunk short, its length 11.8 (10.3���13.8) in HL; anus well behind the tip of pectoral fin by about 3 times of the pectoral-fin length; origin of anal fin immediately behind anus, preanal length 5.0 (4.6���5.4) in TL; tail long, tail length 1.2 (1.2���1.3) in TL. Dorsal and anal fins low and fleshy, continuous with a small but well-developed caudal fin. Pectoral fin well developed, its base above the upper corner of gill opening. Head slender in profile; snout relatively long, bluntly pointed anteriorly and narrow dorsally, covered by many small papillae, snout length 3.1 (2.8���3.3) in HL; tip of snout projecting well beyond the lower jaw; eye large, cov- ered by a thick and semitransparent membrane, eye diameter 8.4 (7.1���9.3) in HL; interorbital space narrow, slightly elevated, its width 8.8 (7.3���10.0) in HL; postorbital space relatively short, about 1.7 (1.4���2.0) times snout length. Anterior nostrils tubular, directed anteroventrally. Posterior nostril large and rounded, situated at the anterior margin of lower half of the eye, bearing a fleshy rim along most of its inner margin. Lower jaw shorter than upper, its tip reaching first pore of infraorbital series. Rictus is about one eye diameter behind posterior margin of eye, upper jaw length 2.0 in HL. Gill opening a long narrow slit, not attached to each other. Head and lateral-line pores large (Figs. 1, 2 A���B). Supraorbital pores 4, with anterior 3 restricted to anterior portion of snout, and fourth above anterior portion of eye; infraorbital pores 5, the first below the posterior corner of the anterior nostril, the second at the middle of space between nostrils, the third below the posterior corner of the posterior nostril, the fourth below middle of the eye, and the fifth behind the eye; mandibular pores 7, along the lower jaw, the last pore well behind the penultimate one; preopercular pores 2, close together; adnasal 1; supratemporal commissure 0; frontal 1. Lateral line nearly com- plete, extending to close to caudal-fin base; prepectoral 6 (4���6), predorsal 9 (7���9), preanal 24 (20���24), and total 149 (146���151). Dorsal-fin rays anterior to anal-fin origin 36���43 (n=3). Teeth (Fig. 3 A���C) pointed, small to large. Intermaxillary with about 26 (23���26) fang-like teeth forming an oval cluster; 6 (5���6) large, widely-spaced compound vomerine teeth in a row. Maxillary with 4 (3���5) regular rows of sharp teeth, those in inner row and anterior portion of the jaw clearly larger than the rest and each with a blade-like tip, gradually smaller laterally and posteriorly. Lower jaw with 5 (4���6) regular rows of teeth, in similar arrangement of those on the upper jaw. Mean vertebral formula 10-23-156; predorsal vertebrae 10 (9���10), preanal vertebrae 25 (23���25), and total ver- tebrae 155 (155���158) (n=13). Coloration. Specimens examined have most of the skin surface rubbed off the posterior half of tail region, but the species assumed to be uniformly dark brownish. Peritoneum and mouth cavity pale. Distribution. Known from the type series collected off Nha Trang and Quy Nhon, southern Vietnam, western South China Sea, by bottom trawl at depths around 250���350 meters. Size. The largest known specimen is 565 mm TL. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin brevis (short) and truncus (trunk), refer to the short trunk of this species. Remarks. There are a total of three species of Atractodenchelys, including A. phrix from the western Atlantic Ocean, A. robinsorum from Chesterfield and Vanuatu Islands, southern Pacific Ocean, and the new species described herein. The new species differs in having 155���158 total vertebrae (vs. 168���172 in A. phrix and 186���199 in A. robinsorum); head length 10.1���12.3% TL (vs. 9.1���9.9% TL in A. robinsorum); snout length 30.0���35.8% HL (vs. 37.5���39.5% HL A. robinsorum); head length 1.8 (1.6���1.9) times in preanal length (vs. 1.8���2.1 in A. phrix and 2.0��� 2.1 in A. robinsorum, both calculated from the original descriptions); 4 supraorbital pores (vs. 5 in A. robinsorum); 5 infraorbital pores (vs. 8 in A. robinsorum); 5 or 6 compound teeth on vomer (vs. 7���8 in A. robinsorum). It is notable that the original drawing of the holotype of A. phrix (Robins & Robins, 1970:fig. 3) showed 4 supraorbital pores, 5 infraorbital pores (instead of 6 in the description), 8 mandibular pores, and 2 preopercular pores. In another drawing of A. phrix (Robins & Robins, 1989: figs. 227), it shows 5 infraorbital pores and 7 mandibular pores. The original description stating 6 infraorbital pores may be a mistake and Robins & Robins (1970) mentioned their specimens had 9 pores in the preopercular-mandibular canal, except for 1 with 10 (only 10 was adopted by Karmovskaya, 2003). In their first description and drawing (Robins & Robins, 1970: fig. 9), there were 5 compound teeth on vomer, however, in another drawing (Robins & Robins, 1989: fig. 228), they showed 6 compound teeth on vomer. This suggests that slight variation in the number of compound vomerine teeth may present in A. phrix. There are 7 lateral-line pores before pectoral-fin origin, 8 before dorsal-fin origin and 22 lateral-line pores before anal-fin origin, as shown in drawing of the holotype. Although Robins & Robins (1970) noted that ��� anus moderately far forward, slightly more than one head length behind gill opening ��� in their diagnosis of Atractodenchelys, the data provided by them showed that the trunk lengths of the holotype and 2 paratypes of A. phrix are shorter than head length, and 1 paratype is slightly longer than the head length. Atractodenchelys brevitrunca exhibits an overlapping trunk length with that of A. phrix and the diagnostic character of Atractodenchelys is modified accordingly. Comparative material. MNHN 1995-0386, 683 mm TL, holotype of A. robinsorum, Chesterfield Islands, 710 m, 19 Oct. 1986., Published as part of Vo, Quang Van & Ho, Hsuan-Ching, 2020, A new species of Atractodenchelys (Synaphobranchidae, Anguilliformes) from Vietnam, pp. 588-594 in Zootaxa 4742 (3) on pages 589-593, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.3.12, http://zenodo.org/record/3677937, {"references":["Robins, C. H. & Robins, C. R. (1970) The eel family Dysommidae (including Dysomminidae and Nettodaridae), its osteology and composition, including a new genus and species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 122 (6), 293 - 335.","Robins, C. H. & Robins, C. R. (1976) New genera and species of dysommine and synaphobranchine eels (Synaphobranchidae) with an analysis of the Dysomminae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 127 (18), 249 - 280.","Robins, C. H. & Robins, C. R. (1989) Family Synaphobranchidae. In: Bohlke, E. B. (Ed.), Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research, 1 (Part 9), pp. 207 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / j. ctvbcd 0 dm. 12","Karmovskaya, E. S. (2003) New records of synaphobranchid eels (Synaphobranchidae, Anguilliformes) collected off New Caledonia and adjacent regions, with description of a new species of Atractodenchelys. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 43 (4), 437 - 446, [translated into English in Journal of Ichthyology, 43 (7), 491 - 500]"]}

A new species of the synaphobranchid genus Atractodenchelys is described based on 31 specimens collected off Quy Nhon and Nha Trang, southern Vietnam. The new species can be distinguished from the only two congeners in the genus by having much fewer total vertebrae (155‒158, vs. 168‒172 in A. phrix and 186‒199 in A. robinsorum), a relatively long head (head length 10.1‒12.3% TL), a relatively short snout (30.0‒35.8% HL), head longer than trunk length (vs. about equal in length in both species); and 5‒6 compound teeth on vomer (vs. 7‒8 in A. robinsorum).

Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean, White, William T. (2019): Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records. Zootaxa 4588 (1): 1-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1

Dysomma taiwanense Ho, Smith &Tighe, 2015 FIg. 8; TablEs 1���2 Dysomma taiwanensis Ho, Smith & Tighe, 2015:87, figs. 1���2 (type locality: Daxi, Yilan, northeast Taiwan, depth ca. 200-400 meters). Specimen examined. TypE sErIEs. LIstEd In Ho et al. (2015). Additional specimens. 52 spEcImEns, 136���474 mm TL. Dong-gang, Pingtung, SW Taiwan. NMMB-P3845 (2, 203���279), 21 Mar. 1979. NMMB-P16453 (1, 136), 2 FEb. 2012. NMMB-P21720 (1, 194), 25 Oct. 2011. NMMB-P23482 (1, 210), 11 Jun. 2013. NMMB-P24383 (12, 149���354), 22 Jul. 2016. NMMB-P24392 (2, 315���322), 24 Aug. 2014. NMMB-P24733 (1, 209), 11 Oct. 2016. NMMB-P25965 (1, 419), 29 Mar. 2017. NMMB- P26037 (3, 288���324), 15 Apr. 2017. NMMB-P26160 (1, 280), 30 Mar. 2017. NMMB-P26161 (1, 362), 30 Mar. 2017. NMMB-P26220 (1, 385), 23 Jun. 2017. NMMB-P26399 (1, 304), 12 Jul. 2017. NMMB-P26448 (2, 333���358), 23 Jun. 2017. NMMB-P26472 (1, 378), 19 Jul. 2017. NMMB-P26475 (1, 320), 19 Jul. 2017. NMMB- P26689 (8, 244���355), 10 Jul. 2017. NMMB-P26693 (2, 228���335), 29 Mar. 2017. NMMB-P26696 (1, 395), 16 Jun. 2017. NMMB-P26697 (1, 256), 16 Jun. 2017. NMMB-P26699 (3, 215���262), 9 Aug. 2017. NMMB-P26701 (1, 334), 10 Jun. 2017. Daxi, Yilan, NE Taiwan. NMMB-P1754 (1, 474), 9 SEp. 2003. NMMB-P26400 (1, 361), 1 Jul. 2017. Nan-fang-ao, Yilan, NE Taiwan. NMMB-P16288 (1, 205), 16 Mar. 2012. NMMB-P16383 (1, 158), 14 Mar. 2012. Diagnosis. PEctoral fIn prEsEnt. Dorsal-fIn orIgIn slIghtly In front of lEvEl of pEctoral-fIn basE; anus wEll bEhInd tIp of pEctoral fIn; trunk vEry short; two IntErmaxIllary tEEth; 4 compound tEEth on vomEr; sInglE row of 5���11 small compound tEEth followEd by 0���8 small tEEth on lowEr jaw; hEad porEs: IO 4, SO 3, M 6, POP 0, AD 1, F 0, ST 0; latEral-lInE porEs: prEdorsal 3���5, prEpEctoral 3���7, prEanal 7���12, total 29���49, thE last at about half of total lEngth. VErtEbraE: prEdorsal 7���10, prEanal 12���17, total 134���140; MVF 9-14-137. Body unIformly brownIsh, lowEr part of postErIor onE-EIghth of body darkEr, wIth black basE and margIn on rEar part of anal fIn and lowEr part of caudal fIn. Remarks. Ho et al. (2015) dEscrIbEd D. taiwanense (as Dysomma taiwanensis) basEd on four spEcImEns, two collEctEd from northwEstErn TaIwan and two collEctEd from southwEstErn TaIwan. ThEy statEd that two smallEr spEcImEns (E.g. two paratypEs from southwEstErn TaIwan) havE 1���3 smallEr EmbEddEd tEEth on thE lowEr jaw whErEas thE two largEr spEcImEns (holotypE and onE paratypE collEctEd from northEastErn TaIwan) havE only 7 largE compound tEEth. ThE spEcImEns ExamInEd In thE prEsEnt study show that all spEcImEns havE 5���10 largE wIdEly spacEd compound tEEth followEd by 0���8 small tEEth whIch arE dEnsE In arrangEmEnt. ThE total lowEr-jaw tEEth arE 6���15. AftEr ExamInIng many spEcImEns, thE rangE of mErIstIcs Is ExpandEd slIghtly, thus thE abovE dIagnosIs Is modIfIEd accordIngly. Dysomma taiwanense Is most sImIlar to D. formosa dEscrIbEd abovE In havIng thE tIp of thE pEctoral fIn usually In front of thE anus and a sInglE row of compound and small tEEth on thE lowEr jaw, although thE lattEr charactEr Is varIablE In thEsE two spEcIEs. ThE numbEr of compound tEEth and total tEEth arE clEarly fEwEr In D. taiwanense than In D. formosa, and thE total vErtEbraE arE clEarly morE In D. taiwanense than In D. formosa wIthout ovErlap (TablE 2)., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Tighe, Kenneth A., 2018, Three new species of the cutthroat eel genus Dysomma, with comments on the variation of D. taiwanense (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae) in Zootaxa 4454 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4454.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1452565, {"references":["Ho, H. - C., Smith, D. G. & Tighe, K. A. (2015) Review of the arrowtooth eel genera Dysomma and Dysommina in Taiwan, with the description of a new species (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae). Zootaxa, 4060 (1), 86 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4060.1.12"]}

Synaphobranchus oligolepis sp. nov. English name: Naked-belly cutthroat eel. Figs. 1–3, 4A–B; Table 1. Holotype. NMMB-P 26670 (489 mm TL), off Dong-gang, Pingtung, southwestern Taiwan, northern South China Sea, ca. 300 m, bottom trawl, 9 Aug. 2017. Paratypes (*indicates these with data taken). * NMMB-P7604 (391 mm TL), * NMMB-P7609 (392 mm TL), * NMMB-P25237 (419 mm TL); all collected from off Kaohsiung, southwestern Taiwan, northern South China Sea, ca. 300 m, bottom trawl, 4 Jul. 2004. * NMMB-P20636 (266 mm TL), Chang-bin, Taitung, southeastern Taiwan, 19 Mar. 2012. * NMMB-P23547 (275 mm TL), Dong-gang, Pingtung, southwestern Taiwan, 22 Jul. 2016. NMMB-P25959 (440 mm TL), Chang-bin, 2016. *TOU-AE7151 (455 mm TL), 2 Jul. 2014; *TOU-AE7153 (453 mm TL), 19 Nov. 2014; *TOU-AE6680 (352 mm TL), 2 Nov. 2012; all collected from off Shihtiping, Taitung, eastern Taiwan, longline. TOU-AE7284 (690 mm TL), TOU-AE7285 (502 mm TL), Chang-bin, Taitung, eastern Taiwan. Non-types. ASIZP 63731 (270 mm TL); ASIZP 63798 (510 mm TL); 22˚37’N 120˚11’E, off Kaoshiung, southwestern Taiwan, 821 m, otter trawl, 29 Aug. 2002. ASIZP 63729 (295 mm TL), 22˚32’N, 122˚01’E, off Taitung, southeastern Taiwan, 1027 m, otter trawl, 27 Aug. 2003. ASIZP 75078 (530 mm TL), 22˚13’N, 120˚24’E, off Pintung, southwestern Taiwan, 68–347 m depth, otter trawl, 29 Jul. 2014. NMMB-P23548 (178 mm TL), 2 Apr. 2014; NMMB-P21180 (167 mm TL); 2 Apr. 2014; TOU-AE5668 (540 mm TL), 24 Jul. 2010; TOU-AE5669 (488 mm TL), 24 Jul.2010; TOU-AE7081 (393 mm TL), 24 Jul. 2010; TOU-AE7266 (199 mm TL), 9 Aug. 2016; TOU- AE7267 (128 mm TL), 9 Aug. 2016; all collected from Dong-gang, southwestern Taiwan, market, bottom trawl. Diagnosis. A species of Synaphobranchus with the origin of dorsal fin slightly before to about opposite to origin of anal fin; body scale oval in shape; most parts of head and abdomen naked, except for a scaled patch on cheek behind the eyes; pectoral fin pale with a blackish base; mean vertebral formula 28-28-131, precaudal veterbrae 50–56, and total vertebrae 124–135. Description. Morphometric and meristic data are provided in Table 1. Data of holotype (mm): total length 489; head length 66.3; predorsal length 122; preanal length 147; trunk length 80.7; tail length 342; depth at gill opening 28.9; depth at anus 28.1; width at anus 15.9; snout length 23.5; eye diameter 7.9; interorbital width 11.9; upper jaw length (rictus) 31.8; pectoral-fin length 24.5; length of gill opening 11.7. Body anguilliform, slender and compressed, gradually tapering posteriorly. Caudal fin region truncated. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Pectoral fin well developed, triangular, situated above posterior margin of gill opening. Gill openings at ventral surface of head, externally united at midline and internally separated by body wall. Pelvic fin absent. Dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal fin. Dorsal-fin origin about same vertical of that of anal fin in most specimens examined, some individuals with origin of dorsal fin forward to the anus and some just slightly behind the anus, predorsal length 24.9–34.1% TL. Anal-fin origin just anterior to anus. Anal-fin rays better developed than those of dorsal fin. Head not clearly distinguished from trunk, laterally compressed. Mouth terminal, lower jaw projects slightly beyond tip of snout. Jaws long, the gape extends posteriorly beyond the eyes. Anterior nostril tubular, directed anteroventrally. Posterior nostril nearly circular, with low rim restricted to anterior margin. Eye oval to rounded. Gill openings ventral, horizontal, internally united at midline, but internally separated by body wall, slightly anterior to origin of pectoral fin. Scales oval to slightly elongated (Figs. 3C, 4B); a scale patch on cheek between eye and pectoral fin (Figs. 1C, 3B, 4A); most of head, nape and abdomen naked (Figs. 1–3); scattered scales may be present on dorsal surface of trunk in a few individuals, others either entirely naked or with damaged skin and not easy to detect. Teeth conical to fang-like. Teeth on intermaxilla forming a narrow, oval patch, in about 5 (3–5) rows, larger teeth on medial row, few small teeth on each side of the patch; a space between intermaxillary and vomerine teeth; vomer with single row of small fang-like teeth, extending to about 3/4 of length of lower jaw and behind the posterior margin of eye (slightly shorter in some individuals); teeth on both jaws forming narrow bands, gradually expanded posteriorly, narrow on both ends, anterior portion with 2 irregular rows of large teeth, those along the innermost margin larger than outer row and slightly smaller posteriorly, those on the rest of the patch gradually becoming multiserial and villiform (Fig. 3D). Head pore system complete, pores small (Fig. 3B). Supraorbital with 5 pores, first pore at underside of tip of snout, second pore at snout tip anterior to anterior nostril, third and fourth pores on dorsal surface of snout, fifth pore at upper corner of anterior margin of eye. A single small adnasal pore at posterodorsal corner of anterior nostril. Infraorbital with 8 pores, first pore below and behind anterior nostril, second to fourth pore along the upper jaw, four pores behind the eye. Paired frontal pores at interorbital space, one at each side. Mandibular with 9 (8–9) pores; preopercular with 2 (2–4) pores, the uppermost pore about below the second lateral-line pore. Supratemporal with 3 pores (if outermost pore counted as first pore of lateral line). Lateral-line pores: before pectoral-fin base 9 (5–10); predorsal 21 (21–33); preanal 28 (24–33); total pores ca. 125 (124–140). Predorsal vertebrae 21 (21–33); preanal vertebrae 30 (23–31); precaudal vertebrae 53 (50–56); total vertebrae 132 (124–135). Mean vertebral formula 28-28-131. Coloration. When fresh, body uniformly dark brownish to blackish; lips and fins darker (Fig. 2). When preserved (Figs. 4A–B), body deep gray to deep brown dorsally and paler ventrally; some individuals more or less uniformly colored. Lips darker. Dorsal fin with gray or brown base and white margin on most of the length, uniformly black on posterior portion; anterior 2/3 of anal fin with light gray base and broad white margin, gradually becoming light gray base and black margin posteriorly, then uniformly black; caudal fin black. Anus black. Mouth cavity deep gray. Gill chamber dark black. Peritoneum uniformly black. Distribution. Known from the type series and non-types collected from off eastern and southwestern Taiwan. It may be found in other Taiwanese waters when more investigations are carried out. Precise depths unknown, but some specimens were collected by bottom trawl or hook-and-line at depth around 300–400 meters. Etymology. The specific name is from the Greek, oligo = few, lepis =scale, derived from its diagnostic character of a large naked region on head and body.

* Synaphobranchus oligolepis Ho, Hong & Chen, this volume Synaphobranchus oligolepis Ho, Hong & Chen, 2018b: this volume (type locality: Dong-gang, Pingtung, southwestern Taiwan). Remarks. This species initially was confused with Synaphobranchus affinis due to the position of origin of dorsal fin. However, the large naked areas on anterior portion of body readily separate it from S. affinis.

* Dysomma brachygnathos Ho & Tighe, this volume Dysomma brachygnathos Ho & Tighe, 2018: this volume (type locality: Dong-gang, Pingtung, southwestern Taiwan) Remarks. Newly described from Taiwan in Ho & Tighe (2018). This species is represented only by the two type specimens., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Smith, David G., Tighe, Kenneth A., Hibino, Yusuke & Mccosker, John E., 2018, Checklist of eels of Taiwan (orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes): An update, pp. 5-17 in Zootaxa 4454 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4454.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1446687

* Dysommina orientalis Tighe, Ho & Hatooka, this volume Dysommina rugosa (not of Ginsburg): Chen & Mok, 2001:79. Ho et al., 2015a:100. Dysommina orientalis Tighe, Ho & Hatooka, 2018: this volume (type locality: Dong-gang, southern Taiwan). Remarks. The species has long been identified as Dysommina rugosa in Taiwan and Japan. Tighe et al. (2018) compared the morphological and genetic features and confirm that the specimens collected from Taiwan and Japan are different from the Atlantic population, and a new name is given., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Smith, David G., Tighe, Kenneth A., Hibino, Yusuke & Mccosker, John E., 2018, Checklist of eels of Taiwan (orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes): An update, pp. 5-17 in Zootaxa 4454 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4454.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1446687, {"references":["Chen, Y. - Y. & Mok, H. - K. (2001) A new synaphobranchid eel, Dysomma longirostrum (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae), from the northeastern coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 40 (2), 79 - 83.","Ho, H. - C., Smith, D. G. & Tighe, K. A. (2015 a) Review of the arrowtooth eel genera Dysomma and Dysommina in Taiwan, with the description of a new species (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae). Zootaxa, 4060 (1), 86 - 104.","Tighe, K. A., Ho, H. - C. & Hatooka, K. (2018) A new species of the genus Dysommina (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa, 4454 (1), 43 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4454.1.6"]}

* Dysomma formosa Ho & Tighe, this volume Dysomma formosa Ho & Tighe, 2018: this volume (type locality: Dong-gang, southwestern Taiwan). Remarks. This species was commonly collected together with Dysomma taiwanense and D. anguillare in southwestern Taiwan. However, with several distinct characters, it is now recognized as a new species. Ho & Tighe (2018) examined recently collected specimens and provided a detailed comparison of these species.., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Smith, David G., Tighe, Kenneth A., Hibino, Yusuke & Mccosker, John E., 2018, Checklist of eels of Taiwan (orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes): An update, pp. 5-17 in Zootaxa 4454 (1) on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4454.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1446687

A new species of the cutthroat eel genus Synaphobranchus is described from Taiwan on the basis of 12 types and 11 non-type specimens. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners in having most of its head and abdomen naked, except for a patch of scales behind the eye, dorsal surface of trunk naked or covered by scattered scales; scales oval in shape; dorsal fin slightly before to about opposite to origin of anal fin; mean vertebral formula 28-28-131, precaudal vertebrae 50–56, total vertebrae 124–135. Comments of the congeners occurred in adjacent regions are provided.

Dysomma brachygnathos sp. nov. EnglIsh namE: Short-jaw cutthroat EEl FIgs. 4���5; TablE 1 Holotype. USNM 444742 (fEmalE, 208 mm TL), Dong-gang fIshIng port, PIngtung, SW TaIwan, northErn South ChIna SEa, 28 Mar 2014. Paratype. NMMB-P 20199 (malE, 242+ mm TL), Dong-gang fIshIng port, PIngtung, SW TaIwan, northErn South ChIna SEa, 11 Jun 2013. Diagnosis. PEctoral fIn absEnt; dorsal-fIn orIgIn slIghtly In front of gIll opEnIng; trunk vEry short; lowEr jaw short, not covErIng IntErmaxIllary tEEth or fIrst vomErInE tooth whEn closEd. LatEral-lInE porEs: prEdorsal 3, prEanal 9, and total 23���32. VErtEbraE: prEdorsal 8, prEanal 15���16, total 131+���136. DEntItIon: 2 compound IntErmaxIllary tEEth; 3���5 compound tEEth on vomEr; sInglE row of compound tEEth on lowEr jaw; maxIllary tEEth In 2���3 IrrEgular rows. Body unIformly tannIsh to brownIsh, lowEr part of postErIor parts of anal-fIn and lowEr part of caudal fIn darkEr. Description. MorphomEtrIc data of thE holotypE (In mm): total lEngth 208; hEad lEngth 26; prEdorsal lEngth 23; prEanal lEngth 37; trunk lEngth 11; taIl lEngth 171; dEpth at gIll opEnIng 8.5; dEpth at anus 8.0; wIdth at anus 5.9; EyE dIamEtEr 1.4; IntErorbItal wIdth 4.0; snout lEngth 5.5; uppEr jaw lEngth 9.5; lowEr jaw lEngth 7.0; gIll opEnIng 1.2; IntErbranchIal wIdth 3.3. ThE followIng valuEs arE gIvEn for thE holotypE, followEd by thosE of thE paratypE In parEnthEsEs. HEad rElatIvEly short, 12.5 (~11.6)% TL; orIgIn of dorsal fIn slIghtly In front of gIll opEnIng (slIghtly bEhInd gIll opEnIng), prEdorsal lEngth 11.0 (~12.0)% TL; trunk rElatIvEly short, 5.3 (~7.0)% TL and 42.3 (~60.7)% HL; prEanal lEngth 17.8 (~18.6)% TL; taIl long, taIl lEngth 82.2 (~81.4)% TL. Body modEratEly slEndEr, hEad and trunk slIghtly comprEssEd, bEcomIng morE comprEssEd postErIorly. Dorsal and anal fIns low and flEshy, contInuous wIth a small caudal fIn. PEctoral fIn absEnt; gIll opEnIng vEry small and crEscEntIc, sEt low on body HEad rElatIvEly stout In profIlE; snout blunt antErIorly and broad dorsally, tIp of snout bulbous and covErEd by wIth numErous plIcaE, snout lEngth 21.2 (27.5)% HL; tIp of snout projEctIng wEll bEyond lowEr jaw; EyE small, covErEd by a thIck and sEmItransparEnt mEmbranE; EyE dIamEtEr 5.4 (6.1)% HL; IntErorbItal spacE broad, Its wIdth 15.4 (18.6)% HL; postorbItal spacE broad. AntErIor nostrIls tubular, locatEd just bEhInd thE bulbous snout, dIrEctEd antErovEntrally. PostErIor nostrIl rElatIvEly largE and roundEd, bElow antErIor margIn of EyE, opEnIng dIrEctEd postErovEntrally. LowEr jaw much shortEr than uppEr, Its tIp not covErIng thE IntErmaxIllary tEEth and fIrst vomErInE tooth whEn closEd. End of mouth gapE bEhInd EyE, uppEr jaw lEngth 36.5 (45.7)% HL. HEad and latEral-lInE porEs small (FIg. 4C). SupraorbItal porEs 3, all rEstrIctEd to antErIor portIon of snout; InfraorbItal porEs 4, 2 porEs bEtwEEn nostrIls and 2 bElow EyE; mandIbular porEs 5; prEopErcular porEs 0; adnasal 1; supratEmporal commIssurE 0; frontal 0. LatEral lInE IncomplEtE, ExtEndIng to about antErIor fourth to thIrd of body, prEdorsal 3 (3), prEanal 9 (9) and total 31 (rIght)/32 (lEft) (23/24); 5 (4) bEforE gIll opEnIng. TEEth (FIgs. 5A���B) rElatIvEly small and poIntEd. IntErmaxIllary tEEth 2, sIdE-by-sIdE, followEd by 5 (3) largE compound vomErInE tEEth, unIsErIal. OnE of thE vomErInE tEEth In thE holotypE appEars to bE a rEplacEmEnt tooth as It doEs not appEar to bE fusEd to thE vomEr. MaxIlla wIth 2 to 3 IrrEgular rows of small tEEth, thosE In InnEr row slIghtly largEr than thE rEst; 21 or 22 (24 or 32) In outEr row and 16 or 19 (20 or 27) In InnEr row. LowEr jaw wIth sInglE row of largE compound tEEth; thE holotypE has 4 largE compound tEEth antErIorly followEd by a gap of about 5 or 6 mIssIng tEEth and thEn 3 or 4 smallEr tEEth postErIorly; thE paratypE has 10���11 compound tEEth In a contInuous row, dEcrEasIng gradually In sIZE from antErIor to postErIor. VErtEbral formula 8-16-136 (8-15-131+). Coloration. WhEn prEsErvEd, body unIformly palE tannIsh to brownIsh, lowEr half of postErIor parts of anal-fIn basE and lowEr part of caudal fIn darkEr. PErItonEum lIght wIth numErous mElanophorEs. Mouth cavIty crEam colorEd. FrEsh coloratIon unknown, but prEsumablE sImIlar to prEsErvEd condItIon. Distribution. Known from thE typE spEcImEns collEctEd from off Dong-gang, southwEstErn TaIwan (northErn South ChIna SEa) by bottom trawl at dEpths around 200���300 mEtErs. Etymology. ThE spEcIfIc namE Is dErIvEd from thE GrEEk, brachys, short and gnathos, jaw, In rEfErEncE to thE rElatIvEly short lowEr jaw found In thIs spEcIEs, to bE trEatEd as a noun In apposItIon. Remarks. ThE dIffErEncE In dEntItIon bEtwEEn thE holotypE and thE paratypE of Dysomma brachygnathos Is rEmarkablE, and would normally IndIcatE that thEsE spEcImEns rEprEsEnt two dIffErEnt spEcIEs. HowEvEr, thE consIstEncy In all othEr charactErs EspEcIally thE vEry short lowEr jaw IndIcatE that thEsE two spEcImEns arE In fact thE samE spEcIEs and that somE othEr ExplanatIon for thE dEntItIon dIffErEncEs must bE found. It Is possIblE that thE dIffErEncEs arE duE to sExual dImorphIsm sIncE thE holotypE Is a fEmalE and thE paratypE Is a malE. WhEthEr thIs Is thE casE wIll dEpEnd on thE collEctIon of addItIonal spEcImEns of thIs rarE EEl. BElow wE also provIdE thE casE of D. taiwanense whIch Is hIghly varIablE In thE composItIon of lowEr-jaw tEEth. Although thE tEEth on thE lowEr jaw arE an Important charactEr for IdEntIfyIng Dysomma spEcIEs, such varIatIon should bE consIdErEd whIlE workIng on thIs group., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Tighe, Kenneth A., 2018, Three new species of the cutthroat eel genus Dysomma, with comments on the variation of D. taiwanense (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae) in Zootaxa 4454 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4454.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1452565

Dysomma formosa sp. nov. EnglIsh namE: WhItE cutthroat EEl FIgs. 1���3; TablEs 1���2 Holotype. NMMB-P 23172 (1, 324), Dong-gang fIshIng port, PIngtung, SW TaIwan, northErn South ChIna SEa, ca. 300 m, 21 Nov. 2015. Paratypes. 33 spEcImEns, all collEctEd from nEar thE typE localIty. FAKU 145542 (1, 323), 30 Aug. 2017. NMMB-P12065 (1, 236), 18 FEb. 2011. NMMB-P23173 (1, 245), 29 Mar. 2015. NMMB-P23481 (3, 255���313), 2013.6.11. NMMB-P23484 (4, 237���311), 22 Jul. 2016. NMMB-P24392 (2, 263���289), 24 Aug. 2016. NMMB- P26038 (2, 288���307), 15 Apr. 2017. NMMB-P26159 (1, 332), 30 Mar. 2017. NMMB-P26162 (1, 221), 30 Mar. 2017. NMMB-P26682 (1, 313), 23 Jul. 2017. NMMB-P26683 (2, 249���333), 29 Mar. 2017. NMMB-P26684 (2, 228���233), 10 Jul. 2017. NMMB-P26698 (4, 149���197), 9 Aug. 2017. NMMB-P26702 (4, 287���362), 10 Jul. 2017. NMMB-P26704 (1, 278), 19 Jul. 2017. NMMB-P26705 (1, 335), 10 Jul. 2017. USNM 441749 (2, 269���281), out of NMMB-P24392. Diagnosis. PEctoral fIn prEsEnt; dorsal-fIn orIgIn ovEr or slIghtly In front of basE of pEctoral fIn; anus slIghtly bEhInd tIp of pEctoral fIn; trunk vEry short; 2 IntErmaxIllary tEEth; 4 compound tEEth on vomEr; sInglE row of 14���22 tEEth on lowEr jaw. LatEral-lInE porEs: prEdorsal 2���5, prEpEctoral 3���6, prEanal 6���11, and total 17���33. VErtEbraE: prEdorsal 7���10, prEanal 12���15, prEcaudal 57���61; total 128���133; MVF 9-14-130. Body unIformly palE grayIsh to grayIsh, lowEr part of postErIor parts of body darkEr, anal-fIn basE of dIstal portIon of anal fIn and lowEr part of caudal fIn solId black. Description. MorphomEtrIc data of thE holotypE (In mm): TL 324; hEad lEngth 38; prEdorsal lEngth 36; prEanal lEngth 48.7; trunk lEngth 10.7; taIl lEngth 275.3; dEpth at gIll opEnIng 15.3; dEpth at anus 17.5; wIdth at anus 12.4; EyE dIamEtEr 3.4; IntErorbItal wIdth 5.6; snout lEngth 9.0; uppEr jaw 15.7; gIll opEnIng 2.8; IntErbranchIal wIdth 5.5. ThE followIng valuEs arE gIvEn for thE holotypE, followEd by that of all typEs In parEnthEsEs. HEad rElatIvEly short, 11.7 (10.6���12.6)% TL; orIgIn of dorsal fIn slIghtly In front of thE gIll opEnIng (In front to abovE thE gIll opEnIng In paratypEs), prEdorsal lEngth 11.1 (10.8���12.5)% TL; trunk vEry short, 3.3 (2.5���4.8)% TL; anus slIghtly bEhInd tIp of pEctoral fIn; orIgIn of anal fIn ImmEdIatEly bEhInd anus, prEanal lEngth 15.0 (13.4���17.2)% TL; taIl long, taIl lEngth 85.0 (82.8���86.6)%TL. Body modEratEly slEndEr, hEad and trunk slIghtly comprEssEd, bEcomIng morE comprEssEd postErIorly; body wIdth at anus 3.8 (2.0���3.8)% TL; body dEpth rElatIvEly unIform, dEpth at anus 5.4 (3.8���5.4)% TL, narrowIng gradually to caudal fIn; dEpth of gIll opEnIng 4.7 (3.5���5.2)% TL. Dorsal and anal fIns low and flEshy, contInuous wIth a small caudal fIn. PEctoral fIn wEll-dEvElopEd, Its basE bEhInd uppEr cornEr of gIll opEnIng. HEad slEndEr In profIlE; snout blunt antErIorly and broad dorsally, covErEd by many short papIllaE, snout lEngth 23.7 (21.3���26.1)% HL; tIp of snout projEctIng wEll bEyond lowEr jaw; EyE small, covErEd by a thIck and sEmItransparEnt mEmbranE; EyE dIamEtEr 7.9 (5.5���7.9)% HL; IntErorbItal spacE broad, slIghtly ElEvatEd, Its wIdth 14.7 (13.3���16.9)% HL; postorbItal spacE broad. AntErIor nostrIls tubular, dIrEctEd antErovEntrally. PostErIor nostrIl roundEd, sItuatEd at bElow antErIor margIn of EyE, opEnIng dIrEctEd postErovEntrally. LowEr jaw shortEr than uppEr, Its tIp rEachIng fIrst porE of supraorbItal sErIEs. End of mouth gapE wEll bEhInd EyE, uppEr jaw lEngth 44.7 (43.1���49.1)% HL. GIll opEnIng a narrow slIt. HEad and latEral-lInE porEs largE (FIgs. 3A���B). SupraorbItal porEs 3, all rEstrIctEd to antErIor portIon of snout; InfraorbItal porEs 4, 2 porEs bEtwEEn nostrIls and 2 bElow EyE; mandIbular porEs 6 (2 paratypEs wIth 7 on onE sIdE), thE last porE wEll bEhInd thE pEnultImatE onE, EIthEr bElow or slIghtly bEhInd End of mouth gapE; prEopErcular porEs 0; adnasal 1; supratEmporal commIssurE 0; frontal 0. LatEral lInE IncomplEtE, ExtEndIng to about antErIor fourth to thIrd of body, prEdorsal 3 (2���5), prEpEctoral 4 (3���6), prEanal 8 (6���11) and total 24 (rIght)/23 (lEft) (17���33). TEEth (FIg. 3C) small and poIntEd. IntErmaxIllary tEEth 2, sIdE-by-sIdE, followEd by 4 largE compound vomErInE tEEth, unIsErIal, thE thIrd onE largEst, thE fourth onE smallEst. MaxIllary wIth 3 to 4 IrrEgular rows of small tEEth, thosE In InnEr row slIghtly largEr than thE rEst. LowEr jaw wIth sInglE row of 11 or 12 (9���14) largE compound tEEth followEd by 4 or 5 (3���10) smallEr tEEth; total tEEth 14���22. MEan vErtEbral formula 9-14-130; prEdorsal vErtEbraE 10 (7���10), prEanal vErtEbraE 14 (12���15); abdomInal vErtEbraE 57 (57���61), and total vErtEbraE 131 (128���133). Coloration. WhEn frEsh, body unIformly palE to grayIsh, lowEr half of postErIor parts of body darkEr, basE of postErIor part of anal fIn and lowEr part of caudal fIn solId black. WhEn prEsErvEd, coloratIon sImIlar to frEsh, wIth body morE brownIsh. PErItonEum whItE wIth numErous pIgmEnt spots. Mouth cavIty whItE. Distribution. Known from thE typE spEcImEns collEctEd from off Dong-gang, southwEstErn TaIwan (northErn South ChIna SEa) by bottom trawl at dEpths around 200���300 mEtErs. Etymology. ThE spEcIfIc namE Is dErIvEd from thE hIstorIcal namE of TaIwan, Formosa, dErIvEd from thE LatIn formosus mEanIng bEautIful. To bE usEd as a noun In apposItIon. Remarks. Dysomma formosa sp. nov. Is most sImIlar to D. anguillare and D. taiwanense In havIng sImIlar fIn formula, coloratIon and dEntItIon. ThEsE spEcIEs arE sympatrIc In TaIwan, although D. anguillare Is far morE abundant than thE othEr two spEcIEs. BasEd on our obsErvatIon, D. anguillare has a broadEr bathymEtrIc rangE from shallow to morE than 500 mEtErs, whErEas thE othEr two spEcIEs arE always collEctEd by bottom trawl from dEEpEr than 200 mEtErs. ThE numbErs of lowEr-jaw tEEth Is quItE dIffErEnt In thEsE thrEE spEcIEs (TablE 2). Dysomma formosa has 11���14 small compound tEEth wIth 3���10 small tEEth on lowEr jaw (total 14���22), whErEas D. taiwanense has 5���11 compound tEEth and 0���8 small tEEth on lowEr jaw (total 6���15) and D. anguillare has 6���11 compound tEEth. It Is notablE that a fEw spEcImEns of D. anguillare havE 1 or 2 addItIonal small tEEth bEhInd thEsE compound tEEth on lowEr jaw. HowEvEr, It Is rarE to sEE. Dysomma formosa has a much shortEr latEral lInE, wIth 17���33 porEs, that ExtEnds to thE antErIor fourth to thIrd of thE body. Dysomma anguillare has a longEr latEral lInE, wIth 57���75 porEs, that ExtEnds to ovEr half of body, whErEas D. taiwanense has 29���49 latEral-lInE porEs and It ExtEnds to thE antErIor thIrd to half of thE body. ThE vErtEbral counts can also sEparatE thE thrEE spEcIEs (TablE 2). D. taiwanense has 134���140, whErEas D. formosa has 128���133 and D. anguillare has 119���128. ThE body coloratIon Is somEwhat palEr (lIght grayIsh) In D. formosa, unIformly brownIsh In D. taiwanense and morE varIablE In D. anguillare, from palE brown to vEry dark. ThE anus Is sItuatEd rIght bElow thE pEctoral fIn, and thE tIp of thE pEctoral fIn ExtEnds to nEarly thE orIgIn of thE anal fIn In most spEcImEns of D. anguillare; whErEas thE pEctoral fIn ExtEnds to, or almost to, thE antErIor margIn of thE anus In D. formosa and about onE pEctoral-fIn lEngth bEforE thE anus In D. taiwanense. Dysomma formosa Is also sImIlar to D. polycatodon In havIng sInglE row of compound and small tEEth on thE lowEr jaw. HowEvEr, D. polycatodon has only two compound tEEth at thE front followEd by many small tEEth. A., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Tighe, Kenneth A., 2018, Three new species of the cutthroat eel genus Dysomma, with comments on the variation of D. taiwanense (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae) in Zootaxa 4454 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4454.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1452565

The eel fauna (orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes) of Taiwan is increased to 14 families, 79 genera and 232 species. Previous studies (Ho et al., 2015b, c) showed Taiwan had the highest diversity of eels in the world: this is further supported in the present updated work. Elsewhere in this volume, 16 species are newly described and 13 species are newly added to the Taiwanese ichthyofauna, mainly in the families Congridae and Synaphobranchidae. In addition, one new genus and four new species are described from adjacent waters in the Pacific Ocean. A total of 58 new species of the two eel orders are described from Taiwan; 52 of them are valid, and 37 are only found in Taiwan. Four names previously recorded in Taiwan are described as new in present special issue and are removed from the fauna of Taiwan accordingly. This work provides a foundation for the study of eel diversity in Taiwan.

Dysomma Alcock, 1889 Dysomma Alcock, 1889:459 (type species. Dysomma bucephalus Alcock, 1889). Remarks. TogEthEr wIth thrEE nEw spEcIEs dEscrIbEd hErEIn, 16 spEcIEs In Dysomma arE rEcognIZEd. ThE TaIwanEsE rEcord of D. goslinei Is hErEIn dEscrIbEd as a nEw spEcIEs. It Is notablE that tEn spEcIEs currEntly occur In TaIwan, of whIch sEvEn wErE dEscrIbEd from TaIwan. Although somE of thEm arE only found In TaIwan, morE InvEstIgatIon In thE nEar watErs may rEsult In a broadEr dIstrIbutIon for Each. MorEovEr, thE spEcIEs prEvIously rEcordEd as Dysommina rugosa from thE wEstErn PacIfIc OcEan Is now dEscrIbEd as a nEw spEcIEs, Dysommina orientalis TIghE et al., 2018., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Tighe, Kenneth A., 2018, Three new species of the cutthroat eel genus Dysomma, with comments on the variation of D. taiwanense (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae) in Zootaxa 4454 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4454.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1452565, {"references":["Alcock, A. w. (1889) Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer`Investigator, ' Commander Alfred Carpenter, R. N., D. S. O., commanding. -- No. 13. On the bathybial fishes of the Bay of Bengal and neighbouring waters, obtained during the seasons 1885 - 1889. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6), 4 (24), 450 - 461."]}

Key to species of Synaphobranchus found in Taiwan 1A. Most of head, nape and abdomen naked; origin of dorsal fin slightly before to about opposite to anus (some slightly behind the anus); predorsal vertebrae 21���33; precaudal vertebrae 50���56................................... S. oligolepis sp. nov. 1B. Scales cover entire body, except for fins and anterior portion of head; origin of dorsal fin far behind the anus; predorsal vertebrae 36���49; precaudal vertebrae 60���69.................................................................... 2 2A. Scales on body oval to slightly elongate; total vertebrae 145���147; predorsal length 31���36% TL.................. S. kaupii 2B. Scales on body rounded or irregular, never elongate; total vertebrae 126���132; predorsal length more than 38% TL......... 3 3A. Scales small, about 20 rows between dorsal fin and lateral line; predorsal vertebrae 42���43; predorsal length 38���40% TL............................................................................................. S. brevidorsalis 3 B. Scales large, about 10 rows between dorsal fin and lateral line; predorsal vertebrae 48���49; predorsal length 43���44% TL.............................................. S. cf. oregoni [data taken from 3 specimens collected from the Philippines], Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Hong, Wei-Chun & Chen, Hong-Ming, 2018, A new cutthroat eel of the genus Synaphobranchus (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae) from Taiwan in Zootaxa 4454 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4454.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/1446719

Dysomma robinsorum sp. nov. EnglIsh namE: RobInsEs��� cutthroat EEl FIgs. 6���7; TablE 3 Dysomma goslinei (not of Robins & Robins, 1976): Chen & Mok, 2001:79. Ho et al., 2015:94. Holotype. NMMB-P 26327 (1, 190.5 mm TL), off Dong-gang, PIngtung, southwEstErn TaIwan, northErn South ChIna SEa, 10 Jul. 2017. Paratypes. NMMB-P23174 (1, 139 mm), Dong-gang fIshIng port, 28 Oct. 2011. NMMB-P29724 (1, 119), Dong-gang fIshIng port, 20 Jan. 2017. USNM 441751 (1, 152.5), Dong-gang fIshIng port, 10 Jan. 2017. Diagnosis. PEctoral fIn prEsEnt; dorsal-fIn orIgIn bEforE pEctoral-fIn basE, prEdorsal lEngth 11.3���13.8% TL; anus antErIor, just bElow pEctoral fIn, prEanal lEngth 15.5���16.9% TL; trunk vEry short, trunk lEngth 2.7���4.2% TL; no IntErmaxIllary tEEth; 4 compound tEEth on vomEr; multIplE rows of tEEth on uppEr jaw and lowEr jaw; latEral lInE short, latEral-lInE porEs 28���33; and MVF 10-14-123. Description. MorphomEtrIc data of thE holotypE (In mm): total lEngth 190.5; hEad lEngth 21.6; prEdorsal lEngth 21.5; prEanal lEngth 30.8; trunk lEngth 9.2; taIl lEngth 159.7; dEpth at gIll opEnIng 8.0; dEpth at anus 8.4; wIdth at anus 2.7; EyE dIamEtEr 1.5; IntErorbItal wIdth 3.0; snout lEngth 4.3; uppEr-jaw lEngth 9.2; gIll opEnIng 2.0; IntErbranchIal wIdth 2.0. ThE followIng valuEs arE gIvEn for thE holotypE, followEd by that of all typEs In parEnthEsEs. HEad short, 11.3 (12.8���13.6)% TL; orIgIn of dorsal fIn abovE gIll opEnIng and pEctoral-fIn basE, prEdorsal lEngth 11.3 (11.3���13.8)% TL; trunk vEry short, 4.2 (2.7���3.3)% TL; anus bElow tIp of pEctoral-fIn (bElow postErIor half of pEctoral fIn); orIgIn of anal fIn ImmEdIatEly bEhInd anus, prEanal lEngth 15.5 (15.5���16.9)% TL; taIl long, taIl lEngth 84.5 (83.1���84.5)%TL. Body modEratEly slEndEr, hEad and trunk comprEssEd; body wIdth at anus 1.4 (1.4���3.2)% TL; body dEpth rElatIvEly unIform, dEpth at anus 4.4 (4.1���4.9)% TL, narrowIng gradually to caudal fIn; dEpth at gIll opEnIng 4.2 (3.9���5.3)% TL. Dorsal and anal fIns low and flEshy, contInuous wIth a small caudal fIn. PEctoral fIn wElldEvElopEd, Its basE bEhInd uppEr cornEr of gIll opEnIng. HEad slEndEr In profIlE, wIth many small papIllaE on snout, IntErorbItal spacE and lowEr jaw; snout blunt antErIorly and broad dorsally, snout lEngth 19.9 (19.9���25.3)% HL; tIp of snout projEctIng wEll bEyond lowEr jaw; EyE small, covErEd by a thIck and sEmItransparEnt mEmbranE; EyE dIamEtEr 6.9 (6.2���6.9)% HL; IntErorbItal spacE broad, slIghtly ElEvatEd, Its wIdth 13.9 (12.3���15.1)% HL; postorbItal spacE vEry long. AntErIor nostrIls tubular, dIrEctEd antErovEntrally. PostErIor nostrIl roundEd, bElow antErIor margIn of EyE, opEnIng dIrEctEd postErovEntrally. LowEr jaw shortEr than uppEr, Its tIp rEachIng fIrst porE of supraorbItal sErIEs. End of mouth gapE far bEhInd EyE, uppEr jaw lEngth 42.6 (42.6���44.8)% HL. GIll opEnIng a narrow slIt. HEad and latEral-lInE porEs largE (FIg. 7A). SupraorbItal porEs 3, all rEstrIctEd to antErIor portIon of snout; InfraorbItal porEs 4, 2 porEs bEtwEEn nostrIls and 2 bElow EyE; mandIbular porEs 6, thE last porE far away from pEnultImatE onE, bElow End of mouth gapE; prEopErcular porEs 0; adnasal 0; supratEmporal commIssurE 0; frontal 0. LatEral lInE IncomplEtE, ExtEndIng to about antErIor fourth to thIrd of body, prEdorsal 6 (5���7), prEpEctoral 6 (6���8), prEanal 10 (10���12) and total 33 (both sIdEs) (28���33). TEEth (FIg. 7B) small and poIntEd. No IntErmaxIllary tEEth. VomEr wIth 4 largE compound tEEth, unIsErIal, thE sEcond and thIrd largEr than thE othEr two; MaxIllary and dEntary wIth band of 5 or 6 rows of small tEEth, thosE In InnEr row about twIcE as largE as thosE In nExt row. MEan vErtEbral formula 10-14-123; prEdorsal vErtEbraE 10 (10), prEanal vErtEbraE 14 (13���14), and total vErtEbraE 122���124. Coloration. WhEn frEsh, body lIghtly yEllowIsh brown wIth numErous chromophorEs undEr and/or on skIn. Dorsal fIn, pEctoral fIns dEvoId of chromatophorEs. Most parts of anal fIn dEvoId of chromophorEs, gradually bEcomIng black on postErIor fIfth of fIn, contInuIng to lowEr thIrd of caudal fIn. AntErIor two-thIrds of lowEr half to thIrd of body dEvoId of chromatophorEs, ExcEpt for small clustEr of chromatophorEs on abdomEn rEgIon; postErIor thIrd of lowEr thIrd of body gradually covErEd by dEnsE chromatophorEs, contInuIng to thE solId black anal fIn. Distribution. Known from thE typE sErIEs collEctEd from off Dong-gang, southwEstErn TaIwan. Etymology. ThE spEcIEs Is namEd aftEr C.H. RobIns and C.R. RobIns, In rEcognIZIng thEIr Enormous contrIbutIon to EEl systEmatIcs. Remarks. ThIs spEcIEs has multIplE rows of tEEth on lowEr jaw and lacks IntErmaxIllary tEEth. Ho et al. (2015) suggEstEd that Dysomma goslinei, D. melanurum and D. longirostrum sharE wIth Dysommina thEsE charactErs and mIght bElong to thIs gEnus as would Dysomma robinsorum. HowEvEr, wIthout dEtaIlEd study on thE phylogEny of Dysomma and Dysommina, wE wIll lEavE thE gEnErIc lEvEl of thEsE four spEcIEs for furthEr InvEstIgatIon. Dysomma robinsorum can bE sEparatEd from D. melanurum by havIng a normal lowEr jaw (vs. lowEr jaw curvEd and projEctIng bEyond uppEr jaw) and from D. longirostrum In havIng a short snout (20���25% vs. 26���32% HL) and fEwEr hEad porEs (SO 3, IO 4 vs. SO 5, IO 8). ChEn & Mok (2001) provIdEd data on D. goslinei from a 197 mm spEcImEn (NSYU 2607, now lost) collEctEd from TaIwan. HowEvEr, thEIr spEcImEn had only 123 total vErtEbraE whErEas thrEE typE spEcImEns of D. goslinei all havE 131. Although thE proportIons of our spEcImEns almost EntIrEly ovErlap thosE of thE typE sErIEs of D. goslinei (TablE 3), Dysomma robinsorum has fEwEr prEdorsal vErtEbraE (13���14) and total vErtEbraE (122���124) comparEd to D. goslinei (15���18 and 130���131, rEspEctIvEly)., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Tighe, Kenneth A., 2018, Three new species of the cutthroat eel genus Dysomma, with comments on the variation of D. taiwanense (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae) in Zootaxa 4454 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4454.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1452565, {"references":["Robins, C. H. & Robins, C. R. (1976) New genera and species of dysommine and synaphobranchine eels (Synaphobranchidae) with an analysis of the Dysomminae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 127, 249 - 280.","Chen, Y. - Y. & Mok, H. - K. (2001) A new synaphobranchid eel, Dysomma longirostrum (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae), from the northeastern coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 40 (2), 79 - 83.","Ho, H. - C., Smith, D. G. & Tighe, K. A. (2015) Review of the arrowtooth eel genera Dysomma and Dysommina in Taiwan, with the description of a new species (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae). Zootaxa, 4060 (1), 86 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4060.1.12"]}

Dysommina orientalis Tighe, Ho & Hatooka, sp. nov. English name: Oriental arrowtooth eel; Japanese name: Suruga-anago Figs. 1, 2, 3A; Table 1 Dysommina rugosa (not of Ginsburg): Hatooka, 1997:8; Chen & Mok, 2001:79; Shao et al., 2008:238; Ho et al., 2015:100. Holotype: NMMB-P 11131, 413 mm TL, collected from Dong-gang fishing port, Pingtung, Taiwan, collected by H.- C. Ho, 13 Sep. 2010. Paratypes (n = 6): USNM 441667 (1, 316 mm TL; formerly NMMB-P14012), Dong-gang fishing port, Pingtung, Taiwan, 20 Oct. 2011; NMMB-P3847 (1, 290 mm TL; formerly THUP 4077). Dong-gang fishing port, Pingtung, Taiwan, 21 Mar. 1979; NMMB-P8361 (1, 258 mm TL), Dong-gang fishing port, Pingtung, Taiwan, 16 Mar. 2005; USNM 441750 (1, 325 mm TL; formerly NSYSU 3028), Dong-gang fishing port, Pingtung, Taiwan, Jan. 1996; ASIZP 57954 (1, 238 mm TL), Dong-sha Island, South China Sea, 17 Aug. 1991; OMNH-P10000 (1, 625 mm TL), Suruga Bay, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, 34��54���N, 138��30.5���E, 300���400 m depth, 17 Dec. 1996. Diagnosis. A species of the genus Dysommina with the following combination of characters: predorsal vertebrae 11���12, total vertebrae 137���141, eye diameter less than 10% head length, vomerine dentition reduced to 3 large compound teeth set in papillose pads with a fourth small tooth more posteriorly, maxillary and mandibular teeth numerous but small. Description. Body moderately elongate, slightly compressed in head and trunk. Pectoral fin present; dorsal-fin origin over tip of pectoral fin; anal fin origin more than 1 head length behind tip of pectoral fin. Snout projects slightly beyond tip of lower jaw. Body light greyish-brown dorsally, paler ventrally; dorsal and anal fins with light margins; posterior one third of anal-fin base and posterior one-seventh of anal fin dark. Morphometric data of the holotype (in mm): total length 413; predorsal length 65.4; preanal length 119; tail length 294; head length 51.2; body depth at gill opening 19.6; body depth at anus 24.6; eye diameter 4.1; interorbital width 8.0; snout length 13.3; upper jaw length 24.4; lower jaw length 23.5; pectoral fin length 10.5. Proportions as percentage of total length: predorsal length 15.8 (14.0��� 16.2 in paratypes); preanal length 30.0 (27.0���29.8); tail length 70.0 (70.2���73.0); head length 12.8 (12.6���15.0); body depth at gill opening 5.6 (4.9���5.3); body depth at anus 5.8 (3.7���5.9). Proportions as percentage of head length: eye diameter 8.5 (7.6���9.8); interorbital width 16.0 (17.1���19.5); snout length 25.1 (23.2���27.8); upper jaw length 48.1 (43.9���48.0); lower jaw length 44.3 (39.0���43.4). Meristic data for the holotype (paratypes in parentheses): total vertebrae 139 (137���141); predorsal vertebrae 11 (11���12); preanal vertebrae 30 (26���32); dorsal rays 310 (304���321); anal rays 295 (260���289); anal origin at dorsal ray 50 (51���60). Cephalic lateralis pores (Fig. 2A): supraorbital 3 (3); adnasal 1 (1); infraorbital 4 (4); preoperculomandibular 6 (6). Lateral line pores absent. Dentition (Fig. 2B): Intermaxillary teeth absent. Three relatively large, compound vomerine teeth set in papillose pads; usually a much smaller compound tooth posteriorly on the palate. Mandibular teeth set in a band composed of 5���7 irregular rows increasing in size gradually from outer to inner with approximately 44���50 teeth in the inner row; maxillary teeth similar, but set in a band composed of 6���8 irregular rows increasing in size gradually from outer to inner with approximately 50���60 teeth in the inner row. Bands of both mandibular and maxillary teeth extend well back along the jaws. Distribution. Known from the type specimens collected from the South China Sea off Taiwan and Dongsha Islands, and from Suruga Bay, Japan. This species is probably more widespread in the western Pacific. The bathymetric range is estimated to be 200���400 m based on the collection data of one paratype and other fishes collected together. Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin orientalis, ���of the east��� and refers to the type locality in the Far East off Taiwan and Japan. Comparison. Morphometric and meristic data for the holotype and study material of Dysommina rugosa and the type series of Dysommina orientalis are given in Table 1. One paratype, ASIZP 57954, is excluded from this comparison because it has a regenerated tail which biases all of the morphometric and meristic data. Dysomma orientalis is very similar in overall appearance to D. rugosa, but differs in several key characters. The first character is the shorter predorsal length in D. orientalis (14.0���16.2 % TL versus 16.1���21.1 in D. rugosa). Related to the shorter predorsal length is a lower number of predorsal vertebrae (11���12 versus 14���15) and a higher number of dorsal rays anterior to the anal origin (50���60 versus 38���48). The second character distinguishing D. orientalis from D. rugosa is the dentition. The number of large, compound teeth set in pads of papillose tissue is less in D. orientalis (3 versus 4). The position of the teeth along the vomer is also different. Figure 3 shows x-rays of the skulls of the holotype of D. orientalis and one of the comparative specimens of D. rugosa. In D. orientalis, the first tooth is set slightly back from the tip of the ethmovomer, the second is approximately halfway between the tip of the ethmo-vomer and the posterior margin of the orbit, and the third is set near the posterior third of the orbit. In D. rugosa, the first tooth is set near the tip of the ethmo-vomer, the second is approximately halfway between the tip of the ethmo-vomer and the anterior margin of the orbit, the third is set near the anterior margin of the orbit, and the fourth is set under the center of the orbit. In addition to the differences in the large vomerine teeth, most of our D. orientalis has a fourth small vomerine tooth set well back on the palate behind the orbit. D. rugosa does not have a corresponding tooth. There are 2 specimens, one of each species, that have an extra vomerine tooth. However, in both of these specimens, there are 2 close-set teeth that are in the same pad of papillose tissue. These pairs of teeth probably represent an original tooth that was injured and a subsequent replacement tooth. The original tooth was not injured enough to break off, resulting in both the original tooth and the replacement tooth together in a single pad. In addition to the differences in the vomerine dentition, there are significant differences in the mandibular and maxillary dentition. The number of tooth rows in the bands of teeth on both the mandible and the maxilla are more abundant in D. orientalis than in D. rugosa. There are 5���7 tooth rows across the mandibular tooth band in D. orientalis and 3���5 in D. rugosa. Moreover, there are 44���50 teeth in the inner mandibular row in D. orientalis and only 20���30 in D. rugosa. In the maxillary tooth bands, there are 6���8 tooth rows in D. orientalis and 4���5 in D. rugosa, and there are 50���60 teeth in the inner maxillary row versus 24���42 in in D. rugosa. In D. orientalis, both the mandibular and maxillary tooth bands extend further posteriorly than in D. rugosa. The final and conclusive character that distinguishes D. orientalis and D. rugosa is the DNA sequences. Table 2 shows the distance matrices for COI, 16S and Combined. As can be seen in the table, the COI sequences for the four samples of D. rugosa were identical, and 7.2���7.3 % different from the two samples of D. orientalis. The 16S sequences for the four samples of D. rugosa were also identical and differed 0.8���1.0 % from the two samples of D. orientalis. The differences between the two species for the combined COI and 16S sequences ranged from 4.1 to 4.5 %, clearly indicating that they are two distinct species. Figure 4 is a maximum likelihood tree of combined COI and 16S sequences showing the difference between the 2 species compared to the two outgroups, Dysomma anguillare and Protanguilla palau. The high bootstrap value for the node linking D. orientalis and D. rugosa indicates the close relationship between the two species showing that they belong together in the genus Dysommina. Remarks. The present species has long been recognized as Dysommina rugosa, a species originally described from the western Atlantic Ocean. Specimens collected from Taiwan and Japan are now described as D. orientalis. The records from Hawaii (Robins & Robins 1976) and specimens collected from the Solomon Islands, Philippines, Madagascar and New Caledonia (listed in Ho et al. 2015) as well as the specimens reported from Vailulu'u Seamount (Staudigel et al. 2006) are presently under study by the senior author and apparently represent several cryptic species in the genus Dysommina. A redescription of D. rugosa sensu stricto is being prepared by the senior author and will discuss the variation of this species as well as its geographic and bathymetric distribution. Ho et al. (2015) also pointed out that some members of the genus Dysomma have multiple rows of teeth on both jaws and lacking intermaxillary teeth which may suggest they are congeners of Dysommina rather than Dysomma. The osteology and relationships of members of the subfamily Ilyophinae are under study by the senior author and will probably result in several changes in the generic taxonomy of these eels. Comparative materials. Dysommina rugosa: USNM 131594 (holotype, 196 mm TL), off Cumberland Island, Georgia, United States, Atlantic Ocean, 30��53���00���N, 79��42���30���W, 499 m, 5 May 1886. USNM 44324 (1, 283 mm TL), off Savannah, Georgia, United States, Atlantic Ocean, 31��09���00���N, 79��33���30���W, 644 m, 5 May 1886. USNM 179213 (1, 194 mm TL), off Florida, Gulf of Mexico, 28��16���N, 85��50���W, 439 m, 3 Dec 1962. USNM 190541 (1, 265 mm TL), Southwest of Dry Tortugas, Florida Keys, Gulf of Mexico, 24��28���N, 83��24���W, 329 m, 7 Jun 1959. USNM 200776 (1, 248 mm TL), East coast of Florida, 29��59���N, 80��09���W, 347 m, 21 Nov. 1965. Atlantic Ocean, 404.2 m, 6 Aug. 2009. USNM 441960 (1, 226 mm TL), USNM 441961 (1, 224 mm TL), off Maryland, Baltimore Canyon seep, Atlantic Ocean, 38��02���53���N, 73��49���19���W, 398 m, 16 May 2013. USNM 441962 (1), off Maryland, Baltimore Canyon seep, 414 m, 7 Sep. 2012. To be deposited at North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences: CH- 06-018 (1, 174 mm TL); JSL-05-4894 (1, 128 mm TL); JSL-4362 (1, 184 mm TL); JSL-4364 (1, 176 mm TL); JSL-4366 (3, 145- 217 mm TL); JSL-4894 (2, 128- 157 mm TL); ROV-2012-NF-14 (1, 193 mm TL); ROV-2013- RB-689 (2, 220- 225 mm TL); SJ-02-036 (1, 210 mm TL); SJ-2004-025 (1, 96 mm TL)., Published as part of Tighe, Kenneth A., Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Hatooka, Kiyotaka, 2018, A new species of the genus Dysommina (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) from the Western Pacific, pp. 43-51 in Zootaxa 4454 (1) on pages 44-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4454.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1446709, {"references":["Hatooka, K. (1997) First record of the deep-sea eel, Dysommina rugosa from Suruga Bay, Central Japan (Pisces: Synaphobranchidae). Bulletin of the Osaka Museum of Natural History, 51, 7 - 12.","Chen, Y. - Y. & Mok, H. - K. (2001) A new synaphobranchid eel, Dysomma longirostrum (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae), from the northeastern coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 40, 79 - 83.","Shao, K. - T., Ho, H. - C., Lin, P. - L., Lee, P. - F., Lee, M. - Y., Tsai, C. - Y., Liao, Y. - C. & Lin, Y. - C. (2008) A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, Northern South China Sea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 19 (Supplement), 233 - 271.","Ho, H. - C., Smith, D. G. & Tighe, K. A. (2015) Review of the arrowtooth eel genera Dysomma and Dysommina in Taiwan, with the description of a new species (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae). Zootaxa, 4060 (1), 86 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4060.1.12","Robins, C. H. & Robins, C. R. (1976) New genera and species of dysommine and synaphobranchine eels (Synaphobranchidae) with an analysis of the Dysomminae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 127 (18), 249 - 280.","Staudigel, H., Hart, S. R., Pile, A., Bialey, B. E., Baker, E. T., Brooke, S., Connelly, D. P., Haucke, L., German, C. R., Hudson, I., Jones, D., Koopers, A. A. P., Konter, J., Lee, R., Pietsch, T. W., Tebo, B. M., Templeton, A. S., Zierenberg, R. & Young, C. M. (2006) Vailulu'u Seamount, Samoa: Life and death on an active submarine volcano. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (17), 6448 - 6453. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0600830103"]}

Dysommina orientalis, a new species of Ilyophine eel from off Taiwan and Japan is described and illustrated. The species had long been recognized as Dysommina rugosa in the western Pacific and is distinguished from D. rugosa by a lower number of predorsal vertebrae, a higher number of total vertebrae, shorter head length, smaller eye size, reduced vomerine dentition, and an increased number of both mandibular and maxillary teeth, as well as significant differences in DNA sequence in COI and 16S.

Family Synaphobranchidae Ho et al. (2015c) listed 7 genera and 17 species from Taiwan. In the present study, two of these are described as new, and the presence of Synaphobranchus affinis in Taiwan has become doubtful because of a lack of voucher specimens. Here we add two more new species of Dysomma, bringing the total species of the family to 21 or 22 (the latter including S. affinis). There are still unidentified or undescribed species awaiting further investigation., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Smith, David G., Tighe, Kenneth A., Hibino, Yusuke & Mccosker, John E., 2018, Checklist of eels of Taiwan (orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes): An update, pp. 5-17 in Zootaxa 4454 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4454.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1446687, {"references":["Ho, H. - C., Smith, D. G., McCosker, J. E., Hibino, Y., Loh, K. - H., Tighe, K. A., & Shao, K. - T. (2015 c) Annotated checklist of eels (orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes) from Taiwan. Zootaxa, 4060 (1), 140 - 189."]}

The collection of the Museu Oceanográfico D. Carlos I is a historical specimen, instrument, and document collection that has been housed at the Aquário Vasco da Gama since 1935. The collection is largely the result of several scientific campaigns conducted by Dom Carlos de Bragança between 1896 and 1907. Specifically, the ichthyological collection consists of 675 surviving catalogue records of specimens caught, acquired or offered to D. Carlos I between 1892 to 1907, and includes the type specimen for Odontaspisnasutus Bragança, 1904 (junior synonym of Mitsukurinaowstoni Jordan, 1898), along with several specimens of deep sea species. All specimens were captured in coastal Portuguese waters, and were preserved in alcohol, formalin, or mounted.

Family Synaphobranchidae Synaphobranchus kaupii Johnson, 1862 ���Kaup's arrowtooth eel 1,264 specimens were caught at depths between 711 and 1,809 m. Length data were available for 1,252 specimens ranging from 8 to 72 cm TL (21.8 �� 11.4). Habitat and Distribution: demersal deep-sea fish between 120��� 4,800 m depth, usually 400���2,200 m. Distribution in all major ocean basins: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. In the eastern North Atlantic, it is recorded from west of the Faroe Islands slope to the coast of northwest Africa. Vulnerability: LC (IUCN), MHV (FishBase)., Published as part of Ba��on, Rafael, Arronte, Juan Carlos, Rodriguez-Cabello, Cristina, Pi��eiro, Carmen-Gloria, Punzon, Antonio & Serrano, Alberto, 2016, Commented checklist of marine fishes from the Galicia Bank seamount (NW Spain), pp. 293-333 in Zootaxa 4067 (3) on page 304, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/256670

Family Synaphobranchidae Synaphobranchus kaupii Johnson, 1862 —Kaup's arrowtooth eel 1,264 specimens were caught at depths between 711 and 1,809 m. Length data were available for 1,252 specimens ranging from 8 to 72 cm TL (21.8 ± 11.4). Habitat and Distribution: demersal deep-sea fish between 120– 4,800 m depth, usually 400–2,200 m. Distribution in all major ocean basins: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. In the eastern North Atlantic, it is recorded from west of the Faroe Islands slope to the coast of northwest Africa. Vulnerability: LC (IUCN), MHV (FishBase).

A commented checklist containing 139 species of marine fishes recorded at the Galician Bank seamount is presented. The list is based on nine prospecting and research surveys carried out from 1980 to 2011 with different fishing gears. The ichthyofauna list is diversified in 2 superclasses, 3 classes, 20 orders, 62 families and 113 genera. The largest family is Macrouridae, with 9 species, followed by Moridae, Stomiidae and Sternoptychidae with 7 species each. The trachichthyd Hoplostethus mediterraneus and the morid Lepidion lepidion were the most abundant species. Biogeographically, the Atlantic group, with 113 species (81.3%) is the best represented, followed by the Lusitanian one with 17 species (12.2%). Data on species abundance, as number of individuals caught, size and depth are reported. Habitat, distribution and vulnerability status are commented. Moreover, biometric data and meristic counts are also reported for several species. The results obtained showing a high fish biodiversity and a sensible number of threatened species, strongly support the future declaration of the Galicia Bank as a Marine Protected Area., SI

+ Histiobranchus bathybius (G��nther, 1877) *AA№�� Synaphobranchus bathybius G��nther, 1877: 445 (type locality: south of Tokyo, Japan and South Atlantic between Cape of Good Hope and Kerguelen Island). Voucher specimen: ASIZP 66208 (Suao, Yilan, northeastern Tawian). Remarks. This is a new record for Taiwan, and it is only represented by a single specimen collected from northeastern Taiwan at 2204���2334 m., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Smith, David G., Mccosker, John E., Hibino, Yusuke, Loh, Kar-Hoe, Tighe, Kenneth A. & Shao, Kwang-Tsao, 2015, Annotated checklist of eels (orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes) from Taiwan, pp. 140-189 in Zootaxa 4060 (1) on page 179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4060.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/243651

Meadia abyssalis (Kamohara, 1938) w*aU�� Dysomma abyssale Kamohara, 1938: 12, fig. 3 (type locality: Sagami Sea, Japan). Meadia abyssalis (Kamohara, 1938): Chen & Mok, 2001: 79; Shao et al., 2008: 238. Remarks. A deepwater species commonly collected by hook and line from eastern Taiwan and occasionally collected by bottom trawl off northeastern and southwestern Taiwan., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Smith, David G., Mccosker, John E., Hibino, Yusuke, Loh, Kar-Hoe, Tighe, Kenneth A. & Shao, Kwang-Tsao, 2015, Annotated checklist of eels (orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes) from Taiwan, pp. 140-189 in Zootaxa 4060 (1) on page 179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4060.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/243651

Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Smith, David G., Tighe, Kenneth A. (2015): Review of the arrowtooth eel genera Dysomma and Dysommina in Taiwan, with the description of a new species (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae). Zootaxa 4060 (1): 86-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4060.1.12

Simenchelys parasitica Gill, 1879 A���� Simenchelys parasiticus Gill in Goode & Bean, 1879: 27 (type locality: Banquereau, Canada). Shen et al., 1993: 110; Chen & Mok, 2001: 79. Remarks. A rare species only represented by several specimens collected from deep waters by bottom trawl off northeastern Taiwan., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Smith, David G., Mccosker, John E., Hibino, Yusuke, Loh, Kar-Hoe, Tighe, Kenneth A. & Shao, Kwang-Tsao, 2015, Annotated checklist of eels (orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes) from Taiwan, pp. 140-189 in Zootaxa 4060 (1) on page 179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4060.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/243651