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Constipation in children is a common and often difficult-to-treat functional condition. A good understanding of the causes, symptoms, and treatments are important to achieve effective management. This review highlights the pathophysiology of constipation in children and offers practical advice to healthcare professionals caring for children. We focus on possible causes, the importance of good history taking and examination to exclude treatable or causative pathology. The importance of lifestyle choices is discussed as well as guidance on treatment using laxative medication and behavioural modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are commonly affected by constipation. Optimal management of chronic constipation requires a good understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. The presentation and management of constipation varies by age. This review aims to give the reader a clear guide to diagnosis, investigation, pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of chronic constipation in children. We describe the features typically evident in the clinical history and how the pathology can interrupt normal physiology. We outline the age dependent presentation and management of chronic, functional constipation based on the best available evidence and examine the NICE guideline for laxative use in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe monozygotic male twins who developed tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) almost 2 years apart. They presented with non-specific symptoms and were noted to have glycosuria and renal impairment. Both children have uveitis. One had biopsy-proven interstitial nephritis and the other had biochemical evidence of transient tubular dysfunction. While the renal parameters improved, they are still under treatment for uveitis. The occurrence of TINU in identical twins at an interval of just under 2 years supports a strong genetic element in the aetiology of this syndrome. We believe this is the first report of male twins with TINU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]