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The objectives of the present work were to assess the accuracy of previously published equations for predicting effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on the growth performance changes of pigs and to update equations based on recently published data. A total of 59 data were employed for the validation of previously published equations. These data were used to update the equations. The REG and CORR procedures of SAS were used. In the present validation test, a linear bias was significant ( p < 0.05), indicating that prediction errors were not consistent across the data ranges. The intercept for ΔFI (-7.75 ± 1.19, p < 0.01) representing a mean bias was less than 0, indicating that the predicted mean of ΔFI was greater than the measured mean of ΔFI. Dietary DON concentrations had negative correlations with ΔWG ( r = -0.79; p < 0.01) and ΔFI ( r = -0.71; p < 0.01). Updated prediction equations were: ΔWG = -5.93 × DON with r 2 = 0.77 and ΔFI = -4.42 × DON with r 2 = 0.68. In conclusion, the novel equations developed in this study might accurately predict effects of dietary DON on the performance changes of pigs.

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in five sources of inorganic phosphate fed to growing pigs, including dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and monosodium phosphate (MSP, reagent grade). Six barrows (42.4 ± 1.1 kg) individually housed in metabolism crates were allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six dietary treatments and six periods. Each experimental period consisted of a 4 day adaptation period and a 5 day collection period. The five experimental diets contained 0.24 to 0.34% of P from each inorganic phosphate as a sole source of P. A P-free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal endogenous loss of P. The STTD of P in MSP (94.9%) was not different from the STTD of P in MCP (93.0%), but was greater (P < 0.05) than that in DCP, MDCP and TCP (87.0, 86.5 and 71.3%, respectively). In conclusion, digestibility of P in reagent-grade MSP was greater than that in feed-grade inorganic phosphates such as DCP, MDCP and TCP, and digestibility of P in DCP and MDCP was greater than that in the TCP., (© 2017 Japanese Society of Animal Science.)

The objective of the present research was to determine the nutrient utilization of full-fat black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens; BSFL), which were processed by various drying methods, using in vitro procedures for pigs. Four sources of BSFL were prepared using various drying methods: (1) hot-air drying at 65 °C for 24 h; (2) microwave drying at 700 W for 5 min, three times; (3) freeze drying at −40 °C for 72 h; (4) infrared drying at medium infrared region (ranged from 2.0 to 6.0 μm) and at 95 °C for 12 min. In vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of nutrients in the BSFL was measured using a procedure simulating the nutrient digestion and absorption in the stomach and small intestine of pigs. In vitro total tract disappearance (IVTTD) of nutrients in the BSFL was also measured using a procedure that simulated the total intestine of pigs. The contents of dry matter, ether extract, and crude protein in the dried-BSFL ranged from 94.6 to 96.8%, 49.2 to 52.8%, and 30.0 to 36.8%, respectively, on an as-is basis. Microwave drying resulted in a greater (p < 0.05) IVID of dry matter in BSFL, compared with the freeze drying or infrared drying method, which caused the least IVID of dry matter. Hot air-dried BSFL, microwave-dried BSFL, and freeze-dried BSFL had a greater (p < 0.05) IVID of crude protein and a greater (p < 0.05) IVTTD of dry matter and organic matter, compared with infrared-dried BSFL. In conclusion, the hot-air drying, microwave drying, and freeze drying of full-fat black soldier fly larvae resulted in fairly comparable and relatively high nutrient digestibility based on the present in vitro study for pigs. However, the infrared drying method impaired nutrient utilization of full-fat black soldier fly larvae for pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There is a disadvantage in determining the amino acid digestibility of swine feed ingredients using commercial cannulated pigs due to their relatively fast growth rate. Using mini-pig breeds to determine the amino acid digestibility can complement this disadvantage of commercial pigs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids between commercial crossbred pigs and Jeju Island native pigs. The digestibility of most amino acids was comparable between the two breeds regardless of the test ingredient. These findings indicate that amino acid digestibility data from Jeju Island native pigs can be used to estimate the amino acid digestibility in feedstuffs for commercial crossbred pigs. The objectives of this study were to determine the apparent ileal digestibility and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in feed ingredients, compare the ileal digestibility of CP and AA between commercial crossbred pigs and mini-Jeju Island native pigs (JINP), and develop models for estimating SID of CP and AA for commercial pigs using mini-JINP data. The study involved five crossbred commercial pigs (31.5 ± 1.6 kg of body weight and 11 weeks of age; Landrace × Yorkshire) and five mini-JINP (31.0 ± 3.2 kg body weight and 20 weeks of age). The pigs were surgically equipped with a T-cannula at the end of ileum. Each pig breed was assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a 5 × 10 incomplete Latin square design with 10 periods. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain each of soybean meal, corn gluten feed, copra meal, and sesame expellers as the sole source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-free diet was also prepared to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. No interaction between breed and feed ingredient was observed for the digestibility of CP and all indispensable AA. The SID of CP and all indispensable AA, except Arg, His, and Lys, did not differ between the two breeds of pigs. Prediction equations were developed for SID of CP and AA of commercial pigs using the SID values of mini-JINP: SID of CP (%) = (1.02 × SID of CP in mini-JINP) − 5.20 with r2 = 0.97 and p < 0.05; SID of Lys (%) = (1.12 × SID of Lys in mini-JINP) − 9.10 with r2 = 0.98 and p < 0.05; and SID of Met (%) = (1.08 × SID of Met in mini-JINP) − 4.27 with r2 = 0.96 and p < 0.05. The digestibility for most AA in feedstuffs for commercial pigs can be estimated using data from mini-JINP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Deoxynivalenol is a secondary metabolite produced by fungal activity which has detrimental effects on nutrient digestibility and growth performance in pigs. These metabolites are found in the grain feeds such as barley, corn, and wheat, which are major ingredients in pig diets. To mitigate the negative effects of deoxynivalenol, clay products are often supplemented in pig diets. However, clay products potentially bind nutrients, including minerals and amino acids, consequently decreasing the digestibility of these essential nutrients. On the other hand, a preservative blend product containing antioxidants, microorganisms, vitamins, and amino acids was reported to restore the impaired growth performance by deoxynivalenol. In the present study, sodium digestibility was decreased by dietary deoxynivalenol but restored with the supplementation of the preservative blend product. Zinc digestibility was increased by dietary deoxynivalenol but decreased when bentonite was added to the deoxynivalenol-contaminated diet. The digestibility of some amino acids was decreased by supplemental bentonite. Overall, the addition of the preservation blend product improved some mineral digestibility whereas the addition of bentonite decreased the digestibility of some minerals and amino acids. The objectives were to determine the effects of dietary deoxynivalenol (DON) on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients and to evaluate the efficacy of a bentonite (BEN) and a preservative blend (PB) product for alleviating DON effects on the nutrient digestibility of pigs. Twelve crossbred barrows with an initial body weight of 69.4 kg (standard deviation = 3.5) equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted a triplicated 4 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with four dietary treatments and two periods. Dietary treatments were (1) an uncontaminated diet, (2) a contaminated diet (CD) mainly based on contaminated wheat with 1.6 mg/kg DON, (3) CD + 0.25% PB consisting of preservation components as major sources, antioxidants, microorganisms, and amino acids (AA), and (4) CD + 0.25% BEN. The AID and ATTD of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, most minerals, and most AA were not affected by DON contamination. Dietary DON decreased the AID and ATTD of sodium (p < 0.05) but were restored by supplementing the PB product (p < 0.05). The AID of zinc was increased (p < 0.05) by dietary DON, but supplementing BEN decreased zinc digestibility (p < 0.05). The AID of Arg, Ile, Thr, and Asp was decreased (p < 0.05) by BEN addition. In conclusion, dietary DON affected the digestibility of some minerals but not AA in pigs. Supplemental BEN can negatively affect the nutrient digestibility of some minerals and AA in pigs. The addition of a PB product in pig diets can restore digestibility of sodium but not of other nutrients. Based on these observations, feed additives for alleviating DON effects on nutrient digestibility of pigs can be carefully selected by swine diet formulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental mycotoxin-sequestering agents on growth performance and nutrient utilization in growing pigs fed deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated diets. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 35.5 kg (standard deviation = 1.3) were assigned to six dietary treatments in a replicated 6 × 5 incomplete Latin square design. Five experimental diets consisted of an uncontaminated diet (PC), a DON-contaminated diet at 6.89 mg/kg (NC), NC + bentonite 0.5%, NC + yeast cell wall 0.5%, and NC + a mixture product 0.5% which consisted of enzymes, microorganisms, minerals, and plant extracts. Pigs had ad libitum access to the five diets. In the last group, the PC diet was restrictedly provided to pigs at the quantity of feed consumption of the NC group. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed were not affected by supplemental mycotoxin-sequestering agents except for the mixed product that tended to improve (p = 0.064) gain:feed in pigs fed DON-contaminated diets. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter was not affected by DON contamination or by supplemental mycotoxin-sequestering agents, whereas the ATTD of Ca was decreased (p = 0.032) by supplemental yeast cell wall in pigs fed DON-contaminated diets. The ATTD of P was greater (p = 0.042) in pigs fed the NC diet compared with the pigs fed the restricted amount of the PC diet. In conclusion, bentonite and yeast cell wall did not affect growth performance of pigs fed DON-contaminated diets, but a supplemental mixed product consisting of enzymes, microorganisms, minerals, and plant extracts partially alleviated the negative effects of dietary DON on the gain:feed of pigs. Calcium digestibility was decreased by supplemental yeast cell wall in pigs fed DON-contaminated diets. Based on the present work, the use of a mixed product consisting of enzymes, microorganisms, minerals, and plant extracts is suggested, and the reduction of Ca digestibility by yeast cell wall needs to be considered in diet formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to assess the nutrient digestibility of soybean meal (SBM) products based on in vitro procedures. Two-step and three-step in vitro assays were performed to mimic the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the digestive tracts of growing swine. The two-step in vitro method was modified to reflect the digesta retention time and digestive enzymes of nursery piglets by decreasing incubation periods and digestive enzymes to half of those in the procedure for growing pigs and was used to determine the crude protein (CP) digestibility of nursery piglets. The seven ingredients included conventional SBM, thermo-mechanically processed SBM (TSBM), and five sources of fermented SBM (FSBM). The five sources of FSBM were produced using different microorganisms for fermentation, namely: (1) Pediococcus pentosaceus and Bacillus subtilis, (2) Enterococcus faecium (FSBM-EF), (3) Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis, (4) Aspergillus oryzae, and (5) Bacillus licheniformis. Based on the conventional procedure, the in vitro ileal disappearance of CP in TSBM was greater (p < 0.05) compared with that in FSBM sources. Based on the in vitro assays for total tract digestibility, organic matter in TSBM was better digested (p < 0.05) compared with that in FSBM except for FSBM-EF. Based on the in vitro procedure for nursery piglets, the ileal disappearance of CP in TSBM was greater (p < 0.05) than that in the other SBM products. Taken together, thermo-mechanical processing rather than microbial fermentation of SBM improves the nutrient digestibility of SBM, particularly in nursery pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Black soldier fly larva meal is considered a promising protein source due to its high concentration of protein. A disinfection process is necessary to produce black soldier fly larva meal, because the black soldier fly is generally reared in food wastes or livestock manure. Drying methods include microwave drying, hot-air drying, and sun drying. Additionally, blanching as a pretreatment is also used to destroy microorganisms. However, information on the effect of these methods on nutrient utilization of black soldier fly larva meal by pigs is scarce. In the present study, the effects of drying and blanching methods on nutrient utilization were measured based on in vitro assays. Microwave-dried black soldier fly larva meal had less nitrogen digestibility than hot-air-dried black soldier fly larva meal. However, microwave-dried black soldier fly larva meal had greater nitrogen digestibility than blanched black soldier fly larva meal. The present study suggested that hot-air drying is recommended to produce black soldier fly larva meal based on the nutrient digestibility of black soldier fly larva meal for pigs. The objective was to determine the effects of drying and blanching methods on the nutrient utilization of black soldier fly larva (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) meal by pigs using in vitro assays. Two-step and three-step in vitro assays were employed to simulate the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Four BSFL meals were prepared using the following pretreatment methods: (1) microwave drying at 80 °C for 32 min, (2) hot-air drying at 60 °C for 17 h, (3) blanching for 5 min in boiling water and hot-air drying at 60 °C for 17 h, and (4) 2% citric acid solution blanching for 5 min in boiling solution and hot-air drying at 60 °C for 17 h. After the drying process, each BSFL was defatted and ground to obtain BSFL meals. The nitrogen (N) concentration in the test ingredients ranged from 8.5 to 9.4%, and the ether extract ranged from 6.9 to 11.5% on an as-is basis. The amino acid (AA) concentration in the BSFL meals ranged from 2.80 to 3.24% for Lys and 0.71 to 0.89% for Met on an as-is basis. Hot-air-dried BSFL meal had a greater in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of N compared with microwave-dried BSFL meal (p < 0.05). However, blanched BSFL meals in water or 2% citric acid solution before hot-air drying had a lower (p < 0.05) IVID of N compared with microwave-dried or hot-air-dried BSFL meal. Blanched BSFL meals in water or 2% citric acid solution before hot-air drying showed a lower (p < 0.05) in vitro total tract disappearance of dry matter and organic matter compared with microwave-dried or hot-air-dried BSFL meal. Microwave-dried BSFL meal had a lower (p < 0.05) IVID of indispensable AA, except for His, Lys, Met, and Phe, compared with hot-air-dried BSFL meals. However, blanched BSFL meals in water or 2% citric acid solution before hot-air drying showed a lower (p < 0.05) IVID of indispensable AA compared with microwave-dried or hot-air-dried BSFL meal. In conclusion, hot-air-dried BSFL meal presented greater nutrient utilization compared with microwave-dried BSFL meal for pigs. However, blanching in water or citric acid solution negatively affected the nutrient digestibility of BSFL meal based on in vitro assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The effects of dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility are relatively well-known in pigs. However, information on the influence of dietary fiber on hindgut nutrient digestibility is lacking, and ileal digesta collection before fecal collection may affect the proceeding fecal digestibility of nutrients. We determined the influences of wheat bran, a fiber-rich ingredient, on ileal digestibility, fecal digestibility, and hindgut digestibility of nutrients in pigs. Additionally, we tested the influence of ileal digesta collection on proceeding fecal nutrient digestibility. Experimental diets contained 0, 20, or 40% of wheat bran. The ileal digestibility and fecal digestibility of energy and nutrients decreased with increasing dietary wheat bran from 0 to 40%. Hindgut digestibility of dry matter and organic matter increased with increasing dietary fiber. The fecal nutrient digestibility did not differ whether fecal samples were collected before or after ileal digesta collection. Overall, the inclusion of wheat bran, a fiber-rich ingredient, reduced ileal and fecal digestibility of most nutrients but increased hindgut digestibility of some nutrients, and ileal digesta collection before fecal collection did not affect fecal nutrient digestibility. The objectives were to determine the effects of graded inclusion rates of wheat bran (WB) on apparent ileal (AID), apparent total tract (ATTD), and hindgut digestibility of nutrients and tested the influence of ileal digesta collection on proceeding fecal nutrient digestibility in pigs. Six barrows with an initial mean body weight of 70.7 ± 5.7 kg fitted with an ileal T-cannula were used. The animals were assigned to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three diets and three periods. A basal diet was based mainly on wheat, soybean meal, and cornstarch. Two additional diets were formulated to contain 20 or 40% of WB at the expense of cornstarch. Each experimental period consisted of a seven-day adaptation period and a four-day collection period. After the adaptation period, fecal samples were collected on day 8, and ileal digesta were collected on days 9 and 10. Another set of fecal samples was collected on day 11 to determine the influence of ileal digesta collection on proceeding total tract nutrient digestibility. The AID of energy, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein, and phosphorus linearly decreased (p < 0.05) with an increasing inclusion rate of WB from 0 to 40%. The ATTD of energy, DM, OM, crude protein, ether extract, and phosphorus linearly decreased (p < 0.01) as the inclusion rate of WB increased. Hindgut digestibility of DM, OM, and ether extract linearly increased (p < 0.05) with an increasing inclusion rate of WB. The ATTD of GE and most nutrients did not differ between the two fecal collection periods of before and after ileal digesta collection. Taken together, the inclusion of a fiber-rich ingredient reduced ileal and fecal digestibility of nutrients but increased hindgut digestibility of some nutrients, and total tract digestibility of nutrients did not differ whether the fecal samples were collected before or after two days of ileal digesta collection in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to investigate the hindgut disappearance of phosphorus (P) in corn-soybean meal-based diets with or without inorganic P sources in pigs. Hindgut disappearance of P was hypothesized to be greater in a diet without inorganic P than in a diet with inorganic P. Barrows (n = 5; initial body weight = 23.5 ± 3.1 kg and final body weight = 33.7 ± 5.5 kg) fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were individually housed in pens equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. Two corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated with or without the inclusion of inorganic P. No phytase was supplemented to the diets. All diets contained 0.5% chromic oxide as an indigestible index. The pigs were allotted to a 2-period crossover design with 2 diets. A diet was fed to 2 pigs and the other diet was fed to 3 pigs in each period. An additional period was conducted after the 2 periods to obtain 2 additional replicates for each treatment. Each period consisted of a 7-d adaptation period, a 2-d fecal collection period, and a 2-d ileal collection period. Apparent ileal (54.7 vs. 35.0%) and total tract (53.7 vs. 34.3%) P digestibility values in the inorganic P-containing diet were greater (P < 0.01) than those in the diet without inorganic P. However, apparent ileal P digestibility values were comparable (P > 0.90) with apparent total tract P digestibility values irrespective of the inclusion of inorganic P in the diets, and thus, a significant amount of hindgut disappearance of P was not observed in both diets. In conclusion, hindgut disappearance of P in a corn-soybean meal-based diet was negligible in 23-kg growing pigs regardless of the inclusion of inorganic P sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in fish meal, defatted black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larva meal, and adult BSF fed to pigs. Eight barrows with an initial body weight of 72.6 kg (SD = 10.4) fitted with T-cannulas in the distal ileum were individually housed in pens that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. The pigs were allotted to a replicated 4 × 5 incomplete Latin square design with 4 diets and 5 periods. Three experimental diets containing fish meal (68.6% CP, 5.24% Lys, and 7.5% ether extract), defatted BSF larva meal (59.5% CP, 3.82% Lys, and 7.6% ether extract), and adult BSF (59.0% CP, 2.80% Lys, and 26.8% ether extract) as the sole source of AA were prepared. Additionally, a nitrogen-free diet was formulated to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All diets contained 0.5% chromium oxide as an indigestible index. Each period consisted of 4 days of adaptation and 2 days of ileal digesta collection. The SID of CP in defatted BSF larva meal was less (73.8% vs. 88.3%; P < 0.05) than that in fish meal but was greater (P < 0.05) than that in adult BSF (56.1%). The SID of all indispensable AA except for Met and Phe in defatted BSF larva meal was less (P < 0.05) than that in fish meal. The SID of all AA in defatted BSF larva meal was greater (P < 0.05) than that in adult BSF. In conclusion, AA in defatted BSF larva meal are less digestible than those in fish meal when fed to pigs but are more digestible than those in in adult BSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to determine standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus (P) in black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae fed to pigs. Test ingredients were fish meal (66.2% crude protein, 9.2% ether extract, and 2.63% P), 3 sources of defatted BSF larva meal (43.1 to 59.2% crude protein, 8.6 to 13.2% ether extract, and 0.91 to 1.06% P), and a source of full-fat BSF larva (34.2% crude protein, 36.0% ether extract, and 0.70% P). Six barrows with an initial mean body weight of 78.1 kg (SD = 1.0) were individually housed in metabolism crates. Six diets were assigned to the 6 pigs in a 6 × 7 Latin square design with 7 periods resulting in 7 replicates for each treatment. Five experimental diets contained fish meal, defatted BSF larva meal, or full-fat BSF larva at 25% as the sole source of P. Additionally, a P-free diet mainly based on corn starch, sucrose, and gelatin was also prepared to estimate the basal endogenous losses of P. After a 4-day adaptation period, feces were collected for 4 days according to the marker-to-marker procedure. Apparent total tract digestibility of P in full-fat BSF larva (61.9%) was greater (P < 0.05) than that in 2 sources of defatted BSF larva meal (34.8% and 31.5%). Standardized total tract digestibility of P in full-fat BSF larva (71.8%) was greater (P < 0.05) than that in fish meal (51.0%) or 2 sources of defatted BSF larva meal (41.0% and 38.9%). The basal endogenous losses of P were estimated to be 189 ± 62 mg per kg dry matter intake. In conclusion, P in defatted BSF larva meal was less digestible compared with full-fat BSF larva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives were to evaluate the nutrient utilization of fish meal, black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae, and adult BSF meal and to develop equations for estimating in vitro nutrient disappearance of BSF larvae for pigs. Two-step and 3-step in vitro procedures were used to simulate the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. In Exp. 1, defatted BSF larva meal had less (P < 0.05) in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of dry matter (DM; 81.2% vs. 91.6% and 61.6%) and crude protein (CP; 81.8% vs. 92.2% and 67.2%) and in vitro total tract disappearance (IVTTD) of DM (82.6% vs. 93.6% and 65.7%) and organic matter (OM; 78.1% vs. 91.5% and 63.2%) than fish meal and greater (P < 0.05) values than adult BSF. In Exp. 2, CP concentrations in BSF larvae were negatively correlated with ether extract (r = -0.91) but positively correlated with acid detergent fiber (ADF; r = 0.98) and chitin (r = 0.95). Acid detergent fiber and chitin concentrations in BSF larvae were negatively correlated with IVID of DM (r = -0.98 and -0.88) and CP (r = -0.87 and -0.84) and IVTTD of DM (r = -1.00 and -0.94) and OM (r = -0.99 and -0.98). Equations for in vitro nutrient disappearance of BSF larvae using ADF (% DM) as an independent variable were developed: IVID of CP, % = -0.95×ADF + 95 (r2 = 0.75 and P = 0.058) and IVTTD of OM, % = -2.60×ADF + 115 (r2 = 0.98 and P < 0.01). In conclusion, in vitro nutrient utilization of defatted BSF larva meal was less compared with fish meal but was greater compared with adult flies and in vitro nutrient utilization of BSF larvae can be predicted using ADF as an independent variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to determine the influence of feed intake (FI) and fiber source on hindgut disappearance of energy and nutrients in pigs. Ten canulated barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 38.3 ± 5.4 kg were allotted to a replicated 5 × 4 Latin square design with 5 treatments and 4 periods. A corn-soybean meal-based basal diet (BD) and 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement with 2 amounts of FI (9.0 and 4.5% × BW0.75) and 2 fiber sources of sugar beet pulp (SBP) and corn cob were used. Three diets were 1) a BD, 2) a diet replacing 30% of corn and soybean meal in BD with SBP as a source of soluble dietary fiber (SDF), and 3) a diet replacing 15% of corn and soybean meal in BD with corn cobs as a source of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) to obtain a similar IDF concentration as in the SBP diet. Each period consisted of 7-d adaptation, 2-d fecal collection, and 2-d ileal collection. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) in SBP diet was less (P < 0.001) than that in corn cob diet, whereas AID of neutral detergent fiber in SBP were greater (P < 0.001) than in corn cob diet. Hindgut disappearance of energy, DM, OM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber in SBP diet was greater (P < 0.05) than that in corn cob diet. However, no interaction between FI and fiber source on the AID, apparent total tract digestibility, and hindgut disappearance of nutrients was observed. Overall, hindgut disappearance of nutrients in sugar beet pulp diet was greater than that in corn cob diet. However, the influence of feed intake or the interaction between feed intake and fiber source was not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to determine the influence of feed intake (FI) and fiber source on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrients in pigs. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 34.0 ± 2.6 kg were allotted to a replicated 6 × 4 Latin square design with 6 treatments and 4 periods. The 6 treatments were consisted of a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 amounts of FI (9.0 and 4.5% × BW0.75) and 3 dietary fiber sources. Three diets were 1) a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet (BD), 2) a diet replacing 30% of corn and soybean meal in BD with sugar beet pulp (SBP) as a source of soluble dietary fiber (SDF), and 3) a diet replacing 15% of corn and soybean meal in BD with corn cobs as a source of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) to obtain a similar IDF concentration as in the SBP diet. Following a 6-d adaptation, feces were collected for 5 d. The ATTD of GE, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in diets was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed at 4.5% of BW0.75 compared with those fed at 9.0% of BW0.75. The ATTD of GE, DM, OM, NDF, and ADF in SBP diet was greater (P < 0.01) than that in corn cob diet. However, there was no interaction between FI and fiber source on energy and nutrient digestibility. The ATTD of GE, DM, OM, protein, NDF, and ADF in SBP was greater (P < 0.01) than that in corn cobs. In conclusion, energy and nutrient digestibility values were increased by reduced feed intake and were greater in sugar beet pulp than in corn cobs without interaction between feed intake and fiber source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives were to demonstrate that nitrogen volatilization from pig urine can be inhibited by the addition of acids and to determine a minimum amount of HCl for nitrogen preservation in pig urine. In experiment 1, five urine samples were collected and had nitrogen concentrations of 0.29% to 0.68%. Each sample was divided into 2 groups that were supplemented with 100 mL of distilled water and 100 mL of 6 N HCl, respectively. The samples were placed in open containers at room temperature for 10 d. The nitrogen concentration was determined every 2 d. The amount of nitrogen in urine supplemented with distilled water decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with time, whereas that supplemented with 6 N HCl remained constant. In experiment 2, three urine samples with different nitrogen concentration (0.12%, 0.53%, and 0.94%) were added with different amounts of 6 N HCl used to make varying acidity (pH = 0.6, 1.1, 2.2, 4.7, 7.1, and 9.3). All urine samples were placed at a room temperature for 5 d followed by nitrogen analysis. Based on a linear broken-line analysis, nitrogen was not volatilized at a pH less than 5.12 (SE = 0.71), whereas nitrogen was volatilized at a pH greater than 5.12 (r2 = 0.98). An equation was developed for the minimum amount of 6 N HCl in urine to avoid nitrogen volatilization: 6 N HCl in urine (g/L) = 0.11 × nitrogen in urine (g/L) + 0.2 with r2 = 0.93 and P < 0.01. Assuming that up to 200 gram of nitrogen is excreted for 5 d, the addition of 100 mL of 6 N HCl to the urine collection container can inhibit nitrogen volatilization. Taken together, a minimum of 100 mL of 6 N HCl is recommended for 5 day-total collection of pig urine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sufficient supply of dietary phosphorus (P) is critical for maximizing muscle and bone growth of pigs. The objective was to compare standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P requirements of growing pigs determined in the experiments and those estimated using modeling approach. Fifty-two experiments in the literature that empirically determined P requirements of pigs were employed. The basis for the determination of P requirements were growth performance (average daily gain or gain to feed ratio; n = 34) and bone development (n = 23). Based on the STTD P in the feed ingredients provided in NRC (2012) and ingredient composition used in the experiments, P requirements presented as total P, available P, and true total tract digestible P were converted to STTD P requirements. To obtain STTD P requirements (g/d) suggested by NRC (2012) for grow-finishing pigs (body weight > 20 kg), mean body weight and sex indicated in the experiments were input into the NRC model. The statistical model for comparing the empirical data with the NRC requirements included the basis for determining P requirements in the experiments as a fixed variable and body weight as a random variable. To quantify the deviations between NRC STTD P requirement estimates and empirically determined STTD P requirements, mean percentage difference was calculated. The STTD P requirements empirically determined based on growth performance were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (5.89 vs. 4.61 g/d, SEM = 0.27; P < 0.001). Moreover, the bone development-based STTD P requirements were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (6.63 vs. 4.46 g/d, SEM = 0.42; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the standardized total tract digestible P requirements suggested by the NRC are less than the experimentally determined requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to determine the influence of amino acid (AA) supplementation during the adaptation period on the ileal digestibility of crude protein and AA in corn and soybean meal (SBM). Six barrows with an initial body weight of 30.9 ± 2.6 kg fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 dietary treatments and 6 periods. Two experimental diets contained corn or SBM as the sole source of AA and an N-free diet was additionally prepared. For AA supplementation groups, an AA mixture consisted of Gly, Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Ile, Val, His, and Phe was added to the corn diet and the N-free diet at the expense of cornstarch, and an AA mixture of Lys, Met, and Thr was added to the SBM diet. All diets contained 0.5% of chromic oxide. The 6 experimental diets were fed to the pigs for 4 and half days, and the 3 diets containing AA mixture were switched to the respective diets without AA mixture during the following 2 and half days. Ileal digesta were collected during the last 2 days. The addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period caused increased apparent ileal digestibility of Arg and Trp in corn (P < 0.05), but did not affect that in SBM. The addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period caused increased apparent ileal digestibility of Pro and Gly regardless of feed ingredient (P < 0.05), but did not affect that of other AA. All AA except Pro in corn and SBM were unaffected by the addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period. In conclusion, the addition of amino acid during the adaptation period does not affect the standardized ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids in feed ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Traditional proximate analysis measures (i.e., moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and ash) have little value for estimating the actual nutritional and economic value of feed ingredients fed to swine, yet they unfortunately continue to be commonly used in research studies, feed label regulations, and commodity-trading contract guarantees. Increasing energy and nutritional efficiency while simultaneously reducing negative environmental impacts of pork production requires the adoption of precision nutrition practices in global pork production systems. Precision swine nutrition can only be achieved by using more accurate and comprehensive methods and measures to determine the true nutri-physiological value of feed ingredients used in swine diets. There are several characteristics in some types of feed ingredients that are detrimental to swine health and performance, but they are seldom measured and deserve greater consideration. Likewise, there are also several value-added benefits provided by some functional feed ingredients that are not given enough consideration when formulating swine diets. The purpose of this review is to provide a holistic assessment of the benefits and limitations of existing chemical analysis methods and measures used to evaluate feed ingredients for swine and explore the benefits of using additional measurements to more accurately assess their true nutri-physiological value. Many types of feed ingredients are used to provide energy and nutrients to meet the nutritional requirements of swine. However, the analytical methods and measures used to determine the true nutritional and physiological ("nutri-physiological") value of feed ingredients affect the accuracy of predicting and achieving desired animal responses. Some chemical characteristics of feed ingredients are detrimental to pig health and performance, while functional components in other ingredients provide beneficial health effects beyond their nutritional value when included in complete swine diets. Traditional analytical procedures and measures are useful for determining energy and nutrient digestibility of feed ingredients, but do not adequately assess their true physiological or biological value. Prediction equations, along with ex vivo and in vitro methods, provide some benefits for assessing the nutri-physiological value of feed ingredients compared with in vivo determinations, but they also have some limitations. Determining the digestion kinetics of the different chemical components of feed ingredients, understanding how circadian rhythms affect feeding behavior and the gastrointestinal microbiome of pigs, and accounting for the functional properties of many feed ingredients in diet formulation are the emerging innovations that will facilitate improvements in precision swine nutrition and environmental sustainability in global pork-production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Due to climate change and pests as result of maize monoculture, the need of diversification of crop rotation forces researchers to look for alternative grains for animal nutrition. Furthermore, grain fermentation may increase the nutritional value of feed and, simultaneously, decrease costs of feed conservation because the necessity for grain drying and associated energy costs are reduced. In this context, the cultivation and integration of early harvested and fermented sorghum grain in pig diets might be an interesting strategy for the substitution of maize. Therefore, we tested the nutritional value of three varieties of fermented sorghum grains with gradual differences in total dry matter, in a Latin-Square experiment comprising growing pigs. Results indicated there is a potential for improving the nutrient digestibility of sorghum-based pig diets by using early harvested and fermented whole sorghum grain with lower dry matter concentration. Especially the need for inorganic phosphorus supplementation and, hence, the fecal phosphorus emissions were significantly reduced. This study investigated the effects of sorghum ensiled as whole grains with different dry matter concentrations on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, crude nutrients and minerals in growing pigs. Whole grain sorghum batches with varying dry matter (DM) concentrations of 701 (S1), 738 (S2) and 809 g kg−1 (S3) due to different dates of harvest from the same arable plot, were stored in air-tight kegs (6 L) for 6 months to ensure complete fermentation. Subsequently, 9 crossbred barrows (34.6 ± 1.8 kg; (Duroc x Landrace) × Piétrain)) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square feeding experiment. Diets were based on the respective sorghum grain silage and were supplemented with additional amino acids, minerals and vitamins to meet or exceed published feeding recommendations for growing pigs. The ATTD of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen-free extracts, and crude ash were higher in S1 compared to S3 treatments (p ≤ 0.05), while S2 was intermediate. Pigs fed S1 showed significantly higher ATTD of phosphorus (P) compared to all other groups while ATTD of calcium was unaffected irrespective of the feeding regime. In conclusion, growing pigs used whole grain sorghum fermented with a DM concentration of 701 g kg−1 (S1) most efficiently. In particular, the addition of inorganic P could have been reduced by 0.39 g kg−1 DM when using this silage compared to the variant with the highest DM value (809 g kg−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Xylan is naturally present in typical feedstuffs fed to animals and has been shown to cause increased digesta viscosity reducing nutrient digestibility and growth. Xylooligosaccharides are sugar oligomers consisting of xylose units that can be extracted and purified from biomaterials for use as a prebiotic in monogastric feeds. Xylooligosaccharides can also be obtained from the hydrolysis of xylan either in the intestine of the animal or in-vitro through various techniques. The question of xylanase supplementation versus xylooligosaccharide supplementation as well as symbiosis of both on the intestinal health and performance of monogastric livestock is still up for debate. Xylanase inhibitors present in common cereal grains provide yet another obstacle to overcome and are found to be highly variable. As the fear of antibiotic resistance increases, novel approaches to improve growth performance and enhance intestinal health without the use of antibiotics also increase. The aim of this article is to review the structural difference and its impact on xylan in feeds, classification and the use of various xylanases, as well as the production and use of xylooligosaccharides for the physiological effects on intestinal health and growth performance of monogastric animals. This paper discusses the structural difference and role of xylan, procedures involved in the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and their implementation into animal feeds. Xylan is non-starch polysaccharides that share a β-(1-4)-linked xylopyranose backbone as a common feature. Due to the myriad of residues that can be substituted on the polymers within the xylan family, more anti-nutritional factors are associated with certain types of xylan than others. XOS are sugar oligomers extracted from xylan-containing lignocellulosic materials, such as crop residues, wood, and herbaceous biomass, that possess prebiotic effects. XOS can also be produced in the intestine of monogastric animals to some extent when exogenous enzymes, such as xylanase, are added to the feed. Xylanase supplementation is a common practice within both swine and poultry production to reduce intestinal viscosity and improve digestive utilization of nutrients. The efficacy of xylanase supplementation varies widely due a number of factors, one of which being the presence of xylanase inhibitors present in common feedstuffs. The use of prebiotics in animal feeding is gaining popularity as producers look to accelerate growth rate, enhance intestinal health, and improve other production parameters in an attempt to provide a safe and sustainable food product. Available research on the impact of xylan, XOS, as well as xylanase on the growth and health of swine and poultry, is also summarized. The response to xylanase supplementation in swine and poultry feeds is highly variable and whether the benefits are a result of nutrient release from NSP, reduction in digesta viscosity, production of short chain xylooligosaccharides or a combination of these is still in question. XOS supplementation seems to benefit both swine and poultry at various stages of production, as well as varying levels of XOS purity and degree of polymerization; however, further research is needed to elucidate the ideal dosage, purity, and degree of polymerization needed to confer benefits on intestinal health and performance in each respective species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Corn is the main feed ingredient used in swine diets as an energy source due to its abundant production and nutrient contents. In South Korea, most of the corn for animal diets depends on import from other countries—more than 7.5 million tons per year. Thus, there is a need to find alternative ingredients to substitute corn in pig diets. Although there are variations depending on the degree of milling, brown rice has similar or better nutrient contents compared to corn. In addition, it is known to have excellent digestibility due to its smaller starch structure and granule size and less non-starch polysaccharides and anti-nutritional factors than corn. As a result of evaluating the effects of replacing corn with brown rice in pig diets, changes in gut microbiota were observed when corn was replaced with brown rice for a long time, but there were no differences on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Therefore, it has been confirmed that brown rice can replace corn in swine diets and the use of brown rice as a pig feed ingredient may be the basis for increasing feed self-sufficiency and enabling a stable feed supply. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing corn with brown rice on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gut microbiota of growing and finishing pigs. A total of 100 growing pigs (23.80 ± 2.96 kg BW; 10 weeks of age) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (5 pigs/pen; 5 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block = BW) as follows: corn-soybean meal basal diet (CON) and replacing corn with 50% (GBR50), 75% (GBR75), and 100% (GBR100) of ground brown rice. Each trial phase was for 6 weeks. During the growing period, there were no differences on growth performance and nutrient digestibility among dietary treatments. Similarly, no differences were found on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of pigs during the finishing period among dietary treatments. As a result of the beta diversity analysis, microbial populations were not clustered between CON and GBR100 during the growing phase, but clustered into two distinct groups of CON and GBR100 during the finishing phase. In conclusion, brown rice can be added to the diets of growing-finishing pigs by replacing corn up to 100% without negatively affecting growth performance of the pigs; additionally, this may have an effect on changes in pig intestinal microbiota if continued for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There is limited information on the optimal inclusion rate of a hatchery byproduct mixture and digestible energy concentrations in different hatchery byproduct mixtures in nursery pigs. The objectives of this study were to determine effects of a hatchery byproduct mixture on growth performance and to determine digestible energy concentrations of hatchery byproduct mixtures in nursery pigs. Growth performance of pigs fed a hatchery byproduct mixture up to 10% was not different from pigs fed a control diet. Digestible energy concentrations differed among hatchery byproduct mixtures. Based on the current results, the hatchery byproduct mixture can be used in nursery pig diets and different energy values should be applied to different hatchery byproduct mixtures. The objectives were to determine effects of a hatchery byproduct mixture (HBM) on growth performance and to measure digestible energy concentrations in various HBM. In the growth performance experiment, 96 pigs (initial body weight = 9.6 ± 0.8 kg) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 6 blocks. Each treatment consisted of 6 replicate pens with 4 pigs comprising 2 barrows and 2 gilts. Pigs were fed graded concentrations of HBM at 0%, 3.33%, 6.67%, and 10.00% for 14 days. In the energy digestibility experiment, 10 barrows (initial body weight = 11.5 ± 0.4 kg) were employed to determine digestible energy in HBM. A basal diet based on corn and soybean meal and 4 additional diets containing 25% of 4 different HBM were prepared. The marker-to-marker method was employed for total collection and the experimental design was a replicated 5 × 4 Latins square design. Growth performance was not compromised as the inclusion rate of HBM increased up to 10%. Digestible energy of HBM ranged from 2772 to 3887 kcal/kg as-is basis. In conclusion, HBM can be used in nursery pig diets and different energy values should be used for each HBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nutrient digestibility was greater in a low-fiber diet than in a high-fiber diet. • A minimum adaption time for a constant fecal index was 5.5 days for a 50 g/kg aNDF diet. • A minimum adaption for a constant fecal index was 3.5 days for a 296 g/kg aNDF diet. The objective was to determine a minimum adaptation period in total tract digestibility experiments using the inert marker method for pigs fed a low- or high-fiber diet. Eight barrows with an initial body weight of 81.5 kg (standard deviation = 5.1) were assigned to 2 dietary treatments in a crossover design. A low-fiber diet was formulated based on ground corn, cornstarch, and soybean meal to contain 50 g/kg amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber. A high-fiber diet was prepared based on ground corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles, and corn cobs to contain 296 g/kg amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber. In both diets, chromic oxide was included at 5 g/kg as an indigestible inert marker. Daily feed allowance was approximately 2.4% of initial body weight. Equal meals were provided at 0800 and 1700 h. After feeding diets without supplemental chromium (Cr) for 4 days, experimental diets with supplemental Cr were provided to pigs for 8 days. Total fecal collection was conducted during the 8 days with 24-h intervals. Daily Cr concentrations in feces increased linearly and quadratically (P < 0.001) in both low- and high-fiber diet groups as the collection days passed. The break point for fecal Cr concentration in the low-fiber diet group and high-fiber diet group was day 5.46 (SE = 0.145, P < 0.001) and day 3.49 (SE = 0.098, P < 0.001), respectively, based on a one-slope broken-line analysis. Coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility values of energy and nutrients (dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein) on day 3 and day 4 were lower (P < 0.001) than those on day 6–8 in the low-fiber diet. In pigs fed the high-fiber diet, the coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients on day 3 was lower (P < 0.001) than those on day 4–8. In conclusion, the minimum adaption period to achieve a constant inert marker concentration in feces is longer in a low-fiber diet compared with a high-fiber diet. We suggest an adaptation period of at least 6 days before grab sampling of feces when dietary fiber concentration is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There is limited information on nutritional value of hatchery byproducts as a swine feed ingredient. The objective of this study was to determine energy concentrations and phosphorus digestibility of hatchery byproducts fed to nursery pigs. Test ingredients were infertile eggs, unhatched eggs, culled chicks, and a mixture of the three. Culled chicks had the greatest energy concentrations, whereas infertile eggs had the lowest values. The standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in infertile eggs was greater than that in unhatched eggs, culled chicks, and the mixture. Based on the current results, feed formulation would be possible when using hatchery byproducts in swine diets. The objective was to measure energy concentrations and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in hatchery byproducts. In Experiment 1, 20 nursery barrows were used to measure energy concentrations in hatchery byproducts. A basal diet based on corn and dried whey and four additional diets containing 25% of infertile eggs, unhatched eggs, culled chicks, or a mixture of the three hatchery byproducts were prepared. In Experiment 2, the STTD of P was measured using 20 nursery barrows. Four diets containing 25% of the same hatchery byproducts used in Experiment 1 as the sole source of P were prepared, and a P-free diet was prepared to measure basal endogenous losses of P. The marker-to-marker method was employed for total collection. Metabolizable energy in culled chicks was the greatest (4560 kcal/kg as-is basis; p < 0.05), whereas infertile eggs had the lowest value (2645 kcal/kg as-is basis; p < 0.05). The STTD of P in infertile eggs (81.7%) was greater than that in unhatched eggs, culled chicks, and the mixture (61.6, 53.9, and 47.4%, respectively; p < 0.05). In conclusion, culled chicks had the greatest metabolizable energy and infertile eggs had the greatest phosphorus digestibility among the test ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the present study were to determine digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations of feed ingredients and to develop prediction equations for DE-to-gross energy ratio (DE:GE) and ME-to-gross energy ratio (ME:GE) of corn, oilseed meals, and fibrous ingredients as well as diets for pigs based on conventional and multi-sample simultaneous in vitro assays for growing pigs. Twelve barrows (Landrace × Yorkshire) with an initial body weight of 34.3 kg (standard deviation = 2.9) were individually housed in metabolism crates that were equipped with a feeder. A 12 × 8 incomplete Latin square design was employed with 12 animals, 12 dietary treatments, and 8 periods. A basal diet contained corn, soybean meal (SBM), and soybean oil as the sole sources of energy. Ten experimental diets were prepared by replacing 300 g/kg of the energy sources in the basal diet with each test ingredient. Additionally, a corn diet was formulated to contain 977 g/kg corn as a sole energy source. The conventional and multi-sample simultaneous in vitro assays were conducted to determine the coefficient of in vitro total tract disappearance (CIVTTD) of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) for each test ingredients and experimental diets. The DE and ME concentrations in corn and SBM were greatest (P < 0.05) among the 11 test ingredients whereas DE and ME concentrations in corn gluten feed were the lowest (P < 0.05) among the test ingredients. Prediction equations for the DE:GE and ME:GE in ingredients and diets were developed using the CIVTTD using conventional in vitro methods (CIVTTD flask) or the CIVTTD using multi-sample simultaneous method (CIVTTD bag) values as an independent variable. Based on the determination coefficients, the best equations for predicting DE:GE and ME:GE were: DE:GE = 0.041 + 0.924 × CIVTTD bag of DM with r2 = 0.83 and P < 0.001; ME:GE = –0.004 + 0.953 × CIVTTD bag of DM with r2 = 0.80 and P < 0.001. Overall, corn and SBM had the greatest available energy concentrations among the corn, oilseed meals, and fibrous ingredients whereas corn gluten feed had the lowest available energy concentrations for growing pigs. Both conventional in vitro methods and multi-sample simultaneous in vitro methods can be used to predict DE:GE and ME:GE of feedstuffs for pigs. • Corn and soybean meal had the greatest energy values among the test ingredients. • Corn gluten feed had lowest energy values among the test ingredients. • Conventional and modified in vitro method can be used to estimate the energy values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of fiber sources in phosphorus (P)-free diets on the endogenous losses of P in growing pigs. Eight barrows with an initial body weight of 37.4 kg (standard deviation = 2.7) were individually housed in metabolism crates. The animals were allotted to dietary treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 diets, 8 animals, and 4 periods. Four P-free diets were based mainly on cornstarch, sucrose, and gelatin, and contained 10% purified cellulose, pectin, silica sand, or sawdust as a fiber source in each P-free diet. Each period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 4-d collection period. Feces were collected quantitatively according to the marker-to-marker procedure. The feed intake of pigs fed the sawdust diet was less (P < 0.05) than that of pigs fed the silica sand diet. The total fecal output of pigs fed the purified cellulose or silica sand diet was greater (P < 0.05) than that of pigs fed the pectin diet. Fecal P concentrations were less (P < 0.05) in the pigs fed the purified cellulose or silica sand diet compared with the pigs fed the pectin diet. Total P output was not affected by fiber sources. The endogenous loss of P was 206, 350, 252, and 431 mg/kg dry matter intake (standard error of the means = 45.2) in the purified cellulose, pectin, silica sand, and sawdust diets, respectively. There were differences (P < 0.05) in the coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, and calcium among experimental diets. In conclusion, fiber sources may have different effects on the endogenous P losses and the apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients. • We used four different fibrous ingredients in the P-free diet for pigs. • The type of fiber in the P-free diet can change the basal endogenous loss of P. • Apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients was different among the P-free diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of an enzyme cocktail (EC), consisting of xylanase, mannanase, and protease, on digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations in barley, corn, and wheat fed to growing pigs. A pilot study was conducted to determine the effects of EC on the in vitro ileal dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in 8 sources of feed ingredient including barley, corn, wheat, canola meal, copra meal, cottonseed meal, palm kernel meal, and soybean meal. The IVDMD was determined in each feed ingredients with or without the 0 or 10 g/kg of EC addition. The values for the IVDMD in barley and wheat increased ( P <0.05) when the EC was added. However, the EC addition did not affect IVDMD of corn, canola meal, copra meal, cottonseed meal, palm kernel meal, and soybean meal. Based on the pilot study, an animal experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the EC on DE and ME concentrations in barley, corn, and wheat. A 3×2 factorial treatment arrangement with 3 ingredients and 0 or 2 g EC/kg was used. Six barrows with 35.8±3.3 kg body weight were assigned to 6 dietary treatments in a 6×6 Latin square design. There was no interaction between the ingredient and the EC addition, and the effect of the EC addition was not observed. The apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy in diets containing corn was greater ( P <0.05) than diets containing barley, but was less ( P <0.05) than diets containing wheat. The concentration of DE in barley, corn, and wheat were 3197, 3376, and 3503 kcal/kg (as-fed basis), respectively, and the respective values of ME were 3035, 3304, and 3407 kcal/kg (as-fed basis). In conclusion, the DE and ME concentrations in barley, corn, and wheat were not affected by the EC addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to determine energy concentrations and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber ingredients for pigs using in vitro and in vivo assays. In experiment 1, in vitro ileal and total tract disappearance of nutrients in soybean hulls, corn gluten feed, wheat bran, rice bran, and cashew nut testa were determined. Two-step and 3-step in vitro procedures were used to simulate the digestion of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. The coefficient of in vitro ileal disappearance of dry matter (DM) in rice bran was the greatest (P < 0.05) among the test ingredients followed by wheat bran, corn gluten feed, cashew nut testa, and soybean hulls. The coefficient of in vitro total tract disappearance of DM and organic matter in rice bran was also the greatest (P < 0.05) among the test ingredients followed by wheat bran, cashew nut testa, corn gluten feed, and soybean hulls. In experiment 2, in vivo energy values and nutrient digestibility of the same ingredients used in experiment 1 were determined. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 57.5 kg (standard deviation = 5.7) were assigned to 6 experimental diets in a replicated 6 × 4 incomplete Latin square design. A basal diet consisted of 750 g/kg corn and 227 g/kg soybean meal (SBM) as the sole energy sources. Four experimental diets were prepared by replacing 400 g/kg of corn and SBM with soybean hulls, corn gluten feed, wheat bran, or rice bran. An additional diet was prepared by replacing 100 g/kg of corn and SBM with cashew nut testa. Each period consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 4-day collection period. On an as-fed basis, digestible energy and metabolizable energy concentrations in soybean hulls (2198 and 2242 kcal/kg), corn gluten feed (2317 and 2227 kcal/kg), and wheat bran (2751 and 2679 kcal/kg) were less (P < 0.05) than those in rice bran (3503 and 3459 kcal/kg), but those were greater (P < 0.05) than those in cashew nut testa (352 and 519 kcal/kg). The coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility of DM in wheat bran was greater (P < 0.05) than that in corn gluten feed and cashew nut testa. In conclusion, energy values and nutrient digestibility in rice bran were the greatest among the high-fiber ingredients, whereas cashew nut testa had the lowest values based on the present in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro procedures can be a potential alternative method for determining energy digestibility of ingredients for pigs. • Hulls and brans from soybean, corn, wheat, rice, and cashew nut were tested. • Nutritional value was greatest in rice bran based on in vitro and in vivo assays. • Nutritional value was least in cashew nut testa based on in vivo assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives were 1) to determine digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in cereal grains and byproducts fed to pigs, 2) to validate the accuracy of prediction equations for feed ingredients, and 3) to develop prediction equations for DE and ME based on chemical compositions of ingredients. Twelve barrows [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] with average body weight of 37.1 ± 1.1 kg were allotted to one of 12 diet groups in a 12 × 12 Latin square design with 12 periods. A basal diet contained corn and soybean meal (SBM). Ten diets were formulated by replacing 300 g/kg or 400 g/kg of corn and SBM with a test ingredient in the basal diet. A wheat diet contained 976 g/kg of wheat as a sole energy source. Based on measured energy values, prediction equations in the literature were validated and new prediction equations were developed. The DE and ME concentrations in corn gluten meal were the highest (P < 0.05) among 11 feed ingredients followed by lupin kernel, rice bran, and SBM. The DE and ME concentrations in wheat were higher (P < 0.05) compared with those in barley and wheat bran. The DE and ME concentrations did not differ between 2 sources of corn gluten feed. The energy in the ingredients ranged from 3999 to 5182 kcal/kg for gross energy, 988–4509 kcal/kg for DE, and 890–4266 kcal/kg for ME on an as-is basis. The results of comparisons between measured and predicted values indicated that previous equations underestimated DE and ME, especially for low-energy ingredients. The most suitable equations newly developed were: DE, kcal/kg dry matter = 4055 – 3.09 × neutral detergent fiber + 1.61 × crude protein + 6.32 × ether extract – 6.47 × ash (R2 = 0.949, nutrients in g/kg dry matter); ME, kcal/kg dry matter = 3975 – 2.99 × neutral detergent fiber + 1.38 × crude protein + 6.62 × ether extract – 7.45 × ash (R2 = 0.942, nutrients in g/kg dry matter). Overall, energy concentrations in various ingredients and newly developed prediction equations might be useful for accurate diet formulations. • Energy values in feeds reported in this work may be useful for diet formulations. • Previous models for energy concentrations may underestimate feed values. • The equations for feed energy developed here may be used for pig diet formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the difference procedure, a potential influence of crude protein (CP) concentrations of basal diets on accurate metabolizable energy (ME) determination of a test ingredient is of an issue. The objective of the present study was to determine the influence of CP concentrations in the basal diet and test ingredients on the ME:digestible energy (DE) of full-fat soybeans (FFSB; 377 g/kg CP) and soy protein isolate (SPI; 876 g/kg CP) using the difference procedure. Twelve barrows (73.7 ± 5.5 kg body weight) individually housed in metabolism crates were used. A low-protein basal diet (LPBD; 74 g/kg CP) was composed of 975 g/kg corn as the sole energy source and a high-protein basal diet (HPBD; 143 g/kg CP) was mainly composed of 780 g/kg corn and 196 g/kg soybean meal as the sole energy sources. Four additional diets were prepared by including FFSB or SPI at 200 g/kg at the expense of the energy sources in the basal diets. The 6 experimental diets were fed to the 12 pigs employing a replicated 6 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods. While the urinary energy output from the pigs fed the SPI diet in the HPBD group was greater (P < 0.05) than that in the LPBD group, the urinary energy output was not affected by CP concentration in the basal diet in pigs fed the basal diets or the FFSB diets. The ME:DE of the SPI diet in the LPBD group was greater (P < 0.05) than that in the HPBD group, whereas ME:DE was not affected by the basal CP concentrations in pigs fed the basal diets or the FFSB diets. The one-slope broken-line analysis indicated that the CP concentration in the diet needs to be less than 170 g/kg (P < 0.05) to avoid potential interaction between a basal diet and a test ingredient on ME:DE. While ME:DE of the SPI in the LPBD group was greater (P < 0.05) than that in the HPBD group, ME:DE of the FFSB was not different between the 2 basal diet groups. Overall, ME in a high-protein ingredient can be underestimated if a relatively high-protein basal diet is used in the difference procedure mainly due to increased urinary energy output from pigs. Experimental diets in the difference procedure need to contain less than 170 g/kg of protein for finishing pigs to accurately determine biologically available energy concentrations of soybean protein sources. • Difference procedure is widely used for determination of metabolizable energy (ME). • A low-protein basal diet should be used for determining ME in soy protein isolate. • An ME concentration of full-fat soybeans was unaffected by basal protein content. • Diets for difference method should be less 170 g/kg of protein for finishing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Test ingredients were infertile eggs, unhatched eggs, culled chicks, and a mixture. • Digestibility of most amino acids was less in culled chicks than in infertile eggs. • Culled chicks had the greatest calcium digestibility among hatchery byproducts. The objective of this study was to determine amino acid (AA) and calcium (Ca) digestibility of hatchery byproducts in nursery pigs. In experiment 1, the coefficients of standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of AA in hatchery byproducts were measured using 10 barrows surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum (initial body weight = 11.3 ± 1.3 kg). Four diets were prepared to contain 30 % of infertile eggs, unhatched eggs, culled chicks, and a mixture (20 % dried infertile eggs + 20 % dried unhatched eggs + 60 % dried culled chicks) as the sole source of nitrogen and a nitrogen-free diet was additionally prepared to measure basal endogenous losses of AA. In experiment 2, ten nursery barrows (initial body weight = 10.2 ± 0.7 kg) were used to measure the coefficient of standardized total tract digestibility (CSTTD) of Ca in hatchery byproducts. Four experimental diets contained 10, 10, 25, and 15 % of infertile eggs, unhatched eggs, culled chicks, and the mixture (20 % dried infertile eggs + 20 % dried unhatched eggs + 60 % dried culled chicks) as the sole source of Ca, respectively and a Ca-free diet was additionally prepared to measure basal endogenous losses of Ca. The index method and the marker-to-marker method were employed in experiment 1 and in experiment 2, respectively. A replicated 5 × 4 Latin square design was an experimental design in both experiments. Infertile eggs had greater (P < 0.05) CSID of indispensable AA except for lysine and methionine compared with culled chicks. The CSID of indispensable AA did not differ between infertile eggs and unhatched eggs. The CSID of some AA in infertile eggs was greater (P < 0.05) than that in the mixture. The CSID of indispensable AA except for tryptophan was not different between culled chicks and the mixture. Culled chicks had the greatest (P < 0.05) CSTTD of Ca among test ingredients followed by the mixture, infertile eggs, and unhatched eggs. In conclusion, ileal digestibility of most indispensable AA in infertile eggs was greater than that in culled chicks and culled chicks had the greatest Ca digestibility among hatchery byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the present study were to develop prediction equations for digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and coefficient of energy digestibility (ED) of swine diets using fecal nutrients as independent variables without dietary information and to validate the prediction equations. A total of 262 fecal samples obtained from growing pigs fed 27 diets in 4 experiments were used to develop prediction equations for DE, ME, and ED. These equations were validated using 95 fecal samples obtained from growing pigs fed 12 diets in an additional experiment. The diets were based mainly on corn, soybean meal, and other plant-originated feed ingredients. In the digestibility experiments, feces and urine were quantitatively collected using the marker-to-marker procedure. Diet and fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein, ash, and amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF). The DE of the 27 diets ranged from 12,164 to 18,301 kJ/kg DM and ME of 24 diets ranged from 11,603 to 16,657 kJ/kg DM. Coefficients of ED for the 27 diets ranged from 0.667 to 0.919. Fecal ash was positively correlated with DE (r = 0.81; P < 0.001), ME (r = 0.66; P < 0.001), and coefficient of ED (r = 0.67; P < 0.001) whereas fecal aNDF was negatively correlated with DE (r = –0.66; P < 0.001), ME (r = –0.74; P < 0.001), and coefficient of ED (r = –0.67; P < 0.001). The prediction equations developed using fecal nutrients were: DE (kJ/kg DM) = 15,077 + (13.72 × ash) – (4.65 × aNDF) (R2 = 0.71; P < 0.001); ME (kJ/kg DM) = 17,067 + (6.54 × ash) – (7.56 × aNDF) (R2 = 0.63; P < 0.001); and coefficient of ED = 0.881 + (0.00037 × ash) – (0.00028 × aNDF) (R2 = 0.57; P < 0.001) where nutrients are expressed as g/kg DM. Based on the regression analysis for validation of the equations, the prediction equations for DE and coefficient of ED using only fecal aNDF did not have mean bias or linear bias. In conclusion, DE values, ME values, and coefficient of ED for swine diets are correlated with fecal ash and aNDF concentrations and the energy values can be predicted using fecal ash and aNDF concentrations without dietary information. • Energy values in pig diets are correlated with fecal ash and fiber concentrations. • Energy digestibility is correlated with fecal ash and fiber concentrations. • Dietary energy values can be predicted using fecal ash and fiber concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]