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Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the technologies of Industry 4.0 that has been contributing to the development of different manufacturing industries. The integration of sustainability concepts into additive manufacturing has been gaining attention among researchers. This integration is essential in the development of AM technologies and can be a significant asset in terms of decision making for organizations. This work aims to present a concise literature review on the integration of decision making, especially multi-criteria decision making, and sustainability into the AM environment. The literature on this topic currently possesses a total of fifteen documents, which were analyzed in this work. Some developments on this topic have been achieved in domains such as material selection, process selection and challenges, and drivers' analysis of sustainable AM. This review shows that even though there has been an effort in recent years to integrate sustainability into additive manufacturing, there is still a long road to the development of this topic for the future, and so some recommendations for future research paths are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is imperative to take proactive measures in light of the escalating concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of international shipping. The GHG study conducted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) indicates that the sector accounted for 2.2% and 2.89 % of emissions in 2012 and 2018, respectively. As a result, IMO has endorsed strategies to reduce ship-induced emissions to 50% by 2050 and net zero emissions by 2100. For reducing carbon emissions, regulations such as the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) were implemented a decade ago. We collected data from 104 seafarers in 24 countries using purposive sampling, exploring how the energy-efficient operation of ships transforms their work cultures onboard ships. The majority of seafarers in our study agreed that energy-efficient ship operation has changed seafarers' working cultures over the last decade. Seafarers have adopted a variety of energy efficiency (EE) practices, including meticulous record-keeping of fuel consumption and adherence to Planned Maintenance Systems. As well as preparing for Port State Control (PSC) inspections, they follow energy-saving measures prescribed by the SEEMP. In addition to engine maintenance, energy-saving practices, accurate reporting and recording of EE-related data, and efficient power usage, they provide just-in-time arrival, crew training, energy-efficient lighting, environmental awareness, and slow steaming to minimize fuel consumption. The majority of seafarers implemented SEEMP successfully and met the company's objectives, but they did not receive any form of recognition or financial incentives. Although SEEMP can help shipping companies gain financial benefits and preserve the environment, seafarers do not receive tangible rewards or appreciation for implementing it. Only one-fourth of seafarers were rewarded with incentives, bonuses, formal recognition, or trophies. This study holds significant implications for policymakers, offering insight into seafarers' adaptation to energy-efficient ship operations and advocating for integrating Industry 4.0 technologies for EE regulations compliance by reducing seafarers' workloads and improving data accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of the Euro 7 emission standard is expected to significantly change the typology of the European passenger car. This study analyzes the environmental impact resulting from future trends in fleet composition and proposes an innovative vehicle classification system focused on raising consumer awareness of the importance of their choices with regard to key attributes such as body type, engine power and vehicle weight. A sensitivity analysis of the fleet's greenhouse gas emissions to deviations in their composition is carried out, considering the preferences expressed by the consumers in 2022 and the vehicle's specifications reported by the automotive industry on European digital platforms embodying Industry 4.0 principles. The findings show that internal combustion fleet emissions are expected to rise 0.30% per 1% increase in engine power and 0.44% to 0.69% per 1% increase in weight, according to the Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP). The plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) segment is the fastest growing in terms of market share. This trend will continue in the future, as this is the segment best suited to comply with the emissions targets imposed on manufacturers. Another relevant conclusion is that the environmental impact of PHEV vehicles is potentially very negative if the drivers' charging habits do not reflect the manufacturer's design intention. Thus, the development of consumer environmental awareness tools is urgent. This is the study's main motivation: to develop a tool in the scope of the Industry 4.0 while promoting the emergent concept of Industry 5.0, sustainability based and human-centered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport sector is one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and it is essential to find sustainable alternatives. Electric scooters can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by replacing more polluting modes of transport such as cars. However, existing studies do not always corroborate this positive environmental impact, and it is necessary to understand which factors influence it and which stages of life are of most concern. Therefore, the main objectives of this study are to present an overview of the environmental impact of electric scooters and the methodological approaches used to assess it, as well as to analyse the main factors that condition it and propose measures to improve the environmental sustainability of this type of micromobility. To this end, a review of the scientific literature was carried out, from which it was possible to conclude that life cycle analysis was the most used method and that of the 25 studies selected, 72% were in European cities and 68% on shared electric scooters. From the study it was also possible to conclude that the production phase and the charging and rebalancing phase, in the case of shared ones, are the phases that most influence the environmental impact. Thus, producing electric scooters in an environmentally friendly way, extending their useful life, and in the case of shared scooters, collecting and charging efficiently, are the most effective means to reduce environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shipping industry contributes to global CO 2 emissions, raising concerns about its environmental impact and the need for energy-efficient (EE) and low-carbon (LC) shipping practices. This study aims to discover how seafarers are aware, knowledgeable, motivated, and dedicated to the EE and LC shipping processes after a decade of enforcement of IMO regulations. With a purposive sampling strategy, 262 active seafarers from diverse backgrounds and 41 shipping companies from 24 countries were sampled. A mixed-methods survey was conducted to determine seafarers' awareness and knowledge about EE regulations and measures to adopt them onboard ships. This study unveils seafarers' commendable awareness of environmental impacts in EE and LC ship operations. Social media platforms are becoming increasingly popular in recent years among seafarers as a knowledge source, while traditional sources have diminished in importance. Male seafarers demonstrate higher awareness and knowledge of EE and LC shipping compared to their female counterparts. Experience positively correlates with knowledge levels, emphasizing the importance of long-term service in the maritime industry. Most seafarers have consistent beliefs regarding carbon emissions mitigation, but only 47% show significant engagement. Meanwhile 76% believe that financial incentives and formal recognitions motivate ship crews to participate actively in carbon emissions mitigation. In the maritime industry, tailored training strategies are essential for addressing knowledge gaps and promoting sustainable practices. To better understand seafarers' awareness and knowledge of EE and LC ship operations in relation to their gender, age, experience, and positions, we conducted this investigation following a decade-old study of Banks et al. [1]. Policymakers can understand the trends by comparing seafarers' awareness and knowledge in these areas. Continuous education and training programs are crucial in order to promote sustainable and environmentally friendly EE and LC practices in the maritime industry. Furthermore, our study identified areas for improving the human element to ensure sustainable maritime practices by increasing EE and LC ship operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently the circular economy has increasingly received attention worldwide due to the recognition that the security of the supply of resources and environmental sustainability are crucial for the prosperity of all the countries and businesses. G20 countries are stimulating the development of frameworks that enhance the circular economy and generally more sustainable production and consumption modes. In this context, this paper aims to suggest an index to assess the sustainability and the circularity of manufacturing companies. With this tenet, a Sustainable Circular Index (SCI) is proposed based on a five-phase framework. This index could support managers in assessing their level of sustainability and circularity and in implementing some practices that could improve the performances of their companies regarding these two topics. This index represents an important benchmarking tool for manufacturing companies to assess their sustainable and circular behavior and represents a guideline for managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformers are one of the more expensive pieces of equipment found in a distribution network. The transformer's role has not changed over the last decades. With simple construction and at the same time mechanically robust, they offer long term service that on average can reach half a century. Today, with the ongoing trend to supply a growing number of non-linear loads along with the notion of distributed generation (DG), a new challenge has arisen in terms of transformer sustainability, with one of the possible consequences being accelerated ageing. In this paper we carefully review the existing studies in the literature of the effect of loads and other key factors on oil-transformer ageing. The state-of-the-art is reviewed, each factor is analysed in detail, and in the end a smart transformer protection method is sought in order to monitor and protect it from upcoming challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial symbiosis, which allows entities and companies that traditionally be separated, to cooperate among them in the sharing of resources, contributes to the increase of sustainability with environmental, economic and social benefits. Examples of industrial symbiosis have grown over the years with increasing geographic dispersion. Thus, through a comprehensive review of previous studies, this work aims to trace the trend of industrial symbiosis research and to map the existing case studies around the world, with a critical analysis of its impact. The analysis of the 584 selected publications allowed tracing the evolution of these according to their content and the type of article, as well as its distribution by journals. Based on the literature review, the main lines for research in industrial symbiosis are assessed, as well as an updated study of the published case studies is provided with emphasis on the location, type of industry and employed methodologies. Several challenges are then identified for future research. The results reveal the number of articles on industrial symbiosis has greatly increased since 2007 and China is the country with the largest number of publications and cases of industrial symbiosis, followed by the United States. The methods for quantifying impacts and analysing industrial symbiosis networks were the most widely used. The analysis of the published case studies allowed an overview of the industrial symbiosis in the world and showed that the potential for application is enormous, both in developed countries and in countries with developing economies, and although the most present economic activities in the synergies are associated with the manufacturing sector, the possibilities of industrial symbiosis are not restricted to these activities nor to the number of entities involved. The symbioses between industry and the surrounding community also have great potential for development with numerous advantages for both parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial symbiosis, which is characterised mainly by the reuse of waste from one company as raw material by another, has been applied worldwide with recognised environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, the potential for industrial symbiosis is not exhausted in existing cases, and there is still a wide range of opportunities for its application. Through a comprehensive literature review, this article aims to compile and analyse studies that focus on potential industrial symbiosis in real contexts, to highlight the margin of optimisation that is not being used. The cases reported in the publications identified here were characterised and analysed according to geographic location, type of economic activity, waste/by-products, main benefits, and the methods employed in the studies. From this analysis, we conclude that there is great potential for applications involving industrial symbiosis throughout the world, and especially in Europe, corresponding to 53% of the total cases analysed. Manufacturing stood out as the sector with the highest potential for establishing symbiosis relationships, and the most common types of waste streams in potential networks were organic, plastic and rubber, wood, and metallic materials. This article also discusses the main drivers and barriers to realising the potential of industrial symbiosis. The diversity of industries, geographical proximity, facilitating entities and legislation, plans, and policies are shown to be the main drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial symbiosis has proven to be an important tool for improving business sustainability with numerous environmental, economic, and social benefits. The literature on this subject has been provided with countless case studies of the application of this practice in different geographical locations. However, studies concerning Portugal in this area are still scarce. Thus, this article aims to map and analyze the existing cases of industrial symbiosis in Portugal, as well as the current state and the legislative context regarding this practice. It also aims to analyze the main barriers to the growth of synergy relations and outline new paths for the development of industrial symbiosis in Portugal. From the analysis to the case studies, it was possible to conclude that most industrial symbiosis networks have few actors, and networks with two and three are common. However, owing to strategic plans, the type of existing economic activities, and the waste generated, there is much potential for industrial symbiosis networks to be established and to contribute to emission reductions, more efficient use of resources, and reduced external dependence. However, in order to increase industrial symbiosis, concerted action must be taken at various levels to encourage companies to develop synergy relations. Changing the legislative framework, making funds available, the role of local governments, the existence of a facilitator, and the use of some industries as anchor tenants are some of the aspects that can contribute to the increase of industrial symbiosis in Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]