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In the pediatric population there is a shortage in the number of hearts available for transplantation. However, sometimes a heart transplant is urgently required to save lives. The problem arises when the patient is hyperimmunized and there is a positive crossmatch with the only available donor. We present such a case of a 9-year-old patient with dilated cardiomyopathy on ventricular assist device, in whom it was possible to perform a successful HT and also apply a successive prevention against graft rejection.

Several reviews have shown that COVID-19 in children is a relatively mild disease. However, a rare complication affecting children and adolescents after COVID-19 has been identified. Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 (PIMS-TS), which in some cases manifests itself as a hyperinflammatory syndrome with a multiorgan failure, may lead to death. We report a case of a 17-year-old patient who was admitted to the hospital with cardiogenic shock of unknown etiology. The disease was life-threatening, thus necessitating mechanical ventilation, circulatory support, and extracorporeal therapy due to renal and liver dysfunction. The patient tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction. Other infectious causes of illness were excluded. However, the patient had a positive IgG antibody test result and high levels of interleukin-6, which helped to diagnose PIMS-TS. Intravenous immunoglobulin and steroid therapies were initiated, unfortunately, with poor outcome. The patient's critical condition, particularly end-stage heart failure, led to mechanical circulatory support implantation and finally orthotopic heart transplantation. After the surgery, the patient's condition improved gradually. PIMS-TS manifests itself with different clinical images and as a state of varying severity, ultimately causing multiorgan dysfunction with shock resembling toxic shock syndrome. Ultimately, myocardial complications of PIMS-TS necessitated heart transplantation in the described patient.

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (Bland-White-Garland syndrome – BWG) is a serious congenital cardiac anomaly leading to myocardial ischemia with severe heart failure. Immediate surgical correction is the treatment of choice, and the risk of postoperative complications depends on the degree of myocardial injury. The authors present two cases of infants with BWG, in whom long-term (175 and 26 days) left ventricular assistance with a Berlin Heart device was used, resulting in successful weaning from the support and subsequent hospital discharge. Because of serious hemorrhagic complications and their neurological consequences observed in the first patient, the anticoagulation protocol was modified in the second patient, providing more stable support and allowing the device to be removed after a shorter period of time. The Berlin Heart left ventricular assist device may be treated not only as a bridge for transplantation but also, considering the shortage of donors in this age group, as a bridge to recovery.

Ventricular septal defects closure (VSD) depending on the anatomy and clinical setting can be performed surgically or by a hybrid and transcatheter approach. Two cases of children with VSD will be presented. Patients' defects were closed with various types of occluders made of nitinol wire mesh occluder, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) type. The first case was a 2.5-year-old boy after cardiosurgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). After the procedure, a significant haemodynamic residual VSD was observed, which was not successfully closed during the subsequent reoperation. Despite pharmacological treatment, symptoms of heart failure were observed in this patient. In echocardiographic images the residual VSD was presented as a tunnel-like dissection of the ventricular septum (length 6 mm and diameter 3.4 mm). The defect was closed via arterial access with an Amplatzer Duct Occluder II (ADO II). The procedure was successfully performed without any medical complications. In this child, a significant shunt reduction and a noticeable improvement in the patient's clinical status and diminished symptoms of heart failure were noticed. The second patient was a 4-year-old girl suffering from a multi-perforated perimembranous VSD accompanied by a ventricular septal defect with aneurysm. The defect was closed by a venous approach with a PDA Cardio-O-Fix occluder (very similar to ADO I). No short-term or long-term complications were visible during or after the procedure. Only a mild residual shunt through the VSD was observed 6 months afterwards. Transcatheter VSD closure with a proper morphology, with occluders of type Amplatzer Duct Occluder ADO I or ADO II, constitutes a safe and effective therapeutic alternative.

Background: The treatment of advanced heart failure (HF) in children and infants poses a serious management problem. Heart failure in that patient group is usually of congenital aetiology. The treatment schedules for paediatric patients are in most cases adapted from the guidelines for treatment of adults. Up to 2009, the treatment of that extremely difficult group of patients was limited to pharmacological therapy and occasional heart transplantations. Constantly increasing problems with recruiting donors, especially for the paediatric group, contribute to the fact that mechanical support with the use of ventricular assist devices is for many children the only chance of surviving the period of waiting for a heart donor. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyse the outcomes of circulatory support in Poland and to assess the advisability of this method for treatment of children with severe HF. Methods: This treatment of paediatric patients is currently used in three Polish centres. From December 28, 2009 to August 1, 2015, 27 implantations of BerlinHeart EXCOR® mechanical circulatory support system were performed in children aged from one month to 16 years (10 patients below one year of age; 37%). Left ventricular assist devices were implanted to 21 patients, whereas the remaining children received biventricular support. The most common reason for using this method was HF developed in the course of cardiomyopathy. In one case, HF after Fontan operation was the indication. Results: The duration of the circulatory support period ranged from six to 1215 days. It was followed by successful heart transplantations in 10 (37%) patients, in five (18.1%) it resulted in regeneration of the heart, enabling explantation of the device, whereas three children are still waiting for transplantations. Nine (33%) children died during the therapy because of thromboembolic complications. Conclusions: As follows from our data, circulatory support utilising the BerlinHeart EXCOR® system is an effective and promising method used as a bridge to cardiac transplantation, or for regeneration of the myocardium in paediatric patients. In the group of the youngest and the most difficult patients, the method requires close cooperation of the medical and nursing personnel.