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Highlights • Kyphotic deformity is common and can be associated with considerable morbidity. • Vertebral resection and reconstruction have been shown to preserve neurological function and decrease pain. • Two-stage, combined anterior and posterior approaches are performed to surgically address significant vertebral kyphotic. • The modified lateral extracavitary approach for reconstruction and instrumentation is an alternative to standard approach., Introduction Commonly, two stage combined anterior - posterior approaches were performed to treat significant kyphotic deformity, but potentially increase morbidity level. Recently, single - stage posterior approach for anterior column reconstruction have shown sagittal alignment improvement. The objective of this study is to describe a series of kyphotic deformity patients whom were treated using modified lateral extracavitary approach for anterior column reconstruction and posterior instrumentation. Methods Data collected from all kyphotic deformity patients whom treated with modified lateral extracavitary approach between 2016 until 2017 and this research work has been reported in line with the PROCESS criteria. In addition this technique could address kyphotic correction. Results 7 patients were reported, 4 males and 3 females with local and regional kyphotic more than 40 degrees. Procedures performed mostly on the right side to avoid the aorta with approximately 2 cm of the rib distal to the transverse processes. The average estimated blood loss and length of surgery were 1280 ml and 3.9 h. None of the patient had neurological deficit, and all of them have shown kyphotic improvement. Conclusion The modified lateral extracavitary approach for anterior column reconstruction and posterior instrumentation is a viable alternative to the standard combined approach. This approach continues to evolve as instrumentation development and possesses significant advantages.

INTRODUCTION To present the treatment outcome in tuberculosis patients with sputum smear positivity in the third month of category 1 treatment regimes. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 1024 patients with tuberculosis treated in Ministry of Health Sureyyapasa Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital from January 2004 to December 2005 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Categorization and appropriate treatment of tuberculosis was performed according the World Health Organization guidelines. RESULTS Of overall 1024 patients, 655 (64%) were determined to receive category 1 treatment while sputum smear positivity was identified in 11 of them [2%; mean (SD) age: 46 (17.9) years] in the third month. Continuation phase treatment was initiated in these 11 patients. Sputum conversion was evident in six of 10 cases in the 4th month, in three cases in the 5th month and in one case in the 6th month. None had culture positivity after the 3rd month. Of 11 cases, 10 completed therapy with major drugs in six months and treatment outcome was cure. No relapse was identified after five years later. CONCLUSION Based on our data we recommend that the continuing phase should be started in cases with positive sputum smear at the end of the extended initial phase.

Introduction: Hepatotoxicity in patients diagnosed with active tuberculosis is the commonest adverse effect of therapy. We sought to analyse trends in liver function in patients diagnosed with active tuberculosis and to determine predictors of hepatotoxicity. Methods: We studied 275 patients with active TB treated at a tertiary referral centre from 2009-2014 . A retrospective review was undertaken of all patients9 laboratory data and patient correspondence to determine predictors of hepatotoxicity. Results: 170 (62%) male and 105 (38%) female patients with active tuberculosis with a mean age of 44 years were studied. 15 patients (6%) required their medication to be stopped or altered as a consequence of hepatotoxicity. There was a significant difference in age between patients with hepatotoxicity (52.95 years) and those that didn9t (41.33 years) (p=0.00). Irish born patients were more likely to develop hepatotoxicity (p=0.025). There was no significant association between hepatotoxicity and drug abuse (p=0.211), smoking (p=0.95), presence of cavitatory disease (p=0.191), site of disease (p=0.224), alcohol use (p=0.088) or history of alcohol excess (p=0.736). Among patients with tuberculosis, peak AST values did not occur within the first 2 weeks as widely thought but later (week 10). Conclusion: Hepatotoxicity as a consequence of antituberculous therapy is common. Hepatotoxicity was more common in older patients and resulted in drug interruptions and treatment changes. Given the late peak in AST values at week 10 in patients treated with antituberculous therapy, the authors advocate that liver function tests should be monitored regularly throughout the course of treatment.

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis being the predominant manifestation of the disease extra-pulmonary sites can also involve as a result of dissemination from a chief focus. Extra- pulmonary tuberculosis is more common in HIV cases. The present study aims to determine the presentation and outcome of patients with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis treated with DOTS and to assess any difference in outcome of treatment in HIV positive extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: Data was collected from cases of tuberculosis patients diagnosed and treated under DOTS at Sri Siddhartha Medical College for the period of one year (during 2015). We evaluated extra-pulmonary cases and recorded sites of involvement in order of frequency. We also studied treatment outcome by recording as per definitions given by the WHO and also evaluated any difference in outcome of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis disease with HIV co-infection. Results: Extra-pulmonary cases accounted for 30.5% of total TB cases. Among 224 cases of extra-pulmonary TB studied, 136 (60.7%) were males and 88 (39.3%) were females. Most common site of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis was pleura (29.9%) followed by meninges (22.5%), abdomen (19.6%) and lymph node (10.7%) tuberculosis. Among these patients 82.2% completed treatment, 7.5% were defaulted, 9.9% died and 0.4% treatment failure. The most common reason for default was irregular treatment (29.5%) followed by alcohol abuse (23.5%). Among 8 HIV reactive patients, 5 patients completed treatment and the remaining 3 patients died during the course of treatment. Conclusions: Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis accounts for 30.5% of the total cases studied. Pleura is most common site of extra-pulmonary TB in our study. Treatment irregularities and alcohol abuse are the two most common reasons for default. Co-infection with HIV seems to have a poor outcome on patients with extra-pulmonary TB and needs to be studied in large number of samples.

We report the case of extensive thoracolumbar tuberculosis involving eight vertebral bodies, and successful treatment by two-stage surgical procedure using a minimally invasive posterior instrumentation. There have been few reports about widespread spinal tuberculosis in recent years. However tuberculosis is on the rise in the developed countries. This can be attributred to the increase in HIV and immigration from countries where tuberculosis is common. The patient was a 32-year-old female from one of the developing countries with spinal tuberculosis of T7-L2. The delay until diagnosis was about one year. Medical and conservative treatment for eighteen months was not effective to her illness. Two-stage surgical treatment (first: anterior debridement and bone graft; second: minimally invasive posterior instrumentation) was performed. Anterior debridement was adequately performed through the right side thoracotomy at two site, and two weeks after the surgery, posterior instrumentation without additional arthrodesis was performed using a minimally invasive approach. Antituberculous chemotherapy was continued for three months after surgery. Three years after the surgeries, the patient is now completely asymptomatic and has not had a recurrence. The infected anterior site healed and bony fusion was successfully achieved without kyphotic progression.

Tuberculosis is a great masquerader presenting in varied forms and in atypical locations. The myriad presentations of tuberculosis may complicate its diagnosis. We present two cases of acromioclavicular joint tuberculosis treated with a regimen of antitubercular drugs for 18 months leading to a complete resolution of symptoms., Tüberküloz çeşitli şekillerde ve atipik yerlerde ortaya çıkabilir ve tanısı her zaman kolay olmayabilir. Çalışmamızda akromioklaviküler eklem tüberkülozu olan ve 18 ay boyunca anti-tüberküler ilaçlarla tedavi edilen 2 olguyu değerlendirdik.

We reported 8 to 13 years of follow-up of cases of tuberculosis of the hip previously. Now we report on 60 cases of hip tuberculosis treated with total hip arthroplasty. The results have been reasonably acceptable, with the longest follow-up >28 years. Prosthetic life was limited to at most 20 years in our longest cases mainly because of loss of fixation of the acetabular component. There were recurrences of tuberculosis in 5 hips. We confirmed that antituberculous chemotherapy is crucial in total hip arthroplasty reconstruction. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using polymerase chain reaction may provide rapid diagnosis and follow-up for treatment response.

Primary tuberculosis of the chest wall is rare and its clinical presentation may resemble pyogenic abscess or tumour. The diagnosis is difficult, since smears or cultures of aspirate frequently fail to show tubercle bacilli. Seven cases of primary chest-wall tuberculosis treated between 1973 and 1992 are described. All presented with a progressively enlarging mass. The diagnosis was based on bacteriologic and histologic findings, but definitive diagnosis was obtained before treatment in only two cases. Satisfactory results were obtained with surgical debridement and specific chemotherapy in six cases and with chemotherapy alone in one case. From this limited experience, we suggest that primary chest-wall tuberculosis should initially be treated with a combination regimen of antituberculous chemotherapy, which should take more than 9 months. If the lesion progressively enlarges or secondary infection occurs, however, adequate surgical debridement is also required.

Eleven patients with thoracic and lumbar tuberculosis were treated by anterior debridement and fusion combined posterior instrumentation. A one-stage surgery was done on seven patients and a two-stage surgery on four patients. Posterior instruments included seven ISOLA, three Luque rods with sublaminar wiring, and one Spine system. The average range of anterior fusion was 2.4 segments and that of the posterior fixation was 3.8 segments. Seven patients presented paraparesis before surgery and all improved after surgery. None showed persistent or recurrent tuberoculosis. Sagittal alignment, corrected after surgery, was not lost by more than 10 degrees in 10 patients but by 30 degrees in one patient treated with Luque rods. Solid bone union was obtained in all patients. Our study showed that anterior debridement and fusion combined with posterior instrumentation are useful for spinal tuberculosis.

Retrospective case study.We present a retrospective clinical study of 15 patients with lumbar and lumbosacral tuberculosis treated by transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and posterior instrumentation. The purpose is to determine the clinical efficacy of such surgical treatment for lumbar tuberculosis.The goals of management of tuberculous spondylodiscitis are to eradicate infection and to prevent or treat deformity, instability, and neurologic deficit. Various methods of surgical debridement and fusion have been described for the lumbar spine. However, there have been few reports on the treatment of patients with peridiscal type of lumbar tuberculosis by transforaminal debridement and interbody fusion along with posterior stabilization using pedicle screw fixation.Our study comprises 9 males and 6 females with an average age of 47 years treated with the above given surgical procedure. All patients had single motion segment involvement. The average follow-up is 41 months. We have evaluated the following parameters: healing of disease, deformity correction and its maintenance, improvement in neurology, fusion of affected segment, and functional outcome.The mean preoperative local lordotic angle of -3.7 degrees was corrected surgically to a mean of 5 degrees immediately postoperatively. The mean local lordosis at final follow-up (mean 41 mo, 26 to 69 mo) was 4 degrees. Using the modified radiologic criteria of Lee et al, we found that 13 patients had definitive fusion and 2 patients had probable fusion. All patients had healing of disease and there was no recurrence at final follow-up. Using the criteria of Kirkaldy-Willis et al, the functional outcome was found to be excellent in 8, good in 5, and fair in 2 patients.Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with pedicle screw fixation is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for treatment of selected patients suffering from lumbar and lumbosacral tuberculosis.

The presentation and outcome of pediatric cervical spine tuberculosis are different from those of adult cervical spine tuberculosis. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiographic outcome of 58 children with cervical spine tuberculosis treated nonoperatively and operatively between 1996 and 2004. The mean age was 3.7 years (range, 1.9-14 years). The cervicodorsal junction was affected in 27 children, the atlantoaxial complex in 19 children, and the mid-cervical spine in 12 children. Multifocal noncontiguous spinal lesions were observed in 21 patients. Surgery was performed in 25 children for: neurologic deficit (14); drainage of retropharyngeal abscesses (four); atlantoaxial fusion for late C1-C2 instability (three); and progressive deformity and pain (four). Neurologic recovery occurred in all patients. Seven patients were lost to followup within 2 years. The minimum followup was 2.4 years (mean, 3.5 years; range, 2.4-10 years). We attributed the improved functional outcome after anti-TB chemotherapy alone to the remodeling potential of the pediatric cervical spine. Surgery was performed only for neurologic deficit, an atlantodental interval greater than 5 mm on flexion/extension view, and progressive deformity. Four patients developed superficial wound infection, two patients had graft repositioning for a slipped graft, and seven children developed a grade 1 pressure sore over the scalp while on traction.

Introduction Peru is the second country in South America with the highest rate of tuberculosis, approximately 0.5% were tuberculosis spondylitis, being a variant of high morbidity because of the bone destruction, deformity, and neurological deficit potential. Tuberculosis is a difficult disease to treat and control because of poor access to health services and the delay in diagnosis. The treatment has undergone changes over time, from purely medical treatment or laminectomy to aggressive surgical treatment combined with specific chemotherapy; this marks a trend that is reflected in the way of acting in our service. Material and Methods We performed a retrospective case series and describe 14 cases collected between 2008 and 2013 hospitalized in the “Neurotrauma and Column,” database of operative reports is reviewed and files medical records. The data obtained are presented in tables and bar frequency and percentage. Results Of the 14 patients, 12 (86%) are women and 2 (14%) were men, the average age was 45 years. Overall, 13 (93%) underwent some form of surgery. The mean disease duration before surgery was 10.3 months the average time motor deficit before surgery was 5.1 months. The region of the spine was most frequently committed to the dorsal region (79%), 93% had vertebral collapse, and all compatible images with paraspinal abscesses and/or intraspinal. Overall, 12 (86%) to motor deficit and 13 (93%) had pain in affected region. With regard to diagnosis, it had microbiological confirmation in five cases (36%), histopathological diagnosis of specific granuloma in seven (50%), and only epidemiological–clinical–radiographical suspicion in two (14%) cases, in response to specific treatment. Using the classification GATA obtain IA (zero), IB (one), II (seven), and III (five). With regard to treatment, only 1 patient received specific chemotherapy (GATA IB), 13 were treated in combination with surgery: 6 (46%) debridement with or without drainage of abscess, interbody graft more transpedicular fixation by posterolateral approach, 4 (31%) laminectomy more biopsy with or without debridement, and 2 (15%) transpedicular fixation more laminectomy 1 (8%) interbody fusion noninstrumented. Of the 13 patients treated surgically, 11 cases showed motor deficit before surgery, 4 (31%) showed no change in the postoperative relative the motor deficit. Overall, nine (69%) improved at follow-up, two of which currently have no motor deficits. Conclusion Spinal tuberculosis is a major cause of disability; the main symptoms are pain and motor engine. Sometimes, confirmatory microbiological diagnosis cannot be established pathologically, but the response to specific treatment directed diagnosis. The surgical approach and technique used must be compatible with the theoretical basis of neurological decompression, fusion and spinal stability, and surgeon experience. In relation to the motor deficit, most improvement and disability significantly reduced, taking into consideration the duration of the motor deficit before surgery.

We report a case of primary mycobacterial sternal infection. An 81-year-old man with an infected parasternal sinus of non-specific pathology was treated with antibiotics for four months with only palliative effect. On hospital admission CT scan showed thickened first and second intercostal spaces and chest wall, but no bone involvement. At operation, the manubrium was found to be infected also. This was excised with the first three ribs anteriorly. Histology showed caseating granulomata. No other tuberculous foci were found in the patient.

Tuberculosis is an endemic disease in Morocco. Main blood vessels are rarely affected; the few mentioned cases are aneurysmal. We report a 17-year-old patient presenting with renovascular arterial hypertension, revealed thanks to the discovery of an occlusion of the right renal artery in Duplex scan. During the intervention, the observation of pararenal and mesenteric tuberculous polyadenopathy let us suggest the same kind of lesion at the level of the occluded renal artery. Once antituberculosis treatment had been carried out, the right renal artery was revascularized with a right iliorenal bypass using reversed internal saphenous vein. The postoperative course was uneventful, with an 18-month follow-up. Arterial pressure was normal without antihypertensive treatment, and the bypass was patent. As far as we know, this is the first case of renovascular arterial hypertension resulting from tuberculosis treated with an iliorenal bypass.

As of December 1975, there had been 5 to 8½ years of observation on 263 patients with bacteriologically proven tuberculosis who were initially admitted to a general hospital and were treated largely as outpatients by community physicians from July 1967 through December 1970. Ten patients died during hospitalization, and 253 were released to therapy as outpatients. Although smears or cultures of sputum remained positive at discbarge in 136 (54 percent) of the 253 patients, no new infections were subsequently detected among their contacts. During initial therapy, 24 patients died of causes other man tuberculosis. Of me remaining 229 patients, the original 18-month treatment was successful in 197 (86 percent). The treatment failed initially in 11 patients, eight of whom represented relapses from previous therapy. During long-term follow-up of the 229 patients, there were only six relapses (3 percent) after the initial success. An overall rate of successful treatment of 92 percent (211/229) was achieved in the program, with 18 failures of treatment (8 percent); ie, 11 patients were lost to supervision, four died of tuberculosis, and in three, treatment was never successful.

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1.Five consecutive cases of unilobar tuberculosis treated by lobectomy are presented with follow-up data. 2.The classification of patients with minimal lesions into different groups is mentioned. The value of careful selection of patients for lobectomy is considered and the criteria for this selection outlined. 3.The possible advantage of lobectomy in selected cases is discussed and compared with other methods of treatment. 4.It is felt that lobectomy has a place in the treatment of early tuberculosis, although a larger series of cases will be required to substantiate this fully.

1. The Arneth count in cases of surgical tuberculosis treated by natural heliotherapy in the Alps does not show so great a left-handed deviation as in similar cases treated in Britain. 2. It is suggested that this may be taken as one of the indications of the success of this method of treatment, and reasons are adduced for this.

1. The long-term results in thirty-one cases of spinal tuberculosis treated by the ambulant method are reviewed. The method has been shown to be successful in early cases.

Serial electroencephalograms were obtained on 52 cases of tuberculosis treated with isoniazid in combination with other antimicrobial therapy. There were no observable changes in the 166 electroencephalograms as compared with the normal or abnormal records prior to therapy. No signs of symptoms developed which could be attributed to brain involvement.

Twelve patients with tuberculous pericarditis were found among 1,194 patients with tuberculosis treated at the University of Texas Medical Branch over a 10-year period, an incidence of 1%. Surgical treatment was undertaken in 4 patients, and the rest were treated medically. The surgically treated patients had no major complications, and none of them died. In the medically treated group, however, 1 patient died, 1 had an anaerobic empyema, and 1 experienced respiratory arrest. In addition, the average hospital stay was 33 days less in the surgically treated group. Early surgical intervention should be carried out in patients with tuberculous pericarditis who do not respond promptly to adequate antituberculosis chemotherapy.

Vestibular function testing was done regularly on the cases given streptomycin, kanamycin, or enviomycin and a method to detect the cases of vestibular dysfunction at an early stage was discussed, as well as the time these drugs should be discontinued. Subjects were 85 cases of tuberculosis treated with streptomycin, kanamycin, or enviomycin who were admitted to our hospital from December 1984 to May 1986. The method of equilibrium examination performed at regular intervals is as follows: standing test (Romberg test), stepping test, and Meyer zum Gottesberge's head-shaking test were done once a week for a month after starting antituberculous injections and they were re-examined once every 2 weeks for at least 3 months after beginning the injections. After the 3 months these tests were done once a month. Eight cases of vestibular damage due to streptomycin or enviomycin could be easily detected at an early stage by performing Meyer zum Gottesberge's head-shaking test, together with the standing test and the stepping test. Vestibular dysfunction is apt to occur after about 1 month or within a month from the start of daily injections especially with streptomycin. Therefore, the method of equilibrium examination, we suggest, is that the Meyer zum Gottesberge's head-shaking test, the standing test (Romberg test), and the stepping test should be performed once a week during the first month after the start of this drug. When the result of the Meyer zum Gottesberge's head-shaking test is less than 50% and swaying and/or rotation occur in the stepping test, the drugs being given should be discontinued.

As a basis for the conclusions to be drawn in this paper, I have selected nine cases, each illustrating some special point of interest. I have omitted many of the details which would be of little interest to the general practitioner. Case 1. —Mrs. K. E., aged 84 years. Referred by Dr. Ulrich of Chester, Pa. The diagnosis was carcinoma of the right breast. Operation was contraindicated on account of the patient's age and on account of the condition of her heart. The growth was of one year's duration. There was a distinct retraction of the breast below the nipple, making a groove about two and a half inches in length. In connection with this there was a hard mass about the size of a hen's egg. Surrounding this central mass there were other masses of lesser size and of less density. The overlying skin was healthy. There was no axillary

Summary 1. Figures are given of the number of cases of primary intrathoracic tuberculosis treated at Tadworth Court, Surrey, between February 1946 and July 1948, and between July 1948 and December 1950. 2. Figures are given of cases treated entirely as out-patients between July 1948 and December 1950. 3. The work of the outpatient clinic is discussed. 4. A case is made for treating more children at home or for much shorter periods in hospital.

Case histories of dramatic recovery from active pulmonary tuberculosis as a result of treatment with streptomycin still are rare enough to warrant reporting. Also, in this case Addison's disease had set in and the patient was rapidly becoming worse. Since Addison's disease is so uniformly fatal, possibility of cure by means of streptomycin represents an important gain in the means of defense against this devastating disease. Reading over the various reports on all types of tuberculosis treated with streptomycin, one notes the extremely cautious conclusions, such as "Streptomycin should be reserved in pulmonary tuberculosis only for patients not doing well on the regular (slow-going) sanatorium regimen of rest, lung deflation and the like." It is evident that much wider study of streptomycin alone and streptomycin in combination with other remedies (para-aminosalicylic acid, "promin" [sodium p,-p′-diaminodiphenylsulfone-N,N′didextrose sulfonate]) is needed before conclusions can be drawn. My patient was treated successfully at home

The attention of the profession having been quite generally called, of late, to the serum treatment of tuberculosis and some rather glowing reports having been made I desire to add my conclusions, drawn from a limited number of cases. Through the courtesy of the John T. Milliken Co., I was early provided with their antiphthisic serum T.R. (Fisch), which has been described in previous papers published in theJournal. I confess to have entered upon the treatment of tuberculosis with this serum with much confidence. The great value of antitoxin in the treatment of diphtheria inspired the hope that a serum for tuberculosis would prove equally effective. How well this confidence was placed must be judged from the following cases: Cass 1. —C. E. M., aged 40, first consulted me Oct. 26, 1895, and gave the following history: He had la grippe in 1894, after which his cough, which had

Streptomycin has now been used for the treatment of tuberculosis for a period of about six years. A review of the literature fails to reveal any series of significant numbers of gynecologic tuberculosis treated with streptomycin. A preliminary report on 16 cases revealed that results with this antibiotic were encouraging enough to warrant further study. 1 This present communication deals with a follow-up report on our original report, with further studies on 24 additional cases. In those patients who were seen early and who were treated during the relatively incipient phases of the disease, the outcome thus far has been good. As might be expected, in those patients in whom treatment was delayed until lesions were far advanced, less favorable results were obtained. We have observed that, even in far-advanced cases, streptomycin does impede the progress of the disease, and occasionally surprising remissions have been noted. Streptomycin is to be

St. Louis, Mo., March 21,1898. To the Editor: —I have read with great interest Dr. Waxham's "Report of Cases of Tuberculosis treated with Antiphthisic Serum, T.R. (Fisch)." It is well that all sides of this subject should be presented, as only by the collective investigation of numerous observers working independently, in different places, and under diverse conditions, can any satisfactory decision be arrived at. With that end in view, Messrs. Milliken & Co., have been consistent in impressing on all users of the serum (Dr. Waxham himself not excepted), their desire that reports of cases should be made to the medical press, whether the results be "good, bad, or indifferent." While reports favorable to the serum can not fail to be gratifying, those of failures are equally important, as a means of drawing attention to sources of error on either side. On reviewing Dr. Waxham's cases, it appears to me

In contradistinction to venous embolism, arterial embolism is relatively rare. For this reason and because of other unusual features, a report is made of a case of tuberculosis treated by incomplete thoracoplasty and repeated pneumothoraces, the last terminating fatally. Postmortem examination revealed generalized arterial air embolism. REPORT OF CASE History. —A white man, aged 24, in the summer of 1932 submitted to repeated pneumothoraces for active left apical tuberculosis. Since little improvement was shown, a first stage thoracoplasty was performed in November 1933. Recovery was retarded and painful, and the patient refused to undergo the second stage of the operation. Pneumothoraces were then continued; the disease appeared to be arrested and weight and strength returned. The man was itinerant, and roentgenograms and fluoroscopic checks were not made for the injections of air given whenever they were requested by the patient. The size of the cavity appeared to have decreased gradually

In the records of the New York Orthopaedic Dispensary and Hospital there are the histories of twentythree cases of sacro-iliac tuberculosis treated by operative fusion. Until 1919 the therapy employed was conservative, with rest in bed, heliotherapy and supportive measures. After 1920 arthrodesis of the sacro-iliac joint was always the method of choice unless the condition of the patient was such that operation would be immediately dangerous. This study is limited to those cases in which treatment was by operation. Of the twenty-three patients, thirteen were females and ten were males. The average age at onset was twenty-three years, with four patients younger than 15. The right side only was affected in 52 per cent (twelve patients). Both sides were affected in two patients. MULTIPLE LESIONS It is felt that sacro-iliac tuberculosis is one of the rare forms of tuberculosis and usually indicates a widespread infection in the body. Seventy