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PURPOSE Maxillofacial trauma represents a serious public health problem and their epidemiology is extremely variable.The objective of the present study was to analyze and discuss the epidemiological characteristics of 2492 patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma over a 5-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at different hospitals of Xinjiang from 2012 to 2016. Data were collected for the cause of injury, age and gender distribution, frequency and type of injury, localization and frequency of soft tissue injuries, dentoalveolar trauma, facial bone fractures, presence of associated injuries, nerve injury, different treatment protocols. All the data were analyzed using statistical analysis that is chi squared test.Statistical analyses performed included descriptive analysis, chi square test, and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS A total of 2492 maxillofacial trauma patients were seen in 1981 patients with a male to female ratio of 3.88:1. The age group 21 to 30 years accounted for the largest subgroup in both sexes. The most common etiology of the trauma was traffic accident, accounted for 41.8%. The mandible (31.97%) was the most common site of fracture followed by the zygoma (25.3%). The common type associated injuries was limb injury (27.5%), it was followed by brain (24.5%) and eye (21.4%) injuries. The common nerve injury was the facial nerve injury, accounting for 62.9%. CONCLUSION The incidence of oral and maxillofacial trauma is related to gender, age, and the cause of trauma. Young adults are the most likely group (P

PURPOSE The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of the 2.0-mm locking miniplate system in comparison with the standard miniplate system in treatment of mandible fractures. METHODS A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, examining Medline-Ovid, Embase, and PubMed databases, eligible studies were restricted to comparative controlled trials. Inclusion criteria were based on humans randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, with the aim of comparing 2 fixation techniques, namely locking miniplate and standard miniplate (nonlocking miniplate) techniques. In addition, the incidence of complications was evaluated. RESULTS Nine studies with 380 patients and 551 fracture sites were enrolled into the analysis. The results showed that there were no significant differences in overall complications (odds ratio [OR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34-1.22; P = 0.2), postoperative infection (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.23-1.23, P = 0.15), and occlusion discrepancy (P > 0.05) when comparing 2.0-mm locking miniplates with 2.0-mm nonlocking miniplates in treating mandible fractures. However, the use of 2.0-mm locking miniplates had a lower postoperative maxillomandibular fixation rate than the use of 2.0-mm nonlocking miniplates (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.22-0.83; P

The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy of the 3-dimensional miniplate system in comparison with the standard miniplate system for the treatment of mandibular fractures (MFs). A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, examining Medline-Ovid, Embase, and PubMed databases. The primary search objective was to identify all papers reporting the results of randomized control trials (RCTs) for the treatment of adults with mandibular fractures, with the aim of comparing the different techniques. The incidence of complications was evaluated; nine studies including 283 patients with different fracture sites were enrolled in the analysis. The results showed no significant differences in overall complications (odds ratio [OR], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.552–1.542; P = 0.81), postoperative infections (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.40–2.48; P = 0.89), wound dehiscence (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.13–7.37; P = 0.96), paresthesia (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.20–1.07; P = 0.11), or malocclusion (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.39–8.32; P = 0.47) between standard miniplates and 3-dimensional miniplates for treating mandibular fractures. Mandibular fractures treated with 3-dimensional miniplates and standard miniplates presented similar short-term complication rates, and the low postoperative maxillomandibular fixation rate of using standard miniplates also indicated that the standard miniplate has a promising application in the treatment of mandibular fractures.

Purpose The study proposed to determine the superiority between locking plate and nonlocking miniplate for mandibular fractures (MFs) treatment. Methods A comprehensive electronic search examining Medline-Ovid, Embase, and PubMed databases language without date was performed in February 2018. Inclusion criteria were studies in humans, including randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, with the aim of comparing the 2 techniques. The quality of studies was assessed, and the relative risk (RR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was assessed to measure the effect size. Results Thirteen publications were enrolled into the analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences in overall complications (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.351-1.094; P = 0.06), postoperative infection (RR, 0.503, 95% CI, 0.223-1.136) when comparing locking miniplates with nonlocking miniplates in treating mandible fractures. The incidence of malocclusion showed a statistically significant difference in the outcome favoring locking miniplates (fixed: RR, 0.503; 95% CI, 0.125-2.030; P = 0.06). In addition, the use of locking miniplates had a lower postoperative maxillomandibular fixation rate than the use of nonlocking miniplates (RR, 0.414; 95% CI, 0.196-0.872; P = 0.002). Conclusion The result of meta-analysis revealed that use of locking plate is superior to the nonlocking plate in the reducing of postoperative complication rates in the management of MFs.

Purpose The aims of the present study were to 1) evaluate clinical outcomes between standard and three-dimensional (3D) miniplate fixation in the management of mandibular fractures and 2) determine which fixation method is the best option for the treatment of mandibular fractures. Materials and methods A comprehensive electronic search language without date was performed in July 2015. Inclusion criteria were studies in humans, including randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and retrospective studies, with the aim of comparing the two techniques. In addition, the incidence of complications was evaluated. Results Seventeen publications were included: nine randomized controlled trials, three controlled clinical trials, and five retrospective studies. The meta-analyses showed statistically significant differences for the incidence of hardware failure, malocclusion, and postoperative trismus. There were no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative infection, wound dehiscence, non-union/malunion, and paresthesia. The cumulative odds ratio was 0.48, meaning that the use of 3D miniplates in the fixation of mandibular fractures decreases the risk of the event (postoperative complication) by 52%. Conclusion The results of this meta-analysis showed that the use of 3D miniplates was superior to the two-miniplate technique in reducing the incidence of postoperative complications in the management of mandibular fractures.

Background:Giant basal cell carcinoma, in which the tumour measures 5 cm or greater in diameter, is a very rare skin malignancy that accounts for less than 1 per cent of all basal cell tumours. Very few studies have reported on the incidence, resection and reconstruction of this lesion worldwide.Methods:In total, 17 patients with giant basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck region underwent surgical excision and reconstruction at our hospital. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed and analysed.Results:The lesion was usually in the forehead, eyelid, lips or nasal-cheek region. The greatest diameter ranged from 5 to 11 cm, with 5–6 cm being the most common size at the time of presentation. All patients had their tumour resected and reconstructed in a single-stage procedure, mostly with a local advancement flap, and with no post-operative flap failure.Conclusion:Giant basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck can be successfully treated with a local flap in a single-stage approach.

Purpose This study proposed to compare clinical outcomes between three-dimensional (3D) plate and standard miniplate fixation systems for the management of mandibular angle fractures (MAFs). Methods A systematic review search of several databases, including MEDLINE-Ovid, Embase, Springer Link, and PubMed, for relevant articles in English and without date restrictions was performed in February 2018. The quality of studies was assessed, and the relative risk (RR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was assessed to measure postoperative complications. Results Eleven publications were enrolled in the analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences in overall complications (RR, 0.453; 95% CI, 0.311–0.660; P = 0.007). The incidence of hardware failure showed a statistically significant difference in the outcome, favoring 3D miniplates (fixed: RR 0.156; 95% CI, 0.042–0.581; P = 0.0006). Subgroup analyses indicated that the 3D miniplate caused a lower incidence rate of malunion and hardware failure than the standard miniplate with 8 or 10 holes (P = 0.006, P = 0.03, respectively). In addition, the use of standard miniplates had a shorter operation time than the use of 3D miniplates (P = 0.002). Conclusion The present study demonstrates that the three-dimensional miniplate was a better fixation system than the standard miniplate technique in reducing postoperative complications in the management of mandibular angle fracture (P = 0.007).

PURPOSE The study proposed to determine the superiority between different fixation methods in the mandibular angle fractures (MAFs) and to evaluate best option for surgeon and patient. METHODS A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, examining Medline-Ovid, Embase, and Pubmed databases. The quality of studies was assessed, and the odds risk (OR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was assessed to measure the effect size. Subgroup analyses by different fracture regions and different miniplate sizes were performed. Publication bias was measured by a funnel plot. RESULTS Twenty-one articles were enrolled in this review: 8 randomized controlled trials , 2 controlled clinical trials, and 11 retrospective studies. There were significant advantages for 3-dimensional (3D) miniplate (OR = 0.48, P = 0.003, 95% CI, 0.35-0.67) and 1 miniplate (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.25-0.58, P

Our main aim was to investigate the association between the interferon regulatory factor (IRF6) gene and non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (nsCLP) in the Xinjiang Uyghur population. Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were screened in a group of 100 patients with nsCLP and in a control group of 60 unaffected subjects by next generation sequencing using a MiSeq Benchtop Sequencer (Illumina). Our case–control association analysis showed that the SNP marker rs7545538 differed significantly in genotype (codominant model; CC compared with CG compared with GG; p = 0.038) and allele frequencies (odds ratio (OR) = 1.89, 95% CI 1.18–3.03, p = 0.007) between patients with nsCLP and controls. Analysis of the recessive model of inheritance showed that distribution of the recessive model of rs7545538 (GG compared with CC + GC) was significantly higher in patients with nsCLP than in controls (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.13–5.37, p = 0.021) and had a borderline association with an increased risk of nsCLP (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.13–5.37, p = 0.021). Markers rs2235377 and rs2235371 also differed significantly in dominant and over-dominant models of inheritance (p = 0.037) while increased G allele frequency was seen in SNP rs2235373 (p = 0.03). A haplotype analysis showed four common haplotypes in Block 1: CCGGT > CCGAT > CACAT > TAGAC (in frequency). The 5-marker combination haplotype CCGAT was significantly more common in patients with nsCLP than in controls (p = 0.032). In Block 2, the overall distribution of the haplotypes TAC and TAG predicted by the three SNP differed significantly between the patients with nsCLP and control subjects (p = 0.009 and 0.003, respectively). Our results showed that genetic polymorphism of the IRF6 gene is associated with increased risk of nsCLP in a Xinjiang Uyghur population.

The management of mandibular angle fractures is controversial. The present study proposed to determine the superiority between the 1 miniplate and 2 miniplate fixation system and evaluated the best option for patients.A systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, examining Medline-Ovid, Embase, and PubMed databases for relevant reports in English without date restrictions in October 2018. The inclusion criteria were studies of humans, including randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and retrospective studies, with the aim of comparing the 2 techniques. The incidence of postoperative complications and operative times were evaluated, and the relative risk and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were assessed to measure the effect size. Subgroup analyses of the different fracture regions and different miniplate sizes were performed. Publication bias was measured using a funnel plot.Thirteen reports were enrolled for analysis. The results showed that the 1 miniplate fixation system reduced the overall complication rate compared with the 2 miniplate fixation system (P = .02). The incidence of wound dehiscence, hardware failure, scarring, and paresthesia showed statistically significant differences in favor of the 1 miniplate system (P .05). The subgroup analyses indicated that 1 miniplate with isolated fractures caused a lower incidence rate of wound dehiscence, scarring, and hardware failure compared with the 2 miniplate fixation technique (P .05).The results of the present study suggest that the 1 miniplate system is superior to 2 miniplates with a reduction in postoperative complication rates for the management of mandibular angle fractures.

Purpose The aim of this article was to retrospectively analyze squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue to determine the tumor characteristics, treatment, and prognostic factors that may influence the survival of patients with this disease. Patients and Methods A total number of 210 patients with SCC of the tongue, who were treated at the First Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 1997 to December 2007, were retrospectively analyzed to calculate the survival rates and determine the predictors of survival. Tumor characteristics and treatment patterns were investigated for locoregional recurrence, as well as the 3- and 5-year overall and disease-specific survival after primary treatment. Results Patients who had undergone only the operation had a longer survival than those who had undergone the operation and radiotherapy or had been treated using RT/CRT alone (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.1 to 11.3, P = .033). The 5-year overall survival, disease-specific survival, and locoregional relapse free survival rates were 44.4%, 47.7%, and 40.0%, respectively. Cox's multivariate analyses showed that the tumor invasion depth, perineural invasion, resection margin, treatment, and clinical stages were independent prognostic factors for 5-year survival ( P Conclusion Deep invasion (>9 mm) was the predominant independent prognostic factor for locoregional control and survival after the diagnosis of oral tongue SCC. To achieve higher survival rates, surgery should be considered, even for advanced tongue cancer patients with deep tumor invasion depth.

Retrospectively analyze the reconstruction methods and surgical outcomes of patients with middle and lower face soft tissue defects treated at our hospital over the past 10 years. 200 patients with middle and lower face soft tissue defects were surgically reconstructed at our hospital. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed to abstract the pertinent information. The lesion was mainly at the eyelid, lips, chin and nasal-cheek region. There were 41 (63.08 %) men and 24 (36.92 %) women. In our study, male to female ratio = 1.7:1. We used direct closure for night patients, local flap for 141 patients, free flap for 38 patients, combined flap for 12 patients involving extensive mid face and lower face defects. Most patients had their tumor resected and reconstructed in single stage procedure mostly with local advancement flap, and no flap failure was presented post-operatively. Middle and lower face soft tissue defects can be successfully treated with local flap in a single stage approach and step-by-step approach.

Bilateral tongue flaps were employed for the reconstruction of large defects in the lip vermilion. A bilateral tongue flap is a useful procedure because, not only can it reconstruct large defects in the lip vermilion with good color and contour, but it can also preserve enough tongue papilla to ensure adequate post-operative taste function. The operation procedure is simple, reliable and of short duration. It provides good aesthetic and functional results with no major complications such as flap necrosis. We employed this technique on 11 patients over a 10-year period and it has proven to be very effective. This article describes two such cases.

PURPOSE: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of maxillofacial fractures treated at a university hospital, Xinjiang, China over a 5-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2006 and 2010, a total of 1350 patients with maxillofacial fractures were reviewed retrospectively. The data collected included demographics, aetiology, site of fracture, time regarding injuries, presence of associated injuries, treatment modalities, and complications. RESULTS: A total of 1860 maxillofacial fractures were seen in 1350 patients with a male to female ratio of 4.9:1. The most common aetiology of the fractures was motor vehicle accident, followed by interpersonal violence. The age group 21-30 years accounted for the largest subgroup in both sexes. The mandible was the most common site of fracture followed by the zygoma. Associated injuries were found in 48.3% of patients, with a prevalence of intracranial injuries (37.0%). Majority of fractures were treated with open reduction (62.4%), and 7.2% of patients presented post-operative complications. CONCLUSION: Road traffic accident is the most common cause of maxillofacial fractures in China, which is characterized by an increasing prevalence and resulting in more associated injuries. Thus, more attention should be paid on the prevention and treatment of these injuries caused by road traffic accidents in our country. Language: en

The authors describe a 34-year-old man who presented with an unapparent swelling on the right preauricular zygomatic region, with progressive limitation of mouth opening and slight temporomandibular joint pain. Based on fine-needle aspiration cytology and radiological investigations, the patient was diagnosed preoperatively as having a possible tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT). Surgical treatment was effective and no local recurrence was observed. Histological and immunohistochemical examination diagnosed an extra-articular diffuse TGCT. The clinical features, histopathological characteristics, imaging modalities, diagnostic methods and treatment of TGCT are discussed and a review of the relevant literature is presented.

Background Giant basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), defined as a basal-cell tumour of 5 cm or greater in diameter, is a very rare skin malignancy that accounts for less than 1% of all basal-cell tumours. Due to the rarity of these giant BCC, few authors have been reported on the incidence, resection, and reconstruction of this lesion worldwide. The main purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyse the reconstruction methods and surgical outcomes of patients with giant head and neck BCC treated at our hospital over the past 13 years. Methods A total of 17 patients with giant BCC of the head and neck region were surgically excised and reconstructed at our hospital. Medical charts of these patients were retrospectively reviewed and analysed to abstract the pertinent information. Findings There were 11 (64.7%) men and six (35.3%) women in our study, with a male to female ratio of 1.83:1. Lesions were mainly located on the forehead, eyelid, lips, and nasal-cheek regions. The greatest diameter of lesions ranged from 5 to 11 cm, with 5–6 cm being the most common size of lesion at the time of presentation. All patients had their tumour resected and reconstructed in a single stage procedure, mostly with local advancement flap, and no flap failures were noted postoperatively. Interpretation On the basis of our experience of the treatment of giant BCC of the face, we can imply that giant BCC of the head and neck can be successfully treated with local flap in a single stage approach.