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The physis of the distal femur contributes to 70% of femoral growth and 37% of the total limb growth; therefore, physeal injury can lead to important alterations of axes and length. Distal metaphyseal corner-type fracture prior to walking is classically associated with child abuse. In children aged >10 years, sports-related fractures and car accidents are significant contributors. Imaging includes a two-plane radiographic study of the knee. It is recommended to obtain radiographs that include the entire femur to rule out concomitant injuries. In cases of high suspicion of distal metaphyseal fractures and no radiographic evidence, CT or MRI can show the existence of hidden fractures. Fractures with physeal involvement are conventionally classified according to the Salter–Harris classification, but the Peterson classification is also recommended as it includes special subgroups. Conservative and surgical management are valid alternatives for the treatment of these fractures. Choosing between both alternatives depends on factors related to the fracture type. As there is a high risk of permanent physeal damage, long-term follow-up is essential until skeletal maturity is complete.

Fractures of the anterior tibial tuberosity during childhood are an infrequent pathology (around 3% of all proximal tibial fractures), but the incidence of this injury has risen over recent years, likely due to the increased involvement of this age group in sports activities. This fracture is more commonly seen in children 12–14 years old. It is vital to identify the anatomical structures associated with this type of fracture, along with the pathophysiological mechanisms involved. Treatment includes non-operative and operative options, with the goal of achieving articular congruency, restoring the extensor mechanism function, and avoiding damage to the proximal tibial physis. Understanding the management of this fracture, and the complications that might arise, is critical. The provision of an appropriate clinical management plan and the avoidance of complications are vital in the prevention of disability.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:260-267. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190026

Discoid meniscus is the most frequent congenital malformation of the menisci, and primarily affects the lateral meniscus; it is highly prevalent in the Asian population. The anatomic, vascular, and ultrastructural features of the discoid meniscus make it susceptible to complex tears. Discoid meniscus anomalies are described according to their shape; however, there is consensus that peripheral stability of the meniscus should also be defined. Initial workup includes plain X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging, while arthroscopic evaluation confirms shape and stability of the meniscus. Clinical presentation is highly variable, depending on shape, associated hypermobility, and concomitant meniscal tears. Treatment seeks to re-establish typical anatomy using saucerization, tear reparation, and stable fixation of the meniscus.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:371-379. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190023

Se presenta un paciente con una extremidad superior gravemente lesionada por arma de fuego. Inicialmente fue tratado con múltiples limpiezas quirúrgicas y colocación de tutor externo AO. El tratamiento definitivo consistió en tutor externo monolateral, además de injerto estructural de cresta ilíaca. Durante el manejo inicial, se detecta lesión del nervio radial, con nervio en continuidad. Dado el proceso cicatricial y la infección de partes blandas, no se logra manejar en la etapa aguda. Posteriormente se realizan transferencias tendinosas para nervio radial. La evolución fue favorable y la función de la extremidad superior resultó satisfactoria. Se comunica este caso debido a su complejo manejo a causa de las lesiones óseas, neurovasculares, cutáneas y de partes blandas. AbstractWe present a patient with a severely injured upper extremity due to a shotgun. Patient was initially managed with multiple surgical debridements and an AO external fixator.Final treatment was performed with a monolateral external fixator, in addition to an iliac crest structural bone graft. During initial management, a radial nerve injury was observed;the nerve was intact, though devitalized. Given the scarring process and soft tissue infection, treatment was performed in the acute phase. Subsequently, tendon transfers were made to treat a radial nerve injury. Patient evolved favorably and regained adequate function of the upper extremity.This case is presented due to its complex management due to bone, neurovascular, skin, and soft tissue involvement.

ResumenLa picnodisostosis es una enfermedad poco común que pertenece a las displasias esqueléticas que presentan fragilidad ósea y fracturas frecuentes. Radiológicamente se caracteriza por incremento de la densidad y fragilidad óseas.ObjetivoPresentar el caso de un escolar con displasia esquelética con fracturas en hueso patológico y manejo quirúrgico.Caso clínicoEscolar de sexo femenino, con antecedente de picnodisostosis detectado en etapa preescolar. Consulta posterior a caída de bicicleta con fractura de ambos fémures que se manejan quirúrgicamente con placa de compresión bloqueada.Nivel de evidencia: IV.AbstractPycnodysostosis is a rare condition within skeletal dysplasias presenting with brittle bones and frequent fractures. Radiologically, it is characterised by increased bone density and fragility.ObjectiveTo present the case of a primary schoolchild with skeletal dysplasia with pathological bone fractures and their surgical management.Case reportA female primary schoolchild with a history of pycnodysostosis detected during the pre-school period. She was seen after bicycle fall that resulted in the fracture of both femurs, that were surgically managed with a locking compression plate.Level of evidence: IV