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Trucut biopsy (TCB) has been proposed to overcome the limitations of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration for the pathologic diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal (GI) subepithelial tumor (SET); however, it can be difficult to perform because the Trucut biopsy needle is very stiff. Although technical failures have been reported with the use of TCB, recently the forward-viewing echoendoscope showed a high diagnostic accuracy. We hypothesized that TCB under a conventional forward-viewing endoscope can be applied with higher yield of tissue diagnosis.To evaluate the feasibility of TCB under a forward-looking endoscopy without cumbersome EUS guidance, we introduced a 19-gauge TCB needle into the working channel of a conventional upper endoscope in 27 patients with GI SET to make tissue diagnosis. Prospectively collected data were analyzed, including technical success rate, pathologic result, and adverse events.Twenty-seven patients with GI SET (18 esophageal tumors and nine gastric tumors) underwent TCB under a forward-looking endoscope. All procedures were performed safely without any TCB-related complications. Subsequently, histopathology examination revealed gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in three cases and leiomyomas in 21 cases. Histologic assessment was completed in 24 out of 27 patients (88.9 %) because tissue obtained from three patients, whose tumors were located in the stomach, was not sufficient for the pathologic diagnosis.TCB using a conventional forward-viewing endoscope without EUS guidance provided an excellent pathologic diagnosis of upper GI SET.

BACKGROUND AND AIM To evaluate the feasibility of a tailored endoscopic cap created using 3D-printing technology that is customized according to esophagogastric lesions of each patient. METHODS Tailored endoscopic caps, which were designed and fabricated with a 3D printer, were inserted in 35 patients. The types of cap were side-hole cap made for cap-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection (EMRC), oblique-head cap designed for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), wide-head cap used for Trucut biopsy (TCB), and narrow-tip cap to facilitate peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). RESULTS EMRC in the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction was carried out using a side-hole cap in seven patients. Median total procedure time for successful removal of lesions was 14 min (range 8-50 min). Gastric ESD was carried out using with an oblique-head cap in 16 patients, for which the median total procedure time was 53 min. TCB in the esophagus was done using a wide-head cap in eight patients. While carrying out POEM for tunneling, a narrow-tip cap was used in four patients with achalasia. CONCLUSION Based on the current proof-of-concept study, we anticipate that creating a tailored endoscopic cap is feasible for therapeutic endoscopy.

Esophageal duplication (ED) is rarely diagnosed in adults and is usually asymptomatic. Especially, ED that is connected to the esophagus through a tubular communication and combined with bronchoesophageal fistula (BEF) is extremely rare and has never been reported in the English literature. This condition is very difficult to diagnose. Although some combinations of several modalities, such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, esophagography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and endoscopic ultrasonography, can be used for the diagnosis, the results might be inconclusive. Here, we report on a patient with communicating tubular ED that was incidentally diagnosed on the basis of endoscopy and esophagography during the postoperational evaluation of BEF.

Endoscopic resection (ER) of early gastric cancer (EGC) has been an optimal treatment for selected patients. As endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been widely used for treatment of EGC, concerns have been asked to achieve curative resection for EGC while guaranteeing precise prediction of lymph node metastasis (LNM). Moreover, a new microscopic imaging for precise endoscopic diagnosis of EGC is introduced. This review covers the current status and new approaches of ER of EGC.

275 Outcome Over 5 Years of Minimally Invasive Treatment of Early Gastric Cancer Beyond Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Ga Won Song*, Suk Pyo Shin, Weon-Jin Ko, Jun Hwan Yoo, Duk Hwan Kim, Kim Wonhee, Kwang Hyun Ko, Joo Young Cho, Ki Baik Hahm, Sung-Pyo Hong, Pil Won Park, Jun-Hyung Cho Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of); Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of) Background/Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long term outcomes of combined endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) with laparoscopic lymph node dissection (LLND) and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTGR) with laparoscopic regional lymph node dissection (hybrid natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, hybrid NOTES) for early gastric cancer (EGC). Methods: This is a retrospective analysis at a single tertiary referral center. A total of 23 patients with EGC underwent combined ESD with LLND and hybrid NOTES for early gastric cancer beyond endoscopic submucosal dissection between February 2007 and August 2009. Then the patients received periodic endoscopic follow-up and metastatic surveys over 5 years. The main outcome measures were curability (curative or non-curative), recurrent rate, and survival rates. Results: The curative resection rate of all cases was 95.7% (ESD with LLND 90.0% vs. hybrid NOTES 100%, respectively). Incomplete resection was shown in 1 (tumor-positive vertical margin). Histologically, 11 cases were mucosal cancers, and 12 were submucosal cancers. And there were 12 undifferentiated cancers. The median tumor size was 3.4 cm (range, 1.25.7cm) in long diameter. The lymphovascular invasion was found in 3 cases with 1 lymph node metastasis. 5 patients underwent additional gastrectomy because of tumor-positive margins or treatment-related complications. During over 5 year follow-up periods, none showed local recurrence or lymph node metastasis. The 5 year overall survival rates and disease free survival of the patients was100% in both. Conclusion: Combined ESD with LLND and hybrid NOTES showed favorable long term clinical outcomes. They could be utilized as a bridge between ESD and gastrectomy in selected patients with a risk of lymph node metastasis. 276 Incidence and Risk Factors of Metachronous Gastric Cancer After Endoscopic Resection and Successful Helicobacter pylori Eradication: Results From a Large-Scale, Multicenter Cohort Study in Japan Genki Mori*, Takeshi Nakajima, Ichiro Oda, Kiyoshi Asada, Taichi Shimazu, Nobutake Yamamichi, Takao Maekita, Chizu Yokoi, Mitsuhiro Fujishiro, Takuji Gotoda, Masao Ichinose, Toshikazu Ushijima Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center for Global Health and Medice, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan Introduction: A previous multicenter prospective randomized study from Japan showed that Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication reduced the development of metachronous gastric cancer (MGC) after endoscopic resection (ER) for early gastric cancer (GC) from 40.5 to 14.1 cases per 1000 person-years. MGC is, however, still detected in a certain rate even after successful HP eradication, few studies have evaluated the incidence and risk factors of MGC. Aims: To clarify the incidence and risk factors of MGC in the cases after ER for early GC with successful HP eradication. Methods: Participants comprised 594 patients (485 men, 109 women; median age, 66 years; range, 36-79 years) who underwent ER for early GC and successful HP eradication in one of three institutions (National Cancer Center Hospital, The University of Tokyo Hospital and Wakayama Medical University Hospital) between 1999 and 2010. Annual endoscopic surveillance was performed after ER. HP infection was diagnosed using the C urea breath test, serology and culture of biopsy samples. Positive results in at least one of these three tests were considered as evidence of HP infection. The status of baseline gastric mucosal atrophy at the time of successful HP eradication was assessed endoscopically according to the Kimura-Takemoto classification. MGC was defined as a GC newly detected at least 1 year after successful HP www.giejournal.org Vol eradication. Results: Median follow-up period after successful HP eradication was 4.5 years (range, 1.0-11.4 years). During the follow-up period, 93 MGCs were detected in 79 patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a linear increase in the cumulative incidence of MGC; the incidence of MGC was 29.9 cases per 1000 person-years (Fig. 1). Multivariate analysis by using Cox proportional hazard modeling revealed that male sex, open-type gastric mucosal atrophy, and multiple GCs before HP eradication were independent risk factors for MGC (Table 1). Conclusion: Careful and continuous surveillance endoscopy for MGC is required even after successful HP eradication, particularly in male patients, those with extensive gastric mucosal atrophy, and multiple GCs before HP eradication. Multivariate analysis for the risk of MGC ume 81, No. 5S : 2015 GASTROINTE Number STINAL E Hazard Ratio

Background/Aims: The treatment for steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) needs to be standardized. We report our clinical experience with etanercept for steroid-refractory acute GVHD. Methods: Eighteen patients who underwent allo-SCT and presented with steroid-refractory acute GVHD at Ajou University Hospital were studied retrospectively. They were given 25 mg of etanercept subcutaneously twice weekly for 4 weeks. The clinical responses were evaluated with regard to the severity of acute GVHD. Results: The median patient age was 43.5 years. Using nonparametric tests, etanercept had a down-grading effect on acute GVHD ( p = 0.005), although no patient experienced complete remission. Partial responses were seen in 80%, 17%, and 57% of grade II to IV patients, respectively. Skin and gut GVHD were well controlled with etanercept, whereas hepatic GVHD was not. Four patients died of fatal infections. No factors affecting the clinical outcome of etanercept were identified. Conclusions: Etanercept has a modest effect on steroid-refractory acute GVHD af ter allo-SCT, with tolerable side effects.