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MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) has emerged very recently as an interacting material for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) configuration. It was discovered that Ti 3 C 2 T x can facilitate the adsorption of biomolecules due to its higher binding energies, stronger interaction between matter and light, and larger surface area. In this work, a two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 T x and silicon layer-based SPR refractometric sensor is proposed for the sensitive and fast detection of milk fat concentration due to the high significance of this issue to people all over the world. The proposed SPR structure employs BK7 (BK7 is a designation for the most common Borosilicate Crown glass used for a variety of applications in the visible range) as a coupling prism and silver as a metal layer. The layer thicknesses and the number of Ti 3 C 2 T x sheets are optimized for the highest performance. The highest reached sensitivity is 350 deg./RIU with 50 nm silver and 4 nm silicon with a monolayer of Ti 3 C 2 T x , which is ultra-high sensitivity compared to the latest work that utilizes SPR configuration. The proposed SPR-based sensor's ultra-high sensitivity makes it more attractive for usage in a variety of biosensing applications.

Cervical cancer is a disease that affects a lot of people all over the world. The success of treatment is significantly increased by early detection. The new surface plasmon resonance sensor (SPRS) described in this article is constructed from layers of silver, BaTiO3, and graphene, as well as a coupling prism. The transfer matrix (TM) approach is used to evaluate the SPRS structure. To obtain the highest sensitivity of the suggested SPRS, the thicknesses of the Ag and BaTiO3 and the number of Gr sheets are evaluated. Investigations are done on all factors of performance of the proposed device. Exemplary efficiency is achieved using 4 nm (BaTiO3) and 60 nm (Ag) materials. Three layers are chosen as the optimal amount of graphene after investigation. When the optimal thicknesses are employed, the suggested SPRS's greatest sensitivity of 300° RIU−1 has been attained. The suggested SPRS displays better sensitivity when compared to SPRS structures that have already been published in the literature. This SPRS is promising to be used in different biosensing applications due to its high performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We proposed the numerical studies and machine learning prediction for the multilayered Borophene-GST-silica-Ag-based refractive index sensor for the 1.3–1.5 µm wavelength range. The top layers of the proposed sensor incorporate Ag gratings. The proposed structure utilizes a mode based on surface plasmonic resonance, which has been created using a finite element model through computational analysis. Resonance is observed across a range of refractive index values from 1 to 2.5, which primarily aligns with the refractive indices of key biomolecules such as haemoglobin, saliva, urine, and cancerous cells. The proposed structure has also been investigated for the different physical parameters such as material height, grating space, the incident wave's wide incident angle, and the GST material's phase. We demonstrate the modulation of reflectance values in response to varying phases of the GST material (amorphous and crystalline), which can be controlled through external temperature changes. The distribution of the electric and magnetic fields of the structure is also provided in order to examine the field distribution across the grating and other layers of material. This sensor offers a wide angle of stability (0 to 80°) for the respective resonating points. An artificial neural network is employed to analyze the simulated data and make predictions regarding the behaviour of the structure. We have found the R2 = 0.97 for the proposed artificial neural network (ANN) model. The ANN model of this structure also presented the values of mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE) for different epoch values. Results shown in this research can help to sense the wide range of biomolecule samples whose refractive index ranges from 1 to 2.5. The wide wavelength range makes this device applicable for developing wideband infrared biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early in history, societies utilize renewable energy sources in response to technical developments and external factors, which resulted in the development of hydropower, wind turbines, and solar PV, as well as their support through policies and agreements. The double ring covered disk resonator solar absorber (DRCDRSA) structures are examined over the spectral range of wavelength 0.2 µm to 2.5 µm (UV-FIR) with the help of finite element method (FEM) in this study. This design achieved effective solar absorption, surpassing 99% over the 0.46 µm band, 95% over 2.05 µm wideband, and 90% over the entire observed spectral range, with an overall average absorbance of 96.38%. In addition, the maximum absorbance is 99.9% with three pick values at the wavelengths of 0.34 µm, 1.35 µm, and 1.51 µm. This research includes a parameter optimization as well as the electric field strength and magnetic field intensity distribution over a three-dimensional solar absorber construction. The structure's angle-polarization study shows it is polarization independent, handles diverse angles, and maintains even absorption up to 60° across all wavelengths. This study explores effective solar heaters for air and water systems, offering promising prospects for maximizing solar energy utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We constructed an absorber in three different layers with a base, substrate, and resonator. The base layer is built with tungsten (W), the substrate layer is used chromium (Cr), and the sphere is constructed with zirconium (Zr). To explore the better absorption value, a ground layer is built between a Cr substrate layer and a Zr sphere. The accepted absorption rates can be observed in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (V), near-infrared (NIR), and also middle-infrared (MIR) spectra. The overall absorption percentage for all regions is 94.3% (above 90%) with a 2800 bandwidth between the wavelength separation of 0.2 and 3 µm. To examine the various absorption percentages of the recent absorber, the parameters of the design width, thicknesses of the base and substrate layer, and the radius of the sphere can be studied. Additionally, the variations in TE and TM modes can study by varying a 10-degree separation between 0 and 50 degrees. The quantities of the amount of the electric field intensity in six peak wavelengths can be illustrated in two dimensions with the color presentation. The novelty aspects of the study include the investigation of unique Zr sphere compilation on the graphene layer, the analysis of the impacts of varying chemical potential, and the introduction of a ground layer for improved absorption. The graphene monolayer deposition and the complex structure make the absorber structure unfit for commercial uses, whereas in the research purpose, further uses like space application can be achieved by the structure due to its high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have constructed the solar absorber in bloom design in three different layers: the ground layer, substrate layer, and resonator layer. The ground layer uses aluminum (Al), the substrate layer is INDIUM antimonide (InSb), and the bloom resonator is gold (Au). The proposed absorber can be used in the ultraviolet (UV) region, the violet (V) region, the near-infrared (NIR) region, and the middle-infrared (MIR) spectrums. The absorption rate in the UV, V, NIR, and MIR spectrums is 88.8%, 94.2%, 92.8%, and 89.2%, respectively. After final construction, the created structure has an average solar radiation rate of 92% throughout all four zones. At the 800 nm bandwidth, the absorption rate reaches more than 97%, and at the 1500 nm bandwidth, the absorber is above 95%. Step-by-step building and resulting absorption rate (A), reflectance rate (R), and transmittance rate (T) can be explored in each step. The solar radiation with the respective bandwidth range and AM 1.5 situation can be studied. The parameter converting of the ground layer width and ground layer thickness, the substrate layer thickness, and the resonator layer can be studied. Transverse electric mode (TE) and transverse magnetic mode TM can be studied by converting the degrees from 0 to 50° by 10° separation. The quantity of the electric field intensity in color variations can be illustrated. The comparison table of the current absorption rates of the other published works can be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a comparison between different configurations of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors has been theoretically conducted to improve the performance of the designed biosensor. The proposed biosensor configurations contain zirconium nitride (ZrN) as an alternative plasmonic material, which comprises different perovskite materials (KNbO3, LiTaO3, LiNbO3, SrTiO3, and BaTiO3) in the visible region. Depending on the study calculations, the reflection spectra of the suggested designs were studied under the angular interrogation mode based on Fresnel coefficients for the transverse magnetic polarized light. The numerical findings demonstrated that the SPR biosensor, which has the configuration of [Prism/BaTiO3/ZrN/BaTiO3/Biosensing medium], represents the best biosensor due to its higher sensitivity and minimum reflectivity values. Meanwhile, sensitivity could receive 179.58 (deg/RIU). Therefore, it is believed that the proposed SPR biosensor designs could be promising through wide-ranging applications, specifically in biomedical, chemical, and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy harvesting is renowned in the past flue decades, and renewable energy is the superlative cause of the energy. Researchers investigated many surface plasmon resonance structures for the same, but the materials they have used prevent more losses. In this work, graphite, Al2O3, ZrO2, and TiO2 are used in order to gather greater amounts of sunlight. The Sharp Triangular Structure — Ring (STSR) Shape has been created using various lithography techniques to increase absorptance and obtain 95.35% of the solar spectrum (0.2–2.5-µm wavelength) to get the greatest results with these materials. The structure's absorption rates for the UV, VIS, and IR regions are 97.49, 96.28, and 94.99%, respectively. The role of the resonator is also explained in this study with magnetic and electric field norms. The graphite substrate has an absorptance of 67.63%, a reflectance of 32.20%, and a transmittance of 1.39%. Applying the resonator causes a reduction in reflectance of up to 27.82% and results in 95.35% absorptance. It could function as a radiation barrier, solar induction heater for water and air, and many other things. It is applicable in space missions and satellite since it can capture the majority of the radiation from space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the numerical analysis of a highly performed surface plasmon resonance (SPRE)-based sensor employing a hybrid structure of SrTiO3 (STO) and graphene for rapid detection of malaria. The investigation is performed using the angular interrogation technique and transfer matrix method. The SPRE device has a glass prism, silver (Ag), STO, graphene, affinity layer and sensing medium (SGM). Four coupling prisms are examined and we found the prism N-FK51A corresponds to the highest sensitivity. The sensitivity of the structure N-FK51A/Ag/STO/graphene/affinity layer/SGM is found to be 205.405, 222.222 and 2 5 8. 3 3 3 ∘ /RIU for Schizont, Trophozoite and Ring malaria stages. The layer thicknesses are then optimized and it is found that the proposed SPRE sensor can achieve a sensitivity of 278.378, 227.027 and 4 0 0 ∘ /RIU for Schizont, Trophozoite and Ring malaria stages with 30 nm (silver), 1 nm (STO), mono-sheet of graphene and 5 nm of the affinity layer. These findings demonstrate that the proposed method and structure can be used efficiently for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the proposed surface plasmon resonance sensor, bimetallic plasmonic metal copper (Cu) and platinum (Pt) are coated over the BaF2 prism for the occurrence of the surface plasmon phenomena. The black phosphorous (BP) nano-sheet enhances the sensitivity for detecting water containing the solution, hemoglobin (Hb), and glucose from the body fluid samples. This paper numerically investigated the effect of the bimetal (Cu–Pt) and black phosphorous (BP) on the performance of the Kretschmann configured SPR biosensor with a visible range of 633 nm wavelength. The maximum sensitivity of 495.7°/RIU is obtained at a sensing layer of 1.330–1.335. The angular interrogation technique optimizes the thickness of the metals and 2D material for minimum reflectance. The maximum sensitivity of 382.5°/RIU and 399.78°/RIU are achieved for detecting hemoglobin and glucose, respectively. The proposed work has much better sensitivity than pre-existing SPR biosensors in the Hb and glucose biosensor literature. The proposed paper can advance the research in sensing Hb and glucose in the medical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, creatinine in solutions at varied concentrations (non-enzymatic samples) is detected utilizing a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor design. The presence of creatininase enzymes in the creatinine solutions (enzymatic samples) was used to evaluate the sensor's performance. An optical wavelength of 633 nm was used in the angular interrogation technique. The proposed SPR sensor detects the presence of creatinine in blood samples ranging from 10 to 200 mM. The goal of researching the enzymatic sample was to improve the sensor's sensitivity to creatinine in the samples. The non-enzymatic creatinine sample had a sensitivity of 18.42 Degree/RIU, and for creatinine-creatininase, the enhanced sensitivity of 250 Degree/RIU has been achieved when exposed to 633 nm optical wavelength. The increased sensitivity may be owing to an increase in the refractive index of the analyte sensing layer because of creatinine-creatininase coupling activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a highly sensitive regeneratable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for the recognition of the dengue virus is proposed and examined. The BK7 prism, Ag, titanium disilicide (TiSi2), black phosphorus (BP), and sensing media are layered sequentially into the SPR sensor's structure. The sensing medium ingests several healthy and dengue-infected blood components, including plasma, platelets, and hemoglobin. The geometrical factors like the thickness of the Ag layer and the number of TiSi2 and BP layers are rationally tuned to achieve high performance. The suggested SPR-based dengue sensor achieves maximum sensitivity of 257.3 deg/RIU, a quality factor of 85.45 deg−1, and detection accuracy of 0.54 RIU−1. Because of these exceptional sensing abilities, the proposed sensor is useful for identifying the dengue virus. To analyze the electric field strength close to the interface between TiSi2 and the sensing medium, the proposed structure is simulated using the COMSOL Multiphysics tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak is being investigated by severe respirational syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a global health issue. It is crucial to propose sensitive and rapid coronavirus detectors. Herein, we propose a biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPRE) for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. To achieve improved sensitivity, a BiFeO3 layer is inserted between a metal (Ag) thin film and a graphene layer in the proposed SPRE device so that it has the structure BK7 prism/ Ag/ BiFeO3/ graphene/ analyte. It has been demonstrated that a small variation in the refractive index of the analyte can cause a considerable shift in the resonance angle caused by the remarkable dielectric properties of the BiFeO3 layer, which include a high index of refraction and low loss. The proposed device has shown an extremely high sensitivity of 293 deg/RIU by optimizing the thicknesses of Ag, BiFeO3, and the number of graphene sheets. The proposed SPRE-based sensor is encouraging for use in various sectors of biosensing because of its high sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on a hybrid (Ag/BaTiO3/BP) structure designed to improve sensitivity and cancer prediction capabilities. A comprehensive evaluation of the sensor’s performance is conducted using transfer matrix method (TMM)-based analysis. To validate this approach, simulation has also been done using finite element method (FEM)-based COMSOL Multiphysics software. The sensor was structured for angular analysis via the attenuated total reflection (ATR) method, targeting the detection of various cancer types through refractive index (RI) changes. A shift in resonance angle was observed due to differences in the RI of normal and cancerous cells. The RI values ranged from 1.36 to 1.399 across five cell types. Sensitivities for different cancer cells were measured as 214 deg/RIU for skin (basal), 269.58 deg/RIU for cervical (HeLa), and 340.71 deg/RIU for adrenal gland (PC12). Additionally, the sensitivities were 284.29 deg/RIU for blood (Jurkat) and 412.14 deg/RIU for breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Besides that, detection accuracy (DA), figure of merit (FOM), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were calculated at 1.06 /°, 352.26 RIU-1, and 6.41, respectively. In addition, achieving a linear regression coefficient (R²) of 0.9685 and 2nd order polynomial coefficient (R²) of 0.9975 indicates high linearity. Overall, the sensor demonstrated greater sensitivity compared to previously reported studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for renewable energy is increasing as the energy demand is surging day by day. Industrial heaters can be operated using solar thermal heaters which can be used as renewable energy source. We proposed the new design of an effective solar thermal absorber with a graphene addition in three-layer constructions by using titanium (Ti) in three cylinder-shaped resonators, iron (Fe) for the substrate layer, and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) in the ground layer construction. The design is able to absorb the heat of solar and convert it to thermal energy which can be used for industrial heaters. The constructed design can evaluate the resulting absorption percentages in the four regions of ultraviolet area (UV), violet layer (V), and near and middle regions (NIR and MIR) layers effectively. The best four wavelengths (in micrometers) are also distinguished to show the distinct amount of absorption in this design such as 1.3, 1.5, 2, and 2.5, respectively. The solar absorption rate for an overall band of 2800 nm (between 0.2 and 3 µm) is 90.25% (more than 90%). Moreover, the absorption percentage explored is 96.97% (above 95%) at the 1800 nm bandwidth and 97.84% (greater than 97%) at the bandwidth range of 1000 nm, respectively. The constructed design can also be demonstrated in step by step improving solar rates, and analysis of the parameter changing can be solved. Then, the polarization section in TE and TM from the degree range 0 to 60, the electric amount in color expression, and a comparison table can also be studied in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]