Search

Summary: Whey and sunflower meals are primary by‐products of dairy cheese and vegetable oil production, respectively. Due to their widespread abundance, their valorisation could enable the generation of various value‐added food ingredients or products. In this study, an effort was made to utilise enzymatic pectinolysis along with other pre‐treatments to generate mixtures from whey and sunflower meal (SFM). The increasing presence of SFM increased the critical denaturation temperature of the mixtures and induced less protein structural changes. In addition, the presence of complex carbohydrates in SFM enhanced water and oil holding capacities. In general, pectinase and ultrasonication led to enhanced foaming of the mixtures, although the foams were relatively short‐lived. SFM inclusion limited foaming and emulsification capacities of the blends. In most cases, increasing the ratio of SFM to protein resulted in lower total reducing sugars (TRS), suggesting a more limited enzymatic activity. On the other hand, heating temperature or ultrasonication improved the extent of pectinolysis. Pre‐treatments and pectinolysis improved the functional properties of SFM and whey protein concentrate blends and are promising as an alternative protein source in new product applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to examine the influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of solid biomass, which is important for storage and handling. Mechanical properties involving powder flowability were determined with a Jenike shear tester. The materials tested were powdered biomass: sunflower husks, apple pomace, dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and meat and bone meal. In static operations in which powdered biomass is generally under a significant load, such as in silos, moisture deteriorates the mechanical properties of biomass and increases its cohesion. In the case of DDGS, an additional slight decrease in stress was observed for samples with the highest moisture content, which was above 20%. For meat and bone meal and sunflower husks, a lubrication phenomenon was clearly observed, in which biomass samples with increased moisture content manifested better flowability, requiring lower boundary shear stresses than less moist samples. For apple pomace samples, with normal stresses above 50 kPa, the addition of moisture above 10% did not change the values of the observed shear stresses, indicating the stability of their properties. The use of powdered biomass with higher moisture contents, at above 10%, should be avoided, as such material can lead to overhangs in tanks and silos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the influence of convection (at 40 °C and 50 °C) and freeze drying on functionality, structural properties and antioxidant potential of sunflower meal protein (SPm) and hydrolysate (SPHm). Likened to the respective convectively-dried isolates, lyophilized SPm and SPHm showed higher dispersibility and water binding efficacy, but lower oil binding efficacy (buttressed by surface hydrophobicity results) (p < 0.05). The alterations in sulfhydryl clusters and disulfide bridges due to convection drying (under varied temperatures) implied limited unfolding of SPm and SPHm structure and reduction in intermolecular interactions. Moreover, fluorescent intensity and deconvoluted Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy illustrated that convectively-dried (CD) preparations, considerably CDSPHm, possessed more flexible/movable secondary structures over freeze-dried isolates. Topographical study indicated that dehydrated SPHm-s had irregular small particles with partly destroyed/splitted micropores, suggesting disruption in the noncovalent bonds between SPHm-s molecules. Furthermore, isolates from the freeze drying process, notably lyophilized hydrolysate, showed higher antioxidative (DPPH scavenging, ABTS and reducing power) potential over the convectively-dried samples, supported by the analysis of amino acids composition. The current investigation could help the pharmacological and/or food industry to develop new therapeutic product and/or functional food from lyophilized isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of sunflower meal to substitute soybean meal protein was examined for its effect on the physical properties and microstructure of extrudates processed under two different preconditioner moistures. Two diets were formulated by substituting soybean meal with sunflower meal at levels of 0 and 50%. The two diets were processed under two preconditioner moisture levels of 15 and 20% to produce four different extrudates. Interaction between preconditioner moisture and the substitution factors showed a highly significant effect on expansion percentage, bulk density and apparent porosity % of the extrudates, while no significant effect was detected on maximum oil absorption and fat leakage. The extrudates of sunflower meal appear less expanded, with less diameter and apparently darker than soybean meal extrudates. The surface morphology of sunflower meal pellets extruded with high preconditioner moisture was more compact and less cracked with fewer pores. It seems that the cellulose of the extrudates increased with more inclusion of sunflower meal, affecting the physical probability and microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower meal, a byproduct of sunflower oil pressing, is not commonly used in alkaline baking applications. This is because chlorogenic acid, the main phenolic antioxidant in sunflower seeds, reacts with protein, giving the baked product a green discoloration. Our group previously demonstrated that a chlorogenic acid esterase from Lactobacillus helveticus hydrolyzes chlorogenic acid in sunflower dough cookie formulations, resulting in cookies that were brown instead of green. This study presents a sensory analysis to determine the acceptability of enzymatically upcycled sunflower meal as an alternative protein source for those allergic to meals from legumes or tree nuts. We hypothesized that the mechanism of esterase‐catalyzed chlorogenic acid breakdown does not influence the cookies' sensory properties other than color and that consumers would prefer treated, brown cookies over non‐treated cookies. Cookies made from sunflower meal were presented under green lights to mask color and tested by 153 panelists. As expected, the sensory properties (flavor, smell, texture, and overall acceptability) of the treated and non‐treated cookies were not statistically different. These results corroborate proximate analysis, which demonstrated that there was no difference between enzymatically treated and non‐treated cookies other than color and chlorogenic acid content. After the cookie color was revealed, panelists strongly preferred the treated cookies with 58% indicating that they "probably" or "definitely" would purchase the brown cookies, whereas only 5.9% would buy green, non‐treated cookies. These data suggest that esterase‐catalyzed breakdown of chlorogenic acid represents an effective strategy to upcycle sunflower meal for baking applications. Practical Application: Sunflower meal is currently used as animal fodder or discarded. A major factor preventing sunflower meal use is its high chlorogenic acid content, which causes a green discoloration of baked goods made from sunflower meals under alkaline conditions. This study presents a sensory analysis in which panelists evaluate cookies made with sunflower flour that was treated with an esterase that breaks down chlorogenic acid. The results show that enzymatic treatment prevents greening and that panelists strongly prefer esterase‐treated, non‐green cookies, thus demonstrating the feasibility of utilizing sunflower flour in baking applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflowers are among the world's most widely cultivated oilseeds with an interesting nutritional composition. A biomass composed mainly of carbohydrates, fibers, and proteins is generated from sunflower oil production. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the application of emerging technologies to sunflower biomass to obtain an edible protein-rich flour with the potential to be exploited in the food industry. The effects of the optimized conditions for the sequential processing of sunflower meal using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) and high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) were investigated. The protein structure was preserved even after the application of HIUS to the flour as verified through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the electrophoresis curves. The fact that the HIUS treatment did not modify the protein structure demonstrates that this emerging technology could be incorporated into the processing chain of this new food ingredient (sunflower flour) without promoting damage to the nutritional value of the product regarding its protein content. At a pH of 7.0, the flour showed only 30% solubility, and HIUS application improved both the formation and the stability of the emulsion when compared to the other samples. The preliminary evaluation of cell viability (caco2 cells) showed its protective potential against reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the flour resulting from the green processes presented the potential to be employed as an ingredient in the food industry, presenting a technological and nutritional potential when considering its chemical composition. In addition to the novel edible flour, the phenolic compounds obtained a present potential as a functional ingredient to be incorporated into foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate rumen degradation kinetics and intestinal digestibility of low-protein fraction from sunflower meal (LPSFM). Three non-lactating Jersey cows with an average body weight of 436 ± 18 kg fitted with a rumen and T-type duodenal cannulas were used in the experiment. Five samples of LPSFM from different batches produced in 20-d intervals were collected and incubated in the rumen of the cows for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h in 6 replicates. The average CP content of LPSFM was 175 (SD = 6.98) g/kg. Data were fitted to nonlinear regression model and analyzed statistically using SPSS. The soluble or rapidly degradable fraction а of LPSFM dry matter (DM) ranged from 105 to 137 (SD = 11.3) g/kg. The effective degradability of DM at assumed rumen outflow rate of 0.06/h ranged from 293 to 338 (SD= 16.3) g/kg. Fraction a of CP ranged from 124 to 189 (SD = 23.9) g/kg. Effective degradability of LPSFM CP at rumen outflow rate of 0.06/h ranged from 515 to 560 g/kg (SD = 16.2). Intestinal digestibility of LPSFM (after 16-h rumen incubation) DM and CP measured by the mobile bag technique varied from 318 to 349 g/kg (SD = 10.5) and from 766 to 820 g/kg (SD = 17.7), respectively. The average estimated Protein Digestible in the small Intestine (PDI) and Rumen Protein Balance (RPB) of the LPSFM samples analyzed in the current study, following equations in the Bulgarian feed evaluation system (at 0.06/h outflow rate), were 113 (SD = 1.67) g/kg and 125 (SD = 14.9) g/kg, respectively. The protein degradability and digestibility values obtained in this experiment can be effectively used in formulating rations for ruminant animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The presence of phenolic compounds in sunflower is well reported in the literature; however, knowledge is scarce when it comes to the composition of other secondary metabolites in this species and their by-products. This work evaluated, for the first time, the phytochemical composition of sunflower meal produced in Brazil. A combination of mixture design and central composite rotatable design 2³ models was then applied to maximize the recovery of bioactive compounds using ecologically friendly solvents and concentrating by applying activated carbon, a sustainable adsorbent. The product of this extraction-concentration was also evaluated by an untargeted metabolomic approach using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. RESULTS: A diverse and abundant profile of phenolic compounds was obtained from Brazilian sunflower meal: in total, 51 natural products were tentatively identified, 35 of which for the first time in sunflower. The sorption capacity of the activated charcoal, in the optimized process conditions, was effective in the separation and concentration of minority secondary metabolites. The ecofriendly extract proved to be enriched in plumberoside, p-coumaric acid, and alkaloids. CONCLUSIONS: Investigation of the phytochemical profile of sunflower meal produced in Brazil pointed to several secondary metabolites reported for the first time in sunflower samples, including phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenes. The use of activated charcoal in an alkaline medium as an adsorbent for the concentration of these phytochemicals, from an aqueous extract, generated a potentially cost-effective, ecofriendly extract, enriched in minor metabolites, indicating a possible innovative way to selectively obtain these compounds from sunflower meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compound feed and the raw materials used in their production are potential vectors of microbiological contamination in the food chain. The purpose of this study was to microbiologically asses raw materials (maize, wheat, soybean meal, and sunflower meal), and broiler compound feed (starter, grower, and finisher) from a representative feed mill in Romania; the microbiological contaminants that were analyzed were yeasts and molds, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens. Our study occured during the years 2019 and 2020; in 2019, 191 samples of raw materials and 360 samples of compound feed were analyzed and in 2020, 143 samples of raw materials and 241 samples of compound feed were analzyed. Among the tested samples of raw materials, the mean values of the yeasts and molds for maize, wheat, soybean, and sunflower meal were 1.3 × 103, 9.5 × 102, 6.4 × 102, and 7.4 × 102 cfu/g in 2019 and 1.5 × 103, 1.0 × 103, 5.2 × 102, and 7.1 × 102 cfu/g in 2020. In the analyzed compound feed samples, the mean amounts for the starter, grower, and finisher were 5.9 × 102, 4.2 × 102, and 4.2 × 102 cfu/g in 2019 and 5.3 × 102, 6.5 × 102, and 5.8 × 102 cfu/g in 2020. Potentially toxigenic fungi from Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium genera have been identified as the most common in all of the samples. In the raw materials, in both years the highest numbers of Aspergillus-positive samples were recorded: 66.6% in 2019 and 100% in 2020 for the maize samples, 50% in 2019 and 75% in 2020 for the wheat samples, 76% in 2019 and 87.5% in 2020 for the soybean meal samples and 71.4% in 2019 and 100% in 2020 for the sunflower meal. In the starter compound feed, the Aspergillus genera was prevailing in 2019 (46.6%), while in 2020, the species of the Penicillium and Cladosporium genera were identified in the majority of the samples (50%); for the grower and finisher compound feed, the Aspergillus genera was predominantly identified in 2019 (60% and 72.2% of the samples, respectively) and 2020 (61.5% and 46.6%, respectively). All of the results of the bacteriological analysis for determining the contamination with Salmonella spp., E. coli, and Clostridium perfringens were negative. Based on the results obtained in this study, monitoring and analysis of microbiological hazards in a feed mill will help to control and prevent contamination and have a direct impact on food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of feeding diets containing sunflower and wheat middlings pre-treated with fibredegrading enzymes were investigated. Based on hatch body weight (BW), 288 Ross-708 male broiler chicks were placed in cages (six birds/cage). Diets were: 1) positive control (PC), a maize-soybean positive control; 2) negative control (NC), PC plus untreated sunflower meal (USM) and wheat middlings (UWM); and 3) four test diets in which USM and UWM were replaced with pre-treated sunflower (TSM) and wheat middlings (TWM) at 25% (NC25), 50% (NC50), 75% (NC75) and 100% (NC100). The pretreated feedstuffs were mixed with 1% of FDE in a ratio of 1:2 w/w for feedstuff:water and incubated for 24 hours at 40 °C, and oven-dried before feed preparation. Diets were formulated for two phases (starter, 0-21 d) and finisher (22-42 d). Diets were allocated in a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet) and birds had free access to feed and water. Bodyweight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were monitored by phase, and one bird per cage was sacrificed on days 21 and 42 for samples. The BW and BW gain (BWG) of NC up to NC50 were not different relative to PC, but NC75 and NC100 were lower than PC throughout the study. On day 21, liver weight had increased linearly and on day 42, tibia length and diameter linearly decreased with the inclusion of TSM and TWM. In conclusion, TSM and TWM at low levels did not affect performance while high inclusion levels reduced the performance of the broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work proposes the use of an agro-industrial residue from the sunflower crop as a feedstock to produce a low-cost adsorbent with a chemically modified surface bearing sulfonic groups. This modified low-cost adsorbent can be used for the removal of phenylalanine, and can also be applied in the process of obtaining a source of protein supplementation for patients with phenylketonuria. The functionalization of the adsorbent with sulfonic groups was adapted and presented advantages in terms of execution time, energy expenditure, number of reagents used and adsorbed amino acids. The produced adsorbent presented a surface area of 317.31 m2 g−1 with a predominance of micro- and mesopores, that influenced an approximate 30-fold reduction in adsorption equilibrium time. The optimization results indicated a higher adsorption capacity (39.64 mg g−1) in pH = 4; temperature of 25 °C and adsorbent dosage of 10 g L−1. The FTIR analyzes and the qualitative analysis of the elements present in the samples by EDS confirmed the introduction of sulfonic groups in the MPS500 coal. This work contributed to the understanding behind the adsorption of L-phenylalanine on charcoal surfaces functionalized with sulfonic groups, showing that they can be more selective for the adsorption of phenylalanine in a competitive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main factors determining the composition of the milk are the breed, the stage of lactation and the applied feeding system. The aim of the present study was to trace the influence of the protein source in the ration of sheep on the quantity and composition of milk. All animals participating in the experiment received corn silage and alfalfa hay ad libitum, so that in the morning there were 5 to 10% edible residues. In addition, a standardized amount of barley and wheat is included in the ration of all animals. The difference in nutrition consists in the fact that the animals of the different groups received a different protein source, which made it possible to form one control group and four experimental groups, in which the influence of nonprotein nitrogenous compounds (urea), sunflower meal, soybean meal and silage beer mash. The difference in milk productivity between the group of ewes fed soybean meal (1,653 l) and that fed a ration with urea included (1,545 l) was only 7%. The average daily milk yield was 21.63% higher in the group fed with soybean meal (1.653 l), compared to the group receiving beer mash (1.359 l). The average milk yield when feeding sheep with Urea supplement (1%) is reliably higher by 13.70% than that fed with beer mash. Protein in milk, total milk protein and milk fat were significantly higher in rations based on soybean meal (6.150%, 82.22 g and 101.6 g, respectively), compared to rations based on beer mash, sunflower meal and the addition of Urea. The lowest yield of milk fat and milk protein was observed in the group fed the sunflower meal based ration, 61.43g and 56.52g, respectively. The highest consumption of forage to produce 1 l of milk observed when feeding rations based on sunflower meal (2.44 kg/l milk), and the lowest - when feeding rations based on soybean meal (1.78 kg/l milk), which is 27% lower. The CP consumption per liter of milk is 36.2% higher (415.93 g) when feeding sunflower meal than when feeding soy meal (305.41 g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using adapted methods for balanced experiments with poultry, the true digestibility coefficients of the essential amino acids of two of the most used plant protein sources – sunflower meal 25 (from seeds with hulls) and 37 (from partly dehulled seeds) have been established. The true digestibility coefficients by using of two methods – with intact and randomized (caecoectomized) birds have been compared. The mean digestibility of sunflower meal 25 is lower by intact (83.95 ± 0.95 versus 88.34 ± 0.56 of sunflower meal 37), so as by randomized birds (88.16 ± 0.08. versus 89.55 ± 0.12 of sunflower meal 37). The differences by lots are statistical significant (p ≤ 0.5) for both of the used methods. The authors recommend updating of the data about the protein nutrition every of fodders in 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two methods were applied to extract sunflower protein concentrate (SPC). • Alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation extracted protein (AI-SPC). • Alkaline extraction-ultrafiltration extracted protein (AU-SPC). • The close relationship between protein production methods and its functional properties and digestibility. This study was the first to compare the structural features, functional properties and in vitro digestibility of two protein concentrates produced from defatted sunflower meal via two different three-stage processes (chlorogenic acid removal-alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation versus chlorogenic acid removal-alkaline extraction-ultrafiltration; concentrates termed AI-SPC and AU-SPC, respectively). Compared with AI-SPC, AU-SPC with a darker brown color had much higher protein recovery yield and purity, much higher solubility at pH 4–7, higher oil-holding capacity, greater emulsifying and foaming capacities at pH 7 and 9, and slightly lower foaming capacity at pH 3. The bioavailability was higher for AU-SPC after oral-gastric-intestinal digestion. Moreover, AI-SPC occurred as clumps/lumps of particles, whilst AU-SPC appeared as flat blocks with continuous surfaces. AU-SPC was more negatively charged, and had a smaller particle size, less β -sheet, more β -turn, slightly more α -helix structure. These results confirmed the close relationship between protein production methods and its functional properties and digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the help of standardized methods for balance experiments with poultry the apparent (AMЕn-o) and the true (TMЕn-o) nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy of two batches of sunflower meal – high cellulose (35% СP in DM) and partly dehulled (40% СP in DM) have been established. The experiments were conducted separately with intact and caecoectomized roosters. The following levels (J/g DM) have been established: high cellulose meal: (AMЕn-o): intact: 6654, caecoectomized: 4915, mean: 5785; (TMЕn-o): intact: 7911, caecoectomized: 6153, mean: 7032. For the partly dehulled fodder, the results were: 7548, 7993, mean – 7771 and 8781, 9093, mean – 8937 J/g DM respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that there are no differences among sources of sunflower co-products on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P and Ca and on the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P regardless of where the ingredients were produced. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) were obtained from the U.S. (2 sources), Ukraine (2 sources), Hungary, and Italy. A source of sunflower expellers (SFE) from the U.S. was also used. Seven diets were formulated by mixing each source of sunflower co-product with cornstarch; therefore, the sunflower co-product was the only source of P in these diets. Seven additional diets that were similar to the previous seven diets with the exception that 300 units per kg of microbial phytase were added were also formulated. A total of 112 barrows (initial body weight = 17.95 kg ± 1.37 kg) were allotted to the 14 diets using 4 blocks, 2 pigs per diet in each block, and a total of 8 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were placed in individual metabolism crates to allow for the total collection of fecal materials for 4 days after 7 days of adaptation to the diets. Diets and dried fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter, Ca, and P. Data for Ca and P digestibility were analyzed in a randomized complete block design in a 7 × 2 factorial arrangement using the PROC MIXED function in SAS. Results indicated that diets containing phytase had greater (P < 0.01) ATTD of Ca and P and greater (P < 0.01) STTD of P than diets without phytase (Table 1). Digestibility of P was also greater in one of the sources of SFM from Ukraine compared with the other sources except for the SFM from Hungary (Table 2). Pigs fed the diet containing one of the sources of SFM from the U.S. had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of Ca compared with pigs fed diets containing the other source of SFM from the U.S. or one of the Ukraine SFM sources. In conclusion, some variability in the ATTD and STTD of P and the ATTD Ca was observed among SFM of different origins, but the ATTD and STTD of P and ATTD of Ca in SFM and SFE were greater if microbial phytase was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since rapeseed and sunflower meals are two of the most representative oilseed crops in the world, this study was focused on ethanol-wash solutes (EWS) obtained as wastes from the protein isolation process of rapeseed and sunflower meals. These meals have been previously valorised; however, the use of the EWS is unexplored. The present study is aimed at the characterisation of their phenolic profile, and antioxidant capacity for preventing lipid oxidation in rapeseed, sunflower, and soybean oil, which has been used as a reference oil. The sunflower EWS exhibited more total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity (119.39 ± 1.13 mg GA/g and 193.97 ± 9.77 mg TE/g, respectively) than the rapeseed one (103.44 ± 5.94 mg GA/g and 89.51 ± 3.17 mg TE/g). The phenolic identification showed hydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acid in the rapeseed EWS, and pyrogallol and caffeic acid in the sunflower EWS, as the main representative phenols. Both EWS at 15% increased significantly (p < 0.05) the oxidative stability of the oils in the Rancimat equipment with values of antioxidant activity index (AAI) from 1.01 to 1.20, depending on the type of oil employed. In conclusion, the rapeseed and sunflower EWS showed great potential, and they could be used as a source of natural antioxidants within the food industry, replacing the synthetic ones, and promoting the circular economy since they are agro-food wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed and sunflower meal are mainly used as animal feed but they can also be considered as a potential source of bioactive phenolic compounds. However, the desolventization/toasting processes that are needed to produce these meals might influence concentration and chemical structure of phenolic compounds, and change their bioactive properties. Moreover, the recovery processes of these molecules from meals are based on the use of solvent that generates effluents and might affect the integrity of the other constituents of the meals. Knowing this, the PHENOLEO project, funded by the SAS PIVERT, was a research program based on the biorefinery of rapeseed and sunflower meals that aimed to develop new routes of valorization of these materials mostly by the separation and valorization of their simple phenolic compounds. Thus, we decided to focus this study on the impact of the desolventization process on the biochemical composition of meals, the separation process of their simple phenolic compounds, the production of phenolic acids from meals and the potential valorization routes of the phenolic fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different percentages (0, 50 and 100%) of sun flower treated with formaldehyde or fresh blood in lambs fattening diets on the degree of protein decomposition and lamb performance in a factorial experiment (2 × 3). An increase in DM, OM, CP, EE, NFE and ME was noted with a decreased in CF, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose for formaldehyde treatment compared to blood. For the effect of replacement ratio, a decrease in hemicellulose, ME, DM, OM, E.E, CF, NFE was detected while an increase in CP, ADF and cellulose in 50% compared with 0% and reduction in DM, CP, CF, ADF, cellulose while an increase in OM, EE, NFE, NDF, ME and hemicellulose in 100% compared with 50%. As for the interaction between the treatment type and the replacement ratio, there was an increase of CP in DM, OM and CF in 0% (with blood or formaldehyde), 50% (with blood) and 100% (with formaldehyde) in addition an increase in E.E, NFE, ME and hemicellulose in replacement ratio 100% (with formaldehyde) and an increase in NDF, ADF and cellulose replacement ratio 50% (with blood) while there was insignificant effect of treatment type, replacement ratio and their interaction. The results also showed insignificant increase in daily and total weight gain and the final weight of formaldehyde treatment compared with blood. Also, there was an increase in the replacement ratios of 50 and 100% compared to 0% in the daily and total weight gain and the final weight. Regarding the interaction effect, there was an increase the calculation of the replacement ratio 50% (with formaldehyde) compared with the other percentages in the daily and total weight gain while there was no significant effect of treatment type, replacement ratio and their interaction. Additionally, insignificant decrease in total feed conversion coefficient with increase in feed intake and protein in formaldehyde treatment compared with blood. A significant improvement (P <0.05) for total feed intake and protein intake and improvement of the intake of concentrated feed intake in the proportions of 50 and 100%, respectively. The results showed a significant improvement in the efficiency of dietary conversion of total intake and insignificant increase of theconcentrated feed intake and protein in formaldehyde treatment compared with blood. Moreover, a significant improvement (P <0.05) in the interaction for total feed intake, protein intake and concentrated feed intake at 50 and 100% with blood and formaldehyde compared to 0% with blood and formaldehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nowadays, proteins from different plant materials are used to produce Maillard reaction products (MRPs). In this study, antimicrobial, antioxidant and sensory properties of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) derived from three plant materials namely sunflower (SF), soybean (SB) and corn (CN) meals were investigated. These MRPs were prepared by mixing each protein hydrolysate (60 g), with xylose (0.595 g) and cysteine (0.372 g) at pH of 7.4, and then heated at 120 °C for 2 h. Results revealed that only SF-MRPs show an antimicrobial effect against tested strains (Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli). SF-MRPs showed greater antioxidant activity followed by SB-MRPs and CN-MRPs. Additionally, CN-MRPs showed higher umami, continuity and mouthfulness sensory attributes compared to SF-MRPs and SB-MRPs. It is therefore deduced that SF-MRPs could be used as potential food ingredients in food products due to their relatively high antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. On the other hand, SF-MRPs could potentially be used as functional food, which could be of great potential for food industries. Highlights • Methods of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity evaluation were proposed. • Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of three MRPs were evaluated. • Sunflower, soybean and corn MRPs showed all showed antioxidant activities. • Only sunflower MRPs exhibited antimicrobial effect against tested strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Phenolic compounds were extracted from defatted sunflower meal using ultrasound. • Ultrasound-assisted extraction reduced up to 83% of the phenolic content. • Acoustic cavitation did not degrade the food components of the sunflower meal. • New food ingredient with high protein content was obtained after ultrasound processing. The sunflower Helianthus annuus L. represents the 4th largest oilseed cultivated area worldwide. Its balanced amino acid content and low content of antinutrient factors give sunflower protein a good nutritional value. However, it is underexploited as a supplement to human nutrition due to the high content of phenolic compounds that reduce the sensory quality of the product. Thus, this study aimed at obtaining a high protein and low phenolic compound sunflower flour for use in the food industry by designing separation processes with high intensity ultrasound technology. First, sunflower meal, a residue of cold-press oil extraction processing, was defatted using supercritical CO 2 technology. Subsequently, sunflower meal was subjected to different conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds. The effects of solvent composition (water: ethanol) and pH (4 to 12) were investigated using different acoustic energies and continuous and pulsed process approaches. The employed process strategies reduced the oil content of sunflower meal by up to 90% and reduced 83% of the phenolic content. Furthermore, the protein content of sunflower flour was increased up to approximately 72% with respect to sunflower meal. The acoustic cavitation-based processes using the optimized solvent composition were efficient in breaking down the cellular structure of the plant matrix and facilitated the separation of proteins and phenolic compounds, while preserving the functional groups of the product. Therefore, a new ingredient with high protein content and potential application for human food was obtained from the residue of sunflower oil processing using green technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • L. helveticus chlorogenic acid (CGA) esterase was effective at hydrolyzing CGA. • CGA esterase was thermostable, easily expressed, and purified. • CGA esterase hydrolyzed CGA in solution and in suspended sunflower seed meal. • CGA esterase hydrolyzed CGA in undefatted and defatted sunflower seed meal. • CGA hydrolysis fully eliminates CGA-induced greening in sunflower protein isolates. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is an ester between caffeic and quinic acid. It is found in many foods and reacts with free amino groups in proteins at alkaline pH, leading to the formation of an undesirable green pigment in sunflower seed-derived ingredients. This paper presents the biochemical characterization and application of a highly active chlorogenic acid esterase from Lactobacillus helveticus. The enzyme is one of the most active CGA esterases known to date with a K m of 0.090 mM and a k cat of 82.1 s−1. The CGA esterase is easily expressed recombinantly in E. coli in large yields and is stable over a wide range of pH and temperatures. We characterized CGA esterase's kinetic properties in sunflower meal and demonstrated that the enzyme completely hydrolyzes CGA in the meal. Finally, we showed that CGA esterase treatment of sunflower seed meal enables the production of pale brown sunflower protein isolates using alkaline extraction. This work will allow for more widespread use of sunflower-derived products in applications where neutrally-colored food products are desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of roasted soybean and sunflower meal on the consumption and growth performance of lambs from the Blackhead Pleven Breed. The results indicated that the addition of roasted soybean caused the lambs to grow significantly faster than those fed sunflower meal (P<0.01). Adding roasted soybean to the feed caused lambs to intake significantly less maize and roughage, while intake more protein feed at the same time. Combined with the significantly higher growth rate (P<0.01), lambs receiving roasted soybean exhibited lower expenditure of dry matter, concentrated feed and raw protein for 1 kg of growth, compared to lambs who were fed with sunflower meal (P<0.01). The intake amount of dry matter had a significant effect on the average daily gain in lambs consuming roasted soybean, with a high correlation coefficient (r=0.645). In both groups of lambs, raw protein and FUG feed units for growth intakes significantly affected the animals' growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to produce protein hydrolysates directly from oilseed meals using an innovative and scalable extraction process, involving vacuum filtration in the solid/liquid step recovery. The protein hydrolysates produced were compared with those from the conventional centrifugation step. Such parameters as enzyme type, temperature and pH were also studied. The results suggest that the vacuum filtration process produced protein hydrolysates with higher weight yield, protein content, and protein yield than the centrifugation process in both studied meals, with higher values of 55.56% on weight yield for rapeseed meal; and 57.61 g/100 g on protein content and 71.87% on protein yield for sunflower meal. The protein fraction was also influenced by the extraction process, with a higher degree of hydrolysis, reaching a high value of 20.51% on filtration process of rapeseed meal, and lower molecular weight distribution in the protein hydrolysates from the vacuum filtration process, achieving the same angiotensin-converting inhibition activity as the protein hydrolysates from the centrifugation process. The vacuum filtration process was applied to study the fat content effect in a sunflower press cake, and no significant differences were stated in comparison with sunflower meal. [Display omitted] • Protein hydrolysates were obtained by applying the enzymolysis hydrolysis directly to the by-products. • Vacuum filtration was studied as novel process for recovering protein hydrolysates. • The proposed new operational unit of vacuum filtration improves yields values. • The fat content of oilseed press-cake does not interfere on protein hydrolysates extraction results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower meal (SFM) has been used for the production of an antioxidant-rich fraction, protein isolate and nutrient-rich fermentation supplements. Suspension of SFM in water led to the production of a lignocellulose-rich fraction and a protein concentrate fraction. The ethanolic extract from the SFM showed high antioxidant activity, as it was measured by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) method. The extract obtained from the SFM contained mainly chlorogenic acid (214.3 mg/100 g on a dry basis) and gentisic acid (153.76 mg/100 g on a dry basis) as was quantified by HPLC-DAD analysis. The antioxidant-free protein concentrate fraction was used for the production of protein isolate (purity higher than 95% w/w) after alkaline treatment followed by acidic precipitation at the isoelectric point. Remaining solid and liquid streams were used for the production of nutrient-rich hydrolysates based on on-site enzyme production for hydrolysis of residual streams. Crude glycerol and nutrient-rich hydrolysates were used in fed-batch bioreactor fermentations for the production of 57 g L −1 of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with an intracellular content of 86.2% (w/w). This is the first study that reports the utilization of biodiesel industry by-products for the production of value-added co-products and PHB with no supplementation of commercial nutrient supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the valorisation of crude glycerol and sunflower meal (SFM) from conventional biodiesel production plants for the separation of value-added co-products (antioxidant-rich extracts and protein isolate) and for enhancing biodiesel production through microbial oil synthesis. Microbial oil production was evaluated using three oleaginous yeast strains ( Rhodosporidium toruloides , Lipomyces starkeyi and Cryptococcus curvatus ) cultivated on crude glycerol and nutrient-rich hydrolysates derived from either whole SFM or SFM fractions that remained after separation of value-added co-products. Fed-batch bioreactor cultures with R. toruloides led to the production of 37.4 g L −1 of total dry weight with a microbial oil content of 51.3% (w w −1 ) when a biorefinery concept based on SFM fractionation was employed. The estimated biodiesel properties conformed with the limits set by the EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards. The estimated cold filter plugging point (7.3–8.6 °C) of the lipids produced by R. toruloides is closer to that of biodiesel derived from palm oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower meal is a by-product that remains after oil extraction from sunflower seeds. It is produced in large quantities and it is mostly used as protein source in animal feed production. Thus, protein content is an important quality parameter of sunflower meal. Removal of sunflower hull decreases the crude fiber content, increases the crude protein content and nutritional value of sunflower meal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the process of air classification for obtaining protein enriched fractions of sunflower meal. The conical mill was used to reduce the size of particles and agglomerates of sunflower meal. Air flow and feeding rate were varied during air classification process. At each air flow setting protein enriched fractions that had significantly higher (p<0.05) crude protein content than the unclassified sunflower meal were obtained. Increase of air flow resulted in coarse fractions with higher protein content and lower yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to investigate sunflower meal processing technology which enables adequate breaking up of the conglomerates, i.e., detaching of the protein core from the adhered hull and allowing for the hull separation by mechanical fractionation. Sunflower meal from the regular production of a domestic oil extraction plant, of the standard, pre-determined quality, with lower (sample 1) and higher (sample 2) percentage of conglomerates was used as a starting research material. Roll crusher was used for breaking up of the conglomerates. Particles larger than 5.0 mm were almost completely crushed in both samples, whereas percentage of particles larger than 2.0 mm was reduced by 17.6% in sample 1 and by 36.9% in sample 2. At the same time, percentage of particles smaller than 1.0 mm was increased by 6.9% in sample 1 and by 23.3% in sample 2, indicating that crushing of larger particles is more intense in both samples. Fractionation process on centrifugal separator results in the increased yield of high-protein sunflower meal (passing through the sieve) from 31.72 to 59.33%, while crude protein is reduced only from 0.25 to 0.68% of absolute value. As a result, obtained products passing through the sieve mesh size 1.5 and 1.8 mm are within the limits prescribed for the high quality sunflower meal. Preliminary treating by roll crusher upgrade the sunflower meal processing technology by increasing the yield of high protein sunflower meal and allow better valorisation of this feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two experiments (Exp.) involving male Ross 308 broiler chicks were conducted to study the influence of type of cereal (sorghum or wheat) and the inclusion of sunflower meal (SFM) as a dietary fibre source on nutrient retention and growth performance. The experiment involved two feeding periods, starter (1–10d of age) and finisher (11–21d of age) and four experimental diets per period. Diets were organized factorially with two levels of sorghum in substitution of wheat (0 vs. 200 or 250g sorghum/kg for the starter and finisher feeds, respectively) and two levels of SFM (0 vs. 40 or 25g SFM/kg for each period). In Exp. 1, diet did not affect total tract apparent retention of nutrients. At 21d of age, the coefficient of ileal apparent digestibility of starch was higher (P<0.001) for the wheat than for the sorghum diets. At 10 and 21d of age, birds fed the sorghum diets had larger digestive tracts than chicks fed the wheat diets (P<0.01). In Exp. 2, the inclusion of SFM impaired (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) of birds from 1 to 10 days of age. From 11 to 21d of age, birds fed the wheat diets had higher ADG than chicks fed the sorghum diets (P<0.05). However, no differences in growth performance were observed for the entire experimental period. In conclusion, the inclusion of 200g sorghum/kg did not affect nutrient retention or growth performance during the first 10d of life. However, the inclusion of SFM reduced growth performance at this stage. The inclusion of 250g sorghum/kg reduced apparent ileal digestibility of starch and growth performance from 11 to 21d of age. The cereal type and the inclusion of SFM as a source of additional dietary fibre might affect digestive traits and growth performance of young broilers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Eighteen Holstein cows were used to determine the effects of two levels of sunflower meal [0.93% vs 10.83% dry matter sunflower meal for low and high level of sunflower meal (LSFM and HSFM, respectively)] in prepartum diets on their productive performance. Cows were fed individually one of two diets (HSFM or LSFM) as TMR (total mixed ration) 21 d before expected calving. Prepartum dry matter intake increased significantly for cows fed HSFM diet. Cows on HSFM diet had more colostrum yield and produced more milk than did cows fed a LSFM diet only during the first week after calving. Energy-corrected milk production was higher for the cows fed HSFM. Milk compositions including fat, protein, and total solids were not affected by prepartum treatments. Plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose were not different between treatments. These data suggest that sunflower meal can improve prepartum dry matter intake and hence productive performance in early lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Response of broiler chickens to 2 levels of endo-1,4-β xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) and endo-1,3-β glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6) cocktail (with and without), 3 levels of digestible lysine (8.0, 9.0 and 10.0gkg−1 with the applicability of ideal protein concept), and 2 levels of sunflower meal (SFM; 200 and 300gkg−1) were evaluated in the present experiment. The factorial design of 2×3×2 using 2448 one-day-old straight-run Hubbard broiler chicks was used to evaluate the effect of two levels of enzymes, 3 levels of digestible lysine and 2 levels of SFM in practical vegetable based mash diets having 11.51MJME and 190gCPkg−1 from 1 to 42d of age. The BW gain was improved linearly (P≤0.001) with the increasing level of digestible lysine during 1–21d and 22–42d of age. The gain:feed was improved linearly (P≤0.001) with the increasing digestible lysine during 1–21d and a quadratic effect of digestible lysine was noted during 1–42d where 9.0 and 10.0g digestible lysine kg−1 of diet responded similar for gain:feed. Enzyme supplementation at 300gSFMkg−1 improved BW gain (P≤0.008) and gain:feed (P≤0.048) during 1–21d. When 10.0g digestible lysine kg−1 of diet was used at 2 levels of SFM, gain:feed was improved (P≤0.013) during 1–21d. However, this interaction was not significant on other performance parameters either at 21d or at 42d of age. The enzyme supplementation decreased the feed intake (P≤0.019) by 4.67% and improved gain:feed by 5.53% (P≤0.012) during 1–42d without affecting BW gain. The main effect of SFM was not significant for live performance or carcass response at any stage. The depression in breast weights at 42d due to 300g SFM or 8.0g digestible lysine kg−1 of diet was compensated by the enzyme addition (a significant enzyme×SFM effect). No significant effect of enzyme, SFM, digestible lysine or their interactions was observed on apparent metabolizable energy of the diets. Coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility of nitrogen was improved by the addition of enzyme to 10.0g digestible lysine kg−1 of diet or addition of digestible lysine to high SFM. The results of the present study revealed a positive response of enzyme addition in low nutrient density and high SFM diets. Moreover, digestible lysine is not suggested to be lowered than 10.0g during 1–21d and it may be reduced to 9.0gkg−1 if a single diet having high level of SFM is planned to be offered during 1–42d. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The utilisation of sunflower meal as a substitute for fish meal was evaluated in juvenile (44 g±4.6 on average) gilthead sea bream fed diets containing four levels of sunflower meal (0, 12, 24 and 36%). The experiment was divided into two phases; in the first one (until day 90), fish reached a weight of 189, 198, 187 and 174 g, respectively, the diet containing 36% gave the lowest specific growth rate (SGR) and the diet containing 12% sunflower meal the highest. In the second phase (from day 91 to day 248), fish growth was not significantly affected by treatments. In relation to feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), the diet containing 36% sunflower meal gave the worst results in both phases. There were no statistical differences in body composition, but energy and protein efficiency were lowest in fish fed the diet containing 36% sunflower meal. Sensory differences between sea bream fed diets containing 0% and 24% sunflower meal were not detected. Optimum dietary level of sunflower meal for growth and feed conversion obtained from quadratic regression was 10–12%, but when economic aspects were considered, the optimum dietary level was 14–15% sunflower meal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study determined the digestibility of protein in partially dehulled sunflower meal (SFM) and then, as the main goal, the nutritive value of high-temperature extruded (≤149°C) partially dehulled SFM (SFMEX) for post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in sea water. The digestibility study was conducted using the settling column approach (‘Guelph system’) for faeces collection as described by Hajen, Higgs, Beames and Dosanjh. In the nutritive value study, triplicate groups of 50 salmon (mean weight ∼116 g) in 4000-L outdoor fibreglass tanks supplied with 25–40 L min−1, filtered, oxygenated (dissolved oxygen, 7.0–8.5 mg L−1), 11–12°C sea water (salinity, 29–31 g L−1), were fed twice daily to satiation one of five steam-pelleted dry diets that contained 422 g of digestible protein (DP) kg−1 and ∼16.4 MJ of digestible energy (DE) kg−1 on a dry weight basis for 84 days. Low-temperature-dried anchovy meal (LT-AM) comprised 68.2% of the basal diet protein whereas in four test diets, SFMEX progressively replaced up to 33.0% of the DP provided by LT-AM in the basal diet (SFMEX≤271 g kg−1 of dry matter). Sunflower meal had 87.9% DP. Diet treatment did not significantly affect specific growth rate (1.39–1.45% day−1), feed efficiency (1.19–1.26), percentage of dietary protein retained (45.8–47.5), gross energy utilization (46.5–49.4%), per cent survival (96.0–99.3) or terminal whole body and muscle proximate compositions. We conclude that SFMEX can comprise ≥271 g kg−1 of the dry diet or ≥22.7% of the digestible dietary protein of post-smolt Atlantic salmon in seawater without any adverse effects on their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in vitro digestibility of two-stage dried olive cake (TSDOC) and olive leaves (OL) unsupplemented or supplemented with increasing amounts of urea (U) or sunflower meal (SM) (0, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 g/100 g organic matter (OM) of the by-product) was determined. Chemical and amino acid composition, in vitro digestibility, in situ rumen degradability of crude protein and amino acids, and in situ–in vitro intestinal digestibility of SM CP and amino acids was determined. The in sacco rumen degradability and in vitro intestinal availability of CP and individual amino acids were also determined. Results obtained in Granadina goats and Seguren˜a wethers were compared. SM provides arginine, glycine and aspartic and glutamic acids. The addition of increasing amounts of U or SM improved (P<0.001) the IVDMD and IVOMD of both TSDOC and OL. There was no effect (P>0.05) of the rumen inoculum origin on in vitro TSDOC digestibility. In contrast, values for OL were higher (P<0.001) for goats versus sheep. In sacco ruminal CP degradability of SM was relatively high, and similar in sheep and goats (ED=0.78 and 0.75 for sheep and goats). Individual amino acid ruminal degradability had different values, being lowest for methionine, leucine, proline, tyrosine and cysteine. Values obtained for individual amino acids differed from those of CP. Apparent intestinal digestibility of undegraded protein (AIDUP) of SM was high (0.86 and 0.98, respectively, for sheep and goats). The intestinally absorbable protein (IADP) was low (18.9 and 24.0 for sheep and goats, respectively). Results indicate that goats and sheep have the same capacity for TSDOC digestion, but goats showed a better capacity than sheep for OL utilisation. Although the amino acids supply to the intestine from SM is not important it could be a good supplement for low degradable protein feedstuffs such as TSDOC and OL. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of rapeseed meal (RSM) vs. sunflower meal (SFM) as a protein source at cereal-based iso- nitrigenous (at 16 % CP), iso-caloric at gross energy 18 kcal/kg and net (FUG=1) energy diets for fattening lambs. Four wethers (Gygay breed) were used to evaluate the diets' apparent total tract digestibility (dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibres (CF), nitrogen free extractives (NFE) and ash) and coefficients (Cd) were used to calculate the diets' feeding value. Two diets were used: conrol diet (CD) with SFM and experimental diet (ED) with RSM. The results indicated that feeding RSM tended to increase Cd OM (p=0.1), Cd CP (p=0.4), Cd EE (p=0.5) and Cd NFE (p=0.1). The differences were significant at Cd DM (p<0.05), Cd CF (p<0.05) and Cd ash (p<0.001). According to the calculation analysis, diet supplementation with RSM benefits total digestible nutrients (TDN), raised energy values (gross energy, digestible energy and net energy) and improved protein feeding values (protein trully digestible in small intestines (PDI) and balance of protein in rumen (BPR)). Therefore, it's concluded that, substitution of SFM with RSM in cereal- based ruminant diets significantly (p<0.05) increased in vivo diet digestibility, raised (11 %) TDN and improved its energy and protein feeding value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]