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1. The Biblical Job Against Zeno the Stoic: Living Purposively Versus Dying for Meaning.

Author

Kaplan KJ

Subjects
Humans, Male, Adolescent, Bible, Self Concept, Health Status, Religion, Suicide
Abstract

Zeno the Stoic and the biblical Job react very differently to stressors in their lives. While Zeno succumbs to a relatively minor accident and takes his life, Job withstands cataclysmic losses, survives, and ultimately is restored. While Zeno's search for meaning ends in his suicide, Job's sense of purpose enables him to survive and ultimately thrive. The essential difference is that while Zeno greatly catastrophizes a relatively minor stressor in a desperate search for meaning, Job lives a life of purpose which gives his life intrinsic meaning. This distinction may be most relevant in today's chaotic world, with so many young people striving to "find themselves" in often the most destructive ways. While Job is resilient, Zeno is not. Job's biblical faith provides the grounding for his self-knowledge. Zeno the Stoic does not seem to have this foundational self-knowledge and is searching for signs that he is not adrift in an indifferent world. For some people, at least, biblical religion seems to provide a healthy foundational view which gives life essential purpose., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Published
2023
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2. The Twenty-Year Trajectory of Suicidal Activity Among Post-Hospital Psychiatric Men and Women with Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia.

Author

Kaplan KJ, Harrow M, and Clews K

Subjects
Aged, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Hospitals, Psychiatric statistics & numerical data, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Discharge statistics & numerical data, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Suicidal Ideation, Bipolar Disorder diagnosis, Bipolar Disorder psychology, Bipolar Disorder therapy, Mood Disorders diagnosis, Mood Disorders therapy, Schizophrenia diagnosis, Schizophrenia therapy, Schizophrenic Psychology, Suicide psychology, Suicide statistics & numerical data
Abstract

The Chicago Follow-up Study has followed the course of severe mental illness among psychiatric patients for more than 20 years after their index hospitalization. Among these patients are 97 schizophrenia patients, 45 patients with schizoaffective disorders, 102 patients with unipolar nonpsychotic depression, and 53 patients with a bipolar disorder. Maximum suicidal activity (suicidal ideation, suicidal attempts and suicide completions) generally declines over the 3 time periods (early, middle, and late follow-ups) following discharge from the acute psychiatric hospitalization for both males and females across diagnostic categories with two exceptions: female schizophrenia patients and female bipolar patients. A weighted mean suicidal activity score tended to decrease across follow-ups for male patients in the schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and depressive diagnostic groups with an uneven trend in this direction for the male bipolars. No such pattern emerges for our female patients except for female depressives. Males' suicidal activity seems more triggered by psychotic symptoms and potential chronic disability while females' suicidal activity seems more triggered by affective symptoms.

Published
2016
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3. Are there gender-specific risk factors for suicidal activity among patients with schizophrenia and depression?

Author

Kaplan KJ, Harrow M, and Faull RN

Subjects
Adult, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prospective Studies, Psychotic Disorders psychology, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Suicidal Ideation, Suicide statistics & numerical data, Suicide, Attempted psychology, Suicide, Attempted statistics & numerical data, Young Adult, Depressive Disorder psychology, Psychotic Disorders complications, Schizophrenia complications, Schizophrenic Psychology, Suicide psychology
Abstract

Are there gender-specific risk factors for suicidal activity among patients with schizophrenia and depression? A total of 74 schizophrenia patients (51 men, 23 women) and 77 unipolar nonpsychotic depressed patients (26 men, 51 women) from the Chicago Follow-up Study were studied prospectively at 2 years posthospitalization and again at 7.5 years. Poor early posthospital global functioning is significantly associated with later suicidal activity only for men in both our schizophrenia and depressive samples. Early display of psychotic symptoms is associated with later suicidal activity among male schizophrenia patients. Early cognitive impairment is not significantly associated with later suicidal activity for any of the four groups of patients. The study results must be seen as exploratory and will hopefully spur future research on this important topic., (© 2012 The American Association of Suicidology.)

Published
2012
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4. Why does zeno the stoic hold his breath? "Zenoism" as a new variable for studying suicide.

Author

Kaplan KJ, Ficker L, Dodge N, Thiel K, Folk M, Wallrabenstein I, and Laird PG

Subjects
Adult, Christianity, Dependency, Psychological, Depression psychology, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Suicide, Assisted psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Value of Life, Culture, Philosophy, Religion and Psychology, Suicide psychology
Abstract

A single misfortune may be seen as just that, or may be interpreted as Zeno the Stoic did, as a "sign" of cosmic proportion (zenoizing), which paradoxically provides a missing meaning structure. This article presents two studies testing out this new variable (zenoism): in Study One (n = 233), we explore the moderating effects of religiosity and gender on zenoism, depression, demoralization, and suicidality. In Study Two (n = 137), we explore these same moderating effects on zenoism, fear of dependency, value of life, and favorability toward physician-assisted suicide (PAS). Results indicate: 1) men and non-religious respondents (especially men) zenoize more than women and religious respondents; 2) non-religious respondents, (especially men) are more generally favorable to PAS and more suicidal; 3) Zenoism is negatively related to depression, demoralization, and value of life for non-religious respondents, and for men; 4) Zenoism is positively related to favorability toward PAS toward one's self and overall suicidality; and finally 5) general and self-specific favorability toward PAS are distinct, but both relate to overall suicidality.

Published
2007
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5. An expanded typology of suicide, assisted suicide, and euthanasia.

Author

Wooddell V and Kaplan KJ

Subjects
Coercion, Euthanasia, Active, Voluntary, Health Personnel, Humans, Jurisprudence, Physician-Patient Relations, Terminology as Topic, Third-Party Consent, Treatment Refusal, United States, Euthanasia, Euthanasia, Active, Euthanasia, Passive, Physician's Role, Physicians, Suicide, Suicide, Assisted
Published
1997
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7. Factors in Suicide Completions and Suicide Attempts among Schizophrenic, Other Psychotic and Nonpsychotic Patients.

Author

Kaplan, Kalman J.

Abstract

Some researchers have attempted to connect suicide to a general history of mental illness; others have searched for diagnosis-free suicide risk factors; and still others have argued that different risk profiles may emerge for different diagnoses. In addition to these issues, it appears that suicide completers and suicide attempters show somewhat dissimilar patterns. This study explored several questions regarding suicide among psychiatric patients. Findings from 586 adolescent and young adult patients revealed that schizophrenics attempted suicide less but subsequently completed it more than other psychotics and nonpsychotics, giving schizophrenics a higher rate of completions to attempts than the other two diagnostic groups. Female patients generally attempted suicide more than did male patients, while male patients completed suicide more than did female patients. Suicide attempters were younger than nonattempters only in the nonpsychotic group. Suicide attempters were significantly more highly educated than nonattempters only for the nonpsychotic group. Suicide completers were generally more likely to have never married than were suicide attempters; had lower social competence and greater drug abuse than either attempters or nonattempters; and showed a trend toward more alcohol abuse than nonattempters. Finally, attempters generally showed better premorbid functioning than did nonattempters or completers. (NB)

Published
1992

8. Are There Gender-Specific Risk Factors for Suicidal Activity among Patients with Schizophrenia and Depression?

Author

Kaplan, Kalman J., Harrow, Martin, and Faull, Robert N.

Abstract

Are there gender-specific risk factors for suicidal activity among patients with schizophrenia and depression? A total of 74 schizophrenia patients (51 men, 23 women) and 77 unipolar nonpsychotic depressed patients (26 men, 51 women) from the Chicago Follow-up Study were studied prospectively at 2 years posthospitalization and again at 7.5 years. Poor early posthospital global functioning is significantly associated with later suicidal activity only for men in both our schizophrenia and depressive samples. Early display of psychotic symptoms is associated with later suicidal activity among male schizophrenia patients. Early cognitive impairment is not significantly associated with later suicidal activity for any of the four groups of patients. The study results must be seen as exploratory and will hopefully spur future research on this important topic. (Contains 1 table and 3 figures.)

Published
2012
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9. Life Ownership Orientation and Attitudes toward Abortion, Suicide, Doctor-Assisted Suicide, and Capital Punishment.

Author

Ross, Lisa Thomson and Kaplan, Kalman J.

Abstract

Examined life ownership orientation (extent to which one believes that God, individual, or society has power over one's life) among 117 college students who completed Life Ownership Orientation Questionnaire (LOOQ). Found LOOQ scores demonstrated higher predictive validity with regard to attitudes toward abortion, suicide, doctor-assisted suicide, and capital punishment than did measures of religiosity and political liberalism/conservatism. (Author/NB)

Published
1994

10. Individuation-Attachment and Suicide Trajectory: A Developmental Guide for the Clinician.

Author

Kaplan, Kalman J. and Worth, Shirley A.

Abstract

Applies two-axis model of human development to problem of suicide trajectory, in which organism begins each stage at negative or dystonic position in reaction to stage-initiating life event and must move ahead vertically to achieve positive syntonic quality and attain stage-specific syntonic equilibrium. Provides clinician with developmental guide to recognize suicide risk across the lifespan. (Author/NB)

Published
1993

11. Parental Marital Style and Completed Adolescent Suicide.

Author

Kaplan, Kalman J. and Maldaver, Marshall

Abstract

Examined relationship between parental marital pattern (healthy, pathological, and mixed with respect to congruence between individuation and attachment) and completed adolescent suicide. Findings from 25 parental couples of completed adolescent suicides revealed that parental types showing incongruency between individuation and attachment were more highly associated with adolescent suicidal behavior than were those showing congruency between these two variables. (Author/NB)

Published
1993

12. Suicide and Suicide Prevention: Greek versus Biblical Perspectives.

Author

Kaplan, Kalman J.

Abstract

Compares suicide in Greek tragedy and Hebrew Bible, concentrating on life situations portrayed in two sets of narratives promoting or preventing suicide. Notes frequency of suicides in Greek tragedy and infrequency of suicides in Bible. Compares stories of Narcissus and Jonah in attempt to pinpoint what is suicide-promoting in Greek narratives and what is suicide-preventing in Biblical ones. (Author/NB)

Published
1992

14. Biblical versus Greek Narratives for Suicide Prevention and Life Promotion: Releasing Hope from Pandora’s Urn

Author

Kalman J. Kaplan

Subjects
suicide, suicide prevention, life-affirmation, biblical-rabbinic, Graeo-Roman, hope, Religions. Mythology. Rationalism, BL1-2790
Abstract

Although suicide has been unfortunately stigmatized unfairly through the ages, we should not make the mistake of going to the opposite extreme and valorizing it. We should not forget that the major role of health care professionals is to prevent suicide when possible and to invigorate the underlying life force in the person. Suicide is often the ultimate outcome of a tragic and pessimistic view of life. It was prevalent in ancient Greek writing. Indeed, over 16 suicides and self-mutilations can be found in the 26 surviving tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides. In contrast, only six suicides can be found in the Hebrew Scriptures, and only one suicide in the Christian Scriptures. In addition, the Hebrew Scriptures present numerous suicide-prevention narratives that effectively provide a psychological instruction for people in despair which seems unavailable to figures in the writings of the great Greek tragedians. Unfortunately, some religious traditions tended to go to the opposite extreme in stigmatizing suicide rather than understanding it and trying to prevent it. This paper examines evidence regarding seven evidence-based risk factors for suicide: (1) Feeling depressed and isolated; (2) Feeling one’s life is without purpose; (3) Being a refugee from one’s homeland; (4) Feeling unable to express oneself with others; (5) Being adopted; (6) Feeling abandoned by one’s child leaving the family nest; and (7) Feeling doomed by a dysfunctional (indeed incestuous) family of origin We contrast biblical and Greek narratives regarding each of these factors, respectively: (1) Elijah against Ajax, (2) Job against Zeno, (3) David against Coriolanus, (4) Jonah against Narcissus, (5) Moses against Oedipus, (6) Rebecca against Phaedra, and finally, (7) Ruth against Antigone. These biblical figures thrive across risk factors while their Greek and Roman counterparts kill or mutilate themselves or provoke others to do the job. All these contrasts should demonstrate to psychotherapists, counselors, and clergy alike as to how Greek narratives lead to self-destructive behaviors while biblical narratives provide a hopeful positive psychology, and a constructive way out these dilemmas. My colleagues (Paul Cantz, Matthew Schwartz, and Moriah Markus-Kaplan) and I call for a biblical psychotherapy for positive psychology, suicide prevention, and indeed life promotion. Where hope is locked up in Pandora’s urn after she has released all the evils unto the world, the biblical God places hope into the sky as a bow after Noah and his family and all the creatures on the ark disembark to land after the receding of the flood.

Published
2021
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16. The Twenty-Year Trajectory of Suicidal Activity Among Post-Hospital Psychiatric Men and Women with Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

Author

Kalman J. Kaplan, Martin Harrow, and Kelsey Clews

Subjects
Hospitals, Psychiatric, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Bipolar Disorder, Poison control, Suicide prevention, Article, Suicidal Ideation, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, medicine, Humans, Bipolar disorder, Psychiatry, Suicidal ideation, Depression (differential diagnoses), Aged, Mood Disorders, Middle Aged, Mental illness, medicine.disease, Patient Discharge, 030227 psychiatry, Hospitalization, Suicide, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Mood disorders, Schizophrenia, Female, Schizophrenic Psychology, medicine.symptom, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Follow-Up Studies, Clinical psychology
Abstract

The Chicago Follow-up Study has followed the course of severe mental illness among psychiatric patients for more than 20 years after their index hospitalization. Among these patients are 97 schizophrenia patients, 45 patients with schizoaffective disorders, 102 patients with unipolar nonpsychotic depression, and 53 patients with a bipolar disorder. Maximum suicidal activity (suicidal ideation, suicidal attempts and suicide completions) generally declines over the 3 time periods (early, middle, and late follow-ups) following discharge from the acute psychiatric hospitalization for both males and females across diagnostic categories with two exceptions: female schizophrenia patients and female bipolar patients. A weighted mean suicidal activity score tended to decrease across follow-ups for male patients in the schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and depressive diagnostic groups with an uneven trend in this direction for the male bipolars. No such pattern emerges for our female patients except for female depressives. Males' suicidal activity seems more triggered by psychotic symptoms and potential chronic disability while females' suicidal activity seems more triggered by affective symptoms.

Published
2016

17. Social Status and Suicidal Activity Among Psychiatric Patients: Moderating Effects of Gender, Race and Psychiatric Diagnosis.

Author

Kaplan, Kalman J. and Harrow, Martin

Subjects
*PSYCHIATRIC diagnosis, *SOCIAL status, *SUICIDAL ideation, *GENDER, *SUICIDAL behavior, *PSYCHOTIC depression
Abstract

The relationship between suicide and social class has proved to be complex. Durkheim predicted suicide rates would increase with social status, while others thought the opposite. Results have been mixed. In some studies, suicidality has increased with increasing social status, and in other studies, the two variables have had an inverse relationship. These studies have been primarily conducted on general non-psychiatric populations The present study, in contrast, examines this relationship on a 20-year prospective longitudinal sample of 400 psychiatric patients (differentiated by psychiatric diagnosis) after index hospitalization. Of these, 160 patients show some sign of suicide risk (87 cases of suicidal ideation, 41 of suicide attempts, and 32 suicide completions). A complicated pattern emerges across psychiatric diagnosis, gender, and race. The great majority of patients show no statistically significant relationship between social status and suicide risk. At the maximally different extremes, however, a dramatic difference does emerge. White women diagnosed with nonpsychotic depression show a positive relationship between social status and suicide risk (p < .01) while black men diagnosed with schizophrenia show a negative relationship between these 2 variables (p < .02). The relationship between social status and suicidality among psychiatric patients varies across race, gender, and psychiatric diagnosis. More research needs to be done on this complex and important topic, especially with regard to samples of psychiatric patients. The role of anomie should be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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18. Hippocrates, Maimonides and the Doctor's Responsibility

Author

Matthew B. Schwartz and Kalman J. Kaplan

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), History, Modern 1601, education, Judaism, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 050109 social psychology, 02 engineering and technology, Greek World, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Suicide, Assisted, symbols.namesake, Kevorkian, Codes of Ethics, medicine, Humans, Ethics, Medical, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Physician's Role, Life-span and Life-course Studies, History, Ancient, Hippocratic Oath, 021103 operations research, business.industry, Abandonment (legal), Right to Die, 05 social sciences, History, Medieval, humanities, Suicide, Harm, Family medicine, symbols, business
Abstract

Jack Kevorkian criticizes the Hippocratic tradition in Greek medicine, which bans the physician from giving his patient a lethal medication. He sees this prohibition as potentially bringing harm to a suffering patient and not reflective of the larger Greek society which was tolerant and even approving of suicide. However, Kevorkian's advocacy of doctor-assisted suicide can be seen as the polarity of doctor abandonment of the suffering patient rather than as an antidote to it. Both positions involve an outcome of physician removal from the suffering patient, which can be contrasted with Maimonides' command to the physician to watch over the life and death of his patients.

Published
2000

19. Psychosocial Versus Biomedical Risk Factors in Kevorkian's First Forty-Seven Physician-Assisted Deaths

Author

Oren Uziel, Martin Harrow, Kirk Cheyfitz, Kalman J. Kaplan, Flint Lachenmeier, Jyll C. O'Dell, and Mark E. Schneiderhan

Subjects
Male, 050103 clinical psychology, medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Dependency, Psychological, Psychological autopsy, Pain, Autopsy, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Assisted deaths, Suicide, Assisted, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Kevorkian, Humans, Terminally Ill, Medicine, Disabled Persons, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Life-span and Life-course Studies, Psychiatry, Motivation, Depression, business.industry, 05 social sciences, Age Factors, United States, 030227 psychiatry, Suicide, Socioeconomic Factors, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Morbidity, business, Psychosocial
Abstract

This article examines biomedical and psychosocial data on the first forty-seven cases of physician-assisted suicides (PAS) of Kevorkian as collected by means of both a physical autopsy and a preliminary psychological autopsy. The following patterns emerge: 1) The physical condition of these PAS patients was not typical of the conditions that lead to death in the United States. 2) Consistent with the above findings, our pilot data indicate that only 31.1 percent of these patients were terminal. While 73.9 percent were described as reporting pain, only 42.6 percent were revealed at autopsy to have a specific anatomical basis for their pain. However 36 percent were described as depressed, 66 percent as having some disability, and perhaps of key importance, 90 percent expressed a fear of dependency. Most important, our pilot data suggest the possibility of large gender differences, since 3) 68.1 percent of these forty-seven PAS's are women and only 31.9 percent are men. This represents the reverse of the gender pattern for completed suicides in the United States in 1995, resembling instead the approximate pattern for unsuccessful suicide attempts. 4) Approximately 75 percent of both men and women in the above sample were described as reporting pain. Men were almost twice as likely to have had an anatomical basis for the pain and three times as likely to be terminal. Our pilot data indicate PAS women are more likely to be described as depressed and twice as likely to have had a history of previous unsuccessful suicide attempts. 5) Kevorkian's patients were older than the typical unaided suicides in America. Reported pain decreases with age as does depression; however anatomical basis for pain increases slightly with age, and no age effect emerges for terminality. 6) Approximately two-thirds of these physician-assisted suicides were at middle SES levels. History of disability was the biggest risk factor for the low SES patients and fear of dependency for the high SES patients.

Published
2000

20. An Expanded Typology of Suicide, Assisted Suicide, and Euthanasia

Author

Kalman J. Kaplan and Victor Wooddell

Subjects
Typology, medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Coercion, Health Personnel, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Suicide, Assisted, Treatment Refusal, Health personnel, Physicians, Terminology as Topic, medicine, Humans, Euthanasia, Active, Voluntary, Assisted suicide, Physician's Role, Life-span and Life-course Studies, Psychiatry, Third-Party Consent, Jurisprudence, Physician-Patient Relations, Euthanasia, Euthanasia, Passive, Involuntary Euthanasia, people.cause_of_death, United States, humanities, Suicide, Euthanasia, Active, people, Psychology
Abstract

The present article proposes an expanded typology of suicide, assisted suicide, and euthanasia in doctor-patient relations. Three dimensions are distinguished: the active-passive nature of the act, the degree of doctor involvement, and the reaction of the doctor to the patient's wishes. Thirteen distinct categories emerge, each of which may be active or passive. Among these categories are: solitary suicide, disapproved suicide, observed suicide, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, non-voluntary euthanasia, and involuntary euthanasia. Within the observed suicide, assisted suicide, and voluntary euthanasia categories, the patient's wish to die can either be discussed, accepted, or encouraged. This article provides clinical examples of many of these categories and discusses their legal status and implications.

Published
1997

21. Recovering biblical narratives for positive psychology and suicide prevention in modern Israel.

Author

Kaplan, Kalman J. and Cantz, Paul

Subjects
*SUICIDE prevention, *POSITIVE psychology, *SELF-mutilation, *SELF-destructive behavior
Abstract

Suicide is the ultimate outcome of a tragic and pessimistic view of life, so prevalent in ancient Greek writings. Indeed, over 16 suicides and self-mutilations can be found in the 26 surviving tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides. In contrast, only six suicides can be found in the Hebrew Scriptures. This article examines evidence regarding seven risk factors for suicide. It contrasts biblical and Greek narratives regarding each of these factors respectively: (1) Elijah against Ajax; (2) Job against Zeno; (3) David against Coriolanus; (4) Jonah against Narcissus; (5) Moses against Oedipus; (6) Rebecca against Phaedra; and finally (7) Ruth against Antigone. All these Greek narratives lead to self-destructive behaviours while biblical narratives provide a hopeful positive psychology, and a safe way out these dilemmas. It is high time to develop a biblical psychology and psychotherapy commensurate with the restored land of Israel and a Hebrew civilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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22. Why does zeno the stoic hold his breath? 'Zenoism' as a new variable for studying suicide

Author

Neal Dodge, Lisa J. Ficker, Inga Wallrabenstein, Peta-Gay Laird, Melissa Folk, Kalman J. Kaplan, and Kenneth Thiel

Subjects
Adult, Male, Religion and Psychology, Value of Life, Health (social science), Culture, Dependency, Psychological, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Christianity, Suicide, Assisted, Religiosity, Sex Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Humans, Meaning (existential), Life-span and Life-course Studies, Depression (differential diagnoses), Depression, Fear, Variable (computer science), Philosophy, Suicide, Value of life, Female, Zeno's paradoxes, Psychology, Social psychology, Misfortune
Abstract

A single misfortune may be seen as just that, or may be interpreted as Zeno the Stoic did, as a “sign” of cosmic proportion (zenoizing), which paradoxically provides a missing meaning structure. This article presents two studies testing out this new variable (zenoism): in Study One ( n = 233), we explore the moderating effects of religiosity and gender on zenoism, depression, demoralization, and suicidality. In Study Two ( n = 137), we explore these same moderating effects on zenoism, fear of dependency, value of life, and favorability toward physician-assisted suicide (PAS). Results indicate: 1) men and non-religious respondents (especially men) zenoize more than women and religious respondents; 2) non-religious respondents, (especially men) are more generally favorable to PAS and more suicidal; 3) Zenoism is negatively related to depression, demoralization, and value of life for non-religious respondents, and for men; 4) Zenoism is positively related to favorability toward PAS toward one's self and overall suicidality; and finally 5) general and self-specific favorability toward PAS are distinct, but both relate to overall suicidality.

Published
2008

23. Suicide risk in schizophrenia: learning from the past to change the future

Author

Roberto Tatarelli, Pirjo Irmeli Saarinen, Jill M. Harkavy-Friedman, Xavier F. Amador, Povl Munk-Jørgensen, Merete Nordentoft, Preben Bo Mortensen, Lori P. Montross, Jimmi Nielsen, Jiri Modestin, Paolo Girardi, Kalman J. Kaplan, Martin Harrow, Sidney Zisook, Maurizio Pompili, Scott T Wilson, Michael Krausz, David Lester, and Herbert Y. Meltzer

Subjects
Suicide Prevention, medicine.medical_specialty, Suicide--Risk factors, lcsh:RC435-571, Poison control, Suicide--Prevention, Review, Suicide prevention, Neurobiology--Social aspects, Clinical Research, lcsh:Psychiatry, Injury prevention, Behavioral and Social Science, medicine, Psychology, Social isolation, Psychiatry, Depression (differential diagnoses), business.industry, Schizophrenics, Depression, Prevention, Neurosciences, medicine.disease, Serious Mental Illness, Mental health, Brain Disorders, Substance abuse, Psychiatry and Mental health, Suicide, Mental Health, Schizophrenia, Medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Clinical psychology
Abstract

Suicide is a major cause of death among patients with schizophrenia. Research indicates that at least 5–13% of schizophrenic patients die by suicide, and it is likely that the higher end of range is the most accurate estimate. There is almost total agreement that the schizophrenic patient who is more likely to commit suicide is young, male, white and never married, with good premorbid function, post-psychotic depression and a history of substance abuse and suicide attempts. Hopelessness, social isolation, hospitalization, deteriorating health after a high level of premorbid functioning, recent loss or rejection, limited external support, and family stress or instability are risk factors for suicide in patients with schizophrenia. Suicidal schizophrenics usually fear further mental deterioration, and they experience either excessive treatment dependence or loss of faith in treatment. Awareness of illness has been reported as a major issue among suicidal schizophrenic patients, yet some researchers argue that insight into the illness does not increase suicide risk. Protective factors play also an important role in assessing suicide risk and should also be carefully evaluated. The neurobiological perspective offers a new approach for understanding self-destructive behavior among patients with schizophrenia and may improve the accuracy of screening schizophrenics for suicide. Although, there is general consensus on the risk factors, accurate knowledge as well as early recognition of patients at risk is still lacking in everyday clinical practice. Better knowledge may help clinicians and caretakers to implement preventive measures. This review paper is the results of a joint effort between researchers in the field of suicide in schizophrenia. Each expert provided a brief essay on one specific aspect of the problem. This is the first attempt to present a consensus report as well as the development of a set of guidelines for reducing suicide risk among schizophenia patients.

Published
2007

24. Suicide, physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in men versus women around the world: the degree of physician control

Author

Kalman J, Kaplan, Martin, Harrow, and Mark E, Schneiderhan

Subjects
Male, Michigan, Motivation, Depression, Australia, Dependency, Psychological, Pain, Men, Middle Aged, United States, Suicide, Assisted, Interviews as Topic, Suicide, Sex Factors, Humans, Terminally Ill, Disabled Persons, Euthanasia, Active, Voluntary, Female, Women, Physician's Role, Netherlands
Published
2004

25. Life ownership orientation and attitudes toward abortion, suicide, doctor-assisted suicide, and capital punishment

Author

Lisa Thompson Ross and Kalman J. Kaplan

Subjects
Value of Life, Health (social science), Universities, Poison control, Abortion, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Suicide prevention, Suicide, Assisted, Power (social and political), Orientation (mental), Physicians, Surveys and Questionnaires, Humans, Psychology, Assisted suicide, Life-span and Life-course Studies, Students, Capital Punishment, Data Collection, Politics, Human factors and ergonomics, Records, Abortion, Induced, United States, Religion, Suicide, Locus of control, Attitude, Public Opinion, Forms and Records Control, Social psychology
Abstract

Initial support is presented for a new scale that assesses one's life ownership orientation or the extent to which one believes that God, the individual, or society has the power to control and govern one's life. Life Ownership Orientation Questionnaire (LOOQ) scores demonstrated higher predictive validity with regard to attitudes toward abortion, suicide, doctor-assisted suicide, and capital punishment than did measures of religiosity and political liberalism-conservatism.

Published
1993

26. The death of Jesus, Christian Salvation, and Easter-week atrocities against Jews: A...

Author

Kaplan, Kalman J.

Subjects
*SUICIDE, JEWISH interpretations of Jesus Christ
Abstract

Presents a study which compared the death of Jesus, which was blamed on Jewish Christians and that of Durkheim's definition of an altruistic suicide. Indication that Easter-week in particular have provide the occasion for acting out of the blame of Jesus' death; What historical has revealed; Statment which indicate that Jesus' death is represented as the epitome of love.

Published
1997
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27. Individuation-attachment and suicide trajectory: A developmental guide for the clinician.

Author

Kaplan, Kalman J. and Worth, Shirley A.

Subjects
*SUICIDE, *ATTACHMENT behavior, *INDIVIDUATION (Psychology)
Abstract

Presents a two-axis model of human development for the assessment of suicide trajectory. Suicidal versus non-suicidal integration; Attachment and detachment; Individuation and deindividuation; Congruency between individuation and attachment; Shift from inferiority to industry in school age; Shift from identity confusion to identity in adolescence; More.

Published
1993
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28. Biblical versus Greek Narratives for Suicide Prevention and Life Promotion: Releasing Hope from Pandora's Urn.

Author

Kaplan, Kalman J. and Lehmann, Curtis

Subjects
*SUICIDE, *SUICIDE prevention, *AFFIRMATIONS (Self-help), *FATE & fatalism, *PSYCHOTHERAPY & religion
Abstract

Although suicide has been unfortunately stigmatized unfairly through the ages, we should not make the mistake of going to the opposite extreme and valorizing it. We should not forget that the major role of health care professionals is to prevent suicide when possible and to invigorate the underlying life force in the person. Suicide is often the ultimate outcome of a tragic and pessimistic view of life. It was prevalent in ancient Greek writing. Indeed, over 16 suicides and self-mutilations can be found in the 26 surviving tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides. In contrast, only six suicides can be found in the Hebrew Scriptures, and only one suicide in the Christian Scriptures. In addition, the Hebrew Scriptures present numerous suicide-prevention narratives that effectively provide a psychological instruction for people in despair which seems unavailable to figures in the writings of the great Greek tragedians. Unfortunately, some religious traditions tended to go to the opposite extreme in stigmatizing suicide rather than understanding it and trying to prevent it. This paper examines evidence regarding seven evidence-based risk factors for suicide: (1) Feeling depressed and isolated; (2) Feeling one's life is without purpose; (3) Being a refugee from one's homeland; (4) Feeling unable to express oneself with others; (5) Being adopted; (6) Feeling abandoned by one's child leaving the family nest; and (7) Feeling doomed by a dysfunctional (indeed incestuous) family of origin We contrast biblical and Greek narratives regarding each of these factors, respectively: (1) Elijah against Ajax, (2) Job against Zeno, (3) David against Coriolanus, (4) Jonah against Narcissus, (5) Moses against Oedipus, (6) Rebecca against Phaedra, and finally, (7) Ruth against Antigone. These biblical figures thrive across risk factors while their Greek and Roman counterparts kill or mutilate themselves or provoke others to do the job. All these contrasts should demonstrate to psychotherapists, counselors, and clergy alike as to how Greek narratives lead to self-destructive behaviors while biblical narratives provide a hopeful positive psychology, and a constructive way out these dilemmas. My colleagues (Paul Cantz, Matthew Schwartz, and Moriah Markus-Kaplan) and I call for a biblical psychotherapy for positive psychology, suicide prevention, and indeed life promotion. Where hope is locked up in Pandora's urn after she has released all the evils unto the world, the biblical God places hope into the sky as a bow after Noah and his family and all the creatures on the ark disembark to land after the receding of the flood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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29. SUICIDE.

Author

Kaplan, Kalman J.

Subjects
*SUFFERING & religion, *SUICIDE, RELIGIOUS aspects
Abstract

A reply is presented to a letter to the editor that responds to the author's article "The Death of Martha Wichorek" in the October 2014 issue.

Published
2014

30. Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors

Author

Niamh Mullins, JooEun Kang, Adrian I. Campos, Jonathan R.I. Coleman, Alexis C. Edwards, Hanga Galfalvy, Daniel F. Levey, Adriana Lori, Andrey Shabalin, Anna Starnawska, Mei-Hsin Su, Hunna J. Watson, Mark Adams, Swapnil Awasthi, Michael Gandal, Jonathan D. Hafferty, Akitoyo Hishimoto, Minsoo Kim, Satoshi Okazaki, Ikuo Otsuka, Stephan Ripke, Erin B. Ware, Andrew W. Bergen, Wade H. Berrettini, Martin Bohus, Harry Brandt, Xiao Chang, Wei J. Chen, Hsi-Chung Chen, Steven Crawford, Scott Crow, Emily DiBlasi, Philibert Duriez, Fernando Fernández-Aranda, Manfred M. Fichter, Steven Gallinger, Stephen J. Glatt, Philip Gorwood, Yiran Guo, Hakon Hakonarson, Katherine A. Halmi, Hai-Gwo Hwu, Sonia Jain, Stéphane Jamain, Susana Jiménez-Murcia, Craig Johnson, Allan S. Kaplan, Walter H. Kaye, Pamela K. Keel, James L. Kennedy, Kelly L. Klump, Dong Li, Shih-Cheng Liao, Klaus Lieb, Lisa Lilenfeld, Chih-Min Liu, Pierre J. Magistretti, Christian R. Marshall, James E. Mitchell, Eric T. Monson, Richard M. Myers, Dalila Pinto, Abigail Powers, Nicolas Ramoz, Stefan Roepke, Vsevolod Rozanov, Stephen W. Scherer, Christian Schmahl, Marcus Sokolowski, Michael Strober, Laura M. Thornton, Janet Treasure, Ming T. Tsuang, Stephanie H. Witt, D. Blake Woodside, Zeynep Yilmaz, Lea Zillich, Rolf Adolfsson, Ingrid Agartz, Tracy M. Air, Martin Alda, Lars Alfredsson, Ole A. Andreassen, Adebayo Anjorin, Vivek Appadurai, María Soler Artigas, Sandra Van der Auwera, M. Helena Azevedo, Nicholas Bass, Claiton H.D. Bau, Bernhard T. Baune, Frank Bellivier, Klaus Berger, Joanna M. Biernacka, Tim B. Bigdeli, Elisabeth B. Binder, Michael Boehnke, Marco P. Boks, Rosa Bosch, David L. Braff, Richard Bryant, Monika Budde, Enda M. Byrne, Wiepke Cahn, Miguel Casas, Enrique Castelao, Jorge A. Cervilla, Boris Chaumette, Sven Cichon, Aiden Corvin, Nicholas Craddock, David Craig, Franziska Degenhardt, Srdjan Djurovic, Howard J. Edenberg, Ayman H. Fanous, Jerome C. Foo, Andreas J. Forstner, Mark Frye, Janice M. Fullerton, Justine M. Gatt, Pablo V. Gejman, Ina Giegling, Hans J. Grabe, Melissa J. Green, Eugenio H. Grevet, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Blanca Gutierrez, Jose Guzman-Parra, Steven P. Hamilton, Marian L. Hamshere, Annette Hartmann, Joanna Hauser, Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach, Per Hoffmann, Marcus Ising, Ian Jones, Lisa A. Jones, Lina Jonsson, René S. Kahn, John R. Kelsoe, Kenneth S. Kendler, Stefan Kloiber, Karestan C. Koenen, Manolis Kogevinas, Bettina Konte, Marie-Odile Krebs, Mikael Landén, Jacob Lawrence, Marion Leboyer, Phil H. Lee, Douglas F. Levinson, Calwing Liao, Jolanta Lissowska, Susanne Lucae, Fermin Mayoral, Susan L. McElroy, Patrick McGrath, Peter McGuffin, Andrew McQuillin, Sarah E. Medland, Divya Mehta, Ingrid Melle, Yuri Milaneschi, Philip B. Mitchell, Esther Molina, Gunnar Morken, Preben Bo Mortensen, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Caroline Nievergelt, Vishwajit Nimgaonkar, Markus M. Nöthen, Michael C. O’Donovan, Roel A. Ophoff, Michael J. Owen, Carlos Pato, Michele T. Pato, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Jonathan Pimm, Giorgio Pistis, James B. Potash, Robert A. Power, Martin Preisig, Digby Quested, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Andreas Reif, Marta Ribasés, Vanesa Richarte, Marcella Rietschel, Margarita Rivera, Andrea Roberts, Gloria Roberts, Guy A. Rouleau, Diego L. Rovaris, Dan Rujescu, Cristina Sánchez-Mora, Alan R. Sanders, Peter R. Schofield, Thomas G. Schulze, Laura J. Scott, Alessandro Serretti, Jianxin Shi, Stanley I. Shyn, Lea Sirignano, Pamela Sklar, Olav B. Smeland, Jordan W. Smoller, Edmund J.S. Sonuga-Barke, Gianfranco Spalletta, John S. Strauss, Beata Świątkowska, Maciej Trzaskowski, Gustavo Turecki, Laura Vilar-Ribó, John B. Vincent, Henry Völzke, James T.R. Walters, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Thomas W. Weickert, Myrna M. Weissman, Leanne M. Williams, Naomi R. Wray, Clement C. Zai, Allison E. Ashley-Koch, Jean C. Beckham, Elizabeth R. Hauser, Michael A. Hauser, Nathan A. Kimbrel, Jennifer H. Lindquist, Benjamin McMahon, David W. Oslin, Xuejun Qin, Esben Agerbo, Anders D. Børglum, Gerome Breen, Annette Erlangsen, Tõnu Esko, Joel Gelernter, David M. Hougaard, Ronald C. Kessler, Henry R. Kranzler, Qingqin S. Li, Nicholas G. Martin, Andrew M. McIntosh, Ole Mors, Merete Nordentoft, Catherine M. Olsen, David Porteous, Robert J. Ursano, Danuta Wasserman, Thomas Werge, David C. Whiteman, Cynthia M. Bulik, Hilary Coon, Ditte Demontis, Anna R. Docherty, Po-Hsiu Kuo, Cathryn M. Lewis, J. John Mann, Miguel E. Rentería, Daniel J. Smith, Eli A. Stahl, Murray B. Stein, Fabian Streit, Virginia Willour, Douglas M. Ruderfer, Manuel Mattheisen, Abdel Abdellaoui, Mark J. Adams, Till F.M. Andlauer, Silviu-Alin Bacanu, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, Aartjan T.F. Beekman, Julien Bryois, Henriette N. Buttenschøn, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Na Cai, Jane Hvarregaard Christensen, Toni-Kim Clarke, Lucía Colodro-Conde, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne, Nick Craddock, Gregory E. Crawford, Gail Davies, Eske M. Derks, Nese Direk, Conor V. Dolan, Erin C. 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F., Tsitsika A., Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M., Tziouvas K., van Elburg A.A., van Furth E.F., Wade T.D., Wagner G., Walton E., Whiteman D.C., Wichmann H.E., Widen E., Yao S., Zeggini E., Zerwas S., Zipfel S., Jungkunz M., Dietl L., Schwarze C.E., Dahmen N., Schott B.H., Mobascher A., Crivelli S., Dennis M.F., Harvey P.D., Carter B.W., Huffman J.E., Jacobson D., Madduri R., Olsen M.K., Pestian J., Gaziano J.M., Muralidhar S., Ramoni R., Beckham J., Chang K.-M., O'Donnell C.J., Tsao P.S., Breeling J., Huang G., Romero J.P.C., Moser J., Whitbourne S.B., Brewer J.V., Aslan M., Connor T., Argyres D.P., Stephens B., Brophy M.T., Humphries D.E., Selva L.E., Do N., Shayan S., Cho K., Pyarajan S., Hauser E., Sun Y., Zhao H., Wilson P., McArdle R., Dellitalia L., Mattocks K., Harley J., Zablocki C.J., Whittle J., Jacono F., Gutierrez S., Gibson G., Hammer K., Kaminsky L., Villareal G., Kinlay S., Xu J., Hamner M., Mathew R., Bhushan S., Iruvanti P., Godschalk M., Ballas Z., Ivins D., Mastorides S., 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Subjects
LD SCORE REGRESSION, Genome-wide association study, Suicide, Attempted, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Insomnia, Suicide attempt, GWAS, Suïcidi, Depression (differential diagnoses), Cause of death, Psychiatry, 0303 health sciences, Factors de risc en les malalties, Mental Disorders, Genetic Correlation, Genome-wide Association Study, Pleiotropy, Polygenicity, Suicide, Suicide Attempt, DEPRESSION, 3. Good health, Genetic correlation, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Depressive Disorder, Major, Mental illness, Cohort, SEX, medicine.symptom, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Risk factors in diseases, BF, Locus (genetics), BEHAVIORS, Psykiatri, EVENTS, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, medicine, ddc:610, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION, IDEATION, Socioeconomic status, METAANALYSIS, Biological Psychiatry, 030304 developmental biology, business.industry, Risk Factor, Genetic architecture, THOUGHTS, RC0321, business, Malalties mentals, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Statistical analyses were carried out on the NL Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org) hosted by SURFsara and the Mount Sinai high performance computing cluster (http://hpc.mssm.edu), which is supported by the Office of Research Infrastructure of the National Institutes of Health (Grant Nos. S10OD018522 and S10OD026880). This work was conducted in part using the resources of the Advanced Computing Center for Research and Education at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (Grant Nos. R01MH116269 and R01MH121455 [to DMR]), NIGMS of the National Institutes of Health (Grant No. T32GM007347 [to JK]), and the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (NARSAD Young Investigator Award No. 29551 [to NM])., BACKGROUND: Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. METHODS: We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. RESULTS: Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders., Office of Research Infrastructure of the National Institutes of Health S10OD018522 S10OD026880, United States Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA R01MH116269 R01MH121455, NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) T32GM007347 NARSAD 29551

Published
2022

31. Pratiques du suicide à Paris pendant la Révolution française

Author

Godineau, Dominique, Centre de Recherches Historiques de l'Ouest (CERHIO), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kalman J., Davies H., and Coller I.

Subjects
Suicide, Révolution Française (1789-1799), Paris (France), 18e siècle, [SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History
Published
2004

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