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Directional prefixes, prevalent in Tangut and modern Qiangic languages, play a crucial role in expressing tense-aspect-modality and spatial meanings. Tangut directional prefixes are classified as belonging to either perfective (Dir1) or optative (Dir2) paradigms, but polyfunctional prefixes have puzzled scholars. The prefix ... ·jij1-, traditionally viewed as optative, has been observed since Kepping (1985) to also express the durative aspect. Drawing evidence from Tangut internal sources, in particular from an under-explored indigenous text, The Ode on Monthly Pleasures, this paper proposes the existence of a Dir1 prefix ... ·jij1-, potentially related to the yod unspecified directionals found in modern Gyalrongic. The proposed Dir1 prefix ... ·jij1- is homophonous with the optative (Dir2) prefix ... ·jij1- and would have served as the source for the grammaticalization of the durative ... ·jij1-. This work refines previous reconstructions of Tangut directional paradigms, and offers insights into the diachrony of tense-aspect-modality in Gyalrongic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper accounts for the ka- passive form in Balinese. It focuses on its syntactic and semantic representation. Using the data taken from Balinese narrative texts issued in the Bali Orti of Bali Post newspaper, and applying the RRG theory by Van Valin and Randy (1999), it was found out that the kapassive belongs to a morphological passive voice of Balinese where the the voice is marked on the verb (it is marked by prefix ka-). The ka- base form can be attached by applicative suffixes such as -ang, -in, and -an. These morphological verbs imply various syntactic structure and semantic representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The researchers of the English and Ruthenian language defined the prefix, explained the meanings of prefixes and their use, in their own languages, but, there are not many works which focus on contrasting the prefixes in these two languages. For this reason, this paper was written, where the focus is on the negative and reversative meaning of English prefixes and their translation into the Ruthenian language. The goal of this paper is to provide a different perspective on how the negative and reversative meanings are denoted in English and Ruthenian. Through analysis of the examples from the corpus, some conclusions were made, about the similarities and differences in the two languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the domain of the prosodic word in the Ningbo dialect. The goal of this paper is to provide a critical review of the studies on the prosodic word (PW) in various languages of the world, and to investigate the phonological phenomena within the domain formed by morpho-syntactic words in the Ningbo dialect as well as discussing the role that the prosodic word plays in the phonological rule application in the Ningbo dialect. This paper provides a complete survey on various types of morpho-syntactic formation in the Ningbo dialect as well as examining the application of phonological phenomena with reference to the different types of morpho-syntactic words. It will show that the lexical tone sandhi rule (LTS) applies within the domain formed by the major types of morpho-syntactic words in Ningbo dialect. However, pure phonological information may also affect the application of LTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores an area of nominalization in English for which there are no dedicated affixes, specifically, deverbal nominalizations that mean 'thing, stuff or non-human that is verb-ed'. The suffix -ee in English typically creates only patient nouns that denote humans, for example, employee, nominee. English, of course, does have complex nouns that express this meaning, and this paper provides a preliminary discussion of how we might study them. First, I discuss a range of established forms that denote this meaning (baking, acquisition, inheritance, additive, mixture, etc.). Two methods of finding novel forms are also discussed, first eliciting them from native speakers in an informal production experiment, and second searching for them in the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Finally the theoretical implications of the data are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, an effort has been made to check the similarity pattern of two strings. A new metric is defined to calculate the distance between two strings. On the basis of the distance function, three procedures and an algorithm have been proposed to check the presence of a string in another string as a prefix, suffix or in between another string. The proposed algorithm also enables us to check the partial similarity between two strings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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It is a well-known fact that across the world's languages there is a fairly strong asymmetry in the affixation of grammatical material, in that suffixes considerably outnumber prefixes in typological databases. This article argues that prosody, specifically prosodic phrasing, plays an important part in bringing about this asymmetry. Prosodic word and phrase boundaries may occur after a clitic function word preceding its lexical host with sufficient frequency so as to impede the fusion required for affixhood. Conversely, prosodic boundaries rarely, if ever, occur between a lexical host and a clitic function word following it. Hence, prosody does not impede the fusion process between lexical hosts and postposed function words, which therefore become affixes more easily. Evidence for the asymmetry in prosodic phrasing is provided from two sources: disfluencies, and ditropic cliticization, that is, the fact that grammatical PROclitics may be phonological ENclitics (i.e. phrased with a preceding host), but grammatical enclitics are never phonological proclitics. Earlier explanations for the suffixing preference have neglected prosody almost completely and thus also missed the related asymmetry in ditropic cliticization. More importantly, the evidence from prosodic phrasing suggests a new venue for explaining the suffixing preference. The asymmetry in prosodic phrasing, which, according to the hypothesis proposed here, is a major factor underlying the suffixing preference, has a natural basis in the mechanics of turn-taking as well as in the mechanics of speech production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses what the author refers to as the degrammaticalization of the suffix ish in the English language. It examines grammatical change in the English language, the concept of the cline of grammaticality, and ish in the history of Modern English. It also discusses the acceptability of utterances in the English language.

The derivational prefix be- productively forms deverbal, denominal and deadjectival verbs in Modern English (ModE) (e.g. beblast, bepearl, beblind). This paper re-examines the Oxford English Dictionary's (OED) description of this prefix's semantic and categorial properties in light of word-formation theory and proposes a new analysis according to which denominal and deadjectival be-verbs are based on denominal and deadjectival converted verbs (e.g. to pearl, to blind). The theoretical motivation for this analysis is the need to deal coherently with both deverbal and denominal/deadjectival be-verbs, and the analysis is empirically confirmed by the input morphology and output semantics of be-verbs. This analysis allows us to conclude that be- is a deverbal verb-forming prefix whose main function is to add the notion of total affectedness to the meaning of the base verb. This paper also shows that the ModE prefix be- provides an interesting case of the conflict between the OED and word-formation theory. Word-formation theory analyses words based on synchronic principles of language, and the results can differ greatly from the OED's descriptions, which are based on the historical-etymological principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remit of this paper is to investigate the role of prefixes of spatiality in the formation of words. To do so, it adopts two approaches. Theoretically, it adopts Cognitive Semantics (CS) and tries to substantiate some of its tenets with reference to prefixation. One tenet is that linguistic items are meaningful. On this basis, it argues that prefixes of spatiality have a wide range of meanings that gather around a central sense. Another tenet is that the meaning of a linguistic item is best understood in terms of the domain in which it is embedded. On this basis, it argues that prefixes of spatiality form a set which highlights not only similarities but also differences. A further tenet is that the use of an expression is governed by the particular construal imposed on its content. On this basis, it argues that a derived word is used relative to the particular construal the speaker chooses to describe a situation. Empirically, it adopts Usage-based Linguistics, and tries to substantiate some of its premises with reference to prefixation. One premise is that knowledge of language is derived from language use. Another premise is that the linguistic system is shaped by actual data. A further premise is that structure and substance are tightly linked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the disputed etymological origins of the agentive nouns in English with the suffix -ster and its cognates elsewhere in the Germanic languages. I will provide a survey of the various etymologies for a Germanic root of human and non-human agentive nouns. Non-human agentive nouns became unproductive prior to written evidence of Germanic, but human agentive forms have remained productive. I will also give a historical survey of the suffix in English. The suffix has a contested etymology because of its numerous attestations across the Germanic languages, and it is unlikely that any one etymological solution will satisfactorily explain all of its forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to present the Functions of Pronominal affixes in Sizang. Sizang shows elaborate paradigms of person/number agreement with the subject of the sentence. It shows even the agreement for singular and plural numbers in persons, as well as for inclusive and exclusive persons in plural. For the most part the affixes involved are suffixed or prefixed directly to the verb stem. This type of grammatical features is referred to as verbal pronominalization, which is a common characteristic of Kuki-Chin languages of the Tibeto-Burman family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we consider the computational complexity of the following problems: given a DFA or NFA representing a regular language L over a finite alphabet Σ, is the set of all prefixes (resp., suffixes, factors, subwords) of all words of L equal to Σ*? In the case of testing universality for factors of languages, there is a connection to two classic problems: the synchronizing words problem of Černý, and Restivo's conjecture on the minimal uncompletable word. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation plays an important role in communication across languages and cultures. Because translation must balance various requirements arising from globalisation against the goal of communicating distinctive cultural characteristics, it is the focus of increasing attention in culture studies research. This study employs Pathfinding techniques to compare emerging transcultural concepts in translation studies in Taiwan with those found in international literature. Two data banks were established by compiling the abstracts of academic papers in the field of translation studies from the period 2000-2009. The first data bank included abstracts of papers published in major Taiwanese journals, as well as abstracts of master and doctoral theses; the second data bank included abstracts of papers published in international journals listed in the Web of Science (WOS) database. All of the abstracts in the data banks contained at least one word beginning with one of the four prefixes 'trans-', 'post-', 'inter-', and 'cross-'. The researcher then used tools in the WordSmith linguistic analysis software package to extract twenty keywords representing important transcultural concepts. Co-occurrence analysis was carried out on the two data banks and the key concepts were mapped on two-dimensional graphs. The resulting graphs were then examined to gain insight into translation issues relevant to transculturation. It is hoped that comparative studies of this kind can shed light on both domestic and international perspectives on the phenomenon of transculturation and its effects on translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the twentieth century, a new type of adverb, viewpoint adverbs formed with the suffix -wise. appeared in English. This article traces the diffusion and development of viewpoint -wise adverbs using American and British newspaper corpora, the spoken component of the British National Corpus. and the Longman Spoken American Corpus. It is shown that the adverbs are at least twice as frequent in the spoken corpora as in the written, that they are increasing in both American and British English, and that the originally American adverb type is now more frequent in British English. Its spread seems to be motivated by both functional and social factors. In newspapers, a high proportion occurs in represented speech, and the major domains are sports, art and entertainment, and "living." It has extended its range of bases from nouns to noun phrases and, to some extent, generalized to adjectives and adverbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the suffix -ist in the English language. Usage of the suffix; Application of the suffix in the Greek language; Historical perspectives on the use of the suffix.

Looks at the story of the use of the suffix -ola in connection with bribery after the U.S. government discovered payola practices in the recording industry in early 1960s. Connotations of the suffix in theatrical industry and in names of appliances; Association of the suffix -ola in popular culture with bribery; Several -ola trade names.

Argues that the use of noun prefixes in the names of African languages in the Afrikaans or English version of the South African Constitution is pedantic. Afrikaans and English loan words derived from Zulu; Contention that noun prefixes do not serve any purpose when used in a language that does not use sentence concordance such as Afrikaans or English.

Discusses the use of the suffixes -eteria, -torium and -ery to several English terms to refer to establishments, such as stores and restaurants. Basketeria; Barbatorium; Beanery.