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Background: Terson syndrome (TS), an intraocular hemorrhage associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), occurs in up to 46% of all patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Despite its high incidence, TS is underrepresented in the literature, and patients with aSAH are sometimes not systematically evaluated for the presence of TS in clinical practice. This work aims to raise awareness of TS, reevaluate previous scientific findings, describe risk factors associated with the occurrence of TS, and present our local diagnostic and treatment concept., Methods: All patients with aSAH treated at our institution between October 2010 and May 2020 were included in this retrospective study. The frequency of ophthalmological screening by indirect funduscopy, as well as the results, was investigated. In addition, the collection and statistical analysis of epidemiological and clinical data was performed using χ 2 , Kruskal-Wallis, and analysis of variance testing; multivariate regression; and receiver operating characteristic analysis. The significance level was set at p < 0.05., Results: A total of 617 patients were treated for aSAH in our institution. Of these, 367 patients (59.5%) were ophthalmologically examined for the presence of TS. The rate of TS in the examined patients was 21.3% (n = 78). Patients with TS had significantly higher Fisher and World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) scores (p < 0.0001). Regression analyses showed WFNS grade (p = 0.003) and the occurrence of seizures (p = 0.002) as independent predictors of TS, as did receiver operating characteristic analyses, which had a significant area under the curve of 0.66 for the combination of WFNS grade and seizures. For 12 (15.4%) patients, the TS had to be surgically treated by pars plana vitrectomy in a total of 14 eyes, which resulted in significant improvement of visual function in all patients: mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 0.03 (± 0.08) versus 0.76 (± 0.21) postoperatively (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: TS is a common complication in patients with aSAH, affecting approximately one in five patients. A higher WFNS grade and the occurrence of seizures are associated with TS; therefore, screening for TS should be performed in these patients., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Terson syndrome (TS) is a common and underestimated concomitant disease in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of an initial unconsciousness and raised intracranial pressure (ICP) on the development of TS. We performed a retrospective analysis of 213 prospective collected SAH patients screened for TS to investigate the impact of an initial unconsciousness and raised ICP on the development of TS. A univariate analysis followed by a multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify risk factors that are associated with TS. The findings are all discussed and correlated with the present pathophysiologic considerations of TS. The rate of TS in this study was 23.9%. A higher risk of TS in the univariate analysis was associated with a Glasgow Coma scale⩽7 (p=0.001), higher Hunt and Hess grade (p=0.001), Fisher grade IV (p=0.002), intracerebral hemorrhage (p=0.011), initial unconsciousness (p=0.013) and an ICP of ⩾25mmHg (p<0.001). An ICP of ⩾25mmHg was the only independent predictor for TS in the multivariate analysis (p=0.007). TS patients had a higher mortality (p=0.012) and a higher risk for a worse long-term outcome (p=0.002). Notable that 5 of 51 TS patients (9.8%) in this study developed TS with no raised ICP or initial unconsciousness. Terson syndrome is a common concomitant disease in SAH patients. The pathomechanism leading to TS is not exclusively related to raised ICP levels and/or unconsciousness. However, these factors may be associated with a high percentage of TS., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This prospective trial was designed to evaluate the incidence of Terson syndrome in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, or traumatic brain injury and whether consequences necessarily derive from the intraocular hemorrhage itself. Two ophthalmologic examinations were performed to identify patients with Terson syndrome. Data on initial Glasgow Coma Scale, Hunt and Hess and Fisher grades, aneurysm site and diameter, and volume of hemorrhage in intracerebral hemorrhage patients were correlated to the location and course of Terson syndrome. Follow-up was performed after 3 months, including clinical and ophthalmologic investigations. The data showed that 16 of 83 subarachnoid hemorrhage patients (19.3%), 2 of 22 intracerebral hemorrhage patients (9.1%), and 1 of 32 traumatic brain injury patients (3.1%) suffered from Terson syndrome. Low Glasgow Coma Scale (p = 0.002), high Hunt and Hess grade (p < 0.001), and high Fisher grade (p = 0.002) were found to be associated with a higher incidence of Terson syndrome. The neurological outcome in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients suffering from Terson syndrome was worse compared with that of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients without Terson syndrome (p = 0.005), and vitrectomy was performed in seven eyes of six patients due to poor visual acuity. Terson syndrome is underestimated in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and a rare pathology in intracerebral hemorrhage as well as in traumatic brain injury patients. Spontaneous regression of the intraocular hemorrhage may be seen, but in half of the patients, vitrectomy is necessary to prevent permanent visual deterioration.

Introduction: Intraocular hemorrhage in patients suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is known as Terson's syndrome and is an underestimated but common pathology. We therefore designed a prospective single-blinded study to evaluate the validity of ocular ultrasound compared to the gold standard indirect funduscopy in the diagnosis of Terson's syndrome., Material and Methods: Fifty-two patients (104 eyes in total) suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were enrolled in this study. Two investigators independently performed a single-blinded ocular ultrasound using a standard intensive care ultrasound system to detect an intraocular hemorrhage. Indirect funduscopy following iatrogenic mydriasis served as the gold standard for confirmation or exclusion of an intraocular hemorrhage. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the method as well as the learning curve of ocular ultrasound., Results: Indirect funduscopy detected Terson's syndrome in 11 of 52 (21.2%) respectively in 21 of 104 (20.2%) eyes in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Sensitivity and specificity increased with the number of ocular ultrasound examinations for both investigators, reaching 81.8% and 100% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were different for both investigators (63.6% vs. 100% positive and 100% vs. 95.7% negative) but were both correlated to the amount of intraocular hemorrhage. A low Glasgow Coma scale (p = 0.015) and high Hunt & Hess grade (p = 0.003) was associated with a higher rate of Terson's syndrome., Conclusions: Ocular ultrasound using standard ultrasound equipment has been confirmed as a reliable, easy-to-handle bedside screening tool for detecting Terson's syndrome. Nevertheless funduscopy remains the gold standard to detect Terson's syndrome.

Objectives: To analyze the need for surgical intervention in Terson's syndrome (TS) and the rate of TS, as well as the effect of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with or without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, complications, correlations between TS and sex, and the influence of the severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) expressed by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and Hunt and Hess grade on the occurrence of TS., Design: Prospective, uncontrolled, interdisciplinary study., Participants: A total of 102 patients with SAH over a period of 24 months., Methods: Patients were examined on days 1 and 14. A PPV was indicated in cases of nonresorbing vitreous hemorrhage (VH). Peeling of the ILM was performed with the help of ILM-BLUE (DORC, Zuidland, The Netherlands) using end-gripping ILM forceps., Main Outcome Measures: Effect of PPV on visual acuity (VA) and timing of intervention in cases of nonresorbing VH., Results: The rate of TS was 19.6% (20/102). The mean age of the patients was 52.1 ± 11.8 years. Patients presenting with an initial GCS of less than 8 or with high Hunt and Hess grades were more affected by TS. Eight (9 eyes) of the 20 patients with TS (40% of the patients with TS) underwent a PPV for nonclearing vitreous bleeding. In 4 patients (4 eyes; 20% of patients with TS), ILM peeling was considered necessary because of sub-ILM bleeding. The mean interval between SAH and PPV was 4.4 months (range, 3-5 months). Postoperative follow-up was 6.4 months. Visual acuity improved in all patients. Best-corrected VAs at first and at last presentations were 2.2 and 0.0625 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), respectively. For patients who underwent ILM peeling, these values were 1.725 and 0.05 logMAR, respectively., Conclusions: Pars plana vitrectomy and ILM peeling have beneficial effects on the visual rehabilitation of patients with nonclearing VH after TS. We did not identify any safety concerns after PPV in our patients with dense nonclearing hemorrhage that persisted for more than 3 months., (Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)