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Objective: Stuttering is not just a speech disorder. It can cause negative feelings and emotions in a person especially in children. Therefore, we need a standard tool to identify, study and measure these negative effects and then try to eliminate or reduce them. Considering the increased clinical and research needs for a valid and reliable tool to assess the negative effect of stuttering in Iran, this study aims to design and validate a questionnaire (parents form) for assessment of social/emotional /behavioral disorders in preschool children with stuttering Materials & Methods: This is a methodological study that was conducted in three steps in spring and summer of 2018 in Isfahan, Iran. Participants included 60 parents of preschool children with stuttering aged 3 to 5 years and 11 months (36 boys and 24 girls), who had referred to speech therapy clinics in Isfahan. In the first stage, 10 parents received in-depth and open-ended interviews to collect information about social, emotional and behavioral disorders in children with stuttering. Afterwards, based on these information and the opinions of experts in psychology and speech therapy, the main constructs of the questionnaire were identified: "uncompromising/ hyperactive behavior", "social skills", "communication skills", "aggression", "fear", and "separation anxiety". In the second stage, in order to determine the face validity, 10 experts were interviewed face to face. In order to determine the content validity, 15 other experts were asked to examine each item according. Content validity was determined by calculating the content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and total content validity (Lawshe method). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct validity. In the last step, the internal consistency was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the relaibility was determined by test-retest method and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) Results: The initial version consisted of 61 items and 6 subscales. According to the experts, by merging items with overlapping concepts, the number of items were reduced to 40. In the face validity assessment stage, items were examined based on difficulty, relevance, and ambiguity. The phrases were read several times, and the opinions of experts were applied. Then, it was reviewed by two experts in Persian literature and finally was approved. The CVR and CVI vaues were obtained 0.76 and 0.90, respectively. For its internal consistency, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.89 and ICC was more than 0.7 and significant (P

Introduction: Recent studies suggest that treatment should be begun immediately in children who have recently started to stutter. The purpose of this study was to design a telehealth application for parents of young children who stutter. It is an evidence-based treatment that can be administered from an early age compared to the current “wait and see” approaches. Materials and Methods: This research involved a qualitative content analysis. At first, a comprehensive review was performed on different well-established therapeutic programs, and their main therapeutic components were extracted via several sessions held by our focused group. Subsequently, six independent stuttering experts and five parents of stutter children were asked to rate the program’s items regarding its content and face validities by a 5-point Likert questionnaire. Finally, the entire program was used to form an easy to use, family-friendly software. Results: Seven therapeutic principles and five common factors were extracted from all available well-established stuttering treatment programs. They were designed in an easy to use software program. The final telehealth program was found to have a high face and content validities. Conclusion: This program might be used in future clinical practice for stuttering children under the age Four. However, its efficacy has yet to be examined.

Introduction: Working memory is one of the components of speech production and its deficiency can cause speech and language disorders. Several studies have suggested that children who stutter compared to normal children show some deficiencies in working memory. The aim of the present study was to investigation of the effectiveness of phonological working memory intervention on decreasing of severity of stuttering in preschool children. Materials and Methods: This study with single subject design targeted four children (5-6 years) who stutter. These children participated in a non-word repetition intervention, was scheduled in 18 sessions, over a total of six weeks and with a single subject research design (AB model). In order to analyze the data of the study, visual analysis of charts and quantitative analysis based on Cohen’s d effect Size were used. Results: Data analysis showed all participants recorded a statistically significant change, as a decline in percentage of syllables stuttered, following the intervention. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that an intervention of phonological working memory eventuated in decreases of severity of stuttering in children participated in this study; conseqently, these results provide the preliminary evidence that supports the usage of a psycholinguistic approach for treatment the stuttering in children who stutter.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of olanzapine versus haloperidol to control the signs and symptoms of stuttering. Methods: Ninety-three patients were recruited in a 12-week single-blind randomized clinical trial, which was held between October 2009 and October 2010. Forty-three patients received olanzapine (5 mg/day) and 50 patients, haloperidol (2.5 mg/day). Before and after the study, they were evaluated by a speech pathologist by Van Riper`s questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 16. T-test was used to compare the data between the two groups. Results: Mean of stuttering score (SD) before treatment was 4.67 (0.81) and 4.40 (1.14) in haloperidol and olanzapine groups, respectively (P > 0.05). After treatment, the mean (SD) score was 2.87 (1.32) and 1.56 (0.71) in haloperidol and olanzapine groups, respectively (P = 0.000). Conclusions: It seems that olanzapine does have better impact in controlling stuttering, and it may be recommended to prescribe olanzapine for stutters as the first choice to control the stuttering under a careful follow-up.

Background: Investigation of strategies and methods of therapy in stutterers regarding to its characteristics, length of treatment, and relapse of stuttering is very important. Acupuncture has been introduced as a therapeutic method for the treatment of stuttering. The aim of the present research was the identification of the results of intervention of laser acupuncture in comparison with speech therapy in stutterers. Materials and Methods: This clinical - trial and case control research was conducted on 20 stutterers and 20 non-stutterers. In the present study, speech therapy and laser acupuncture were used on 10 persons who had developmental stuttering from childhood. Results: The results were compared with the data of speech therapy and placebo laser in 10 control subjects. All of the subjects were followed up for 12 weeks after the intervention. The obtained data showed that accompanying of speech therapy with laser acupuncture resulted the increasing of maintenance and therapeutic effects of stuttering treatment and decreasing of relapsing. The speech rate and percent of stuttered words before and after the intervention in both groups (A and B) were decreased. Following the results after 12 weeks showed that the results were stable in laser group more than the other group and there was a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that using of laser acupuncture therapy accompanying by speech therapy has many effects on the treatment of stuttering and prevents the relapsing of stuttering that is very common.